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CSI21322012
DGD1: Introduction

Exercise1:Discussthecapabilitiesthatshould beprovidedbyaDBMS RefertoChapter1,slide16oftheclassnotes.

Uniform U if data d administration. d i i i Reducedapplicationdevelopmenttime. Dataindependence Efficientaccess Dataintegrityandsecurity Concurrentaccess,recoveryfromcrashes. Others Webbasedaccess Distributedaccess

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AUniversityDB

Exercise2:Identifysomequeriesandupdates youwouldrunagainstthisDB.
(a)(Query)Listthenamesofallstudentsmajoringin ComputerScience. (b)(Query)WhataretheprerequisitesoftheDatabase course? (c)(Query)RetrievethetranscriptofSmith.Thisisalistof <CourseName, SectionIdentifier,Semester,Year,Grade>for eachcoursesectionthatSmithhas completed. (d)(Update)Insertanewstudentinthedatabasewhose Name=Jackson, , StudentNumber=23, ,Class=1( (Firsty year), ), andMajor=MATH. (e)(Update)ChangethegradethatSmithreceivedinIntroto ComputerSciencesection 119toB.

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Exercise3:Whatisthedifferencebetween controlledanduncontrolled redundancy?

Redundancyiswhenthesamefactisstoredmultiple timesinseveralplacesinadatabase.
Forexample,saythenameofthestudentwith StudentNumber=8isBrownisstoredmultipletimes.

Redundancyiscontrolled whentheDBMSensuresthat multiplecopiesofthesamedataareconsistent.

Forexample,ifanewrecordwithStudentNumber=8is storedinthedatabase,theDBMSwillensurethatthis recordisforStudentBrown.

IftheDBMShasnocontroloverthis,wehave uncontrolledredundancy.
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Exercise4:Specifyalltherelationshipsamong therecordsofthedatabaseshowninthefigure.
(a)EachSECTIONrecordisrelatedtoaCOURSErecord. (b)E Each hGRADE_REPORT GRADE REPORTrecord dis i related l t dto t one STUDENTrecordandoneSECTION record. (c)EachPREREQUISITErecordrelatestwoCOURSE records:oneintheroleofacourse andtheotherin theroleofaprerequisitetothatcourse.

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Exercise5:Givesomeexamplesofintegrity constraintsthatcanapplytothedatabase.
(a)TheStudentNumber shouldbeuniqueforeachSTUDENTrecord(key constraint). (b)TheCourseNumber shouldbeuniqueforeachCOURSErecord(key constraint). c)AvalueofCourseNumber inaSECTIONrecordmustalsoexistinsome COURSE record(referentialintegrityconstraint). (d)AvalueofStudentNumber inaGRADE_REPORTrecordmustalsoexistin some STUDENTrecord(referentialintegrityconstraint). (e) ( )ThevalueofGradeinaGRADE_REPORTrecordmustbeoneofthevalues intheset (A,B,C,D,F,I,U,S}(domainconstraint). (f)EveryrecordinCOURSEmusthaveavalueforCourseNumber (entity integrity constraint). (g)ASTUDENTrecordcannothaveavalueofClass=2(sophomore)unlessthe student hascompletedanumberofsectionswhosetotalcourse CreditHours isgreaterthat24 credits(generalsemanticintegrity 7 constraint).

Exercise6a:Whatislogicaldataindependence andwhyisitimportant? Usersareshieldedfromchangesinthe (logical)relation(s)tobestored stored. Forexample,relationStudent(SID,Name, GPA)isreplacedbytworelations: StudentNames(SID,Name)and StudentGPA(SID,GPA) Users U areshielded hi ld dfrom f this thi change h with itha view Student(SID,Name,GPA)andapplication programsarethusunawareofthischange
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Exercise6b:WhatisPhysicalDataIndependence? Usersareshieldedfromchangesintheway th tthe that th relation l ti i isstored. t d Forexample,theStudent()relationmaybe storedas

afilesortedonSID,or asaheap(randomorder)file file,or asafilewhichisIndexedonGPA(moreabout indexeslaterinthecourse)
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SaythenameoftheCS(ComputerScience)Department changestoCSSE(ComputerScienceandSoftwareEngineering) Department. Thecorrespondingprefixforthecoursenumber alsochanges. Exercise7a:Identifythecolumnsinthedatabasethatwould needtobeupdated updated.

The following columns will need to be updated. Table STUDENT COURSE SECTION PREREQUISITE Column(s) Major CourseNumber and Department C CourseNumber N b CourseNumber and PrerequisiteNumber

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Exercise7b:RestructurethecolumnsinCOURSE, SECTION,andPREREQUISITEtablessothatonlyone columnwillneedtobeupdated.

Youshouldsplitthefollowingcolumnsintotwocolumns:
Table COURSE SECTION PREREQUISITE PREREQUISITE Column CourseNumber CourseNumber CourseNumber PrerequisiteNumber Columns CourseDept and CourseNum CourseDept and CourseNum CourseDept and CourseNum PreReqDept and PreReqNum

NotethatintheCOURSEtable,thecolumnCourseDept willnotbeneededaftertheabovechange change,sinceitis redundantwiththeDepartmentcolumn

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Recentchangesinprivacylawshavedisallowed organizationsfromusingSINstoidentifyindividuals unlesscertainrestrictionsaresatisfied. Asaresult,universitiescannotuseSINsasprimarykeys (exceptforfinancialdata). Inpractice,StudentID,auniqueID,auniqueidentifier, assignedtoeverystudent,islikelytobeusedasthe primarykeyratherthanSSNsinceStudentID isusable acrossallaspectsofthesystem. Somed S database t b d designers i arereluctant l t tto t use generatedkeys(alsoknownassurrogate keys)for primarykeys(suchasStudentID)becausetheyare artificial.
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Exercise8a:Whataretheadvantagesofusinga surrogatekey(anautomatickeywithno meaning)?

Hasnomeaningandthusnoprivacyviolations Canuseautonumbers,whichisusuallyfast Avoidthatdataisambiguous,duetopotentialreuse ofproductionkeys

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Exercise8b:Canyouproposeanynaturalchoicesof keysthatcanbeusedtostorethestudentrecordina UNIVERSITYdatabase?

Acombinationoflastname,firstnameandphonenumber(s) maybeused However,whatifthenameand/orphonenumberchanges? Also,ifthestudenthasmorethanonephonenumber,it wouldbebettertocreateaseparaterelationPhone(SIN,type, number)

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Exercise9:Giveexamplesofsystemsinwhichitmay makesensetousetraditionalfileprocessinginsteadof adatabaseapproach.

1.Smallinternalutilitytolocatefiles 2. Smallsingleuserapplicationthatdoesnotrequire security(suchasacustomizedcalculatororapersonal addressandphonebook) 3. Realtimenavigationsystem(withheavycomputation andverylittledata)

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WhenNottoUseaDBMS
Moredesirabletouseregularfilesfor:
Simple,welldefineddatabaseapplicationsnot expectedtochangeatall Stringent,realtimerequirementsthatmaynotbe metbecauseofDBMSoverhead Embeddedsystemswithlimitedstoragecapacity Nomultipleuseraccesstodata

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Recall:AdvantagesofUsingtheDBMS Approach
Controllingredundancy Restrictingunauthorizedaccess
Securityandauthorizationsubsystem Privilegedsoftware

Providingpersistent storageforprogramobjects Providingstoragestructuresandsearch techniquesforefficientquery processing

Indexes Buffering andcaching Queryprocessingandoptimization

Recall:AdvantagesofUsingtheDBMS Approach(cont'd.)
Providingbackupandrecovery
B Backup k and drecoverysubsystem b of fthe h DBMSis i responsibleforrecovery

Providingmultipleuserinterfaces
Graphicaluserinterfaces(GUIs)

Representingcomplexrelationshipsamongdata
Mayincludenumerousvarietiesofdatathatare interrelatedinmanyways

Enforcingintegrityconstraints

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Nexttime
EERdiagrams

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