Engineers Guidance Note

Dynamic Wind Loadings Mobile Cranes

Author: The Crane Industry Council Australia Date: 09/01/2014 Rev. A

Lifting Industry Standards

Table of Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Purpose .....................................................................................................................................3 Background ...............................................................................................................................3 Measuring Wind Speed ............................................................................................................3 Further Information...................................................................................................................3 Allowable Wind Surface Area to Load ratio ............................................................................4 Allowable Wind Surface Area...................................................................................................4 Dynamic Wind Pressure ...........................................................................................................4 7.1. Wind pressure for given wind speeds ................................................................................5 Surface Area..............................................................................................................................6 8.1. Load Surface Area .............................................................................................................6 8.2. Drag Coefficient .................................................................................................................6 8.3. Wind Surface Area.............................................................................................................8 9. Permissible Wind Speed ..........................................................................................................9 9.1. Permissible Wind Pressure ................................................................................................9 9.2. Permissible Wind Speed ....................................................................................................9 9.3. Wind Force ........................................................................................................................9 10. Simplified calculation charts .................................................................................................10

Disclaimer and Copyright This CICA Engineers Guidance Note has been compiled for general information only, is not to be considered as a substitute for professional advice, and should not be treated as an exhaustive statement on the subject. The Crane Industry Council of Australia (CICA) accepts no responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or currency of the material included in this CICA Engineers Guidance Note. Users of this CICA Engineers Guidance Note are encouraged to obtain professional advice and to exercise their own skill and care in relation to any of its material. CICA disclaims any and all liability or responsibility for any loss or damages arising out of any use of, or reliance on, this CICA Engineers Guidance Note. This CICA Engineers Guidance Note is copyright. Readers may use and reprod uce this material in an unaltered form only for noncommercial use within their own organisation. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved.

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1.

Purpose

To provide assistance for mobile crane users in determining reduced permissible wind speeds based on load surface area in accordance with design standards and manufacturer load charts. This will assist in determining safe operating conditions for the mobile crane.

2.

Background

A mobile crane is subject to wind speed limitations during lifting, erection, dismantling, and also when out-of-service. The default Load chart wind speed for cranes designed to AS1418.5-2002 Clause 3.3.2 is 10 m/s but typical values vary from 9-16 m/s and may be as high as 20 m/s. The Load chart wind speed varies on manufacturers specifications and may be dependent on boom length &/or sequence. Some manufacturers also permit higher wind speeds if the Load chart capacity is reduced in accordance with their specific calculations or tables. Most manufacturers and design standards clearly state appropriate limitations; however crane users must be aware that the wind speed nominated on the load chart during lifting is normally calculated for a given Wind Surface Area. In summary, this is due to loads of different surface areas producing different loads to the crane and in particular side load to the boom. Examples loads of the same mass producing different wind related loads to the crane could be formwork shutters compared to an electric motor. Dynamic Loading due to wind pressure is a function of wind speed. As can be seen in the Dynamic Wind Pressure section increased load from higher wind speeds is squared (i.e. twice the wind speed means four times the wind pressure).

3.

Measuring Wind Speed

It should be noted that the wind speed can vary between ground level and the boom tip or load height. The use of anemometers attached to a pendulum arrangement on a boom tip can be an excellent means to assess the conditions.

4.

Further Information

This guidance note contains summary information only and further information and a listing of CICA recognised Crane Engineers is available by contacting the Crane Industry Council of Australia: Contact details Postal address Street address Telephone Fax Email Website PO Box 136, Mount Waverley, Victoria, 3149 Unit 10, 18-22 Lexia Place, Mulgrave, Victoria, 3170 +61 3 9501 0078 +61 3 9501 0083 admin@cica.com.au www.cica.com.au

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Lifting Industry Standards

5.

Allowable Wind Surface Area to Load ratio

Many Manufacturers nominate an allowable Wind Surface Area to Load ratio, normally given in m2 / tonne, within their load chart or operators manual. The load to be lifted needs to be compared to this ratio and either the Wind Surface Area kept below this value or the maximum permissible wind speed reduced. For cranes designed to EN1300 this value is typically 1.2 m2/tonne (unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer). It should be noted however different manufacturers specify different allowable wind areas. Another common allowable wind area for hydraulic boom cranes is: ( ( )) ( )

6.

Allowable Wind Surface Area

The Allowable Wind Surface Area can be calculated as follows: ( ) ( ) ( )

Example: If a load chart or operators manual nominates a total Allowable Wind Surface Area of 1.2 m2 / tonne and the chart capacity is 10 tonne a load with a Wind Surface Area of 12 m2 can be safely lifted at the Load chart wind speed.

If the Wind Surface Area of a load is less than total allowable no further calculations need to be made. However if the Wind Surface Area of a load is greater than total allowable further calculations need to be made to determine the Permissible Wind Speed.

7.

Dynamic Wind Pressure

Dynamic Wind Pressure is a quasi-static measure of the pressure being exerted by wind on a load calculated as follows:

Where ( ) Example

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7.1. Wind pressure for given wind speeds

Wind speed 8 10 12 14 ( ) Dynamic pressure 40 63 90 123 ( )

120 Wind pressure 100 Dynamic Wind Pressure (N/m2)

80

60

40

20

0 0 2 4 6 8 Wind Speed (m/s) 10 12 14

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8.

Surface Area

The total Wind Surface Area of a load must be calculated to determine the effect the Dynamic Wind Pressure will have on the load. This is calculated by multiplying the Load Surface Area by the Drag Coefficient.

8.1. Load Surface Area

The Load Surface Area is the net area of a load projected to the horizontal. This should be calculated taking into account the worst case, assuming that the wind blows from the most unfavourable direction. Anything considered a load to the crane, including rigging, must be taken into account. Example

20 foot container ( ) ( )

8.2. Drag Coefficient

The Drag Coefficient is a dimensionless measure of a shapes resistance to wind pressure. The table below gives values for common shapes. Further drag coefficients are given in AS1170.2-2011. When in doubt the manufacturer of the load or engineer should be called upon to provide a drag coefficient.

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Profiles, angles, box sections (small)

f/b 50 40 30 20 10 5
2

Cd 1.90 1.70 1.65 1.60 1.35 1.30 Cd 1.10 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.80 0.75 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.70 0.65 0.60 Cd 2.20 2.10 1.95 1.75 1.55 1.9 1.85 1.75 1.55 1.4 1.4 1.35 1.30 1.20 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 0.90 0.80 Cd 2.00 1.85 1.75 1.50 1.40 1.30 1.20

Tubes dV < 4.645 m /s where V = wind speed, m/s d = diameter, m dV 4.645 m2/s

f/b 50 40 30 20 10 5 50 40 30 20 10 5 f/b 40 30 20 10 5 40 30 20 10 5 40 30 20 10 5 40 30 20 10 5 f/b 80 60 40 20 15 10 5

Large box sections over 350 mm square & 250 mm x 450 mm rectangular

Flat plates

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Wire rope Latticed frames

1.20

Cd Profiles, angles, 1.95 0.05 box sections, 0.10 1.90 plates 0.20 1.75 0.30 1.60 0.40 1.45 0.50 1.45 Tubular members dV < 4.645 m2/s 1.30 0.05 0.10 1.25 0.20 1.20 Single frames, wind normal to 0.30 1.10 face (use shielding factor for 0.40 1.05 multiple frames) 0.50 1.05 2 dV 4.645 m /s 0.80 Cd Assembled frames, square or triangular, wind normal to face Square frames of <0.025 4.0 profiles, angles, 0.025-0.45 4.13 5.18 box sections, 0.45-0.7 1.8 plates 0.7-1.0 1.33 + 0.67 Wind on diagonal, multiply normal by 1.0 + 0.75 Triangular frames <0.025 3.6 of profiles, angles, 0.025-0.45 3.71 4.47 box sections, 0.47-0.7 1.7 plates 0.7-1.0 1.0 + Square and <0.3 0.66 triangular frames 0.3-0.8 0.66 +0.47 with tubular 0.8-1.0 1.0 members, multipliers for values above , where = sum of face areas of members in frame and = gross area enclosed by borders of frame

8.3. Wind Surface Area

The Wind Surface Area is the Load Surface Area multiplied by the Drag Coefficient.

Example: 20 foot container with Drag Coefficient, Cd of 1.4 (calculated from above table): ( )

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Lifting Industry Standards

9.

Permissible Wind Speed

If the Wind Surface Area calculated is greater than the Manufacturers nominated a Wind Surface Area / Load ratio the Permissible Wind Speed must be reduced to create the equivalent total load to the crane.

9.1. Permissible Wind Pressure

The Permissible Wind Pressure is calculated as follows: ( ) ( )

Example: Using previous values, crane 10 tonne capacity and 12 m/s Load chart wind speed:

9.2. Permissible Wind Speed

The Permissible Wind Speed can now be determined: ( ) Example: Using previous values ( ) ( )

This resultant permissible wind speed should be compared against the maximum operable wind speed nominated by a manufacturer for the required crane configuration. The manufacturers maximum limit should never be exceeded.

9.3. Wind Force

The Dynamic Wind Pressure and Wind Surface Area can also be used to calculate the Wind Force, F, as a result of the wind is calculated as; ( ) Using the previous example of 20 foot container with 8.8 m/s wind speed: ( ) This can be checked against the force from the Allowable Wind Surface Area to Load ratio. ( )
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10. Simplified calculation charts

Reduced allowable wind speeds based on 9 m/s load chart wind speed

Load (Te)

Load surface area with drag coefficient (m 2)

Reduced allowable wind speeds based on 11 m/s load chart wind speed

Load (Te)

Load surface area with drag coefficient (m 2)

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Lifting Industry Standards

Reduced allowable wind speeds based on 12.8 m/s load chart wind speed

Load (Te)

Load surface area with drag coefficient (m 2)

Reduced allowable wind speeds based on 14.3 m/s load chart wind speed

Load (Te)

Load surface area with drag coefficient (m 2)

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Lifting Industry Standards