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Deflection
1. Transformed Section
The strain in concrete is equal to the strain in steel fs = s = Ec Es fc
c =
From which
Es fs = f = n fc Ec c Es is a modular ratio n= Ec
Ag = Ac + As
M cr =
(exact expression)
M cr =
(simplied expression)
where
Iut Ig fr
= moment of inertia of uncracked transformed section = moment of inertia of gross section = modulus of rupture
Example 1
f'c := 4000psi = 27.579 MPa fy := 60ksi = 413.685 MPa b := 12in = 304.8 mm No( n , B) := n B 4 Ec := 57000psi f'c psi = 2.486 10 MPa
5 4
in
As := 4 No 9 = 25.652 cm
Solution
(a) Transformed Section Solution Modular ratio n := Es Ec = 8.044
A1 := b h A2 := ( n 1 ) As
y 1 :=
y 2 := h Cover = 533.4 mm
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y c :=
A1 y 1 + A2 y 2 A1 + A2
y c = 325.062 mm
y t :=
= 304.8 mm
3
b h 5 4 Ig := = 5.754 10 cm 12 Ig fr yt
M cr :=
= 61.74 kN m
Ig Iut Iut
= 13.011 % = 18.793 %
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s = c
C = b kd C=T b kd b kd
= b kd
T = As fs = As Es s
Ec c 2 kd 2
= As Es c
d kd kd
= n As ( d kd) n As b n As b
kd + 2
2
kd 2
d = 0
k + 2 n k 2 n = 0 ( n) + 2 n n
2
k=
As b d
+ n As ( d x )
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Example 2
Calculate the moment of inertia of cracked section Icr and the effective moment of inertia Ie of the beam cross-section in example 1 if the external maximum service load moment is M a := 2000000in lbf = 225.97 kN m
:= k :=
= 0.016
2
( n ) + 2 n n = 0.393
Icr :=
+ n As ( d x ) = 3.099 10 cm
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where
4. Immediate Deflections
Initial or short-term deflection in midspan of the continuous beam 5M a Ln
2
i = K 48 Ec Ie
where
Ma
is the support moment for cantilevers and the midspan moment for simple or continuous beams is a span length of the beam
Ln
4. Fixed-hinged beam midspan deflection max. deflection using max. moment 5. Fixed-fixed beam w Ln 8 = net midspan moment
2
K = 0.80 K = 0.74
K = 0.60
where
M0 = Ma
5. Long-Term Deflection
t = i A's b d
1 + 50 '
where
' =
= time-dependent coefficient
Sustained load duration Value ________________________________________ 5 year and more 12 months 6 months 3 months 2.0 1.4 1.2 1.0
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kN (1) For normal weight concrete wc := 145pcf = 22.778 and reinforcement 3 m fy := 60ksi = 413.685 MPa 90pcf w 120pcf the values should be nultiplied by (2) For lightweight concrete c 1.65 0.005 wc 1.09 fy (3) For yield strength other than 60ksi the values should be multiplied by 0.4 + 100ksi
7. Permisssible Deflection
Maximum allowable computed deflections ___________________________________________________________________________________ Type of member Deflection limitation ___________________________________________________________________________________ Immediate deflection due to the live load L L 180 Deflection to be considered
Flat roofs not supporting or attached to nonstructural elements likely to damaged by large deflection
___________________________________________________________________________________ Floors no supporting or attached to nonstructural elements likely to damaged by large deflection Immediate deflection due to the live load L L 360
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___________________________________________________________________________________ Roof or floor construction supporting or attached to nonstructural elements likely to damaged by large deflection ______________________________ Roof or floor construction supporting or attached to nonstructural elements not likely to damaged by large deflection That part of the total deflection occuring after attachment of the nonstructural elements (sum of the long-time deflection due to all sustained loads and the immediate deflection due to any additional live load) L 480
__________________ L 240
___________________________________________________________________________________
Example 3
Dead load Live load kip kN wD := 1.65 = 24.08 ft m kip kN wL := 3.3 = 48.16 ft m kN w0.2L := 0.20 wL = 9.632 m
The beam will support nonstructural partitions that would be damaged if large deflections were to occure
Materials
Ln := 26ft 1ft = 7.62 m b w := 14in = 355.6 mm h := 24.5in = 622.3 mm d := 22in = 558.8 mm b := 75in = 1.905 m h f := 5in = 127 mm d' := 2.5in = 63.5 mm
Bending moments
M support := 225ft kip = 305.059 kN m M midspan := 162ft kip = 219.643 kN m M 0 := M midspan + M support = 524.702 kN m
As := 2 No 9 + 2 No 8 = 22.96 cm
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Solution Modular ratio Es := 29000000psi = 1.999 10 MPa Ec := 57000psi n := Es Ec = 8.044 f'c psi = 2.486 10 MPa
4 5
y 1 := y 2 :=
hf 2 h 2
y c :=
y c = 194.586 mm
I1 :=
(b bw) hf 3
12
I2 :=
b w h 12
Ig := I1 + A1 y 1 y c
Location of neutral axis of cracked section (Assume that the section is rectangular) As b d
:= k :=
= 0.00216
2
( n ) + 2 n n = 0.17 x hf = 1
+ n As ( d x ) = 4.518 10 cm
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M cr :=
Ig fr yt
= 75.062 kN m
x 2
x + 2
x 2
=0
p := x :=
( n 1 ) A's + n As bw
2
= 0.1 m
( n 1 ) A's d' + n As d bw
= 0.092 m
p + q p = 8.62 in
Icr :=
Initial deflection in midspan due to dead plus live load M a := M midspan K := 1.2 0.2 M0 Ma = 0.722
2
D.L := K = 7.516 mm 48 Ec Ie
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5 M a Ln
wD D := D.L = 5.011 mm wD + wL
Long-term deflection in midspan due to sustained live load 0.20 wL 0.20L := ( 1 + ) D.L = 3.007 mm wD + wL
Short-term deflection in midspan due to live load 0.80 wL 0.80L := D.L = 4.009 mm wD + wL Total deflection
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