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By Nick Thompson
Sparknotes please?
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Human babies are basically monkeys. Speech unlocks the child's abi Iity to develop in a fashion that we would consider normal for human beings.
Psychological Tools
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Tool- an implement, esp. one held in the hand, as a hammer, saw, or file, for performing or fac iIi tat in g me chanica I operations. (dictionary. com)
Stimulus
Reaction
Internalization- The progressive transfer from external social activity mediated by signs to internal control. (Dixon-Krauss) Egocentric Speech- children talking to themselves aloud (Crain). First noted by Piaget, who thought it reflected a child's egocentrism. Piaget- egocentric speech simply dies out. Vygotsky- egocentric speech is a tool that becomes internalized into human thought.
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Leontiev's Research
1.
The researchers asked the children a series of 1 8 questions, with 7 questions about the color of an object.
2.
A second round of questions were asked, this time disallowing the use of two colors or repeating the same color twice.
This was repeated a third time, but the children were given colored cards (tools) to help them remember which colors they used.
3.
Leontiev's Results
5-6
8-9
10-13
7 7
3.6
1.5
0.3
1.8
8 8
0.3 0.6
2.8
0.8
22-27
Vygotsky's Conclusion
1.
Preschool children ignore external memory aids. As children get older and progress through school, they begin to use external memory aids more effectively. They have not begun to internalize the memory aids. During adolescence, the children begin to internalize memory aids. By adulthood, people have well developed internal memory aids.
2.
3.
4.
The Problem
Educational advances have come a long way in the long way in the last 80 years. Surely the educational tools used in the classroom today are much more advanced than they were way back in the 1 920s. If the sociohistorical theory of the dialectic is true, then children of this generation should be internalizing memory aids quicker than they were in the past.
The Hypothesis
This study will attempt to prove Vygotsky's theory of sociohistorical progress correct. Children today will be more capable of remembering using internal psychological tools than the children in Leontiev's study.
Age range : 1 0 and 11 years old Each child was taken out into the hall for approximately 1 0 minutes to answer a series of questions. 3 sets of questions were used, each 18 questions long. 7 questions regarding color were included in each set. The first set of questions was asked. Two rules were then added . The child could not say the colors yellow and green and could not use the same color twice. The child was asked another set of 1 8 questions. The child was then asked to evaluate him / herself at the end and also state the rules of the game. The child was then presented a set of eight colored cards (white, black, red, blue, green, yellow, orange and purple) and told various examples of how to use the cards. The rules were altered slightly. Instead of yellow and green, the two forbidden colors were blue and red. The child still was not allowed to say the same color twice. The child was asked the third set of 18 questions. Again, he / she was asked to evaluate him / herself at the end and also state the rules of the game.
2.
3.
4.
s.
6.
7.
The Results
Name Soomin Myriah Tracy Katrina Natalie Melissa Lauren Average Median Gender M Errors in Task 2 Errors in Task 3 Difference
F F F F F F
11 11 11 10 11 10 11
3
2
0
3
1 1 0
2 2
0 1
2
1
3 2.14 3
0 1 -1
3
0
1.29
1
0.86
1
2.5
2
Average Errors Task
1.5
1
2
Average Errors Task
0.5 0
10-11 Year Olds Today 10-1 3 Year Olds 80 Years Ago
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5 0
10-11 Year Old Medians Leontiev's 10-1 3 Year Old Averages
Conclusion
The averages apparently show that today's kids are getting quicker at internalizing memory aids. But super smart Katrina was distorting the results. A look at the median reveals a different picture. Today's kids seem to progress at the same pace as yesterday's.
Explanations?
1.
Ch i Id re n 's ab i Iit i e s to use memory aids develop at the same average rate naturally no matter what is taught in the classroom. The tools developed by educators to develop c h i Id re n 's ab i Iit i e s to i ntern a Ii z e memory aids have not progressed very far in 80 years (the dialectic is incorrect?).
2.
I I
-r.r
Sample more children Have a better gender distribution Familiarize myself with the children beforehand so they wouldn't be so nervous Introduce other tools to see if Task 3 results would change
Nature
Nurture
Piaget
I Rousseau
Vygotsky
TJcke