TEORIA EDps13VI

Notas de clase: Ecuaciones Diferenciales
Transformada de Laplace
Gilberto Arenas Daz
Universidad Industrial de Santander
Primer semestre 2013
Escuela de Matemticas (UIS) Ecuaciones Diferenciales GAD PS2013 1 / 40
1
Transformada de Laplace
Teora preliminar
Transformada de algunas funciones bsicas
Condiciones de suciencia para que exista Lff (t)g
2
La transformada inversa
Transformada inversa de Laplace L
1
fF (s)g
Transformada de derivadas
Derivadas de transformadas
Solucin de E.D. por medio de Transformada de Laplace
3
Teoremas de traslacin
Traslacin en el eje s
Traslacin en el eje t
4
Propiedades operacionales adicionales
Derivadas vs transformadas
Transformadas de integrales
Transformada de una funcin peridica
Denicin de la transformada de Laplace
Si ) (t) est denida para t _ 0, entonces la integral impropia
_
1
0
1 (:, t) ) (t) dt
est denida como un lmite:
_
1
0
1 (:, t) ) (t) dt = lm
b!1
_
b
0
1 (:, t) ) (t) dt.
Si el lmite existe, se dice que la integral es convergente; si no hay lmite, la
integral no existe y se arma que es divergente. Este lmite en general, existe slo
para ciertos valores de la variable :. La eleccin 1 (:, t) = c
st
produce una
transformada integral especialmente importante.
Denicin
Sea ) una funcin denida para t _ 0. Entonces se dice que la integral
/) (t) =
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt
es la transformada de Laplace de ), siempre y cuando la integral converja.
/) (t) = 1 (:) , /j (t) = 1 (:) , /q (t) = G(:) , //(t) = H (:) .
_
1
0
1 (:, t) ) (t) dt
_
1
0
1 (:, t) ) (t) dt = lm
b!1
_
b
0
1 (:, t) ) (t) dt.
st
produce una
Denicin
/) (t) =
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt
/) (t) = 1 (:) , /j (t) = 1 (:) , /q (t) = G(:) , //(t) = H (:) .
_
1
0
1 (:, t) ) (t) dt
_
1
0
1 (:, t) ) (t) dt = lm
b!1
_
b
0
1 (:, t) ) (t) dt.
st
produce una
Denicin
/) (t) =
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt
/) (t) = 1 (:) , /j (t) = 1 (:) , /q (t) = G(:) , //(t) = H (:) .
Ejemplos
Evalue /1 .
/1 =
_
1
0
c
st
(1) dt = lm
b!1
c
st
:
_
b
0
= lm
b!1
_
c
sb
+ 1
:
_
=
1
:
,
siempre y cuando : 0. En otras palabras, cuando : 0, el exponente :/ es
negativo y c
sb
0 cuando / . Para : < 0, la integral es divergente.
Evale /t .
/t =
_
1
0
c
st
(t) dt =
tc
st
:
_
1
0
+
1
:
_
1
0
c
st
dt =
1
:
_
1
:
_
=
1
:
2
, : 0.
Evale /
_
t
2
_
.
/
_
t
2
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
t
2
_
dt =
c
st
_
:
2
t
2
+ 2:t + 2
_
:
3
_
1
0
=
2
:
3
, : 0.
Ejemplos
Evalue /1 .
/1 =
_
1
0
c
st
(1) dt = lm
b!1
c
st
:
_
b
0
= lm
b!1
_
c
sb
+ 1
:
_
=
1
:
,
negativo y c
sb
Evale /t .
/t =
_
1
0
c
st
(t) dt =
tc
st
:
_
1
0
+
1
:
_
1
0
c
st
dt =
1
:
_
1
:
_
=
1
:
2
, : 0.
Evale /
_
t
2
_
.
/
_
t
2
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
t
2
_
dt =
c
st
_
:
2
t
2
+ 2:t + 2
_
:
3
_
1
0
=
2
:
3
, : 0.
Ejemplos
Evalue /1 .
/1 =
_
1
0
c
st
(1) dt = lm
b!1
c
st
:
_
b
0
= lm
b!1
_
c
sb
+ 1
:
_
=
1
:
,
negativo y c
sb
Evale /t .
/t =
_
1
0
c
st
(t) dt =
tc
st
:
_
1
0
+
1
:
_
1
0
c
st
dt =
1
:
_
1
:
_
=
1
:
2
, : 0.
Evale /
_
t
2
_
.
/
_
t
2
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
t
2
_
dt =
c
st
_
:
2
t
2
+ 2:t + 2
_
:
3
_
1
0
=
2
:
3
, : 0.
Ejemplos
Evalue /1 .
/1 =
_
1
0
c
st
(1) dt = lm
b!1
c
st
:
_
b
0
= lm
b!1
_
c
sb
+ 1
:
_
=
1
:
,
negativo y c
sb
Evale /t .
/t =
_
1
0
c
st
(t) dt =
tc
st
:
_
1
0
+
1
:
_
1
0
c
st
dt =
1
:
_
1
:
_
=
1
:
2
, : 0.
Evale /
_
t
2
_
.
/
_
t
2
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
t
2
_
dt =
c
st
_
:
2
t
2
+ 2:t + 2
_
:
3
_
1
0
=
2
:
3
, : 0.
Ejemplos
Evalue /1 .
/1 =
_
1
0
c
st
(1) dt = lm
b!1
c
st
:
_
b
0
= lm
b!1
_
c
sb
+ 1
:
_
=
1
:
,
negativo y c
sb
Evale /t .
/t =
_
1
0
c
st
(t) dt =
tc
st
:
_
1
0
+
1
:
_
1
0
c
st
dt =
1
:
_
1
:
_
=
1
:
2
, : 0.
Evale /
_
t
2
_
.
/
_
t
2
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
t
2
_
dt =
c
st
_
:
2
t
2
+ 2:t + 2
_
:
3
_
1
0
=
2
:
3
, : 0.
Ejemplos
Evalue /1 .
/1 =
_
1
0
c
st
(1) dt = lm
b!1
c
st
:
_
b
0
= lm
b!1
_
c
sb
+ 1
:
_
=
1
:
,
negativo y c
sb
Evale /t .
/t =
_
1
0
c
st
(t) dt =
tc
st
:
_
1
0
+
1
:
_
1
0
c
st
dt =
1
:
_
1
:
_
=
1
:
2
, : 0.
Evale /
_
t
2
_
.
/
_
t
2
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
t
2
_
dt =
c
st
_
:
2
t
2
+ 2:t + 2
_
:
3
_
1
0
=
2
:
3
, : 0.
Ejemplos
Evalue /1 .
/1 =
_
1
0
c
st
(1) dt = lm
b!1
c
st
:
_
b
0
= lm
b!1
_
c
sb
+ 1
:
_
=
1
:
,
negativo y c
sb
Evale /t .
/t =
_
1
0
c
st
(t) dt =
tc
st
:
_
1
0
+
1
:
_
1
0
c
st
dt =
1
:
_
1
:
_
=
1
:
2
, : 0.
Evale /
_
t
2
_
.
/
_
t
2
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
t
2
_
dt =
c
st
_
:
2
t
2
+ 2:t + 2
_
:
3
_
1
0
=
2
:
3
, : 0.
Ejemplos
Evalue /1 .
/1 =
_
1
0
c
st
(1) dt = lm
b!1
c
st
:
_
b
0
= lm
b!1
_
c
sb
+ 1
:
_
=
1
:
,
negativo y c
sb
Evale /t .
/t =
_
1
0
c
st
(t) dt =
tc
st
:
_
1
0
+
1
:
_
1
0
c
st
dt =
1
:
_
1
:
_
=
1
:
2
, : 0.
Evale /
_
t
2
_
.
/
_
t
2
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
t
2
_
dt =
c
st
_
:
2
t
2
+ 2:t + 2
_
:
3
_
1
0
=
2
:
3
, : 0.
Ejemplos
Evalue /1 .
/1 =
_
1
0
c
st
(1) dt = lm
b!1
c
st
:
_
b
0
= lm
b!1
_
c
sb
+ 1
:
_
=
1
:
,
negativo y c
sb
Evale /t .
/t =
_
1
0
c
st
(t) dt =
tc
st
:
_
1
0
+
1
:
_
1
0
c
st
dt =
1
:
_
1
:
_
=
1
:
2
, : 0.
Evale /
_
t
2
_
.
/
_
t
2
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
t
2
_
dt =
c
st
_
:
2
t
2
+ 2:t + 2
_
:
3
_
1
0
=
2
:
3
, : 0.
Ejemplos
Evalue /1 .
/1 =
_
1
0
c
st
(1) dt = lm
b!1
c
st
:
_
b
0
= lm
b!1
_
c
sb
+ 1
:
_
=
1
:
,
negativo y c
sb
Evale /t .
/t =
_
1
0
c
st
(t) dt =
tc
st
:
_
1
0
+
1
:
_
1
0
c
st
dt =
1
:
_
1
:
_
=
1
:
2
, : 0.
Evale /
_
t
2
_
.
/
_
t
2
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
t
2
_
dt =
c
st
_
:
2
t
2
+ 2:t + 2
_
:
3
_
1
0
=
2
:
3
, : 0.
Ejemplos
Evalue /1 .
/1 =
_
1
0
c
st
(1) dt = lm
b!1
c
st
:
_
b
0
= lm
b!1
_
c
sb
+ 1
:
_
=
1
:
,
negativo y c
sb
Evale /t .
/t =
_
1
0
c
st
(t) dt =
tc
st
:
_
1
0
+
1
:
_
1
0
c
st
dt =
1
:
_
1
:
_
=
1
:
2
, : 0.
Evale /
_
t
2
_
.
/
_
t
2
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
t
2
_
dt =
c
st
_
:
2
t
2
+ 2:t + 2
_
:
3
_
1
0
=
2
:
3
, : 0.
Evale /
_
t
3
_
.
/
_
t
3
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
t
3
_
dt =
c
st
_
:
3
t
3
+ 3:
2
t
2
+ 6:t + 6
_
:
4
_
1
0
=
6
:
4
, : 0.
Evale /
_
t
4
_
.
/
_
t
4
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
t
4
_
dt =
c
st
_
:
4
t
4
+4:
3
t
3
+12:
2
t
2
+24:t+24
_
:
5
_
1
0
=
24
:
5
, : 0.
Evale /t
n
.
/t
n
=
_
1
0
c
st
(t
n
) dt =
:!
:
n+1
, : 0.
Evale /
_
t
3
_
.
/
_
t
3
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
t
3
_
dt =
c
st
_
:
3
t
3
+ 3:
2
t
2
+ 6:t + 6
_
:
4
_
1
0
=
6
:
4
, : 0.
Evale /
_
t
4
_
.
/
_
t
4
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
t
4
_
dt =
c
st
_
:
4
t
4
+4:
3
t
3
+12:
2
t
2
+24:t+24
_
:
5
_
1
0
=
24
:
5
, : 0.
Evale /t
n
.
/t
n
=
_
1
0
c
st
(t
n
) dt =
:!
:
n+1
, : 0.
Evale /
_
t
3
_
.
/
_
t
3
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
t
3
_
dt =
c
st
_
:
3
t
3
+ 3:
2
t
2
+ 6:t + 6
_
:
4
_
1
0
=
6
:
4
, : 0.
Evale /
_
t
4
_
.
/
_
t
4
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
t
4
_
dt =
c
st
_
:
4
t
4
+4:
3
t
3
+12:
2
t
2
+24:t+24
_
:
5
_
1
0
=
24
:
5
, : 0.
Evale /t
n
.
/t
n
=
_
1
0
c
st
(t
n
) dt =
:!
:
n+1
, : 0.
Evale /
_
t
3
_
.
/
_
t
3
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
t
3
_
dt =
c
st
_
:
3
t
3
+ 3:
2
t
2
+ 6:t + 6
_
:
4
_
1
0
=
6
:
4
, : 0.
Evale /
_
t
4
_
.
/
_
t
4
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
t
4
_
dt =
c
st
_
:
4
t
4
+4:
3
t
3
+12:
2
t
2
+24:t+24
_
:
5
_
1
0
=
24
:
5
, : 0.
Evale /t
n
.
/t
n
=
_
1
0
c
st
(t
n
) dt =
:!
:
n+1
, : 0.
Evale /
_
t
3
_
.
/
_
t
3
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
t
3
_
dt =
c
st
_
:
3
t
3
+ 3:
2
t
2
+ 6:t + 6
_
:
4
_
1
0
=
6
:
4
, : 0.
Evale /
_
t
4
_
.
/
_
t
4
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
t
4
_
dt =
c
st
_
:
4
t
4
+4:
3
t
3
+12:
2
t
2
+24:t+24
_
:
5
_
1
0
=
24
:
5
, : 0.
Evale /t
n
.
/t
n
=
_
1
0
c
st
(t
n
) dt =
:!
:
n+1
, : 0.
Evale /
_
t
3
_
.
/
_
t
3
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
t
3
_
dt =
c
st
_
:
3
t
3
+ 3:
2
t
2
+ 6:t + 6
_
:
4
_
1
0
=
6
:
4
, : 0.
Evale /
_
t
4
_
.
/
_
t
4
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
t
4
_
dt =
c
st
_
:
4
t
4
+4:
3
t
3
+12:
2
t
2
+24:t+24
_
:
5
_
1
0
=
24
:
5
, : 0.
Evale /t
n
.
/t
n
=
_
1
0
c
st
(t
n
) dt =
:!
:
n+1
, : 0.
Evale /
_
t
3
_
.
/
_
t
3
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
t
3
_
dt =
c
st
_
:
3
t
3
+ 3:
2
t
2
+ 6:t + 6
_
:
4
_
1
0
=
6
:
4
, : 0.
Evale /
_
t
4
_
.
/
_
t
4
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
t
4
_
dt =
c
st
_
:
4
t
4
+4:
3
t
3
+12:
2
t
2
+24:t+24
_
:
5
_
1
0
=
24
:
5
, : 0.
Evale /t
n
.
/t
n
=
_
1
0
c
st
(t
n
) dt =
:!
:
n+1
, : 0.
Evale /
_
t
3
_
.
/
_
t
3
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
t
3
_
dt =
c
st
_
:
3
t
3
+ 3:
2
t
2
+ 6:t + 6
_
:
4
_
1
0
=
6
:
4
, : 0.
Evale /
_
t
4
_
.
/
_
t
4
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
t
4
_
dt =
c
st
_
:
4
t
4
+4:
3
t
3
+12:
2
t
2
+24:t+24
_
:
5
_
1
0
=
24
:
5
, : 0.
Evale /t
n
.
/t
n
=
_
1
0
c
st
(t
n
) dt =
:!
:
n+1
, : 0.
Evale /c
t
.
/
_
c
t
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
c
t
_
dt =
_
1
0
c
(s)t
=
c
(s)t
: c
_
1
0
=
1
: c
, : c.
Evale /cos ct .
/cos ct =
_
1
0
c
st
(cos ct)dt =
c
st
(csenct: cos ct)
:
2
+ c
2
_
1
0
=
:
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0.
Evale /senct .
/senct =
_
1
0
c
st
(senct)dt =
c
st
(: senct+ccos ct)
:
2
+ c
2
_
1
0
=
c
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0.
Evale /c
t
.
/
_
c
t
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
c
t
_
dt =
_
1
0
c
(s)t
=
c
(s)t
: c
_
1
0
=
1
: c
, : c.
Evale /cos ct .
/cos ct =
_
1
0
c
st
(cos ct)dt =
c
st
(csenct: cos ct)
:
2
+ c
2
_
1
0
=
:
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0.
Evale /senct .
/senct =
_
1
0
c
st
(senct)dt =
c
st
(: senct+ccos ct)
:
2
+ c
2
_
1
0
=
c
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0.
Evale /c
t
.
/
_
c
t
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
c
t
_
dt =
_
1
0
c
(s)t
=
c
(s)t
: c
_
1
0
=
1
: c
, : c.
Evale /cos ct .
/cos ct =
_
1
0
c
st
(cos ct)dt =
c
st
(csenct: cos ct)
:
2
+ c
2
_
1
0
=
:
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0.
Evale /senct .
/senct =
_
1
0
c
st
(senct)dt =
c
st
(: senct+ccos ct)
:
2
+ c
2
_
1
0
=
c
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0.
Evale /c
t
.
/
_
c
t
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
c
t
_
dt =
_
1
0
c
(s)t
=
c
(s)t
: c
_
1
0
=
1
: c
, : c.
Evale /cos ct .
/cos ct =
_
1
0
c
st
(cos ct)dt =
c
st
(csenct: cos ct)
:
2
+ c
2
_
1
0
=
:
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0.
Evale /senct .
/senct =
_
1
0
c
st
(senct)dt =
c
st
(: senct+ccos ct)
:
2
+ c
2
_
1
0
=
c
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0.
Evale /c
t
.
/
_
c
t
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
c
t
_
dt =
_
1
0
c
(s)t
=
c
(s)t
: c
_
1
0
=
1
: c
, : c.
Evale /cos ct .
/cos ct =
_
1
0
c
st
(cos ct)dt =
c
st
(csenct: cos ct)
:
2
+ c
2
_
1
0
=
:
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0.
Evale /senct .
/senct =
_
1
0
c
st
(senct)dt =
c
st
(: senct+ccos ct)
:
2
+ c
2
_
1
0
=
c
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0.
Evale /c
t
.
/
_
c
t
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
c
t
_
dt =
_
1
0
c
(s)t
=
c
(s)t
: c
_
1
0
=
1
: c
, : c.
Evale /cos ct .
/cos ct =
_
1
0
c
st
(cos ct)dt =
c
st
(csenct: cos ct)
:
2
+ c
2
_
1
0
=
:
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0.
Evale /senct .
/senct =
_
1
0
c
st
(senct)dt =
c
st
(: senct+ccos ct)
:
2
+ c
2
_
1
0
=
c
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0.
Evale /c
t
.
/
_
c
t
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
c
t
_
dt =
_
1
0
c
(s)t
=
c
(s)t
: c
_
1
0
=
1
: c
, : c.
Evale /cos ct .
/cos ct =
_
1
0
c
st
(cos ct)dt =
c
st
(csenct: cos ct)
:
2
+ c
2
_
1
0
=
:
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0.
Evale /senct .
/senct =
_
1
0
c
st
(senct)dt =
c
st
(: senct+ccos ct)
:
2
+ c
2
_
1
0
=
c
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0.
Evale /c
t
.
/
_
c
t
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
c
t
_
dt =
_
1
0
c
(s)t
=
c
(s)t
: c
_
1
0
=
1
: c
, : c.
Evale /cos ct .
/cos ct =
_
1
0
c
st
(cos ct)dt =
c
st
(csenct: cos ct)
:
2
+ c
2
_
1
0
=
:
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0.
Evale /senct .
/senct =
_
1
0
c
st
(senct)dt =
c
st
(: senct+ccos ct)
:
2
+ c
2
_
1
0
=
c
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0.
Evale /c
t
.
/
_
c
t
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
c
t
_
dt =
_
1
0
c
(s)t
=
c
(s)t
: c
_
1
0
=
1
: c
, : c.
Evale /cos ct .
/cos ct =
_
1
0
c
st
(cos ct)dt =
c
st
(csenct: cos ct)
:
2
+ c
2
_
1
0
=
:
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0.
Evale /senct .
/senct =
_
1
0
c
st
(senct)dt =
c
st
(: senct+ccos ct)
:
2
+ c
2
_
1
0
=
c
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0.
Evale /c
t
.
/
_
c
t
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
c
t
_
dt =
_
1
0
c
(s)t
=
c
(s)t
: c
_
1
0
=
1
: c
, : c.
Evale /cos ct .
/cos ct =
_
1
0
c
st
(cos ct)dt =
c
st
(csenct: cos ct)
:
2
+ c
2
_
1
0
=
:
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0.
Evale /senct .
/senct =
_
1
0
c
st
(senct)dt =
c
st
(: senct+ccos ct)
:
2
+ c
2
_
1
0
=
c
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0.
Evale /c
t
.
/
_
c
t
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
c
t
_
dt =
_
1
0
c
(s)t
=
c
(s)t
: c
_
1
0
=
1
: c
, : c.
Evale /cos ct .
/cos ct =
_
1
0
c
st
(cos ct)dt =
c
st
(csenct: cos ct)
:
2
+ c
2
_
1
0
=
:
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0.
Evale /senct .
/senct =
_
1
0
c
st
(senct)dt =
c
st
(: senct+ccos ct)
:
2
+ c
2
_
1
0
=
c
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0.
Evale /c
t
.
/
_
c
t
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
c
t
_
dt =
_
1
0
c
(s)t
=
c
(s)t
: c
_
1
0
=
1
: c
, : c.
Evale /cos ct .
/cos ct =
_
1
0
c
st
(cos ct)dt =
c
st
(csenct: cos ct)
:
2
+ c
2
_
1
0
=
:
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0.
Evale /senct .
/senct =
_
1
0
c
st
(senct)dt =
c
st
(: senct+ccos ct)
:
2
+ c
2
_
1
0
=
c
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0.
Evale /c
t
.
/
_
c
t
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
_
c
t
_
dt =
_
1
0
c
(s)t
=
c
(s)t
: c
_
1
0
=
1
: c
, : c.
Evale /cos ct .
/cos ct =
_
1
0
c
st
(cos ct)dt =
c
st
(csenct: cos ct)
:
2
+ c
2
_
1
0
=
:
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0.
Evale /senct .
/senct =
_
1
0
c
st
(senct)dt =
c
st
(: senct+ccos ct)
:
2
+ c
2
_
1
0
=
c
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0.
/1 =
1
:
, : 0; /c) (t) + ,q (t) = c1 (:) + ,G(:) ;
/t
n
=
:!
:
n+1
, : 0, : Z
+
; /c
t
=
1
: c
, : c;
/cos ct =
:
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0; /senct =
c
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0;
/coshct =
:
:
2
c
2
; /senhct =
c
:
2
c
2
.
/1 =
1
:
, : 0; /c) (t) + ,q (t) = c1 (:) + ,G(:) ;
/t
n
=
:!
:
n+1
, : 0, : Z
+
; /c
t
=
1
: c
, : c;
/cos ct =
:
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0; /senct =
c
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0;
/coshct =
:
:
2
c
2
; /senhct =
c
:
2
c
2
.
/1 =
1
:
, : 0; /c) (t) + ,q (t) = c1 (:) + ,G(:) ;
/t
n
=
:!
:
n+1
, : 0, : Z
+
; /c
t
=
1
: c
, : c;
/cos ct =
:
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0; /senct =
c
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0;
/coshct =
:
:
2
c
2
; /senhct =
c
:
2
c
2
.
/1 =
1
:
, : 0; /c) (t) + ,q (t) = c1 (:) + ,G(:) ;
/t
n
=
:!
:
n+1
, : 0, : Z
+
; /c
t
=
1
: c
, : c;
/cos ct =
:
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0; /senct =
c
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0;
/coshct =
:
:
2
c
2
; /senhct =
c
:
2
c
2
.
/1 =
1
:
, : 0; /c) (t) + ,q (t) = c1 (:) + ,G(:) ;
/t
n
=
:!
:
n+1
, : 0, : Z
+
; /c
t
=
1
: c
, : c;
/cos ct =
:
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0; /senct =
c
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0;
/coshct =
:
:
2
c
2
; /senhct =
c
:
2
c
2
.
/1 =
1
:
, : 0; /c) (t) + ,q (t) = c1 (:) + ,G(:) ;
/t
n
=
:!
:
n+1
, : 0, : Z
+
; /c
t
=
1
: c
, : c;
/cos ct =
:
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0; /senct =
c
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0;
/coshct =
:
:
2
c
2
; /senhct =
c
:
2
c
2
.
/1 =
1
:
, : 0; /c) (t) + ,q (t) = c1 (:) + ,G(:) ;
/t
n
=
:!
:
n+1
, : 0, : Z
+
; /c
t
=
1
: c
, : c;
/cos ct =
:
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0; /senct =
c
:
2
+ c
2
, : 0;
/coshct =
:
:
2
c
2
; /senhct =
c
:
2
c
2
.
Condiciones de suciencia para que exista la transformada de Laplace
Denicin
Una funcin ) se dice que es continua por tramos en un intervalo 1 si en dicho
intervalo hay cuando mucho una cantidad nita de puntos t
k
, en los cuales )
tiene discontinuidades nitas y es continua en todo intervalo abierto (t
k1
, t
k
) .
Denicin
Se dice que una funcin ) es de orden exponencial c si existen constantes c,
' 0 y T 0 tales que
[) (t)[ _ 'c
ct
, \t T.
Observe que las funciones cos t, sent, cosht, senht, t
n
son funciones de orden
exponencial.
Denicin
k
, en los cuales )
k1
, t
k
) .
Denicin
' 0 y T 0 tales que
[) (t)[ _ 'c
ct
, \t T.
n
exponencial.
Denicin
k
, en los cuales )
k1
, t
k
) .
Denicin
' 0 y T 0 tales que
[) (t)[ _ 'c
ct
, \t T.
n
exponencial.
Denicin
k
, en los cuales )
k1
, t
k
) .
Denicin
' 0 y T 0 tales que
[) (t)[ _ 'c
ct
, \t T.
n
exponencial.
Condiciones de suciencia
Teorema (Condiciones de suciencia para la existencia)
Si ) (t) es continua por tramos en el intervalo [0, ) y de orden exponencial c,
entonces /) (t) existe para : c.
Demostracin.
/) (t) =
_
T
0
c
st
) (t) dt +
_
1
T
c
st
) (t) dt = 1
1
+ 1
2
.
1
1
existe ya que se puede escribir como suma de integrales en los intervalos que
c
st
) (t) es continua. Ahora ) es de orden exponencial, por lo cual existen
constantes c, ' 0 y T 0 tales que [) (t)[ _ 'c
ct
, \t T. Entonces
[1
2
[ _
_
1
T
c
st
) (t)
dt _'
_
1
T
c
st
c
ct
dt _'
_
1
T
c
(sc)t
dt ='
c
(sc)T
: c
,
para : c. Esto implica que 1
2
existe cuando : c. La existencia de 1
1
e 1
2
implica la existencia de /) (t) =
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt para : c.
Demostracin.
/) (t) =
_
T
0
c
st
) (t) dt +
_
1
T
c
st
) (t) dt = 1
1
+ 1
2
.
1
1
c
st
ct
, \t T. Entonces
[1
2
[ _
_
1
T
c
st
) (t)
dt _'
_
1
T
c
st
c
ct
dt _'
_
1
T
c
(sc)t
dt ='
c
(sc)T
: c
,
2
1
e 1
2
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt para : c.
Demostracin.
/) (t) =
_
T
0
c
st
) (t) dt +
_
1
T
c
st
) (t) dt = 1
1
+ 1
2
.
1
1
c
st
ct
, \t T. Entonces
[1
2
[ _
_
1
T
c
st
) (t)
dt _'
_
1
T
c
st
c
ct
dt _'
_
1
T
c
(sc)t
dt ='
c
(sc)T
: c
,
2
1
e 1
2
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt para : c.
Demostracin.
/) (t) =
_
T
0
c
st
) (t) dt +
_
1
T
c
st
) (t) dt = 1
1
+ 1
2
.
1
1
c
st
ct
, \t T. Entonces
[1
2
[ _
_
1
T
c
st
) (t)
dt _'
_
1
T
c
st
c
ct
dt _'
_
1
T
c
(sc)t
dt ='
c
(sc)T
: c
,
2
1
e 1
2
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt para : c.
Demostracin.
/) (t) =
_
T
0
c
st
) (t) dt +
_
1
T
c
st
) (t) dt = 1
1
+ 1
2
.
1
1
c
st
ct
, \t T. Entonces
[1
2
[ _
_
1
T
c
st
) (t)
dt _'
_
1
T
c
st
c
ct
dt _'
_
1
T
c
(sc)t
dt ='
c
(sc)T
: c
,
2
1
e 1
2
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt para : c.
Demostracin.
/) (t) =
_
T
0
c
st
) (t) dt +
_
1
T
c
st
) (t) dt = 1
1
+ 1
2
.
1
1
c
st
ct
, \t T. Entonces
[1
2
[ _
_
1
T
c
st
) (t)
dt _'
_
1
T
c
st
c
ct
dt _'
_
1
T
c
(sc)t
dt ='
c
(sc)T
: c
,
2
1
e 1
2
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt para : c.
Demostracin.
/) (t) =
_
T
0
c
st
) (t) dt +
_
1
T
c
st
) (t) dt = 1
1
+ 1
2
.
1
1
c
st
ct
, \t T. Entonces
[1
2
[ _
_
1
T
c
st
) (t)
dt _'
_
1
T
c
st
c
ct
dt _'
_
1
T
c
(sc)t
dt ='
c
(sc)T
: c
,
2
1
e 1
2
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt para : c.
Demostracin.
/) (t) =
_
T
0
c
st
) (t) dt +
_
1
T
c
st
) (t) dt = 1
1
+ 1
2
.
1
1
c
st
ct
, \t T. Entonces
[1
2
[ _
_
1
T
c
st
) (t)
dt _'
_
1
T
c
st
c
ct
dt _'
_
1
T
c
(sc)t
dt ='
c
(sc)T
: c
,
2
1
e 1
2
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt para : c.
Demostracin.
/) (t) =
_
T
0
c
st
) (t) dt +
_
1
T
c
st
) (t) dt = 1
1
+ 1
2
.
1
1
c
st
ct
, \t T. Entonces
[1
2
[ _
_
1
T
c
st
) (t)
dt _'
_
1
T
c
st
c
ct
dt _'
_
1
T
c
(sc)t
dt ='
c
(sc)T
: c
,
2
1
e 1
2
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt para : c.
Demostracin.
/) (t) =
_
T
0
c
st
) (t) dt +
_
1
T
c
st
) (t) dt = 1
1
+ 1
2
.
1
1
c
st
ct
, \t T. Entonces
[1
2
[ _
_
1
T
c
st
) (t)
dt _'
_
1
T
c
st
c
ct
dt _'
_
1
T
c
(sc)t
dt ='
c
(sc)T
: c
,
2
1
e 1
2
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt para : c.
Demostracin.
/) (t) =
_
T
0
c
st
) (t) dt +
_
1
T
c
st
) (t) dt = 1
1
+ 1
2
.
1
1
c
st
ct
, \t T. Entonces
[1
2
[ _
_
1
T
c
st
) (t)
dt _'
_
1
T
c
st
c
ct
dt _'
_
1
T
c
(sc)t
dt ='
c
(sc)T
: c
,
2
1
e 1
2
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt para : c.
Transformada inversa de Laplace
Denicin
Si 1 (:) representa la transformada de Laplace de una funcin ) (t), que es
/) (t) = 1 (:), entonces se dice que ) (t) es la transformada inversa de
Laplace de 1 (:) y se escribe ) (t) = /
1
1 (:).
Alguna transformadas inversas
/
1
_
1
:
_
= 1; /
1
c1 (:) + ,G(:) = c) (t) + ,q (t) ;
/
1
_
:!
:
n+1
_
= t
n
, : Z
+
; /
1
_
1
: c
_
= c
t
;
/
1
_
:
:
2
+ c
2
_
= cos ct; /
1
_
c
:
2
+ c
2
_
= senct;
/
1
_
:
:
2
c
2
_
= coshct; /
1
_
c
:
2
c
2
_
= senhct.
Fracciones parciales
Denicin
1
1 (:).
/
1
_
1
:
_
= 1; /
1
c1 (:) + ,G(:) = c) (t) + ,q (t) ;
/
1
_
:!
:
n+1
_
= t
n
, : Z
+
; /
1
_
1
: c
_
= c
t
;
/
1
_
:
:
2
+ c
2
_
= cos ct; /
1
_
c
:
2
+ c
2
_
= senct;
/
1
_
:
:
2
c
2
_
= coshct; /
1
_
c
:
2
c
2
_
= senhct.
Denicin
1
1 (:).
/
1
_
1
:
_
= 1; /
1
c1 (:) + ,G(:) = c) (t) + ,q (t) ;
/
1
_
:!
:
n+1
_
= t
n
, : Z
+
; /
1
_
1
: c
_
= c
t
;
/
1
_
:
:
2
+ c
2
_
= cos ct; /
1
_
c
:
2
+ c
2
_
= senct;
/
1
_
:
:
2
c
2
_
= coshct; /
1
_
c
:
2
c
2
_
= senhct.
Denicin
1
1 (:).
/
1
_
1
:
_
= 1; /
1
c1 (:) + ,G(:) = c) (t) + ,q (t) ;
/
1
_
:!
:
n+1
_
= t
n
, : Z
+
; /
1
_
1
: c
_
= c
t
;
/
1
_
:
:
2
+ c
2
_
= cos ct; /
1
_
c
:
2
+ c
2
_
= senct;
/
1
_
:
:
2
c
2
_
= coshct; /
1
_
c
:
2
c
2
_
= senhct.
Denicin
1
1 (:).
/
1
_
1
:
_
= 1; /
1
c1 (:) + ,G(:) = c) (t) + ,q (t) ;
/
1
_
:!
:
n+1
_
= t
n
, : Z
+
; /
1
_
1
: c
_
= c
t
;
/
1
_
:
:
2
+ c
2
_
= cos ct; /
1
_
c
:
2
+ c
2
_
= senct;
/
1
_
:
:
2
c
2
_
= coshct; /
1
_
c
:
2
c
2
_
= senhct.
Denicin
1
1 (:).
/
1
_
1
:
_
= 1; /
1
c1 (:) + ,G(:) = c) (t) + ,q (t) ;
/
1
_
:!
:
n+1
_
= t
n
, : Z
+
; /
1
_
1
: c
_
= c
t
;
/
1
_
:
:
2
+ c
2
_
= cos ct; /
1
_
c
:
2
+ c
2
_
= senct;
/
1
_
:
:
2
c
2
_
= coshct; /
1
_
c
:
2
c
2
_
= senhct.
Denicin
1
1 (:).
/
1
_
1
:
_
= 1; /
1
c1 (:) + ,G(:) = c) (t) + ,q (t) ;
/
1
_
:!
:
n+1
_
= t
n
, : Z
+
; /
1
_
1
: c
_
= c
t
;
/
1
_
:
:
2
+ c
2
_
= cos ct; /
1
_
c
:
2
+ c
2
_
= senct;
/
1
_
:
:
2
c
2
_
= coshct; /
1
_
c
:
2
c
2
_
= senhct.
Denicin
1
1 (:).
/
1
_
1
:
_
= 1; /
1
c1 (:) + ,G(:) = c) (t) + ,q (t) ;
/
1
_
:!
:
n+1
_
= t
n
, : Z
+
; /
1
_
1
: c
_
= c
t
;
/
1
_
:
:
2
+ c
2
_
= cos ct; /
1
_
c
:
2
+ c
2
_
= senct;
/
1
_
:
:
2
c
2
_
= coshct; /
1
_
c
:
2
c
2
_
= senhct.
Denicin
1
1 (:).
/
1
_
1
:
_
= 1; /
1
c1 (:) + ,G(:) = c) (t) + ,q (t) ;
/
1
_
:!
:
n+1
_
= t
n
, : Z
+
; /
1
_
1
: c
_
= c
t
;
/
1
_
:
:
2
+ c
2
_
= cos ct; /
1
_
c
:
2
+ c
2
_
= senct;
/
1
_
:
:
2
c
2
_
= coshct; /
1
_
c
:
2
c
2
_
= senhct.
Denicin
1
1 (:).
/
1
_
1
:
_
= 1; /
1
c1 (:) + ,G(:) = c) (t) + ,q (t) ;
/
1
_
:!
:
n+1
_
= t
n
, : Z
+
; /
1
_
1
: c
_
= c
t
;
/
1
_
:
:
2
+ c
2
_
= cos ct; /
1
_
c
:
2
+ c
2
_
= senct;
/
1
_
:
:
2
c
2
_
= coshct; /
1
_
c
:
2
c
2
_
= senhct.
/)
0
(t) =
_
1
0
c
st
)
0
(t) dt = c
st
) (t)
1
0
+ :
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt
es decir, /)
0
(t) = :1 (:) ) (0) .
/)
00
(t) =
_
1
0
c
st
)
00
(t) dt = c
st
)
0
(t)
1
0
+ :
_
1
0
c
st
)
0
(t) dt
es decir, /)
00
(t) = :
2
1 (:) :) (0) )
0
(0) .
De manera equivalente se obtiene que
/)
000
(t) = :
3
1 (:) :
2
) (0) :)
0
(0) )
00
(0) .
Teorema
Si ), )
0
, . . . , )
(n1)
son continuas en [0, ) y de orden exponencial, y si )
(n)
(t)
es continua por tramos en [0, ), entonces
/
_
)
(n)
(t)
_
= :
n
1 (:) :
n1
) (0) :
n2
)
0
(0) :)
(n2)
(0) )
(n1)
(0) .
/)
0
(t) =
_
1
0
c
st
)
0
(t) dt = c
st
) (t)
1
0
+ :
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt
es decir, /)
0
(t) = :1 (:) ) (0) .
/)
00
(t) =
_
1
0
c
st
)
00
(t) dt = c
st
)
0
(t)
1
0
+ :
_
1
0
c
st
)
0
(t) dt
es decir, /)
00
(t) = :
2
1 (:) :) (0) )
0
(0) .
/)
000
(t) = :
3
1 (:) :
2
) (0) :)
0
(0) )
00
(0) .
Teorema
Si ), )
0
, . . . , )
(n1)
(n)
(t)
/
_
)
(n)
(t)
_
= :
n
1 (:) :
n1
) (0) :
n2
)
0
(0) :)
(n2)
(0) )
(n1)
(0) .
/)
0
(t) =
_
1
0
c
st
)
0
(t) dt = c
st
) (t)
1
0
+ :
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt
es decir, /)
0
(t) = :1 (:) ) (0) .
/)
00
(t) =
_
1
0
c
st
)
00
(t) dt = c
st
)
0
(t)
1
0
+ :
_
1
0
c
st
)
0
(t) dt
es decir, /)
00
(t) = :
2
1 (:) :) (0) )
0
(0) .
/)
000
(t) = :
3
1 (:) :
2
) (0) :)
0
(0) )
00
(0) .
Teorema
Si ), )
0
, . . . , )
(n1)
(n)
(t)
/
_
)
(n)
(t)
_
= :
n
1 (:) :
n1
) (0) :
n2
)
0
(0) :)
(n2)
(0) )
(n1)
(0) .
/)
0
(t) =
_
1
0
c
st
)
0
(t) dt = c
st
) (t)
1
0
+ :
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt
es decir, /)
0
(t) = :1 (:) ) (0) .
/)
00
(t) =
_
1
0
c
st
)
00
(t) dt = c
st
)
0
(t)
1
0
+ :
_
1
0
c
st
)
0
(t) dt
es decir, /)
00
(t) = :
2
1 (:) :) (0) )
0
(0) .
/)
000
(t) = :
3
1 (:) :
2
) (0) :)
0
(0) )
00
(0) .
Teorema
Si ), )
0
, . . . , )
(n1)
(n)
(t)
/
_
)
(n)
(t)
_
= :
n
1 (:) :
n1
) (0) :
n2
)
0
(0) :)
(n2)
(0) )
(n1)
(0) .
/)
0
(t) =
_
1
0
c
st
)
0
(t) dt = c
st
) (t)
1
0
+ :
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt
es decir, /)
0
(t) = :1 (:) ) (0) .
/)
00
(t) =
_
1
0
c
st
)
00
(t) dt = c
st
)
0
(t)
1
0
+ :
_
1
0
c
st
)
0
(t) dt
es decir, /)
00
(t) = :
2
1 (:) :) (0) )
0
(0) .
/)
000
(t) = :
3
1 (:) :
2
) (0) :)
0
(0) )
00
(0) .
Teorema
Si ), )
0
, . . . , )
(n1)
(n)
(t)
/
_
)
(n)
(t)
_
= :
n
1 (:) :
n1
) (0) :
n2
)
0
(0) :)
(n2)
(0) )
(n1)
(0) .
/)
0
(t) =
_
1
0
c
st
)
0
(t) dt = c
st
) (t)
1
0
+ :
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt
es decir, /)
0
(t) = :1 (:) ) (0) .
/)
00
(t) =
_
1
0
c
st
)
00
(t) dt = c
st
)
0
(t)
1
0
+ :
_
1
0
c
st
)
0
(t) dt
es decir, /)
00
(t) = :
2
1 (:) :) (0) )
0
(0) .
/)
000
(t) = :
3
1 (:) :
2
) (0) :)
0
(0) )
00
(0) .
Teorema
Si ), )
0
, . . . , )
(n1)
(n)
(t)
/
_
)
(n)
(t)
_
= :
n
1 (:) :
n1
) (0) :
n2
)
0
(0) :)
(n2)
(0) )
(n1)
(0) .
/)
0
(t) =
_
1
0
c
st
)
0
(t) dt = c
st
) (t)
1
0
+ :
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt
es decir, /)
0
(t) = :1 (:) ) (0) .
/)
00
(t) =
_
1
0
c
st
)
00
(t) dt = c
st
)
0
(t)
1
0
+ :
_
1
0
c
st
)
0
(t) dt
es decir, /)
00
(t) = :
2
1 (:) :) (0) )
0
(0) .
/)
000
(t) = :
3
1 (:) :
2
) (0) :)
0
(0) )
00
(0) .
Teorema
Si ), )
0
, . . . , )
(n1)
(n)
(t)
/
_
)
(n)
(t)
_
= :
n
1 (:) :
n1
) (0) :
n2
)
0
(0) :)
(n2)
(0) )
(n1)
(0) .
/)
0
(t) =
_
1
0
c
st
)
0
(t) dt = c
st
) (t)
1
0
+ :
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt
es decir, /)
0
(t) = :1 (:) ) (0) .
/)
00
(t) =
_
1
0
c
st
)
00
(t) dt = c
st
)
0
(t)
1
0
+ :
_
1
0
c
st
)
0
(t) dt
es decir, /)
00
(t) = :
2
1 (:) :) (0) )
0
(0) .
/)
000
(t) = :
3
1 (:) :
2
) (0) :)
0
(0) )
00
(0) .
Teorema
Si ), )
0
, . . . , )
(n1)
(n)
(t)
/
_
)
(n)
(t)
_
= :
n
1 (:) :
n1
) (0) :
n2
)
0
(0) :)
(n2)
(0) )
(n1)
(0) .
/)
0
(t) =
_
1
0
c
st
)
0
(t) dt = c
st
) (t)
1
0
+ :
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt
es decir, /)
0
(t) = :1 (:) ) (0) .
/)
00
(t) =
_
1
0
c
st
)
00
(t) dt = c
st
)
0
(t)
1
0
+ :
_
1
0
c
st
)
0
(t) dt
es decir, /)
00
(t) = :
2
1 (:) :) (0) )
0
(0) .
/)
000
(t) = :
3
1 (:) :
2
) (0) :)
0
(0) )
00
(0) .
Teorema
Si ), )
0
, . . . , )
(n1)
(n)
(t)
/
_
)
(n)
(t)
_
= :
n
1 (:) :
n1
) (0) :
n2
)
0
(0) :)
(n2)
(0) )
(n1)
(0) .
/)
0
(t) =
_
1
0
c
st
)
0
(t) dt = c
st
) (t)
1
0
+ :
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt
es decir, /)
0
(t) = :1 (:) ) (0) .
/)
00
(t) =
_
1
0
c
st
)
00
(t) dt = c
st
)
0
(t)
1
0
+ :
_
1
0
c
st
)
0
(t) dt
es decir, /)
00
(t) = :
2
1 (:) :) (0) )
0
(0) .
/)
000
(t) = :
3
1 (:) :
2
) (0) :)
0
(0) )
00
(0) .
Teorema
Si ), )
0
, . . . , )
(n1)
(n)
(t)
/
_
)
(n)
(t)
_
= :
n
1 (:) :
n1
) (0) :
n2
)
0
(0) :)
(n2)
(0) )
(n1)
(0) .
/)
0
(t) =
_
1
0
c
st
)
0
(t) dt = c
st
) (t)
1
0
+ :
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt
es decir, /)
0
(t) = :1 (:) ) (0) .
/)
00
(t) =
_
1
0
c
st
)
00
(t) dt = c
st
)
0
(t)
1
0
+ :
_
1
0
c
st
)
0
(t) dt
es decir, /)
00
(t) = :
2
1 (:) :) (0) )
0
(0) .
/)
000
(t) = :
3
1 (:) :
2
) (0) :)
0
(0) )
00
(0) .
Teorema
Si ), )
0
, . . . , )
(n1)
(n)
(t)
/
_
)
(n)
(t)
_
= :
n
1 (:) :
n1
) (0) :
n2
)
0
(0) :)
(n2)
(0) )
(n1)
(0) .
/)
0
(t) =
_
1
0
c
st
)
0
(t) dt = c
st
) (t)
1
0
+ :
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt
es decir, /)
0
(t) = :1 (:) ) (0) .
/)
00
(t) =
_
1
0
c
st
)
00
(t) dt = c
st
)
0
(t)
1
0
+ :
_
1
0
c
st
)
0
(t) dt
es decir, /)
00
(t) = :
2
1 (:) :) (0) )
0
(0) .
/)
000
(t) = :
3
1 (:) :
2
) (0) :)
0
(0) )
00
(0) .
Teorema
Si ), )
0
, . . . , )
(n1)
(n)
(t)
/
_
)
(n)
(t)
_
= :
n
1 (:) :
n1
) (0) :
n2
)
0
(0) :)
(n2)
(0) )
(n1)
(0) .
/)
0
(t) =
_
1
0
c
st
)
0
(t) dt = c
st
) (t)
1
0
+ :
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt
es decir, /)
0
(t) = :1 (:) ) (0) .
/)
00
(t) =
_
1
0
c
st
)
00
(t) dt = c
st
)
0
(t)
1
0
+ :
_
1
0
c
st
)
0
(t) dt
es decir, /)
00
(t) = :
2
1 (:) :) (0) )
0
(0) .
/)
000
(t) = :
3
1 (:) :
2
) (0) :)
0
(0) )
00
(0) .
Teorema
Si ), )
0
, . . . , )
(n1)
(n)
(t)
/
_
)
(n)
(t)
_
= :
n
1 (:) :
n1
) (0) :
n2
)
0
(0) :)
(n2)
(0) )
(n1)
(0) .
d
ds
1(:) =
d
ds
_
1
0
c
st
)(t) dt =
_
1
0
@
@s
[c
st
)(t)] dt =
_
1
0
c
st
t)(t) dt = /t)(t) ,
es decir, /t ) (t) =
d
ds
/) (t) =
d
ds
1 (:) .
De manera similar
/
_
t
2
)(t)
_
=/tt)(t) =
d
ds
/t)(t) =
d
ds
_
d
ds
/)(t)
_
=
d
2
ds
2
/)(t)
y
/
_
t
3
)(t)
_
=/
_
tt
2
)(t)
_
=
d
ds
/
_
t
2
)(t)
_
=
d
ds
_
d
2
ds
2
/)(t)
_
=
d
3
ds
3
/)(t) .
Los casos anteriores sugieren el siguiente resultado
Teorema
Si 1 (:) = /) (t) y : = 1, 2, 3, . . . , entonces
/t
n
) (t) = (1)
n
d
n
d:
n
/) (t) = (1)
n
d
n
d:
n
1 (:) .
d
ds
1(:) =
d
ds
_
1
0
c
st
)(t) dt =
_
1
0
@
@s
[c
st
)(t)] dt =
_
1
0
c
st
t)(t) dt = /t)(t) ,
d
ds
/) (t) =
d
ds
1 (:) .
De manera similar
/
_
t
2
)(t)
_
=/tt)(t) =
d
ds
/t)(t) =
d
ds
_
d
ds
/)(t)
_
=
d
2
ds
2
/)(t)
y
/
_
t
3
)(t)
_
=/
_
tt
2
)(t)
_
=
d
ds
/
_
t
2
)(t)
_
=
d
ds
_
d
2
ds
2
/)(t)
_
=
d
3
ds
3
/)(t) .
Teorema
Si 1 (:) = /) (t) y : = 1, 2, 3, . . . , entonces
/t
n
) (t) = (1)
n
d
n
d:
n
/) (t) = (1)
n
d
n
d:
n
1 (:) .
d
ds
1(:) =
d
ds
_
1
0
c
st
)(t) dt =
_
1
0
@
@s
[c
st
)(t)] dt =
_
1
0
c
st
t)(t) dt = /t)(t) ,
d
ds
/) (t) =
d
ds
1 (:) .
De manera similar
/
_
t
2
)(t)
_
=/tt)(t) =
d
ds
/t)(t) =
d
ds
_
d
ds
/)(t)
_
=
d
2
ds
2
/)(t)
y
/
_
t
3
)(t)
_
=/
_
tt
2
)(t)
_
=
d
ds
/
_
t
2
)(t)
_
=
d
ds
_
d
2
ds
2
/)(t)
_
=
d
3
ds
3
/)(t) .
Teorema
Si 1 (:) = /) (t) y : = 1, 2, 3, . . . , entonces
/t
n
) (t) = (1)
n
d
n
d:
n
/) (t) = (1)
n
d
n
d:
n
1 (:) .
d
ds
1(:) =
d
ds
_
1
0
c
st
)(t) dt =
_
1
0
@
@s
[c
st
)(t)] dt =
_
1
0
c
st
t)(t) dt = /t)(t) ,
d
ds
/) (t) =
d
ds
1 (:) .
De manera similar
/
_
t
2
)(t)
_
=/tt)(t) =
d
ds
/t)(t) =
d
ds
_
d
ds
/)(t)
_
=
d
2
ds
2
/)(t)
y
/
_
t
3
)(t)
_
=/
_
tt
2
)(t)
_
=
d
ds
/
_
t
2
)(t)
_
=
d
ds
_
d
2
ds
2
/)(t)
_
=
d
3
ds
3
/)(t) .
Teorema
Si 1 (:) = /) (t) y : = 1, 2, 3, . . . , entonces
/t
n
) (t) = (1)
n
d
n
d:
n
/) (t) = (1)
n
d
n
d:
n
1 (:) .
d
ds
1(:) =
d
ds
_
1
0
c
st
)(t) dt =
_
1
0
@
@s
[c
st
)(t)] dt =
_
1
0
c
st
t)(t) dt = /t)(t) ,
d
ds
/) (t) =
d
ds
1 (:) .
De manera similar
/
_
t
2
)(t)
_
=/tt)(t) =
d
ds
/t)(t) =
d
ds
_
d
ds
/)(t)
_
=
d
2
ds
2
/)(t)
y
/
_
t
3
)(t)
_
=/
_
tt
2
)(t)
_
=
d
ds
/
_
t
2
)(t)
_
=
d
ds
_
d
2
ds
2
/)(t)
_
=
d
3
ds
3
/)(t) .
Teorema
Si 1 (:) = /) (t) y : = 1, 2, 3, . . . , entonces
/t
n
) (t) = (1)
n
d
n
d:
n
/) (t) = (1)
n
d
n
d:
n
1 (:) .
d
ds
1(:) =
d
ds
_
1
0
c
st
)(t) dt =
_
1
0
@
@s
[c
st
)(t)] dt =
_
1
0
c
st
t)(t) dt = /t)(t) ,
d
ds
/) (t) =
d
ds
1 (:) .
De manera similar
/
_
t
2
)(t)
_
=/tt)(t) =
d
ds
/t)(t) =
d
ds
_
d
ds
/)(t)
_
=
d
2
ds
2
/)(t)
y
/
_
t
3
)(t)
_
=/
_
tt
2
)(t)
_
=
d
ds
/
_
t
2
)(t)
_
=
d
ds
_
d
2
ds
2
/)(t)
_
=
d
3
ds
3
/)(t) .
Teorema
Si 1 (:) = /) (t) y : = 1, 2, 3, . . . , entonces
/t
n
) (t) = (1)
n
d
n
d:
n
/) (t) = (1)
n
d
n
d:
n
1 (:) .
d
ds
1(:) =
d
ds
_
1
0
c
st
)(t) dt =
_
1
0
@
@s
[c
st
)(t)] dt =
_
1
0
c
st
t)(t) dt = /t)(t) ,
d
ds
/) (t) =
d
ds
1 (:) .
De manera similar
/
_
t
2
)(t)
_
=/tt)(t) =
d
ds
/t)(t) =
d
ds
_
d
ds
/)(t)
_
=
d
2
ds
2
/)(t)
y
/
_
t
3
)(t)
_
=/
_
tt
2
)(t)
_
=
d
ds
/
_
t
2
)(t)
_
=
d
ds
_
d
2
ds
2
/)(t)
_
=
d
3
ds
3
/)(t) .
Teorema
Si 1 (:) = /) (t) y : = 1, 2, 3, . . . , entonces
/t
n
) (t) = (1)
n
d
n
d:
n
/) (t) = (1)
n
d
n
d:
n
1 (:) .
d
ds
1(:) =
d
ds
_
1
0
c
st
)(t) dt =
_
1
0
@
@s
[c
st
)(t)] dt =
_
1
0
c
st
t)(t) dt = /t)(t) ,
d
ds
/) (t) =
d
ds
1 (:) .
De manera similar
/
_
t
2
)(t)
_
=/tt)(t) =
d
ds
/t)(t) =
d
ds
_
d
ds
/)(t)
_
=
d
2
ds
2
/)(t)
y
/
_
t
3
)(t)
_
=/
_
tt
2
)(t)
_
=
d
ds
/
_
t
2
)(t)
_
=
d
ds
_
d
2
ds
2
/)(t)
_
=
d
3
ds
3
/)(t) .
Teorema
Si 1 (:) = /) (t) y : = 1, 2, 3, . . . , entonces
/t
n
) (t) = (1)
n
d
n
d:
n
/) (t) = (1)
n
d
n
d:
n
1 (:) .
d
ds
1(:) =
d
ds
_
1
0
c
st
)(t) dt =
_
1
0
@
@s
[c
st
)(t)] dt =
_
1
0
c
st
t)(t) dt = /t)(t) ,
d
ds
/) (t) =
d
ds
1 (:) .
De manera similar
/
_
t
2
)(t)
_
=/tt)(t) =
d
ds
/t)(t) =
d
ds
_
d
ds
/)(t)
_
=
d
2
ds
2
/)(t)
y
/
_
t
3
)(t)
_
=/
_
tt
2
)(t)
_
=
d
ds
/
_
t
2
)(t)
_
=
d
ds
_
d
2
ds
2
/)(t)
_
=
d
3
ds
3
/)(t) .
Teorema
Si 1 (:) = /) (t) y : = 1, 2, 3, . . . , entonces
/t
n
) (t) = (1)
n
d
n
d:
n
/) (t) = (1)
n
d
n
d:
n
1 (:) .
d
ds
1(:) =
d
ds
_
1
0
c
st
)(t) dt =
_
1
0
@
@s
[c
st
)(t)] dt =
_
1
0
c
st
t)(t) dt = /t)(t) ,
d
ds
/) (t) =
d
ds
1 (:) .
De manera similar
/
_
t
2
)(t)
_
=/tt)(t) =
d
ds
/t)(t) =
d
ds
_
d
ds
/)(t)
_
=
d
2
ds
2
/)(t)
y
/
_
t
3
)(t)
_
=/
_
tt
2
)(t)
_
=
d
ds
/
_
t
2
)(t)
_
=
d
ds
_
d
2
ds
2
/)(t)
_
=
d
3
ds
3
/)(t) .
Teorema
Si 1 (:) = /) (t) y : = 1, 2, 3, . . . , entonces
/t
n
) (t) = (1)
n
d
n
d:
n
/) (t) = (1)
n
d
n
d:
n
1 (:) .
Ejemplo
Encuentre la solucin del p.v.i.
_
j
00
j = t 3
j (3) = 2, j
0
(3) = 0
Solucin. Observe que la condicin inicial esta dada en t
0
= 3, entonces hagamos
el cambio de variable . = t 3, con lo cual el problema queda de la siguiente
forma:
_
j
00
j = .
j (0) = 2, j
0
(0) = 0
Aplicando T.L. se tiene
/j
00
j = /. == :
2
1 (:) :j (0) j
0
(0) 1 (:) =
1
s
2
==
_
:
2
1
_
1 (:) 2: =
1
s
2
== 1 (:) =
1
s
2
(s
2
1)
+
2s
s
2
1
== j (.) = /
1
_
1
(s
2
1)

1
s
2
_
+ 2/
1
_
s
s
2
1
_
== j (.) = senh. . + 2 cosh..
Pero la variable inicial es t, y sabemos que . = t 3, entonces la solucin es
j (t) = 3 t + senh (t 3) + 2 cosh(t 3) .
Ejemplo
_
j
00
j = t 3
j (3) = 2, j
0
(3) = 0
0
forma:
_
j
00
j = .
j (0) = 2, j
0
(0) = 0
/j
00
j = /. == :
2
1 (:) :j (0) j
0
(0) 1 (:) =
1
s
2
==
_
:
2
1
_
1 (:) 2: =
1
s
2
== 1 (:) =
1
s
2
(s
2
1)
+
2s
s
2
1
== j (.) = /
1
_
1
(s
2
1)

1
s
2
_
+ 2/
1
_
s
s
2
1
_
== j (.) = senh. . + 2 cosh..
j (t) = 3 t + senh (t 3) + 2 cosh(t 3) .
Ejemplo
_
j
00
j = t 3
j (3) = 2, j
0
(3) = 0
0
forma:
_
j
00
j = .
j (0) = 2, j
0
(0) = 0
/j
00
j = /. == :
2
1 (:) :j (0) j
0
(0) 1 (:) =
1
s
2
==
_
:
2
1
_
1 (:) 2: =
1
s
2
== 1 (:) =
1
s
2
(s
2
1)
+
2s
s
2
1
== j (.) = /
1
_
1
(s
2
1)

1
s
2
_
+ 2/
1
_
s
s
2
1
_
== j (.) = senh. . + 2 cosh..
j (t) = 3 t + senh (t 3) + 2 cosh(t 3) .
Ejemplo
_
j
00
j = t 3
j (3) = 2, j
0
(3) = 0
0
forma:
_
j
00
j = .
j (0) = 2, j
0
(0) = 0
/j
00
j = /. == :
2
1 (:) :j (0) j
0
(0) 1 (:) =
1
s
2
==
_
:
2
1
_
1 (:) 2: =
1
s
2
== 1 (:) =
1
s
2
(s
2
1)
+
2s
s
2
1
== j (.) = /
1
_
1
(s
2
1)

1
s
2
_
+ 2/
1
_
s
s
2
1
_
== j (.) = senh. . + 2 cosh..
j (t) = 3 t + senh (t 3) + 2 cosh(t 3) .
Ejemplo
_
j
00
j = t 3
j (3) = 2, j
0
(3) = 0
0
forma:
_
j
00
j = .
j (0) = 2, j
0
(0) = 0
/j
00
j = /. == :
2
1 (:) :j (0) j
0
(0) 1 (:) =
1
s
2
==
_
:
2
1
_
1 (:) 2: =
1
s
2
== 1 (:) =
1
s
2
(s
2
1)
+
2s
s
2
1
== j (.) = /
1
_
1
(s
2
1)

1
s
2
_
+ 2/
1
_
s
s
2
1
_
== j (.) = senh. . + 2 cosh..
j (t) = 3 t + senh (t 3) + 2 cosh(t 3) .
Ejemplo
_
j
00
j = t 3
j (3) = 2, j
0
(3) = 0
0
forma:
_
j
00
j = .
j (0) = 2, j
0
(0) = 0
/j
00
j = /. == :
2
1 (:) :j (0) j
0
(0) 1 (:) =
1
s
2
==
_
:
2
1
_
1 (:) 2: =
1
s
2
== 1 (:) =
1
s
2
(s
2
1)
+
2s
s
2
1
== j (.) = /
1
_
1
(s
2
1)

1
s
2
_
+ 2/
1
_
s
s
2
1
_
== j (.) = senh. . + 2 cosh..
j (t) = 3 t + senh (t 3) + 2 cosh(t 3) .
Ejemplo
_
j
00
j = t 3
j (3) = 2, j
0
(3) = 0
0
forma:
_
j
00
j = .
j (0) = 2, j
0
(0) = 0
/j
00
j = /. == :
2
1 (:) :j (0) j
0
(0) 1 (:) =
1
s
2
==
_
:
2
1
_
1 (:) 2: =
1
s
2
== 1 (:) =
1
s
2
(s
2
1)
+
2s
s
2
1
== j (.) = /
1
_
1
(s
2
1)

1
s
2
_
+ 2/
1
_
s
s
2
1
_
== j (.) = senh. . + 2 cosh..
j (t) = 3 t + senh (t 3) + 2 cosh(t 3) .
Ejemplo
_
j
00
j = t 3
j (3) = 2, j
0
(3) = 0
0
forma:
_
j
00
j = .
j (0) = 2, j
0
(0) = 0
/j
00
j = /. == :
2
1 (:) :j (0) j
0
(0) 1 (:) =
1
s
2
==
_
:
2
1
_
1 (:) 2: =
1
s
2
== 1 (:) =
1
s
2
(s
2
1)
+
2s
s
2
1
== j (.) = /
1
_
1
(s
2
1)

1
s
2
_
+ 2/
1
_
s
s
2
1
_
== j (.) = senh. . + 2 cosh..
j (t) = 3 t + senh (t 3) + 2 cosh(t 3) .
Ejemplo
_
j
00
j = t 3
j (3) = 2, j
0
(3) = 0
0
forma:
_
j
00
j = .
j (0) = 2, j
0
(0) = 0
/j
00
j = /. == :
2
1 (:) :j (0) j
0
(0) 1 (:) =
1
s
2
==
_
:
2
1
_
1 (:) 2: =
1
s
2
== 1 (:) =
1
s
2
(s
2
1)
+
2s
s
2
1
== j (.) = /
1
_
1
(s
2
1)

1
s
2
_
+ 2/
1
_
s
s
2
1
_
== j (.) = senh. . + 2 cosh..
j (t) = 3 t + senh (t 3) + 2 cosh(t 3) .
Ejemplo
_
j
00
j = t 3
j (3) = 2, j
0
(3) = 0
0
forma:
_
j
00
j = .
j (0) = 2, j
0
(0) = 0
/j
00
j = /. == :
2
1 (:) :j (0) j
0
(0) 1 (:) =
1
s
2
==
_
:
2
1
_
1 (:) 2: =
1
s
2
== 1 (:) =
1
s
2
(s
2
1)
+
2s
s
2
1
== j (.) = /
1
_
1
(s
2
1)

1
s
2
_
+ 2/
1
_
s
s
2
1
_
== j (.) = senh. . + 2 cosh..
j (t) = 3 t + senh (t 3) + 2 cosh(t 3) .
Ejemplo
_
j
00
j = t 3
j (3) = 2, j
0
(3) = 0
0
forma:
_
j
00
j = .
j (0) = 2, j
0
(0) = 0
/j
00
j = /. == :
2
1 (:) :j (0) j
0
(0) 1 (:) =
1
s
2
==
_
:
2
1
_
1 (:) 2: =
1
s
2
== 1 (:) =
1
s
2
(s
2
1)
+
2s
s
2
1
== j (.) = /
1
_
1
(s
2
1)

1
s
2
_
+ 2/
1
_
s
s
2
1
_
== j (.) = senh. . + 2 cosh..
j (t) = 3 t + senh (t 3) + 2 cosh(t 3) .
Ejemplo
_
j
00
j = t 3
j (3) = 2, j
0
(3) = 0
0
forma:
_
j
00
j = .
j (0) = 2, j
0
(0) = 0
/j
00
j = /. == :
2
1 (:) :j (0) j
0
(0) 1 (:) =
1
s
2
==
_
:
2
1
_
1 (:) 2: =
1
s
2
== 1 (:) =
1
s
2
(s
2
1)
+
2s
s
2
1
== j (.) = /
1
_
1
(s
2
1)

1
s
2
_
+ 2/
1
_
s
s
2
1
_
== j (.) = senh. . + 2 cosh..
j (t) = 3 t + senh (t 3) + 2 cosh(t 3) .
Ejemplo
Resuelva la ecuacin diferencial
_
j
00
+ 2tj
0
4j = 1
j (0) = 0, j
0
(0) = 0
Solucin. Aplicando T.L. se tiene
/j
00
+ 2tj
0
4j = /1
/j
00
+ 2 (1)
d
ds
/j
0
4/j = /1
_
:
2
1 (:) :j (0) j
0
(0)
2
d
ds
[:1 (:) j (0)] 41 (:) =
1
s
:
2
1 (:) 2 [1 (:) + :1
0
(:)] 41 (:) =
1
s
_
:
2
6
_
1 (:) 2:1
0
(:) =
1
s
== 1
0
(:) +
6s
2
2s
1 (:) =
1
2s
2
.
Ejemplo
_
j
00
+ 2tj
0
4j = 1
j (0) = 0, j
0
(0) = 0
/j
00
+ 2tj
0
4j = /1
/j
00
+ 2 (1)
d
ds
/j
0
4/j = /1
_
:
2
1 (:) :j (0) j
0
(0)
2
d
ds
[:1 (:) j (0)] 41 (:) =
1
s
:
2
1 (:) 2 [1 (:) + :1
0
(:)] 41 (:) =
1
s
_
:
2
6
_
1 (:) 2:1
0
(:) =
1
s
== 1
0
(:) +
6s
2
2s
1 (:) =
1
2s
2
.
Ejemplo
_
j
00
+ 2tj
0
4j = 1
j (0) = 0, j
0
(0) = 0
/j
00
+ 2tj
0
4j = /1
/j
00
+ 2 (1)
d
ds
/j
0
4/j = /1
_
:
2
1 (:) :j (0) j
0
(0)
2
d
ds
[:1 (:) j (0)] 41 (:) =
1
s
:
2
1 (:) 2 [1 (:) + :1
0
(:)] 41 (:) =
1
s
_
:
2
6
_
1 (:) 2:1
0
(:) =
1
s
== 1
0
(:) +
6s
2
2s
1 (:) =
1
2s
2
.
Ejemplo
_
j
00
+ 2tj
0
4j = 1
j (0) = 0, j
0
(0) = 0
/j
00
+ 2tj
0
4j = /1
/j
00
+ 2 (1)
d
ds
/j
0
4/j = /1
_
:
2
1 (:) :j (0) j
0
(0)
2
d
ds
[:1 (:) j (0)] 41 (:) =
1
s
:
2
1 (:) 2 [1 (:) + :1
0
(:)] 41 (:) =
1
s
_
:
2
6
_
1 (:) 2:1
0
(:) =
1
s
== 1
0
(:) +
6s
2
2s
1 (:) =
1
2s
2
.
Ejemplo
_
j
00
+ 2tj
0
4j = 1
j (0) = 0, j
0
(0) = 0
/j
00
+ 2tj
0
4j = /1
/j
00
+ 2 (1)
d
ds
/j
0
4/j = /1
_
:
2
1 (:) :j (0) j
0
(0)
2
d
ds
[:1 (:) j (0)] 41 (:) =
1
s
:
2
1 (:) 2 [1 (:) + :1
0
(:)] 41 (:) =
1
s
_
:
2
6
_
1 (:) 2:1
0
(:) =
1
s
== 1
0
(:) +
6s
2
2s
1 (:) =
1
2s
2
.
Ejemplo
_
j
00
+ 2tj
0
4j = 1
j (0) = 0, j
0
(0) = 0
/j
00
+ 2tj
0
4j = /1
/j
00
+ 2 (1)
d
ds
/j
0
4/j = /1
_
:
2
1 (:) :j (0) j
0
(0)
2
d
ds
[:1 (:) j (0)] 41 (:) =
1
s
:
2
1 (:) 2 [1 (:) + :1
0
(:)] 41 (:) =
1
s
_
:
2
6
_
1 (:) 2:1
0
(:) =
1
s
== 1
0
(:) +
6s
2
2s
1 (:) =
1
2s
2
.
Ejemplo
_
j
00
+ 2tj
0
4j = 1
j (0) = 0, j
0
(0) = 0
/j
00
+ 2tj
0
4j = /1
/j
00
+ 2 (1)
d
ds
/j
0
4/j = /1
_
:
2
1 (:) :j (0) j
0
(0)
2
d
ds
[:1 (:) j (0)] 41 (:) =
1
s
:
2
1 (:) 2 [1 (:) + :1
0
(:)] 41 (:) =
1
s
_
:
2
6
_
1 (:) 2:1
0
(:) =
1
s
== 1
0
(:) +
6s
2
2s
1 (:) =
1
2s
2
.
j(:) = exp
_
6s
2
2s
_
= :
3
c
s
2
=4
d
d:
_
:
3
c
s
2
=4
1 (:)
_
=
1
2
:c
s
2
=4
integrando se obtiene
:
3
c
s
2
=4
1 (:) =
1
2
_
:c
s
2
=4
d:
1 (:) =
e
s
2
=4
s
3
_
c
s
2
=4
+ c
_
=
1
s
3
+
ce
s
2
=4
s
3
.
Para que esta funcin tenga transformada inversa se necesita que c = 0, en este
caso se tiene que
j (t) = /
1
_
1
:
3
_
=
t
2
2
.
j(:) = exp
_
6s
2
2s
_
= :
3
c
s
2
=4
d
d:
_
:
3
c
s
2
=4
1 (:)
_
=
1
2
:c
s
2
=4
:
3
c
s
2
=4
1 (:) =
1
2
_
:c
s
2
=4
d:
1 (:) =
e
s
2
=4
s
3
_
c
s
2
=4
+ c
_
=
1
s
3
+
ce
s
2
=4
s
3
.
caso se tiene que
j (t) = /
1
_
1
:
3
_
=
t
2
2
.
j(:) = exp
_
6s
2
2s
_
= :
3
c
s
2
=4
d
d:
_
:
3
c
s
2
=4
1 (:)
_
=
1
2
:c
s
2
=4
:
3
c
s
2
=4
1 (:) =
1
2
_
:c
s
2
=4
d:
1 (:) =
e
s
2
=4
s
3
_
c
s
2
=4
+ c
_
=
1
s
3
+
ce
s
2
=4
s
3
.
caso se tiene que
j (t) = /
1
_
1
:
3
_
=
t
2
2
.
j(:) = exp
_
6s
2
2s
_
= :
3
c
s
2
=4
d
d:
_
:
3
c
s
2
=4
1 (:)
_
=
1
2
:c
s
2
=4
:
3
c
s
2
=4
1 (:) =
1
2
_
:c
s
2
=4
d:
1 (:) =
e
s
2
=4
s
3
_
c
s
2
=4
+ c
_
=
1
s
3
+
ce
s
2
=4
s
3
.
caso se tiene que
j (t) = /
1
_
1
:
3
_
=
t
2
2
.
j(:) = exp
_
6s
2
2s
_
= :
3
c
s
2
=4
d
d:
_
:
3
c
s
2
=4
1 (:)
_
=
1
2
:c
s
2
=4
:
3
c
s
2
=4
1 (:) =
1
2
_
:c
s
2
=4
d:
1 (:) =
e
s
2
=4
s
3
_
c
s
2
=4
+ c
_
=
1
s
3
+
ce
s
2
=4
s
3
.
caso se tiene que
j (t) = /
1
_
1
:
3
_
=
t
2
2
.
j(:) = exp
_
6s
2
2s
_
= :
3
c
s
2
=4
d
d:
_
:
3
c
s
2
=4
1 (:)
_
=
1
2
:c
s
2
=4
:
3
c
s
2
=4
1 (:) =
1
2
_
:c
s
2
=4
d:
1 (:) =
e
s
2
=4
s
3
_
c
s
2
=4
+ c
_
=
1
s
3
+
ce
s
2
=4
s
3
.
caso se tiene que
j (t) = /
1
_
1
:
3
_
=
t
2
2
.
Comportamiento de F(s)
Teorema
Si ) es continua por tramos en [0, ) y de orden exponencial, entonces
lm
t!1
/) (t) = 0.
Demostracin.
/) (t) _
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt _'
_
1
0
c
st
c
ct
dt = '
c
(sc)t
: c
_
1
0
=
'
: c
.
Cuando : , tenemos [/) (t)[ 0, y, por lo tanto, /) (t) 0.
Teorema
lm
t!1
/) (t) = 0.
Demostracin.
/) (t) _
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt _'
_
1
0
c
st
c
ct
dt = '
c
(sc)t
: c
_
1
0
=
'
: c
.
Teorema
lm
t!1
/) (t) = 0.
Demostracin.
/) (t) _
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt _'
_
1
0
c
st
c
ct
dt = '
c
(sc)t
: c
_
1
0
=
'
: c
.
Teorema
lm
t!1
/) (t) = 0.
Demostracin.
/) (t) _
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt _'
_
1
0
c
st
c
ct
dt = '
c
(sc)t
: c
_
1
0
=
'
: c
.
Teorema
lm
t!1
/) (t) = 0.
Demostracin.
/) (t) _
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt _'
_
1
0
c
st
c
ct
dt = '
c
(sc)t
: c
_
1
0
=
'
: c
.
Teorema
lm
t!1
/) (t) = 0.
Demostracin.
/) (t) _
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt _'
_
1
0
c
st
c
ct
dt = '
c
(sc)t
: c
_
1
0
=
'
: c
.
Teorema
lm
t!1
/) (t) = 0.
Demostracin.
/) (t) _
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt _'
_
1
0
c
st
c
ct
dt = '
c
(sc)t
: c
_
1
0
=
'
: c
.
Observe que
/
_
c
at
) (t)
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
c
at
) (t) dt =
_
1
0
c
(sa)t
) (t) dt = 1 (: a) .
Teorema
Si /) (t) = 1 (:) y a es cualquier nmero real, entonces
/
_
c
at
) (t)
_
= 1 (: a) .
Notacin. /c
at
) (t) = /) (t)
_
s!sa
= 1 (:)
_
s!sa
Forma inversa del teorema.
/
1
1 (: a) = /
1
_
1 (:)
_
s!sa
_
= c
at
) (t) .
Observe que
/
_
c
at
) (t)
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
c
at
) (t) dt =
_
1
0
c
(sa)t
) (t) dt = 1 (: a) .
Teorema
/
_
c
at
) (t)
_
= 1 (: a) .
Notacin. /c
at
) (t) = /) (t)
_
s!sa
= 1 (:)
_
s!sa
/
1
1 (: a) = /
1
_
1 (:)
_
s!sa
_
= c
at
) (t) .
Observe que
/
_
c
at
) (t)
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
c
at
) (t) dt =
_
1
0
c
(sa)t
) (t) dt = 1 (: a) .
Teorema
/
_
c
at
) (t)
_
= 1 (: a) .
Notacin. /c
at
) (t) = /) (t)
_
s!sa
= 1 (:)
_
s!sa
/
1
1 (: a) = /
1
_
1 (:)
_
s!sa
_
= c
at
) (t) .
Observe que
/
_
c
at
) (t)
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
c
at
) (t) dt =
_
1
0
c
(sa)t
) (t) dt = 1 (: a) .
Teorema
/
_
c
at
) (t)
_
= 1 (: a) .
Notacin. /c
at
) (t) = /) (t)
_
s!sa
= 1 (:)
_
s!sa
/
1
1 (: a) = /
1
_
1 (:)
_
s!sa
_
= c
at
) (t) .
Observe que
/
_
c
at
) (t)
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
c
at
) (t) dt =
_
1
0
c
(sa)t
) (t) dt = 1 (: a) .
Teorema
/
_
c
at
) (t)
_
= 1 (: a) .
Notacin. /c
at
) (t) = /) (t)
_
s!sa
= 1 (:)
_
s!sa
/
1
1 (: a) = /
1
_
1 (:)
_
s!sa
_
= c
at
) (t) .
Observe que
/
_
c
at
) (t)
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
c
at
) (t) dt =
_
1
0
c
(sa)t
) (t) dt = 1 (: a) .
Teorema
/
_
c
at
) (t)
_
= 1 (: a) .
Notacin. /c
at
) (t) = /) (t)
_
s!sa
= 1 (:)
_
s!sa
/
1
1 (: a) = /
1
_
1 (:)
_
s!sa
_
= c
at
) (t) .
Observe que
/
_
c
at
) (t)
_
=
_
1
0
c
st
c
at
) (t) dt =
_
1
0
c
(sa)t
) (t) dt = 1 (: a) .
Teorema
/
_
c
at
) (t)
_
= 1 (: a) .
Notacin. /c
at
) (t) = /) (t)
_
s!sa
= 1 (:)
_
s!sa
/
1
1 (: a) = /
1
_
1 (:)
_
s!sa
_
= c
at
) (t) .
Denicin
La funcin escaln unitario | (t a) se dene como
| (t a) =
_
0, 0 _ t < a
1, t _ a.
Ejemplos.
) (t) =
_
j (t) , 0 _ t < a
(t) , t _ a.
es equivalente a
) (t) = j (t) j (t) | (t a) + (t) | (t a) .
q (t) =
_
_
_
0, 0 _ t < a
(t) , a _ t < /
0, t _ /.
es equivalente a
) (t) = (t) [| (t a) | (t /)]
Denicin
| (t a) =
_
0, 0 _ t < a
1, t _ a.
Ejemplos.
) (t) =
_
j (t) , 0 _ t < a
(t) , t _ a.
es equivalente a
) (t) = j (t) j (t) | (t a) + (t) | (t a) .
q (t) =
_
_
_
0, 0 _ t < a
(t) , a _ t < /
0, t _ /.
es equivalente a
) (t) = (t) [| (t a) | (t /)]
Denicin
| (t a) =
_
0, 0 _ t < a
1, t _ a.
Ejemplos.
) (t) =
_
j (t) , 0 _ t < a
(t) , t _ a.
es equivalente a
) (t) = j (t) j (t) | (t a) + (t) | (t a) .
q (t) =
_
_
_
0, 0 _ t < a
(t) , a _ t < /
0, t _ /.
es equivalente a
) (t) = (t) [| (t a) | (t /)]
Denicin
| (t a) =
_
0, 0 _ t < a
1, t _ a.
Ejemplos.
) (t) =
_
j (t) , 0 _ t < a
(t) , t _ a.
es equivalente a
) (t) = j (t) j (t) | (t a) + (t) | (t a) .
q (t) =
_
_
_
0, 0 _ t < a
(t) , a _ t < /
0, t _ /.
es equivalente a
) (t) = (t) [| (t a) | (t /)]
Denicin
| (t a) =
_
0, 0 _ t < a
1, t _ a.
Ejemplos.
) (t) =
_
j (t) , 0 _ t < a
(t) , t _ a.
es equivalente a
) (t) = j (t) j (t) | (t a) + (t) | (t a) .
q (t) =
_
_
_
0, 0 _ t < a
(t) , a _ t < /
0, t _ /.
es equivalente a
) (t) = (t) [| (t a) | (t /)]
Si denotamos por |
a
(t) = | (t a), observe que
/|
a
(t) ) (t a) =
_
1
0
c
st
|
a
(t) ) (t a) dt
=
_
a
0
c
st
|
a
(t) ) (t a) dt+
_
1
a
c
st
|
a
(t) ) (t a) dt
=
_
1
a
c
st
) (t a) dt ( = t a, d = dt, (a) = 0)
=
_
1
0
c
s(v+a)
) () d
= c
as
_
1
0
c
sv
) () d = c
as
/) (t) .
Si denotamos por |
a
/|
a
(t) ) (t a) =
_
1
0
c
st
|
a
(t) ) (t a) dt
=
_
a
0
c
st
|
a
(t) ) (t a) dt+
_
1
a
c
st
|
a
(t) ) (t a) dt
=
_
1
a
c
st
) (t a) dt ( = t a, d = dt, (a) = 0)
=
_
1
0
c
s(v+a)
) () d
= c
as
_
1
0
c
sv
) () d = c
as
/) (t) .
Si denotamos por |
a
/|
a
(t) ) (t a) =
_
1
0
c
st
|
a
(t) ) (t a) dt
=
_
a
0
c
st
|
a
(t) ) (t a) dt+
_
1
a
c
st
|
a
(t) ) (t a) dt
=
_
1
a
c
st
) (t a) dt ( = t a, d = dt, (a) = 0)
=
_
1
0
c
s(v+a)
) () d
= c
as
_
1
0
c
sv
) () d = c
as
/) (t) .
Si denotamos por |
a
/|
a
(t) ) (t a) =
_
1
0
c
st
|
a
(t) ) (t a) dt
=
_
a
0
c
st
|
a
(t) ) (t a) dt+
_
1
a
c
st
|
a
(t) ) (t a) dt
=
_
1
a
c
st
) (t a) dt ( = t a, d = dt, (a) = 0)
=
_
1
0
c
s(v+a)
) () d
= c
as
_
1
0
c
sv
) () d = c
as
/) (t) .
Si denotamos por |
a
/|
a
(t) ) (t a) =
_
1
0
c
st
|
a
(t) ) (t a) dt
=
_
a
0
c
st
|
a
(t) ) (t a) dt+
_
1
a
c
st
|
a
(t) ) (t a) dt
=
_
1
a
c
st
) (t a) dt ( = t a, d = dt, (a) = 0)
=
_
1
0
c
s(v+a)
) () d
= c
as
_
1
0
c
sv
) () d = c
as
/) (t) .
Si denotamos por |
a
/|
a
(t) ) (t a) =
_
1
0
c
st
|
a
(t) ) (t a) dt
=
_
a
0
c
st
|
a
(t) ) (t a) dt+
_
1
a
c
st
|
a
(t) ) (t a) dt
=
_
1
a
c
st
) (t a) dt ( = t a, d = dt, (a) = 0)
=
_
1
0
c
s(v+a)
) () d
= c
as
_
1
0
c
sv
) () d = c
as
/) (t) .
Si denotamos por |
a
/|
a
(t) ) (t a) =
_
1
0
c
st
|
a
(t) ) (t a) dt
=
_
a
0
c
st
|
a
(t) ) (t a) dt+
_
1
a
c
st
|
a
(t) ) (t a) dt
=
_
1
a
c
st
) (t a) dt ( = t a, d = dt, (a) = 0)
=
_
1
0
c
s(v+a)
) () d
= c
as
_
1
0
c
sv
) () d = c
as
/) (t) .
Si denotamos por |
a
/|
a
(t) ) (t a) =
_
1
0
c
st
|
a
(t) ) (t a) dt
=
_
a
0
c
st
|
a
(t) ) (t a) dt+
_
1
a
c
st
|
a
(t) ) (t a) dt
=
_
1
a
c
st
) (t a) dt ( = t a, d = dt, (a) = 0)
=
_
1
0
c
s(v+a)
) () d
= c
as
_
1
0
c
sv
) () d = c
as
/) (t) .
Si denotamos por |
a
/|
a
(t) ) (t a) =
_
1
0
c
st
|
a
(t) ) (t a) dt
=
_
a
0
c
st
|
a
(t) ) (t a) dt+
_
1
a
c
st
|
a
(t) ) (t a) dt
=
_
1
a
c
st
) (t a) dt ( = t a, d = dt, (a) = 0)
=
_
1
0
c
s(v+a)
) () d
= c
as
_
1
0
c
sv
) () d = c
as
/) (t) .
Teorema de traslacin
Teorema
Si 1 (:) = /) (t) y a 0, entonces
/| (t a) ) (t a) = c
as
/) (t) = c
as
1 (:) .
/
1
_
c
as
1 (:)
_
= | (t a) ) (t a) .
Forma alternativa del teorema.
/| (t a) q (t) =
_
1
a
c
st
q (t) dt
=
_
1
0
c
s(v+a)
q ( + a) d = c
as
_
1
0
c
sv
q ( + a) d
Esto es:
/| (t a) q (t) = c
as
/q (t + a) .
Teorema
Si 1 (:) = /) (t) y a 0, entonces
/| (t a) ) (t a) = c
as
/) (t) = c
as
1 (:) .
/
1
_
c
as
1 (:)
_
= | (t a) ) (t a) .
/| (t a) q (t) =
_
1
a
c
st
q (t) dt
=
_
1
0
c
s(v+a)
q ( + a) d = c
as
_
1
0
c
sv
q ( + a) d
Esto es:
/| (t a) q (t) = c
as
/q (t + a) .
Teorema
Si 1 (:) = /) (t) y a 0, entonces
/| (t a) ) (t a) = c
as
/) (t) = c
as
1 (:) .
/
1
_
c
as
1 (:)
_
= | (t a) ) (t a) .
/| (t a) q (t) =
_
1
a
c
st
q (t) dt
=
_
1
0
c
s(v+a)
q ( + a) d = c
as
_
1
0
c
sv
q ( + a) d
Esto es:
/| (t a) q (t) = c
as
/q (t + a) .
Teorema
Si 1 (:) = /) (t) y a 0, entonces
/| (t a) ) (t a) = c
as
/) (t) = c
as
1 (:) .
/
1
_
c
as
1 (:)
_
= | (t a) ) (t a) .
/| (t a) q (t) =
_
1
a
c
st
q (t) dt
=
_
1
0
c
s(v+a)
q ( + a) d = c
as
_
1
0
c
sv
q ( + a) d
Esto es:
/| (t a) q (t) = c
as
/q (t + a) .
Teorema
Si 1 (:) = /) (t) y a 0, entonces
/| (t a) ) (t a) = c
as
/) (t) = c
as
1 (:) .
/
1
_
c
as
1 (:)
_
= | (t a) ) (t a) .
/| (t a) q (t) =
_
1
a
c
st
q (t) dt
=
_
1
0
c
s(v+a)
q ( + a) d = c
as
_
1
0
c
sv
q ( + a) d
Esto es:
/| (t a) q (t) = c
as
/q (t + a) .
Teorema
Si 1 (:) = /) (t) y a 0, entonces
/| (t a) ) (t a) = c
as
/) (t) = c
as
1 (:) .
/
1
_
c
as
1 (:)
_
= | (t a) ) (t a) .
/| (t a) q (t) =
_
1
a
c
st
q (t) dt
=
_
1
0
c
s(v+a)
q ( + a) d = c
as
_
1
0
c
sv
q ( + a) d
Esto es:
/| (t a) q (t) = c
as
/q (t + a) .
Teorema
Si ), )
0
, . . . , )
(n1)
(n)
(t)
/
_
)
(n)
(t)
_
= :
n
1 (:) :
n1
) (0) :
n2
)
0
(0) :)
(n2)
(0) )
(n1)
(0) .
Teorema
Si 1 (:) = /) (t) y : = 1, 2, 3, . . . , entonces
/t
n
) (t) = (1)
n
d
n
d:
n
/) (t) = (1)
n
d
n
d:
n
1 (:) .
Teorema
Si ), )
0
, . . . , )
(n1)
(n)
(t)
/
_
)
(n)
(t)
_
= :
n
1 (:) :
n1
) (0) :
n2
)
0
(0) :)
(n2)
(0) )
(n1)
(0) .
Teorema
Si 1 (:) = /) (t) y : = 1, 2, 3, . . . , entonces
/t
n
) (t) = (1)
n
d
n
d:
n
/) (t) = (1)
n
d
n
d:
n
1 (:) .
Convolucin
Si consideramos el problema de valor inicial
j
00
+ j = ) (t) ; j (0) = 0, j
0
(0) = 0.
Utilizando transformada de Laplace para resolverlo, se obtiene
:
2
1 (:) + 1 (:) = 1 (:) ,
y en consecuencia se llega a que
1 (:) =
_
1
:
2
+ 1
_
1 (:) = /sent /) (t) ,
de donde
j (t) = /
1
__
1
:
2
+ 1
_
1 (:)
_
.
Denicin
Sean ) (t) y q (t) funciones continuas por partes en [0, ). La convolucin de
) (t) y q (t) , que se denota ) + q, se dene como
() + q) (t) :=
_
t
0
) (t ) q () d.
Por ejemplo, la convolucin de entre 1 y 1 es 1 + 1 =
_
t
0
d = []
t
0
= t.
La convolucin de t y t es
t + t =
_
t
0
(t ) d =
_
1
2
t
2
1
3
3
_
t
0
=
1
6
t
3
.
Propiedades de la convolucin: Sean ) (t), q (t) y /(t) continuas por partes en
[0, ). Entonces
1
) + q = q + ),
2
) + (q + /) = () + q) + () + /) ,
3
() + q) + / = ) + (q + /) ,
4
) + 0 = 0.
Demostraciones: (sencillas).
Denicin
() + q) (t) :=
_
t
0
) (t ) q () d.
_
t
0
d = []
t
0
= t.
t + t =
_
t
0
(t ) d =
_
1
2
t
2
1
3
3
_
t
0
=
1
6
t
3
.
[0, ). Entonces
1
) + q = q + ),
2
) + (q + /) = () + q) + () + /) ,
3
() + q) + / = ) + (q + /) ,
4
) + 0 = 0.
Denicin
() + q) (t) :=
_
t
0
) (t ) q () d.
_
t
0
d = []
t
0
= t.
t + t =
_
t
0
(t ) d =
_
1
2
t
2
1
3
3
_
t
0
=
1
6
t
3
.
[0, ). Entonces
1
) + q = q + ),
2
) + (q + /) = () + q) + () + /) ,
3
() + q) + / = ) + (q + /) ,
4
) + 0 = 0.
Denicin
() + q) (t) :=
_
t
0
) (t ) q () d.
_
t
0
d = []
t
0
= t.
t + t =
_
t
0
(t ) d =
_
1
2
t
2
1
3
3
_
t
0
=
1
6
t
3
.
[0, ). Entonces
1
) + q = q + ),
2
) + (q + /) = () + q) + () + /) ,
3
() + q) + / = ) + (q + /) ,
4
) + 0 = 0.
Denicin
() + q) (t) :=
_
t
0
) (t ) q () d.
_
t
0
d = []
t
0
= t.
t + t =
_
t
0
(t ) d =
_
1
2
t
2
1
3
3
_
t
0
=
1
6
t
3
.
[0, ). Entonces
1
) + q = q + ),
2
) + (q + /) = () + q) + () + /) ,
3
() + q) + / = ) + (q + /) ,
4
) + 0 = 0.
Denicin
() + q) (t) :=
_
t
0
) (t ) q () d.
_
t
0
d = []
t
0
= t.
t + t =
_
t
0
(t ) d =
_
1
2
t
2
1
3
3
_
t
0
=
1
6
t
3
.
[0, ). Entonces
1
) + q = q + ),
2
) + (q + /) = () + q) + () + /) ,
3
() + q) + / = ) + (q + /) ,
4
) + 0 = 0.
Denicin
() + q) (t) :=
_
t
0
) (t ) q () d.
_
t
0
d = []
t
0
= t.
t + t =
_
t
0
(t ) d =
_
1
2
t
2
1
3
3
_
t
0
=
1
6
t
3
.
[0, ). Entonces
1
) + q = q + ),
2
) + (q + /) = () + q) + () + /) ,
3
() + q) + / = ) + (q + /) ,
4
) + 0 = 0.
Denicin
() + q) (t) :=
_
t
0
) (t ) q () d.
_
t
0
d = []
t
0
= t.
t + t =
_
t
0
(t ) d =
_
1
2
t
2
1
3
3
_
t
0
=
1
6
t
3
.
[0, ). Entonces
1
) + q = q + ),
2
) + (q + /) = () + q) + () + /) ,
3
() + q) + / = ) + (q + /) ,
4
) + 0 = 0.
Denicin
() + q) (t) :=
_
t
0
) (t ) q () d.
_
t
0
d = []
t
0
= t.
t + t =
_
t
0
(t ) d =
_
1
2
t
2
1
3
3
_
t
0
=
1
6
t
3
.
[0, ). Entonces
1
) + q = q + ),
2
) + (q + /) = () + q) + () + /) ,
3
() + q) + / = ) + (q + /) ,
4
) + 0 = 0.
Teorema de convolucin
Teorema
Sean ) (t), q (t) y /(t) continuas por partes en [0, ) y de orden exponencial
para t _ T; sean 1 (:) = /) (t) y G(:) = /q (t). Entonces
/() + q) (t) = 1 (:) G(:) ,
o de manera equivalente,
/
1
1 (:) G(:) = () + q) (t) .
De este resultado se tiene que el problema planteado inicialmente, tiene solucin
dada por
j (t) = sent + ) (t) =
_
t
0
sen(t ) ) () d.
As, se ha obtenido una representacin para la solucin del p.v.i. para cualquier
funcin de forzamiento ) (t) que sea continua por partes en [0, ) y de orden
exponencial para t _ T.
Teorema
/() + q) (t) = 1 (:) G(:) ,
/
1
1 (:) G(:) = () + q) (t) .
dada por
j (t) = sent + ) (t) =
_
t
0
sen(t ) ) () d.
Teorema
/() + q) (t) = 1 (:) G(:) ,
/
1
1 (:) G(:) = () + q) (t) .
dada por
j (t) = sent + ) (t) =
_
t
0
sen(t ) ) () d.
Ejemplo
Ejemplo
Utilice el teorema de convolucin para determinar /
1
_
1
(s
2
+1)
2
_
.
Solucin. Como /sent = 1,
_
:
2
+ 1
_
, entonces el T.C. implica que
/
1
_
1
(:
2
+ 1)
2
_
= /
1
__
1
:
2
+ 1
__
1
:
2
+ 1
__
= sent + sent =
_
t
0
sen(t ) sen d
=
1
2
_
t
0
[cos (2 t) cos t] d
=
1
2
_
sen(2 t)
2
_
t
0
1
2
t cos t
=
sent t cos t
2
.
Ejemplo
Ejemplo
1
_
1
(s
2
+1)
2
_
.
_
:
2
+ 1
_
/
1
_
1
(:
2
+ 1)
2
_
= /
1
__
1
:
2
+ 1
__
1
:
2
+ 1
__
= sent + sent =
_
t
0
sen(t ) sen d
=
1
2
_
t
0
[cos (2 t) cos t] d
=
1
2
_
sen(2 t)
2
_
t
0
1
2
t cos t
=
sent t cos t
2
.
Ejemplo
Ejemplo
1
_
1
(s
2
+1)
2
_
.
_
:
2
+ 1
_
/
1
_
1
(:
2
+ 1)
2
_
= /
1
__
1
:
2
+ 1
__
1
:
2
+ 1
__
= sent + sent =
_
t
0
sen(t ) sen d
=
1
2
_
t
0
[cos (2 t) cos t] d
=
1
2
_
sen(2 t)
2
_
t
0
1
2
t cos t
=
sent t cos t
2
.
Ejemplo
Ejemplo
1
_
1
(s
2
+1)
2
_
.
_
:
2
+ 1
_
/
1
_
1
(:
2
+ 1)
2
_
= /
1
__
1
:
2
+ 1
__
1
:
2
+ 1
__
= sent + sent =
_
t
0
sen(t ) sen d
=
1
2
_
t
0
[cos (2 t) cos t] d
=
1
2
_
sen(2 t)
2
_
t
0
1
2
t cos t
=
sent t cos t
2
.
Ejemplo
Ejemplo
1
_
1
(s
2
+1)
2
_
.
_
:
2
+ 1
_
/
1
_
1
(:
2
+ 1)
2
_
= /
1
__
1
:
2
+ 1
__
1
:
2
+ 1
__
= sent + sent =
_
t
0
sen(t ) sen d
=
1
2
_
t
0
[cos (2 t) cos t] d
=
1
2
_
sen(2 t)
2
_
t
0
1
2
t cos t
=
sent t cos t
2
.
Ejemplo
Ejemplo
1
_
1
(s
2
+1)
2
_
.
_
:
2
+ 1
_
/
1
_
1
(:
2
+ 1)
2
_
= /
1
__
1
:
2
+ 1
__
1
:
2
+ 1
__
= sent + sent =
_
t
0
sen(t ) sen d
=
1
2
_
t
0
[cos (2 t) cos t] d
=
1
2
_
sen(2 t)
2
_
t
0
1
2
t cos t
=
sent t cos t
2
.
Ejemplo
Ejemplo
1
_
1
(: a) (: /)
_
.
/
1
_
1
(: a) (: /)
_
= /
1
__
1
: a
__
1
: /
__
= c
at
+ c
bt
=
_
t
0
c
a(t)
c
b
d = c
at
_
t
0
c
(ba)
d = c
at
_
c
(ba)
/ a
_
t
0
=
c
at
/ a
_
c
(ba)t
1
_
=
c
bt
c
at
/ a
.
Ejemplo
Ejemplo
1
_
1
(: a) (: /)
_
.
/
1
_
1
(: a) (: /)
_
= /
1
__
1
: a
__
1
: /
__
= c
at
+ c
bt
=
_
t
0
c
a(t)
c
b
d = c
at
_
t
0
c
(ba)
d = c
at
_
c
(ba)
/ a
_
t
0
=
c
at
/ a
_
c
(ba)t
1
_
=
c
bt
c
at
/ a
.
Ejemplo
Ejemplo
1
_
1
(: a) (: /)
_
.
/
1
_
1
(: a) (: /)
_
= /
1
__
1
: a
__
1
: /
__
= c
at
+ c
bt
=
_
t
0
c
a(t)
c
b
d = c
at
_
t
0
c
(ba)
d = c
at
_
c
(ba)
/ a
_
t
0
=
c
at
/ a
_
c
(ba)t
1
_
=
c
bt
c
at
/ a
.
Ejemplo
Ejemplo
1
_
1
(: a) (: /)
_
.
/
1
_
1
(: a) (: /)
_
= /
1
__
1
: a
__
1
: /
__
= c
at
+ c
bt
=
_
t
0
c
a(t)
c
b
d = c
at
_
t
0
c
(ba)
d = c
at
_
c
(ba)
/ a
_
t
0
=
c
at
/ a
_
c
(ba)t
1
_
=
c
bt
c
at
/ a
.
Ejemplo
Ejemplo
1
_
1
(: a) (: /)
_
.
/
1
_
1
(: a) (: /)
_
= /
1
__
1
: a
__
1
: /
__
= c
at
+ c
bt
=
_
t
0
c
a(t)
c
b
d = c
at
_
t
0
c
(ba)
d = c
at
_
c
(ba)
/ a
_
t
0
=
c
at
/ a
_
c
(ba)t
1
_
=
c
bt
c
at
/ a
.
Ejemplo
Ejemplo
1
_
1
(: a) (: /)
_
.
/
1
_
1
(: a) (: /)
_
= /
1
__
1
: a
__
1
: /
__
= c
at
+ c
bt
=
_
t
0
c
a(t)
c
b
d = c
at
_
t
0
c
(ba)
d = c
at
_
c
(ba)
/ a
_
t
0
=
c
at
/ a
_
c
(ba)t
1
_
=
c
bt
c
at
/ a
.
Ejemplo
Ejemplo
1
_
1
(: a) (: /)
_
.
/
1
_
1
(: a) (: /)
_
= /
1
__
1
: a
__
1
: /
__
= c
at
+ c
bt
=
_
t
0
c
a(t)
c
b
d = c
at
_
t
0
c
(ba)
d = c
at
_
c
(ba)
/ a
_
t
0
=
c
at
/ a
_
c
(ba)t
1
_
=
c
bt
c
at
/ a
.
Transformada de una integral
Cuando ) (t) = 1, se tiene que 1 (:) = /1 = 1,:, de donde se obtiene que
/
1
_
G(:)
:
_
= /
1
_
1
:
G(:)
_
= 1 + q (t) =
_
t
0
q () d.
La forma inversa de esta ecuacin es
/
__
t
0
q () d
_
=
G(:)
:
.
Por ejemplo podemos utilizarlo cuando q (t) = senht, as:
/
1
_
1
: (:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
senh d = cosht 1
/
1
_
1
:
2
(:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
(cosh 1) d = senht t
/
1
_
1
:
3
(:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
(senh ) d = cosht
1
2
t
2
1
.
.
.
/
1
_
G(:)
:
_
= /
1
_
1
:
G(:)
_
= 1 + q (t) =
_
t
0
q () d.
/
__
t
0
q () d
_
=
G(:)
:
.
/
1
_
1
: (:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
senh d = cosht 1
/
1
_
1
:
2
(:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
/
1
_
1
:
3
(:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
(senh ) d = cosht
1
2
t
2
1
.
.
.
/
1
_
G(:)
:
_
= /
1
_
1
:
G(:)
_
= 1 + q (t) =
_
t
0
q () d.
/
__
t
0
q () d
_
=
G(:)
:
.
/
1
_
1
: (:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
senh d = cosht 1
/
1
_
1
:
2
(:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
/
1
_
1
:
3
(:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
(senh ) d = cosht
1
2
t
2
1
.
.
.
/
1
_
G(:)
:
_
= /
1
_
1
:
G(:)
_
= 1 + q (t) =
_
t
0
q () d.
/
__
t
0
q () d
_
=
G(:)
:
.
/
1
_
1
: (:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
senh d = cosht 1
/
1
_
1
:
2
(:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
/
1
_
1
:
3
(:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
(senh ) d = cosht
1
2
t
2
1
.
.
.
/
1
_
G(:)
:
_
= /
1
_
1
:
G(:)
_
= 1 + q (t) =
_
t
0
q () d.
/
__
t
0
q () d
_
=
G(:)
:
.
/
1
_
1
: (:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
senh d = cosht 1
/
1
_
1
:
2
(:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
/
1
_
1
:
3
(:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
(senh ) d = cosht
1
2
t
2
1
.
.
.
/
1
_
G(:)
:
_
= /
1
_
1
:
G(:)
_
= 1 + q (t) =
_
t
0
q () d.
/
__
t
0
q () d
_
=
G(:)
:
.
/
1
_
1
: (:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
senh d = cosht 1
/
1
_
1
:
2
(:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
/
1
_
1
:
3
(:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
(senh ) d = cosht
1
2
t
2
1
.
.
.
/
1
_
G(:)
:
_
= /
1
_
1
:
G(:)
_
= 1 + q (t) =
_
t
0
q () d.
/
__
t
0
q () d
_
=
G(:)
:
.
/
1
_
1
: (:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
senh d = cosht 1
/
1
_
1
:
2
(:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
/
1
_
1
:
3
(:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
(senh ) d = cosht
1
2
t
2
1
.
.
.
/
1
_
G(:)
:
_
= /
1
_
1
:
G(:)
_
= 1 + q (t) =
_
t
0
q () d.
/
__
t
0
q () d
_
=
G(:)
:
.
/
1
_
1
: (:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
senh d = cosht 1
/
1
_
1
:
2
(:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
/
1
_
1
:
3
(:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
(senh ) d = cosht
1
2
t
2
1
.
.
.
/
1
_
G(:)
:
_
= /
1
_
1
:
G(:)
_
= 1 + q (t) =
_
t
0
q () d.
/
__
t
0
q () d
_
=
G(:)
:
.
/
1
_
1
: (:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
senh d = cosht 1
/
1
_
1
:
2
(:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
/
1
_
1
:
3
(:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
(senh ) d = cosht
1
2
t
2
1
.
.
.
/
1
_
G(:)
:
_
= /
1
_
1
:
G(:)
_
= 1 + q (t) =
_
t
0
q () d.
/
__
t
0
q () d
_
=
G(:)
:
.
/
1
_
1
: (:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
senh d = cosht 1
/
1
_
1
:
2
(:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
/
1
_
1
:
3
(:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
(senh ) d = cosht
1
2
t
2
1
.
.
.
/
1
_
G(:)
:
_
= /
1
_
1
:
G(:)
_
= 1 + q (t) =
_
t
0
q () d.
/
__
t
0
q () d
_
=
G(:)
:
.
/
1
_
1
: (:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
senh d = cosht 1
/
1
_
1
:
2
(:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
/
1
_
1
:
3
(:
2
1)
_
=
_
t
0
(senh ) d = cosht
1
2
t
2
1
.
.
.
Ejemplo
Determine /
_
_
t
0
(t )
3
sen d
_
.
/
__
t
0
(t )
3
sen d
_
= /
_
t
3
+ sent
_
= /
_
t
3
_
/sent =
6
:
4
(:
2
+ 1)
.
Ejemplo
Determine /
_
_
t
0
(t )
3
sen d
_
.
/
__
t
0
(t )
3
sen d
_
= /
_
t
3
+ sent
_
= /
_
t
3
_
/sent =
6
:
4
(:
2
+ 1)
.
Ejemplo
Determine /
_
_
t
0
(t )
3
sen d
_
.
/
__
t
0
(t )
3
sen d
_
= /
_
t
3
+ sent
_
= /
_
t
3
_
/sent =
6
:
4
(:
2
+ 1)
.
Ejemplo
Determine /
_
_
t
0
(t )
3
sen d
_
.
/
__
t
0
(t )
3
sen d
_
= /
_
t
3
+ sent
_
= /
_
t
3
_
/sent =
6
:
4
(:
2
+ 1)
.
Ejemplo
Determine /
_
_
t
0
(t )
3
sen d
_
.
/
__
t
0
(t )
3
sen d
_
= /
_
t
3
+ sent
_
= /
_
t
3
_
/sent =
6
:
4
(:
2
+ 1)
.
Ecuacin de Volterra
V. Volterra introdujo a principios del siglo XX las ecuaciones integro-diferenciales,
las caractersticas de una ecuacin de Volterra es que se tiene una funcin
desconocida bajo un signo integral y fuera de l, se tiene la funcin o una de sus
derivadas, en estos casos es til el teorema de convolucin. Consideremos por
ejemplo la siguiente ecuacin integral
) (t) = q (t) +
_
t
0
) () /(t ) d,
donde q (t) y /(t) son funciones dadas y se desea encontrar a ) (t). Dado que la
ecuacin tiene una integral que presenta la forma de convolucin, entonces
aplicamos transformada de Laplace, de donde se obtiene
1 (:) = G(:) + 1 (:) H (:) ,
de aqu, podemos despejar 1 (:) como sigue
1 (:) =
G(:)
1 H (:)
,
aplicando transformada inversa de Laplace se obtiene la funcin ) (t).
Ecuacin de Volterra
) (t) = q (t) +
_
t
0
) () /(t ) d,
1 (:) = G(:) + 1 (:) H (:) ,
1 (:) =
G(:)
1 H (:)
,
Ecuacin de Volterra
) (t) = q (t) +
_
t
0
) () /(t ) d,
1 (:) = G(:) + 1 (:) H (:) ,
1 (:) =
G(:)
1 H (:)
,
Ecuacin de Volterra
) (t) = q (t) +
_
t
0
) () /(t ) d,
1 (:) = G(:) + 1 (:) H (:) ,
1 (:) =
G(:)
1 H (:)
,
Ecuacin de Volterra
) (t) = q (t) +
_
t
0
) () /(t ) d,
1 (:) = G(:) + 1 (:) H (:) ,
1 (:) =
G(:)
1 H (:)
,
Ecuacin de Volterra
) (t) = q (t) +
_
t
0
) () /(t ) d,
1 (:) = G(:) + 1 (:) H (:) ,
1 (:) =
G(:)
1 H (:)
,
Ecuacin de Volterra
) (t) = q (t) +
_
t
0
) () /(t ) d,
1 (:) = G(:) + 1 (:) H (:) ,
1 (:) =
G(:)
1 H (:)
,
Otra forma de la ecuacin de Volterra es la integro-diferencial, por ejemplo
)
0
(t) = q (t)
_
t
0
) (t t) /(t) dt, ) (0) = j
0
.
Esta ecuacin se puede resolver aplicando las propiedades estudiadas sobre la
transformada de una diferencial.
:1 (:) ) (0) = G(:) + 1 (:) H (:) ,
nuevamente se despeja 1 (:),
1 (:) =
G(:) + ) (0)
: H (:)
,
y aplicando transformada inversa de Laplace se obtiene la funcin ) (t).
)
0
(t) = q (t)
_
t
0
) (t t) /(t) dt, ) (0) = j
0
.
:1 (:) ) (0) = G(:) + 1 (:) H (:) ,
1 (:) =
G(:) + ) (0)
: H (:)
,
)
0
(t) = q (t)
_
t
0
) (t t) /(t) dt, ) (0) = j
0
.
:1 (:) ) (0) = G(:) + 1 (:) H (:) ,
1 (:) =
G(:) + ) (0)
: H (:)
,
)
0
(t) = q (t)
_
t
0
) (t t) /(t) dt, ) (0) = j
0
.
:1 (:) ) (0) = G(:) + 1 (:) H (:) ,
1 (:) =
G(:) + ) (0)
: H (:)
,
)
0
(t) = q (t)
_
t
0
) (t t) /(t) dt, ) (0) = j
0
.
:1 (:) ) (0) = G(:) + 1 (:) H (:) ,
1 (:) =
G(:) + ) (0)
: H (:)
,
)
0
(t) = q (t)
_
t
0
) (t t) /(t) dt, ) (0) = j
0
.
:1 (:) ) (0) = G(:) + 1 (:) H (:) ,
1 (:) =
G(:) + ) (0)
: H (:)
,
Ejemplo
Resuelva la ecuacin de Volterra: j (t) +
_
t
0
(t ) j () d = t
2
.
1 (:) +
1
:
2
1 (:) =
2
:
3
== 1 (:) =
2
: (:
2
+ 1)
== j (t) = /
1
_
2
: (:
2
+ 1)
_
= 2 2 cos t.
Ejemplo
Resuelva la ecuacin de Volterra: j
00
(t)
_
t
0
(t ) j () d = t, j (0) = 0,
j
0
(0) = 0.
:
2
1 (:)
1
:
2
1 (:) =
1
:
2
== 1 (:) =
1
:
4
1
== j (t) = /
1
_
1
:
4
1
_
=
1
4
/
1
_
1
: 1

1
: + 1

2
:
2
+ 1
_
== j (t) =
1
4
_
c
t
c
t
2 sent
_
.
Ejemplo
_
t
0
(t ) j () d = t
2
.
1 (:) +
1
:
2
1 (:) =
2
:
3
== 1 (:) =
2
: (:
2
+ 1)
== j (t) = /
1
_
2
: (:
2
+ 1)
_
= 2 2 cos t.
Ejemplo
00
(t)
_
t
0
(t ) j () d = t, j (0) = 0,
j
0
(0) = 0.
:
2
1 (:)
1
:
2
1 (:) =
1
:
2
== 1 (:) =
1
:
4
1
== j (t) = /
1
_
1
:
4
1
_
=
1
4
/
1
_
1
: 1

1
: + 1

2
:
2
+ 1
_
== j (t) =
1
4
_
c
t
c
t
2 sent
_
.
Ejemplo
_
t
0
(t ) j () d = t
2
.
1 (:) +
1
:
2
1 (:) =
2
:
3
== 1 (:) =
2
: (:
2
+ 1)
== j (t) = /
1
_
2
: (:
2
+ 1)
_
= 2 2 cos t.
Ejemplo
00
(t)
_
t
0
(t ) j () d = t, j (0) = 0,
j
0
(0) = 0.
:
2
1 (:)
1
:
2
1 (:) =
1
:
2
== 1 (:) =
1
:
4
1
== j (t) = /
1
_
1
:
4
1
_
=
1
4
/
1
_
1
: 1

1
: + 1

2
:
2
+ 1
_
== j (t) =
1
4
_
c
t
c
t
2 sent
_
.
Ejemplo
_
t
0
(t ) j () d = t
2
.
1 (:) +
1
:
2
1 (:) =
2
:
3
== 1 (:) =
2
: (:
2
+ 1)
== j (t) = /
1
_
2
: (:
2
+ 1)
_
= 2 2 cos t.
Ejemplo
00
(t)
_
t
0
(t ) j () d = t, j (0) = 0,
j
0
(0) = 0.
:
2
1 (:)
1
:
2
1 (:) =
1
:
2
== 1 (:) =
1
:
4
1
== j (t) = /
1
_
1
:
4
1
_
=
1
4
/
1
_
1
: 1

1
: + 1

2
:
2
+ 1
_
== j (t) =
1
4
_
c
t
c
t
2 sent
_
.
Ejemplo
_
t
0
(t ) j () d = t
2
.
1 (:) +
1
:
2
1 (:) =
2
:
3
== 1 (:) =
2
: (:
2
+ 1)
== j (t) = /
1
_
2
: (:
2
+ 1)
_
= 2 2 cos t.
Ejemplo
00
(t)
_
t
0
(t ) j () d = t, j (0) = 0,
j
0
(0) = 0.
:
2
1 (:)
1
:
2
1 (:) =
1
:
2
== 1 (:) =
1
:
4
1
== j (t) = /
1
_
1
:
4
1
_
=
1
4
/
1
_
1
: 1

1
: + 1

2
:
2
+ 1
_
== j (t) =
1
4
_
c
t
c
t
2 sent
_
.
Ejemplo
_
t
0
(t ) j () d = t
2
.
1 (:) +
1
:
2
1 (:) =
2
:
3
== 1 (:) =
2
: (:
2
+ 1)
== j (t) = /
1
_
2
: (:
2
+ 1)
_
= 2 2 cos t.
Ejemplo
00
(t)
_
t
0
(t ) j () d = t, j (0) = 0,
j
0
(0) = 0.
:
2
1 (:)
1
:
2
1 (:) =
1
:
2
== 1 (:) =
1
:
4
1
== j (t) = /
1
_
1
:
4
1
_
=
1
4
/
1
_
1
: 1

1
: + 1

2
:
2
+ 1
_
== j (t) =
1
4
_
c
t
c
t
2 sent
_
.
Ejemplo
_
t
0
(t ) j () d = t
2
.
1 (:) +
1
:
2
1 (:) =
2
:
3
== 1 (:) =
2
: (:
2
+ 1)
== j (t) = /
1
_
2
: (:
2
+ 1)
_
= 2 2 cos t.
Ejemplo
00
(t)
_
t
0
(t ) j () d = t, j (0) = 0,
j
0
(0) = 0.
:
2
1 (:)
1
:
2
1 (:) =
1
:
2
== 1 (:) =
1
:
4
1
== j (t) = /
1
_
1
:
4
1
_
=
1
4
/
1
_
1
: 1

1
: + 1

2
:
2
+ 1
_
== j (t) =
1
4
_
c
t
c
t
2 sent
_
.
Ejemplo
_
t
0
(t ) j () d = t
2
.
1 (:) +
1
:
2
1 (:) =
2
:
3
== 1 (:) =
2
: (:
2
+ 1)
== j (t) = /
1
_
2
: (:
2
+ 1)
_
= 2 2 cos t.
Ejemplo
00
(t)
_
t
0
(t ) j () d = t, j (0) = 0,
j
0
(0) = 0.
:
2
1 (:)
1
:
2
1 (:) =
1
:
2
== 1 (:) =
1
:
4
1
== j (t) = /
1
_
1
:
4
1
_
=
1
4
/
1
_
1
: 1

1
: + 1

2
:
2
+ 1
_
== j (t) =
1
4
_
c
t
c
t
2 sent
_
.
Ejemplo
_
t
0
(t ) j () d = t
2
.
1 (:) +
1
:
2
1 (:) =
2
:
3
== 1 (:) =
2
: (:
2
+ 1)
== j (t) = /
1
_
2
: (:
2
+ 1)
_
= 2 2 cos t.
Ejemplo
00
(t)
_
t
0
(t ) j () d = t, j (0) = 0,
j
0
(0) = 0.
:
2
1 (:)
1
:
2
1 (:) =
1
:
2
== 1 (:) =
1
:
4
1
== j (t) = /
1
_
1
:
4
1
_
=
1
4
/
1
_
1
: 1

1
: + 1

2
:
2
+ 1
_
== j (t) =
1
4
_
c
t
c
t
2 sent
_
.
Ejemplo
_
t
0
(t ) j () d = t
2
.
1 (:) +
1
:
2
1 (:) =
2
:
3
== 1 (:) =
2
: (:
2
+ 1)
== j (t) = /
1
_
2
: (:
2
+ 1)
_
= 2 2 cos t.
Ejemplo
00
(t)
_
t
0
(t ) j () d = t, j (0) = 0,
j
0
(0) = 0.
:
2
1 (:)
1
:
2
1 (:) =
1
:
2
== 1 (:) =
1
:
4
1
== j (t) = /
1
_
1
:
4
1
_
=
1
4
/
1
_
1
: 1

1
: + 1

2
:
2
+ 1
_
== j (t) =
1
4
_
c
t
c
t
2 sent
_
.
Ejemplo
Resuelva la ecuacin de Volterra: r(t) = t
2
+
_
t
0
sen(t t) r(t) dt.
A (:) =
2
:
3
+
1
:
2
+ 1
A (:) ==
_
1
1
:
2
+ 1
_
A (:) =
2
:
3
== A (:) =
:
2
+ 1
:
2

2
:
3
== A (:) =
2
:
3
+
2
:
5
== r(t) = /
1
_
2
:
3
+
2
:
5
_
= t
2
+
1
12
t
4
.
Ejemplo
2
+
_
t
0
sen(t t) r(t) dt.
A (:) =
2
:
3
+
1
:
2
+ 1
A (:) ==
_
1
1
:
2
+ 1
_
A (:) =
2
:
3
== A (:) =
:
2
+ 1
:
2

2
:
3
== A (:) =
2
:
3
+
2
:
5
== r(t) = /
1
_
2
:
3
+
2
:
5
_
= t
2
+
1
12
t
4
.
Ejemplo
2
+
_
t
0
sen(t t) r(t) dt.
A (:) =
2
:
3
+
1
:
2
+ 1
A (:) ==
_
1
1
:
2
+ 1
_
A (:) =
2
:
3
== A (:) =
:
2
+ 1
:
2

2
:
3
== A (:) =
2
:
3
+
2
:
5
== r(t) = /
1
_
2
:
3
+
2
:
5
_
= t
2
+
1
12
t
4
.
Ejemplo
2
+
_
t
0
sen(t t) r(t) dt.
A (:) =
2
:
3
+
1
:
2
+ 1
A (:) ==
_
1
1
:
2
+ 1
_
A (:) =
2
:
3
== A (:) =
:
2
+ 1
:
2

2
:
3
== A (:) =
2
:
3
+
2
:
5
== r(t) = /
1
_
2
:
3
+
2
:
5
_
= t
2
+
1
12
t
4
.
Ejemplo
2
+
_
t
0
sen(t t) r(t) dt.
A (:) =
2
:
3
+
1
:
2
+ 1
A (:) ==
_
1
1
:
2
+ 1
_
A (:) =
2
:
3
== A (:) =
:
2
+ 1
:
2

2
:
3
== A (:) =
2
:
3
+
2
:
5
== r(t) = /
1
_
2
:
3
+
2
:
5
_
= t
2
+
1
12
t
4
.
Ejemplo
2
+
_
t
0
sen(t t) r(t) dt.
A (:) =
2
:
3
+
1
:
2
+ 1
A (:) ==
_
1
1
:
2
+ 1
_
A (:) =
2
:
3
== A (:) =
:
2
+ 1
:
2

2
:
3
== A (:) =
2
:
3
+
2
:
5
== r(t) = /
1
_
2
:
3
+
2
:
5
_
= t
2
+
1
12
t
4
.
Ejemplo
2
+
_
t
0
sen(t t) r(t) dt.
A (:) =
2
:
3
+
1
:
2
+ 1
A (:) ==
_
1
1
:
2
+ 1
_
A (:) =
2
:
3
== A (:) =
:
2
+ 1
:
2

2
:
3
== A (:) =
2
:
3
+
2
:
5
== r(t) = /
1
_
2
:
3
+
2
:
5
_
= t
2
+
1
12
t
4
.
Una funcin ) (t) se dice que es peridica si existe un 1 llamada periodo tal que
) (t + 1) = ) (t), para todo t en el cual la funcin este denida. Si una funcin es
peridica se puede encontrar la transformada de Laplace como sigue:
/) (t) =
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt =
_
P
0
c
st
) (t) dt +
_
1
P
c
st
) (t) dt.
En la segunda integral de esta suma se puede hacer la sustitucin t = n+1, luego
_
1
P
c
st
) (t) dt =
_
1
0
c
s(u+P)
) (n + 1) dn
= c
sP
_
1
0
c
su
) (n) dn = c
sP
/) (t) .
Por consiguiente /) (t) =
_
P
0
c
st
) (t) dt + c
sP
/) (t) .
Al despejar /) (t) se obtiene
/) (t) =
1
1 c
sP
_
P
0
c
st
) (t) dt.
/) (t) =
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt =
_
P
0
c
st
) (t) dt +
_
1
P
c
st
) (t) dt.
_
1
P
c
st
) (t) dt =
_
1
0
c
s(u+P)
) (n + 1) dn
= c
sP
_
1
0
c
su
) (n) dn = c
sP
/) (t) .
_
P
0
c
st
) (t) dt + c
sP
/) (t) .
/) (t) =
1
1 c
sP
_
P
0
c
st
) (t) dt.
/) (t) =
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt =
_
P
0
c
st
) (t) dt +
_
1
P
c
st
) (t) dt.
_
1
P
c
st
) (t) dt =
_
1
0
c
s(u+P)
) (n + 1) dn
= c
sP
_
1
0
c
su
) (n) dn = c
sP
/) (t) .
_
P
0
c
st
) (t) dt + c
sP
/) (t) .
/) (t) =
1
1 c
sP
_
P
0
c
st
) (t) dt.
/) (t) =
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt =
_
P
0
c
st
) (t) dt +
_
1
P
c
st
) (t) dt.
_
1
P
c
st
) (t) dt =
_
1
0
c
s(u+P)
) (n + 1) dn
= c
sP
_
1
0
c
su
) (n) dn = c
sP
/) (t) .
_
P
0
c
st
) (t) dt + c
sP
/) (t) .
/) (t) =
1
1 c
sP
_
P
0
c
st
) (t) dt.
/) (t) =
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt =
_
P
0
c
st
) (t) dt +
_
1
P
c
st
) (t) dt.
_
1
P
c
st
) (t) dt =
_
1
0
c
s(u+P)
) (n + 1) dn
= c
sP
_
1
0
c
su
) (n) dn = c
sP
/) (t) .
_
P
0
c
st
) (t) dt + c
sP
/) (t) .
/) (t) =
1
1 c
sP
_
P
0
c
st
) (t) dt.
/) (t) =
_
1
0
c
st
) (t) dt =
_
P
0
c
st
) (t) dt +
_
1
P
c
st
) (t) dt.
_
1
P
c
st
) (t) dt =
_
1
0
c
s(u+P)
) (n + 1) dn
= c
sP
_
1
0
c
su
) (n) dn = c
sP
/) (t) .
_
P
0
c
st
) (t) dt + c
sP
/) (t) .
/) (t) =
1
1 c
sP
_
P
0
c
st
) (t) dt.
Ejemplo
Determine /) (t), donde ) (t) =
_
1, 0 _ t < 1
0, 1 _ t < 2
con ) (t + 2) = ) (t)
(funcin onda cuadrada).
Solucin.
/) (t) =
1
1 c
2s
_
1
0
c
st
dt =
1 c
s
: (1 c
2s
)
=
1
: (1 + c
s
)
.
Ejemplo
_
sent, 0 _ t <
0, _ t < 2
con ) (t + 2) = ) (t)
(onda senoidal semirrecticada).
Solucin.
/) (t) =
1
1 c
2s
_

0
c
st
sent dt =
1
1 c
2s
_
cos t + : sent
c
st
+ :
2
c
st
_
0
=
1
1 c
2s
_
1 + c
s
:
2
+ 1
_
=
c
s
(c
s
1) (:
2
+ 1)
.
Ejemplo
_
1, 0 _ t < 1
0, 1 _ t < 2
con ) (t + 2) = ) (t)
Solucin.
/) (t) =
1
1 c
2s
_
1
0
c
st
dt =
1 c
s
: (1 c
2s
)
=
1
: (1 + c
s
)
.
Ejemplo
_
sent, 0 _ t <
0, _ t < 2
con ) (t + 2) = ) (t)
Solucin.
/) (t) =
1
1 c
2s
_

0
c
st
sent dt =
1
1 c
2s
_
cos t + : sent
c
st
+ :
2
c
st
_
0
=
1
1 c
2s
_
1 + c
s
:
2
+ 1
_
=
c
s
(c
s
1) (:
2
+ 1)
.
Ejemplo
_
1, 0 _ t < 1
0, 1 _ t < 2
con ) (t + 2) = ) (t)
Solucin.
/) (t) =
1
1 c
2s
_
1
0
c
st
dt =
1 c
s
: (1 c
2s
)
=
1
: (1 + c
s
)
.
Ejemplo
_
sent, 0 _ t <
0, _ t < 2
con ) (t + 2) = ) (t)
Solucin.
/) (t) =
1
1 c
2s
_

0
c
st
sent dt =
1
1 c
2s
_
cos t + : sent
c
st
+ :
2
c
st
_
0
=
1
1 c
2s
_
1 + c
s
:
2
+ 1
_
=
c
s
(c
s
1) (:
2
+ 1)
.
Ejemplo
_
1, 0 _ t < 1
0, 1 _ t < 2
con ) (t + 2) = ) (t)
Solucin.
/) (t) =
1
1 c
2s
_
1
0
c
st
dt =
1 c
s
: (1 c
2s
)
=
1
: (1 + c
s
)
.
Ejemplo
_
sent, 0 _ t <
0, _ t < 2
con ) (t + 2) = ) (t)
Solucin.
/) (t) =
1
1 c
2s
_

0
c
st
sent dt =
1
1 c
2s
_
cos t + : sent
c
st
+ :
2
c
st
_
0
=
1
1 c
2s
_
1 + c
s
:
2
+ 1
_
=
c
s
(c
s
1) (:
2
+ 1)
.
Ejemplo
_
1, 0 _ t < 1
0, 1 _ t < 2
con ) (t + 2) = ) (t)
Solucin.
/) (t) =
1
1 c
2s
_
1
0
c
st
dt =
1 c
s
: (1 c
2s
)
=
1
: (1 + c
s
)
.
Ejemplo
_
sent, 0 _ t <
0, _ t < 2
con ) (t + 2) = ) (t)
Solucin.
/) (t) =
1
1 c
2s
_

0
c
st
sent dt =
1
1 c
2s
_
cos t + : sent
c
st
+ :
2
c
st
_
0
=
1
1 c
2s
_
1 + c
s
:
2
+ 1
_
=
c
s
(c
s
1) (:
2
+ 1)
.
Ejemplo
_
1, 0 _ t < 1
0, 1 _ t < 2
con ) (t + 2) = ) (t)
Solucin.
/) (t) =
1
1 c
2s
_
1
0
c
st
dt =
1 c
s
: (1 c
2s
)
=
1
: (1 + c
s
)
.
Ejemplo
_
sent, 0 _ t <
0, _ t < 2
con ) (t + 2) = ) (t)
Solucin.
/) (t) =
1
1 c
2s
_

0
c
st
sent dt =
1
1 c
2s
_
cos t + : sent
c
st
+ :
2
c
st
_
0
=
1
1 c
2s
_
1 + c
s
:
2
+ 1
_
=
c
s
(c
s
1) (:
2
+ 1)
.
Ejemplo
_
1, 0 _ t < 1
0, 1 _ t < 2
con ) (t + 2) = ) (t)
Solucin.
/) (t) =
1
1 c
2s
_
1
0
c
st
dt =
1 c
s
: (1 c
2s
)
=
1
: (1 + c
s
)
.
Ejemplo
_
sent, 0 _ t <
0, _ t < 2
con ) (t + 2) = ) (t)
Solucin.
/) (t) =
1
1 c
2s
_

0
c
st
sent dt =
1
1 c
2s
_
cos t + : sent
c
st
+ :
2
c
st
_
0
=
1
1 c
2s
_
1 + c
s
:
2
+ 1
_
=
c
s
(c
s
1) (:
2
+ 1)
.
Ejemplo
_
1, 0 _ t < 1
0, 1 _ t < 2
con ) (t + 2) = ) (t)
Solucin.
/) (t) =
1
1 c
2s
_
1
0
c
st
dt =
1 c
s
: (1 c
2s
)
=
1
: (1 + c
s
)
.
Ejemplo
_
sent, 0 _ t <
0, _ t < 2
con ) (t + 2) = ) (t)
Solucin.
/) (t) =
1
1 c
2s
_

0
c
st
sent dt =
1
1 c
2s
_
cos t + : sent
c
st
+ :
2
c
st
_
0
=
1
1 c
2s
_
1 + c
s
:
2
+ 1
_
=
c
s
(c
s
1) (:
2
+ 1)
.
Ejemplo
_
1, 0 _ t < 1
0, 1 _ t < 2
con ) (t + 2) = ) (t)
Solucin.
/) (t) =
1
1 c
2s
_
1
0
c
st
dt =
1 c
s
: (1 c
2s
)
=
1
: (1 + c
s
)
.
Ejemplo
_
sent, 0 _ t <
0, _ t < 2
con ) (t + 2) = ) (t)
Solucin.
/) (t) =
1
1 c
2s
_

0
c
st
sent dt =
1
1 c
2s
_
cos t + : sent
c
st
+ :
2
c
st
_
0
=
1
1 c
2s
_
1 + c
s
:
2
+ 1
_
=
c
s
(c
s
1) (:
2
+ 1)
.
La funcin delta de Dirac
Consideremos la siguiente funcin
c
a
(t t
0
) =
_
_
0, 0 _ t _ t
0
a
1
2a
, t
0
a _ t < t
0
+ a
0, t _ t
0
+ a
cuando a 0 y t
0
0.
La funcin delta de Dirac
Consideremos la siguiente funcin
c
a
(t t
0
) =
_
_
0, 0 _ t _ t
0
a
1
2a
, t
0
a _ t < t
0
+ a
0, t _ t
0
+ a
cuando a 0 y t
0
0.
Observe que cuando a toma valores muy pequeos, c
a
(t t
0
) es esencialmente,
una funcin constante de gran magnitud que se encuentra encendida slo
durante un lapso muy pequeo, alrededor de t
0
.
Observe tambin que
_
1
0
c
a
(t t
0
) dt =
_
t
0
+a
t
0
a
1
2a
dt =
1
2a
((t
0
+ a) (t
0
a)) = 1.
La funcin delta de Dirac puede considerarse como el lmite de c
a
(t t
0
)
cuando a 0, es decir
c (t t
0
) = lm
a!0
c
a
(t t
0
) .
a
(t t
0
) es esencialmente,
0
.
Observe tambin que
_
1
0
c
a
(t t
0
) dt =
_
t
0
+a
t
0
a
1
2a
dt =
1
2a
((t
0
+ a) (t
0
a)) = 1.
a
(t t
0
)
c (t t
0
) = lm
a!0
c
a
(t t
0
) .
a
(t t
0
) es esencialmente,
0
.
Observe tambin que
_
1
0
c
a
(t t
0
) dt =
_
t
0
+a
t
0
a
1
2a
dt =
1
2a
((t
0
+ a) (t
0
a)) = 1.
a
(t t
0
)
c (t t
0
) = lm
a!0
c
a
(t t
0
) .
a
(t t
0
) es esencialmente,
0
.
Observe tambin que
_
1
0
c
a
(t t
0
) dt =
_
t
0
+a
t
0
a
1
2a
dt =
1
2a
((t
0
+ a) (t
0
a)) = 1.
a
(t t
0
)
c (t t
0
) = lm
a!0
c
a
(t t
0
) .
Esta expresin (que no es una funcin) se caracteriza por las dos propiedades
siguientes:
c (t t
0
) =
_
0, t ,= t
0
,
, t = t
0
,
y
_
1
1
c (t t
0
) dt = 1.
El impulso unitario c (t t
0
) se denomina funcin delta de Dirac.
Observese que c
a
(t t
0
) puede expresarse en trminos de la funcin escaln
unitario, como sigue:
c
a
(t t
0
) =
1
2a
[| (t (t
0
a)) | (t (t
0
+ a))] .
La transformada de Laplace de esta expresin es dada por:
/c
a
(t t
0
) =
1
2a
_
c
s(t
0
a)
:

c
s(t
0
+a)
:
_
= c
st
0
_
c
sa
c
sa
2:a
_
.
/c (t t
0
) = lm
a!1
/c
a
(t t
0
) = lm
a!1
c
st
0
_
c
sa
c
sa
2:a
_
= c
st
0
.
Cuando t = 0 se tiene /c (t) = 1. Observe que en este caso /c (t) 9 0
cuando : .
siguientes:
c (t t
0
) =
_
0, t ,= t
0
,
, t = t
0
,
y
_
1
1
c (t t
0
) dt = 1.
0
Observese que c
a
(t t
0
c
a
(t t
0
) =
1
2a
[| (t (t
0
a)) | (t (t
0
+ a))] .
/c
a
(t t
0
) =
1
2a
_
c
s(t
0
a)
:

c
s(t
0
+a)
:
_
= c
st
0
_
c
sa
c
sa
2:a
_
.
/c (t t
0
) = lm
a!1
/c
a
(t t
0
) = lm
a!1
c
st
0
_
c
sa
c
sa
2:a
_
= c
st
0
.
cuando : .
siguientes:
c (t t
0
) =
_
0, t ,= t
0
,
, t = t
0
,
y
_
1
1
c (t t
0
) dt = 1.
0
Observese que c
a
(t t
0
c
a
(t t
0
) =
1
2a
[| (t (t
0
a)) | (t (t
0
+ a))] .
/c
a
(t t
0
) =
1
2a
_
c
s(t
0
a)
:

c
s(t
0
+a)
:
_
= c
st
0
_
c
sa
c
sa
2:a
_
.
/c (t t
0
) = lm
a!1
/c
a
(t t
0
) = lm
a!1
c
st
0
_
c
sa
c
sa
2:a
_
= c
st
0
.
cuando : .
siguientes:
c (t t
0
) =
_
0, t ,= t
0
,
, t = t
0
,
y
_
1
1
c (t t
0
) dt = 1.
0
Observese que c
a
(t t
0
c
a
(t t
0
) =
1
2a
[| (t (t
0
a)) | (t (t
0
+ a))] .
/c
a
(t t
0
) =
1
2a
_
c
s(t
0
a)
:

c
s(t
0
+a)
:
_
= c
st
0
_
c
sa
c
sa
2:a
_
.
/c (t t
0
) = lm
a!1
/c
a
(t t
0
) = lm
a!1
c
st
0
_
c
sa
c
sa
2:a
_
= c
st
0
.
cuando : .
siguientes:
c (t t
0
) =
_
0, t ,= t
0
,
, t = t
0
,
y
_
1
1
c (t t
0
) dt = 1.
0
Observese que c
a
(t t
0
c
a
(t t
0
) =
1
2a
[| (t (t
0
a)) | (t (t
0
+ a))] .
/c
a
(t t
0
) =
1
2a
_
c
s(t
0
a)
:

c
s(t
0
+a)
:
_
= c
st
0
_
c
sa
c
sa
2:a
_
.
/c (t t
0
) = lm
a!1
/c
a
(t t
0
) = lm
a!1
c
st
0
_
c
sa
c
sa
2:a
_
= c
st
0
.
cuando : .
siguientes:
c (t t
0
) =
_
0, t ,= t
0
,
, t = t
0
,
y
_
1
1
c (t t
0
) dt = 1.
0
Observese que c
a
(t t
0
c
a
(t t
0
) =
1
2a
[| (t (t
0
a)) | (t (t
0
+ a))] .
/c
a
(t t
0
) =
1
2a
_
c
s(t
0
a)
:

c
s(t
0
+a)
:
_
= c
st
0
_
c
sa
c
sa
2:a
_
.
/c (t t
0
) = lm
a!1
/c
a
(t t
0
) = lm
a!1
c
st
0
_
c
sa
c
sa
2:a
_
= c
st
0
.
cuando : .
siguientes:
c (t t
0
) =
_
0, t ,= t
0
,
, t = t
0
,
y
_
1
1
c (t t
0
) dt = 1.
0
Observese que c
a
(t t
0
c
a
(t t
0
) =
1
2a
[| (t (t
0
a)) | (t (t
0
+ a))] .
/c
a
(t t
0
) =
1
2a
_
c
s(t
0
a)
:

c
s(t
0
+a)
:
_
= c
st
0
_
c
sa
c
sa
2:a
_
.
/c (t t
0
) = lm
a!1
/c
a
(t t
0
) = lm
a!1
c
st
0
_
c
sa
c
sa
2:a
_
= c
st
0
.
cuando : .
siguientes:
c (t t
0
) =
_
0, t ,= t
0
,
, t = t
0
,
y
_
1
1
c (t t
0
) dt = 1.
0
Observese que c
a
(t t
0
c
a
(t t
0
) =
1
2a
[| (t (t
0
a)) | (t (t
0
+ a))] .
/c
a
(t t
0
) =
1
2a
_
c
s(t
0
a)
:

c
s(t
0
+a)
:
_
= c
st
0
_
c
sa
c
sa
2:a
_
.
/c (t t
0
) = lm
a!1
/c
a
(t t
0
) = lm
a!1
c
st
0
_
c
sa
c
sa
2:a
_
= c
st
0
.
cuando : .
siguientes:
c (t t
0
) =
_
0, t ,= t
0
,
, t = t
0
,
y
_
1
1
c (t t
0
) dt = 1.
0
Observese que c
a
(t t
0
c
a
(t t
0
) =
1
2a
[| (t (t
0
a)) | (t (t
0
+ a))] .
/c
a
(t t
0
) =
1
2a
_
c
s(t
0
a)
:

c
s(t
0
+a)
:
_
= c
st
0
_
c
sa
c
sa
2:a
_
.
/c (t t
0
) = lm
a!1
/c
a
(t t
0
) = lm
a!1
c
st
0
_
c
sa
c
sa
2:a
_
= c
st
0
.
cuando : .
siguientes:
c (t t
0
) =
_
0, t ,= t
0
,
, t = t
0
,
y
_
1
1
c (t t
0
) dt = 1.
0
Observese que c
a
(t t
0
c
a
(t t
0
) =
1
2a
[| (t (t
0
a)) | (t (t
0
+ a))] .
/c
a
(t t
0
) =
1
2a
_
c
s(t
0
a)
:

c
s(t
0
+a)
:
_
= c
st
0
_
c
sa
c
sa
2:a
_
.
/c (t t
0
) = lm
a!1
/c
a
(t t
0
) = lm
a!1
c
st
0
_
c
sa
c
sa
2:a
_
= c
st
0
.
cuando : .
siguientes:
c (t t
0
) =
_
0, t ,= t
0
,
, t = t
0
,
y
_
1
1
c (t t
0
) dt = 1.
0
Observese que c
a
(t t
0
c
a
(t t
0
) =
1
2a
[| (t (t
0
a)) | (t (t
0
+ a))] .
/c
a
(t t
0
) =
1
2a
_
c
s(t
0
a)
:

c
s(t
0
+a)
:
_
= c
st
0
_
c
sa
c
sa
2:a
_
.
/c (t t
0
) = lm
a!1
/c
a
(t t
0
) = lm
a!1
c
st
0
_
c
sa
c
sa
2:a
_
= c
st
0
.
cuando : .
siguientes:
c (t t
0
) =
_
0, t ,= t
0
,
, t = t
0
,
y
_
1
1
c (t t
0
) dt = 1.
0
Observese que c
a
(t t
0
c
a
(t t
0
) =
1
2a
[| (t (t
0
a)) | (t (t
0
+ a))] .
/c
a
(t t
0
) =
1
2a
_
c
s(t
0
a)
:

c
s(t
0
+a)
:
_
= c
st
0
_
c
sa
c
sa
2:a
_
.
/c (t t
0
) = lm
a!1
/c
a
(t t
0
) = lm
a!1
c
st
0
_
c
sa
c
sa
2:a
_
= c
st
0
.
cuando : .
siguientes:
c (t t
0
) =
_
0, t ,= t
0
,
, t = t
0
,
y
_
1
1
c (t t
0
) dt = 1.
0
Observese que c
a
(t t
0
c
a
(t t
0
) =
1
2a
[| (t (t
0
a)) | (t (t
0
+ a))] .
/c
a
(t t
0
) =
1
2a
_
c
s(t
0
a)
:

c
s(t
0
+a)
:
_
= c
st
0
_
c
sa
c
sa
2:a
_
.
/c (t t
0
) = lm
a!1
/c
a
(t t
0
) = lm
a!1
c
st
0
_
c
sa
c
sa
2:a
_
= c
st
0
.
cuando : .
Teorema
Para t
0
0, /c (t t
0
) = c
st
0
.
Ejemplo
Utilice la T.L. para resolver el p.v.i
_
r
00
2j
0
= 1 + c (t 2)
j (0) = 0, j
0
(0) = 1.
Solucin. Utilizando T.L. se tiene
:
2
A (:) 1 2:A (:) =
1
:
+ c
2s
== A (:) =
1
: (: 2)
+
1
:
2
(: 2)
+
c
2s
: (: 2)
== r(t) =
_
1
2
c
2t
1
2
_
+
_
1
4
c
2t
1
2
t
1
4
_
+
_
1
2
c
2t4
1
2
_
| (t 2)
== r(t) =
3
4
c
2t
1
2
t
3
4
+| (t 2)
_
1
2
c
2t4
1
2
_
.
Teorema
Para t
0
0, /c (t t
0
) = c
st
0
.
Ejemplo
_
r
00
2j
0
= 1 + c (t 2)
j (0) = 0, j
0
(0) = 1.
:
2
A (:) 1 2:A (:) =
1
:
+ c
2s
== A (:) =
1
: (: 2)
+
1
:
2
(: 2)
+
c
2s
: (: 2)
== r(t) =
_
1
2
c
2t
1
2
_
+
_
1
4
c
2t
1
2
t
1
4
_
+
_
1
2
c
2t4
1
2
_
| (t 2)
== r(t) =
3
4
c
2t
1
2
t
3
4
+| (t 2)
_
1
2
c
2t4
1
2
_
.
Teorema
Para t
0
0, /c (t t
0
) = c
st
0
.
Ejemplo
_
r
00
2j
0
= 1 + c (t 2)
j (0) = 0, j
0
(0) = 1.
:
2
A (:) 1 2:A (:) =
1
:
+ c
2s
== A (:) =
1
: (: 2)
+
1
:
2
(: 2)
+
c
2s
: (: 2)
== r(t) =
_
1
2
c
2t
1
2
_
+
_
1
4
c
2t
1
2
t
1
4
_
+
_
1
2
c
2t4
1
2
_
| (t 2)
== r(t) =
3
4
c
2t
1
2
t
3
4
+| (t 2)
_
1
2
c
2t4
1
2
_
.
Teorema
Para t
0
0, /c (t t
0
) = c
st
0
.
Ejemplo
_
r
00
2j
0
= 1 + c (t 2)
j (0) = 0, j
0
(0) = 1.
:
2
A (:) 1 2:A (:) =
1
:
+ c
2s
== A (:) =
1
: (: 2)
+
1
:
2
(: 2)
+
c
2s
: (: 2)
== r(t) =
_
1
2
c
2t
1
2
_
+
_
1
4
c
2t
1
2
t
1
4
_
+
_
1
2
c
2t4
1
2
_
| (t 2)
== r(t) =
3
4
c
2t
1
2
t
3
4
+| (t 2)
_
1
2
c
2t4
1
2
_
.
Teorema
Para t
0
0, /c (t t
0
) = c
st
0
.
Ejemplo
_
r
00
2j
0
= 1 + c (t 2)
j (0) = 0, j
0
(0) = 1.
:
2
A (:) 1 2:A (:) =
1
:
+ c
2s
== A (:) =
1
: (: 2)
+
1
:
2
(: 2)
+
c
2s
: (: 2)
== r(t) =
_
1
2
c
2t
1
2
_
+
_
1
4
c
2t
1
2
t
1
4
_
+
_
1
2
c
2t4
1
2
_
| (t 2)
== r(t) =
3
4
c
2t
1
2
t
3
4
+| (t 2)
_
1
2
c
2t4
1
2
_
.
Teorema
Para t
0
0, /c (t t
0
) = c
st
0
.
Ejemplo
_
r
00
2j
0
= 1 + c (t 2)
j (0) = 0, j
0
(0) = 1.
:
2
A (:) 1 2:A (:) =
1
:
+ c
2s
== A (:) =
1
: (: 2)
+
1
:
2
(: 2)
+
c
2s
: (: 2)
== r(t) =
_
1
2
c
2t
1
2
_
+
_
1
4
c
2t
1
2
t
1
4
_
+
_
1
2
c
2t4
1
2
_
| (t 2)
== r(t) =
3
4
c
2t
1
2
t
3
4
+| (t 2)
_
1
2
c
2t4
1
2
_
.
Ejemplo
Una masa acoplada en el extremo inferior de un resorte vertical de constante /.
En el tiempo t = t
0
la masa es golpeada al aplicarle una fuerza hacia arriba
durante un tiempo muy pequeo. Describa el movimiento subsecuente.
Solucin. La ecuacin diferencial asociada con el problema es
_
:r
00
+ /r = 1
0
c (t t
0
)
r(0) = 0, r
0
(0) = 0
utilizando transformada de Laplace, se tiene
_
::
2
+ /
_
A (:) = 1
0
c
st
0
esto implica que
A (:) =
1
0
c
st
0
::
2
+ /
=
1
0
:

c
st
0
:
2
+ n
2
, n
2
=
/
:
.
Ejemplo
En el tiempo t = t
0
_
:r
00
+ /r = 1
0
c (t t
0
)
r(0) = 0, r
0
(0) = 0
_
::
2
+ /
_
A (:) = 1
0
c
st
0
esto implica que
A (:) =
1
0
c
st
0
::
2
+ /
=
1
0
:

c
st
0
:
2
+ n
2
, n
2
=
/
:
.
Ejemplo
En el tiempo t = t
0
_
:r
00
+ /r = 1
0
c (t t
0
)
r(0) = 0, r
0
(0) = 0
_
::
2
+ /
_
A (:) = 1
0
c
st
0
esto implica que
A (:) =
1
0
c
st
0
::
2
+ /
=
1
0
:

c
st
0
:
2
+ n
2
, n
2
=
/
:
.
Ejemplo
En el tiempo t = t
0
_
:r
00
+ /r = 1
0
c (t t
0
)
r(0) = 0, r
0
(0) = 0
_
::
2
+ /
_
A (:) = 1
0
c
st
0
esto implica que
A (:) =
1
0
c
st
0
::
2
+ /
=
1
0
:

c
st
0
:
2
+ n
2
, n
2
=
/
:
.
Utilizando ahora la transformada inversa de Laplace, se obtiene
r(t) = /
1
_
1
0
:

c
st
0
:
2
+ n
2
_
=
1
0
:
| (t t
0
)
1
n
senn(t t
0
)
=
1
0
:
| (t t
0
)
_
:
/
sen
_
/
:
(t t
0
) =
1
0
_
:/
| (t t
0
) sen
_
/
:
(t t
0
) ,
es decir,
r(t) =
_
_
0, t < t
0
1
0
_
:/
sen
_
k
m
(t t
0
) , t _ t
0
r(t) = /
1
_
1
0
:

c
st
0
:
2
+ n
2
_
=
1
0
:
| (t t
0
)
1
n
senn(t t
0
)
=
1
0
:
| (t t
0
)
_
:
/
sen
_
/
:
(t t
0
) =
1
0
_
:/
| (t t
0
) sen
_
/
:
(t t
0
) ,
es decir,
r(t) =
_
_
0, t < t
0
1
0
_
:/
sen
_
k
m
(t t
0
) , t _ t
0
r(t) = /
1
_
1
0
:

c
st
0
:
2
+ n
2
_
=
1
0
:
| (t t
0
)
1
n
senn(t t
0
)
=
1
0
:
| (t t
0
)
_
:
/
sen
_
/
:
(t t
0
) =
1
0
_
:/
| (t t
0
) sen
_
/
:
(t t
0
) ,
es decir,
r(t) =
_
_
0, t < t
0
1
0
_
:/
sen
_
k
m
(t t
0
) , t _ t
0
r(t) = /
1
_
1
0
:

c
st
0
:
2
+ n
2
_
=
1
0
:
| (t t
0
)
1
n
senn(t t
0
)
=
1
0
:
| (t t
0
)
_
:
/
sen
_
/
:
(t t
0
) =
1
0
_
:/
| (t t
0
) sen
_
/
:
(t t
0
) ,
es decir,
r(t) =
_
_
0, t < t
0
1
0
_
:/
sen
_
k
m
(t t
0
) , t _ t
0
r(t) = /
1
_
1
0
:

c
st
0
:
2
+ n
2
_
=
1
0
:
| (t t
0
)
1
n
senn(t t
0
)
=
1
0
:
| (t t
0
)
_
:
/
sen
_
/
:
(t t
0
) =
1
0
_
:/
| (t t
0
) sen
_
/
:
(t t
0
) ,
es decir,
r(t) =
_
_
0, t < t
0
1
0
_
:/
sen
_
k
m
(t t
0
) , t _ t
0

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