Chapter 2 The fullness of Time The first Christians were first-century Jews, and it was as such that they

heard and received the message. JUDAISM IN PALESTINE Palestine has long been a land of strife and suffering for it's position as on the great trade routes (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Arabia). In the fourth century BC, Alexander became master of Palestine after defeating the Persian. After he died, two dynasties, one in Egypt and one in Syria fought for possession of Palestine. Combining Greek culture with the cultures of conquered civilization made "Hellenism", which unite Mediterranean basin. From Alexander to destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70 there were struggles btw. Hellenizing pressures and Jewish faithfulness to their God. The family Maccabee led rebellion against Hellenism in the second century BC but, gave way to the Hellenizing pressures of Seleucids (successor of Alexander, Syria). Pompey conquered and deposed Aristobulus II. Alexander built cities like Rome(=civilization). "High priest"and "Ethnarch" were the titles given by Rome to the descendant of the Maccabees to govern the land. Herod the Great, appointed king of Judea by the Romans in 40 BC built the city of Caesarea in honor of the emperor. But Jews disliked it. The riot against Archelaus, Herod's son had Romans to kill 2,000 Jews. The radical or Zealot party opposed to Roman rule. During such suffering, Jewish religion took different shapes, and several parties appeared. The Pharisees applied the Law in every situation and that led them to be legalistic. They believed the final Resurrection and existence of angels. Sadducees were more conservative and Temple was significant for them. The Essenes, an ascetic sect sought to obey the Law by withdrawing from the rest of the city. But, Ethical Monotheism (only one God) and Escatological hope (messianic hope) were common in all Jews. DIASPORA JUDAISM Even before Jesus, many Jews living outside of Palestine had been increasing (like Persia and Mesopotamia). They were called DIASPORA or DISPERSION. Through them the new faith expanded throughout the Roman Empire. And the Greek translation of the Old Testament (Septuagint) was provided by Diaspora Judaism. And Philo of Alexandria sought to show that the best of pagan philosophy agreed with the Hebrew Scriptures. THE GRECO-ROMAN WORLD Roman law and Hellenistic culture comprised the context in which the early church took shape. The political circumstances favored the spread of Christianity. But in order to achieve greater unity, imperial policy sought religious uniformity by following two routes: SYNCRETISM and emperor worship. By and after the conquests of Alexander and of Rome, one dod not belong to a mystery religion(syncretism) by birth, but rather by initiation. Roman authorities saw the worship of the Emperor as a mean of unity and a test of loyalty. To communicate their faith in the midst of Hellenistic culture, Christians found two philosophical traditions attractive and helpful: Platonism and Stoicism. Platonism insisted that there was a higher world of abiding truth. It was useful for outsiders, but began influencing the manner in which Christians understood their own faith - which would eventually result theological debates. The early Stoics were materialists and determinists. They tried to attune to the universal law that reason prevail and to approach the ideal of APATHEIA- life without passion. In that time Christians' criticism of the religion and morals was rarely received. And many of the arguments that Stoic philosophers had used against the gods were now taken up by Christians.

Chapter 3 The church in Jerusalem UNITY AND DIVERSITY During the time of the book of Acts there were still no Gentiles in the church. "Hebrews", who kept the customs and language of their ancestors and "Hellenist, who were more open to Hellenistic influence. There was a conflict. Thus the twelve appointed seven men "to serve tables". The earliest persecution was aimed mostly at what were called Hellenistic Christians. After the persecution churches started to be founded beyond Judea. The Hellenistic Jewish Christians were serving as a bridge to the gentile world, and that Gentiles were joining the church in such numbers that they soon overshadowed the earlier Christian community. RELIGIOUS LIFE The earliest christians did not consider themselves followers of a new religion. Their faith was not a denial of Judaism but was rather the conviction that the messianic age had finally arrived. They keep the Sabbath and added the observance of the first dat of the week to gather to break bread in celebration of the resurrection of Jesus. Centuries later the focus of worship shifted toward the death of Jesus. Peter and John was the "pillars" on the church and James, the brother of The Lord(the first BISHOP of Jerusalem) THE WANING OF THE JEWISH CHURCH Herod Agrippa, the grandson of Herod the Great ordered the death of James the brother of John. After death of James, the brother of Jesus by the high priest, Christian community moved to Pella, a city beyond the Jordan River. And Jewish rebellion broke out in AD 66 by their nationalism. The ancient Jewish church, rejected by both Jews and Gentiles, found itself in increasing isolation. Even though the church continued claiming that its faith was the fulfillment of Judaism, some christians- even gentiles christians- went back to their Jewish roots. Chapter 4 Mission to the Gentiles THE SCOPE OF THE MISSION Christians' scattering as far as Damascus does not mean that the mission was extended to the Gentiles. The mission of Philip in Samaria, and the conversion of the Ethiopian eunuch, are possibly the first indications of the church's willingness to receive non-Jews. The earliest Christian expansion was mostly the result of the witness of those Jewish Christians of Hellenistic tendencies who had to flee Jerusalem, the mother church approved of their work, both Hellenistic Jews and among Gentiles. But there were for a time those who insisted on greater strictures on the gentiles christians. And most of these first Gentile converts were not completely alien to Judaism(God-fearers) PAUL'S WORK Paul took the gospel to the island of Cyprus, to several cities of Asia Minor, to Greece, to Rome, and perhaps to Spain. His Epistle contributed shaping of early Christianity more than his actual founding of churches. He did not believe that he was preaching a new religion, but rather of the fulfillment of the promises made to Israel. Thus while he felt called to preach to the Gentiles, his usual procedure upon arriving at a new town was to go to the synagogue and the Jewish community. As increasing numbers of Gentiles sought to join the church it was found necessary to provide for them more extensive periods of teaching and training before they were admitted into the church by baptism. Thus, the catechumenate arose. The service came to divided in two main parts: the "service of the Word," for both the baptized and the non-baptized and the "service of the table" for only the baptized (continued through the first three centuries). THE APOSTLES: FACTS AND LEGEND Traditions began to appear claiming that one or another had preached in a particular region. Most of these traditions are the result of the desire of churches to claim and apostolic origin. Trustworthy tradition: Peter was in Rome and he suffered martyrdom during Nero's persecution. Paul: nothing is known for certain between the end of the book of Acts and Paul's death during the reign of Nero. John: There were at least two people with the same name (exile on the island of Patmos/ killed in a pot of boiling oil/ teacher at Ephesus). Papias of Hierapolis, a second century Christian writer affirms that John, the apostle and another John, an elder at Ephesus, who received the visions on Patmos. The churches' own claim of apostolic origins hindered historians to discern the later career of the apostles. (Alexandria- Mark/ Constantinople-Philip) Traditions: Spain- Paul, James and seven envoys sent by Peter. James saw the vision of the Virgin standing on a pillarVIRGEN DEL PILAR. Saint James(in Spanish, Santiago) became the patron saint of the nation. Tradition: Thomas visited India. (Indian king Gondophares and his brother Gad: king offered architect job to Thomas but, he gave the money top the poor. He was put in prison but Gad saw the vision of the use of the money in heaven when he was dead.) Countless and nameless Christians traveled from place to place taking the news of the gospel with them.

5. First Conflict with State A New Jewish Sect A) Persepectives of Judaism and Christianity(41) 1. not new religion 2.Diffence about advent of Messiah : a) Christianity : Messiah had come - Missianic age had began and they were to be better Jewish - Gentiles were invited to become children of God by faith as promises made to Abraham and his descendents - Fulfillment of Prophecies: through the messaiah advent all nation would be brought to Zion(Judaism basis) - Judaism is not a rival religion to Christianity. b) Judaism : Continued awaiting his advent. - Jewish rejected Christianity - Christianity is the a heretical sect within Judaism (1Century, Judaism was not monolithic entity / various divergent sects) - Christianity is the reason of God wrath ( they believe that the reason why they lost their independence was the insufficient faithfulness to the traditions of their ancestor) - They persecuted Christians 3.Recognition of Rome about Christian and Judaism(42) - They considered the conflict between Judaism and Christianity as an internal matter within Judaism - The church gained more converts from Gentile population but ratio of Jews diminished - Jewish nationalism increased and eventually led to rebellion against Rome but Christian (Gentile converts) would not involve the movement - Refusal to worship the empire and gods was not an act rebellion against Rome / such rebellion would only take place when Rome sought to impose their gods on the Jews - Rome come to know the christianity as diffenent religion from Judaism - Rome demanded christians show their loyalty by worshiping the emperor ( because of input of Gentile converts - it became clear that not all Cristians were Jews and Christianity was spreading throughout the empire) Persecution under Nero(43) A) The start of persecution 1.The Great fire broke out in Rome (June 18, AD 64) 2.Ten of the Forteen sections of city were destroyed 3.Rumor - Nero had ordered the city destroyed so he could rebuild it - He had ordered the city destroyed so that the fire would inspire in him a great epic poem 4.Two of the areas that had not burned had many Jewish and Christian residents 5.He decided to blame the Christians B) The reason (Tacitus) 1. Misunderstanding : abomination and hatred of humankind - 2Century/ social activities as like army, class literature, sports was under the pagan worship z / so, christians didn't involve them C) Extent of Persecution : capital of empire D) Conclusion : in AD 68 Nero was deposed by rebellion(Roman senate) - Vespasian gained Crown ( AD 69 : the year of four emperors) Persecution under Domitian A) The start of Pesecution 1.Restoration of Roman traditions 2.Christians rejected Roman gods and traditions 3.AD 70, destruction of Jerusalem - Domitian enacted strict laws against Judaism 4. Jewish and Cristian (Jewish practices) were persecuted all B) Extent of Persecution : partial : Roman and minor Asia C) Persecutions(48) 1. Flavius clemes and his wife Flavia Domitilla : Atheism(Jewish practice) 2. [First clement] - continuous persecution 3. Minor Asia : Patmos vision : Revelation

6. Persecution in the second century. A) Records 1. Acts of the martyr - retell the arrest, trial and execution of various martyrs 2. A set of seven letters of Bishop Ignatius of Antioch - attitude of Christians toward martyrdom 3. Correspondence between Plany and Trajan The Correspondence between Plinyand Trajan A) Young Pliny (AD 111) became governor of Bithynia 1.Many Christians in the region, pagan temples were almost destroyed 2. Requirement : pray to the gods, burn incense before the image of the emperor, curse Christ 3. Questions: should the very name Christian be considered a crim? so he wrote Emperor Trajan . Emperors response - There is no general rule so the state should waste time seeking them out - if the Christians are accused and refuse to recant, they should be punished Trajans policy : not to seek out Christians but still punish them when they were brought before the authorities throughout nd rd the 2 c. and part of the 3 c. IGNATIUS OF ANTIOCH, THE BEARER OF GOD(51) A) Title 1.The Bearer of God 2.He who was borne by God B) Seven letter of Ignatius : (52) 1. showing the knowledge of early Christianity 2. show the rage of persecution : not troughout empire - The christian of Minor Asia visited him on his way to Rome - Magnesia' deacon, bishop, elders / Polybius of Tralles/ Onesimous of Ephesus(in the smyrna) - Smyrna / Polycarp/ Philadelpia 3.showing the nature of persecution of second century(from smyrna to the church in rome) "if you remain silent about me, I shall become a word of God, But if you allow yourselves to me be swayed by the love in which you hold my flesh, I shall again be no more than a human voice" The martyrdom of Polycarp (53) A) 2 century Policy of Rome : Letter of Pliny and Trajan - Christian were sought out / but if the were accused and the refused the gods of Rome they had be punished B) martyrs (54) 1.Germanicus: " He had no desire to continue living in a world where the injustices that he had just seen took place" 2.Polycarp(54) " For eighty six years I have served him and he has done me no evil , how could I curse my king, who saved me?" 3.Quintus : spontaneous martyr but he gave up C) Spontaneous Martyr - Justin Martyr Apology(55) Pesecution under Marcus Aurelius A) emperor in 161 / died in 180 - literary masterpieces [Meditations ] B) Reason of Persecution 1. obstinacy of Christian 2. superstitious man : invasions, floods and epidemics and disaster is the wrath of the God : Christian were to blame C) martyrs 1. Felicitas and his seven sons (56) "While I live, I shall defeat you, and if you kill me, in my death I shall defeat you all the more" 2. Justin Martyr :" the true philosophyChristianity"accused by Crescentius 3. Sanctus : "I am Christian" (57) Toward the end of the second century A) Commodus : did not issue any edicts against persecution The characteristic of 2C persecution(57) A) not constantly persecution B) Partial : not throughout Empire C) Under Trajan Policy : Christian were sought out / but if the were accused and the refused the god of Rome they had be punished D) Relation with neighbor is very important : Through the evil rumors about them they would accused and persecution would break out. E) Advent of apologist : to show the rumors were untrue andgive pagan more favorable understanding of God F) Not because Chritianity were corrupt or ill -informed, but rather as a matter of policy in

7. The Defense of the Faith * Rumor to Christian : apologists defense - Love feast: orgiastic celebration, incestuous union - cannibalism : the Lord Suppers practice in secret(Communion), this bread is my body and this cup is blood eating the flesh of the infant Ex) Celsus(refutation of Christianity) writing The True Word; Jesus was the illegitimate son of Mary with a Soldier Cornelius Fronto : wrote treaties against Christians - enmity against Christianity: barbarians religion from Jews, - Final resurrection itself : Christian nonsense & rejected - Atheism : invisible God * The Main apologists The earliest surviving apology : Letter to Diognetus Justin : true philosophy, the famous of the early apologist - Two apologies and Dialogue with Trypho, - several points of contact Between the philosophers and Christianity. supreme being from every other being derives its existence - partial agreement: found in the doctrine of the Logos(in Greek, word and reason) - what has happened in the incarnation is that the Logos or Word of God, has come in the flesh Tatian : An Address to the Greeks, Athenagoras : Plea for the Christians, On the Resurrection of the Dead, Theophilus(bishop of Antioch) : Three books To Autolycus Minucius Felix(the earliest apologies In Latin) : Cotavius Tertullians Apology : Apology * Christian Faith and Pagan Culture All Christian reject to worship to the gods, cannot be soldiers Tertullian : radical opposition (Christian faith and pagan culture) - What does Athens have to do with Jerusalem ? What does the Academy have to do with Church ? - Attempts to combine pagan philosophy with Christian doctrine Tatian(Justins disiciple) : Address to the Greeks (frontal attack, defense of the barbaric) * The argument of the apologists Atheists many of the greatest philosophers and poets were atheists Orthodox Christianity doctrine of monotheism and divine creation from Jewish Final resurrection having recourse to divine omnipotence Immoral it is not true, rather than pagans are immoral Anyone believe to eat children not true Destroy of the fiber of society: refused to worship the emperor serve and pray for the emperor to the only true God The writing of the apologists witness to the tension in with early Christians live and produced valuable elements in the culture 8. Deposit of the Faith to reaffirm doctrines(creation, rule of God, resurrection of body) a series of instruments: creeds, canon of scripture, apostolic succession Gnosticism() Gnostic Judaism Christian Gnosticism

9. THE TEACHERS OF THE CHURCH <Irenaeus of Lyon> Demonstration of Apostolic preaching - instruct his flock on some point of Christian doctrine Exposure and Refutation of Knowledge Falsely So-Called (Against Heresy) Refute Gnosticism - Divinization: Gods purpose-to make us ever more like the divine - humankind, by two hands of God: the Word and the Holy Spirit - The Word was incarnate in Jesus Christ, body is nourished through worship(communion) <Clement of Alexandria> Exhortation to the Pagans: supported by Platos philosophy Epistle to the Corinthians - agreement between scripture and the philosophers faith is the first principle, the starting point, on which is to build - true Gnostic: elitist theology/ open to the truth in philosophy - author of the oldest Christian Hymn Shepherd of tender youth <Tertullian of Carthage> - On Baptism : the oldest extant treatise, important source for our knowledge of early baptismal practices - To His Wife : about marriage among second-century Christians. - On the Witness of the Soul : the soul is by natural Christian - Prescription against the Heretics : showed his legal mind, use a legal language praescriptio - Against Praxeas : a great importance in later Trinitarian and Christological debates. one substance and three persons (vs Praxeas - Patripassianism (the doctrine that the Father suffered the passion), - Modalism (the doctrine that the various persons of the Trinity are modes in which God appears) - the first Christian theologian to write in Latin <Origen of Alexandria> - Clements greatest disciple, born in Christian family - In late teens, the bishop of Alexandria, Demetrius, entrusted him with the task of training catechumens - lived in Caesarea, writing and teaching for another 20 years. - during the persecution of Decius, he died in Tyre, when he was about 70 years. - Hexapla : edition of the Old Testament in six columns: the Hebrew text, a Greek transliteration - Against Celsus : Cited Apology - De Principiis-(On First Principles) : a great systematic theology - the spirit of Origens theology is similar to that of his teacher, Clement, to relate Christian faith to Platonism.

defense of the integrity of Empire 10. Persecution in the Third Century in the last years of 2nd c. the church had enjoyed relative peace - the empire was involved in civil wars so had paid less attention to Christians in the 3re c. Trajans policy was still valid - Trajans policy: Christians were to be punished if they refused to worship the emperor and the gods - the threat of local persecution was constant new policies Septimius Severus and Decius created and applied Persecution under Septimius Severus in the 3rd c. the barbarians who lived beyond the borders of the Rhine and the Danube were a constant threat - the emperor, Septimius Severus felt the need for religious harmony - so he settled on a policy of promoting syncretism under the worship of Sol invictus(Unconquered Sun) - all gods will be accepted as long as the Sun that reigned above all the policy clashed with two groups Jews and Christians in 202 edict of Septimius Severus was issued landmark in the history of persecution - Irenaeus suffered martyrdom in that year - a group of Christians including Origens father was killed in Alexanfria - Clement(famous Christian teacher) had to seek refuge Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicitas in 203 - the heroine of Martyrdom of Saints Perpetua and Felicitas - persecuted with Felicitas and Revocatus, Satuninus and Secundulus in 211 Caraclla (succeeded Septimius Severus), brief persecution, limited to North Africa Elagabalus(218-222) and Alxensnder Severus(222-235) pursued syncretistic policy but didnt force Jews and Christians Maximin- brief persecution, the church was divided and two rival bishops, Pontianus and Hippoplytus during almost half a century, persecution was rare Under Decius in 249 Decius became the emperor to Decius, one of the reasons for the eclipse of the glory was that the people had abandoned the ancient gods Deciuss religios policy entire religious campaign for the restoration of ancestral religion difference between Deciuss persecution and earlier ones - the purpose was apostates() not to create martyrs - persecution seemed to encourage the spread of Christianity libellum: certificate which was given to those who complied significant number who resolved to stand firm and refuse to obey the edict but martyrs were relatively few(the goal of policy was to promote the worship of gods not kill Christians) confessor: those who had confessed faith in such circumstances in 251 Callus his policies were set aside Valerian began a new persecution but captured by Persians the church enjoyed relative peace (40 years) The question of the lapsed: Cyprian and Novatian the persecution under Decius was a harsh trial due to persecution itself and the problems after it - what to do about the lapsed: those who had weakened during the persecution - in the debate surrounding the question about the lapsed, two people played crucial roles: Cyprian and Novatian Cyprian became a Christian about forty years old and shortly thereafter elected bishop of Carthage, his favorite theologian was Tertullian, trained in rhetoric during the persecution, Cyprian decided to flee to a secure place to continue guiding the flock - his decision was interpreted as an act of cowardice and they were questioning it - conflict between Cyprian and presbyters schism: divided the church in Carthage and thrououht the neighboring areas Cyprian called synod (a gathering of bishops of the region) and decided how they handle the lapsed ended the controversy Cyprians understanding of the church - The church is the body of Christ and will share in the victory of its Head outside the church there is no salvation so the lapsed should be readmitted, unity of the church was important Novatian more rigorous than Cyprian - he clashed with the bishop of Rome, Cornelius because in his opinion the lapsed were being readmitted too easily - years earier the similar conflict between theologian Hippolytus and bishop Calixtus schism Novatianist schism() continued for several generation 11. Christian Life Social origin of early Christians the majority of Christians during the first three centuries(1~3c) lower echelons(classes) of society Celsus(pagan writer) complained Christians were ignorant folk whose teaching took place, not in schools nor in open forums, but in kitchens, shops, and tanneries() Origen does not contradict Celsus on this in his apology Against Celsus(although the work of Christians like Justin, Clement, and Origen would seem to belie Celsus) Domitilla, Perpetua- relatively high rank Acts of Peter, the Epistle of Jesus to King Abgar, the correspondence between Mary and Ignatius of Antioch, The Gospel of Bartholomew, etc. these are mostly from the lower rank() and different for Justin and other Christian scholars The miraculous plays a central role but to the point of the ridiculous God is closer to the God of scripture that One of Clement of Alexandria common Christians refused to acknowledge the authority of the emperor and declared that Christ was the Lord, while apologists tried to prove to the authorities that their faith was not opposed to imperial policies Christian worship Worship was one point at which Christians of all social classes had a common experience. Eucharist (or Lords Supper) : the breaking of bread reason for gathering on the first day of the week (Sunday): the day of the resurrection of the Lord main purpose: to celebrate the resurrection of Jesus and the promises of which that resurrection was the seal (not to repent or make them know their sins communion was normal and highest act of worship (after the Protestant Reformation in 16th c. focus on preaching) communion = celebration (joy and gratitude) by the nd beginning of 2 c. the common meal was being set aside two main parts in a communion 1) reading of scripture and commentaries, with prayer and hymn singing 2) communion proper( ) after dismissing those who were not baptized function of catacomb : gathering place for communion, particularly martyrs tombs (to celebreate the day of martyrdom) Congregation grew impossible to gather together for worship in a particular city so send fragmentum(a piece of bread from bishops church) diptychs: sets of tablets which has the list of bishops written on two writing tablets hinged and strung together Christian calender : Sunday-worship, Friday-penance(), fasting, sorrow, Wednesday-fasting Easter Sunday still have debates on it (compare to Jewish Passover) Birth of Christ January 6 (Epiphany, the day of manifestation) December 25 (Latin -speaking West, originally pagan festival, after Constantine became Christmas) Baptism: great event of Christian worship, once a year on Easter Sunday neophyte() given drinking water(cleansing inside), milk and honey(sigh of Promised Land) Didache / Teaching of the twelve Apostles prefers that it be done in living(running) water Catechumenate : preparation, trial, instruction prior to baptism, by the end of 3rd c., 3year period the number of Gentiles increased (reason) Organization of the church bishop, elder(presbyter), decon role of woman in position of leadership - by the end of the 2nd c. the official leadership was entirely masculine - in NT, Philips four daughters prophesied, female deacon Phoebe, apostle Junia excluded leadership, ministrae (female ministers) role of widows - church support them and give them particular responsibilities (eg: instruction of catechumens) - widow also refers to unmarried woman supported by community or choose to be unmarried for ministry eventually feminine monasticism nd begin celebrating marriage at least by the beginning of the 2 c. - Ignatius of Antioch wrote to Polycarp that all marriage should take place with the knowledge of bishop Missionary methods ancient churches didnt know about evangelistic services or revivals most converts were made by anonymous Christians witness, or by martyr(in Greek, witness) Gregory Thaumaturgus (wonderworker) : from Pontus, converted through Origen, became bishop of Neocaesarea, used missionary method, substituted Christian festival for the 12. The Great Persecution and the Final Victory after the persecution of Decius and Valerian, the church enjoyed a long period of relative peace Early in the 4th c. the last and worst persecution broke out Diocletian reorganized the empire - augustus: Diocletian (the East), Maximian (the West) - caesar: Galerius (the East), Constantius (the West) Prisca(Diocletians wife) and Valeria(Diocletians daughter) were Christians peace of church seemed assured Galerius had enmity() toward Christianity - Christians either refused to join the army or tried to leave it - even in the army a number of Christians were executed because they didnt obey orders Diocletian issued an edict against Christians in 303 (Galerius convinced him) - ordered that Christians were dismissed from any government position, all Christian buildings and books were destroyed Diocletian was fury because Galerius accused the Christians of having set fire in the imperial palace so... - decreed that Christians in the imperial court must offer sacrifice before the gods - Prisca and Valeria complied - Grand Chamberlain Dorotheus and several others suffered martyrdom - the persecution was limited only in the territory under the rule of Constantius Chilorus Diocletian decreed again (because he was convinced that Christians were conspiring against him) 1) All the leaders of the churches should be arrested 2) All Christians must offer sacrifice to the gods - the most cruel of all the persecutions that the ancient church had to endure In 305 Galerius and Constantius Chilorus took the title of augustus - caesar: Severus and Maximinus Daia Political chaos - when Constantinus died Maxentius(son of Maximian) took Rome (the former ruler Severus suicide) - Galerius invaded Maxentiuss territories but returned to the East, Licinius became a new augustus - Constantine(son of Constantius) was waiting his time in Gaul and Great Britain Constantin and Maxentius, two emperors didnt enforce the decree against Christians in the West Galerius and Maximinus Daia(Gs ) continued persecuting Christians - the lists of martyrs grew longer and longer the edict of Galerian in 311 ended the persecution (according to Eusebius Casaerea) at that time, the empire was divided among Licinius, Maximinus Daia, Constantine and Maxentius - Maximinus Daia only persecuted Christians Constantine gathered armies in Gaul invaded Rome - labarum: a symbol that looked like the superimposition() of the Greek letters chi and rho (the first two letters of Christ) - Constantine became master of the entire Western half of the empire Edict of Milan (313): the end of persecution (but Maximinus Daia continued persecution) Constantine became sole emperor persecution came to an end Constantine converted to Christianity but the process was long 16. The Schismatic Reaction: Donatism 18. The Pagan Reaction: Julian the Apostate -Julian wanted to restore and reform the ancient religionpaganism. - Julians policies: hindering Christians progress(obstructing their growth) and ridiculing them(mocking them) -Against the Galileans : mocked the contents and the teaching of Jesus in the Bible 19. Athanasius of Alexandria the black dwarf in the Council of Nicea. Alexanders secretary. The champion of Nicene orthodox. The Early Years small town on the shore of the Nile River. Spoke Coptic, the lower classes in Egypt. - book ; Life of Saint Anthony His strong suit was in his close ties to the people among whom he lived and in living out his faith. His monastic discipline, his roots among the people, his fiery spirit, and his profound and unshakable convictions made him invincible. - 2 books (Before the Arian controversy, he wrote.) ; Against the Gentiles On the Incarnation of the Word The deep conviction that the central fact of Christian faith, as well as of all human history, is the incarnation of God in Jesus Christ. The presence of God amidst humankind. The presence of God in history was the central element in the faith of Athanasius. So, Arianism is a big threat to the very heart of Christianity. AD 328, Athanasius was made bishop of Alexandria. Constantine Arius . . Through Many Trials Eusebius of Nicomedia ; Arian leader. Constantine called Athanasius to a Synod in Tyre. Rumer magic, kill Arsenius. On the basis of Eusebiuss accusation, Constantine sent Athanasius away from Alexandria, banishing him to the city of Trier, in the West. Constantine baptized by Eusebius of Nicomedia and died. And Three sons Constantine , Constans, and Constantius. They decided that all exiled bishops. Athanasius also returned. Arian leader Gregory bishop of Alexandria . Athanasius exile in Rome. A synod gathered in the ancient capital(Rome) declared that Athanasius was the legitimate bishop of Alexandria. West emperor East emperor Constantius . Constantius . Athanasius was able to return to Alexandria. The people received Athanasius as a hero or a liberator. Because Athanasius was the man of the people. Athanasius was free from the attacks of his enemies for approximately ten years. writings ; abundant correspondence, a number of treaties against Arianism. Emperor Constantius was a committed Arian. In AD 353, Constantius ruled the whole empire. The governor ordered Athanasius, in the name of the emperor, to leave the city. He had taken refuge among the monks of the desert. For five years, Athanasius lived among the monks in the desert. Constantus died and was succeeded by his cousin Julian, who simply canceled all orders of exile against all bishops. Julians goal was the restoring of paganism. A Theological Agreement ( . ) His concern was rather with the core Christian tenet(, ) that Jesus is the Savior of humankind, the restorer of that which had fallen. Arianism was also concerned primarily with the doctrine of salvation. Athanasius argued that the corruption of humanity as the result of sin was such that a new creation was required, a radical reformation and restoration of what had been destroyed by sin. The work of salvation is no lesser than the work of creation. Therefore, the one responsible for our re-creation can be no lesser than the one responsible for our creation. homoousios (of the same substance) ; from the Council of Nicea homoiousios (of the similar substance) ; from the Arianism Finally, in a synod gathered in Alexandria in AD 362, Athanasius and his followers declared that it was acceptable to refer to the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit as of one substance as long as this was not understood as obliterating the distinction among the three, and that it was also legitimate to speak of three substances as long as this was not understood as if there were three gods. Trinity doctrine Hymns O Splendor of Gods Glory Bright ; by Ambrose Of the Fathers Love Begotten ; by Aurelius Prudentius These doctrine was eventually ratified(.) at the Second Ecumenical Council, gathered in Constantinople in AD 381 20. The Great Cappadocians point 2 ecumenical the Council of Constantinople . Trinity doctrine . Cappadocia was in Eastern Anatolia, now Turkey. Basil of Caesarea ; the theologian known as The Great his brother, Gregory of Nyssa ; famous for his works on mystical contemplation, their friend, Gregory of Nazianzus ; a poet and orator woman Macrian ; the sister of Basil and Gregory of Nyssa. 1. Macrina - Sister of Basil and Gregory of Nyssa. - Raised had deep Christian roots - Fianc died when Macrina - Devote herself to celibacy - Fame known as the Teacher 2. Basil the Great - Regarded as the father of Eastern monasticism - Sold all his properties to feed the poor. - Created a new city 3. Gregory of Nyssa - Younger brother of Basil - Famous of mystical contemplation - Wrote a treatise On Virginity - Became main leader of Nicene party - Ad 381 - member of Council of Constantinople - Contributed at Nicene doctrine in Constantinople 4. Gregory of Nazianzus - Friend of Basil & Gregory of Nyssa - Poet and orator - Greatest orator of his day - Orthodox tradition calls him The Theologian - Worked w/ and ordained by Basil - Orations : set forth Cappadocaian understading of the Trinity : one God 3 individuations distinguished by modes of existence in the bible Father is ungenerate, the Son is generated, and the HS proceeds from the Father through the Son 5. Main contribution of the Cappadocian fathers - Clarifying the difference between Ousia and Hypostasis - One essence ousia - In three persons hypostases - Whether the Son was homoousios or homoiousios to the Father - Homoousios the essence or substance of the Father and the Son is the same - Homoiousios similar to, but not the same as that of the Father.

17. Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicea Arian Controversy It was discovered in theological development in which Christians tried to figure out the nature of God. There was a conflict between Alexander, the bishop of Alexandria, and Arius, the popular presbyter, which was about the divinity of Christ. Arius claimed that the Word was created by God and did not coexist eternally with God. To resolve the conflict, Constantine summoned the council of Christian bishops in Nicea. the Council of Nicea To resolve the Arian controversy and refuse Arianism, the majority of the bishops made the Nicene Creed, which pointed out homoousios (of the same substance) Most bishops from Latin-speaking West Eusebius of Caesarea- Life of Constantine Alexander of Alexandria- direct opposition to the Arian Athanasius of Alexandria- only a deacon(couldnt sit in the council), champion of Nicene orthodoxy Origen(from the East) three persons and one substance (like Tertullian) Nicene Creed- universally accepted Apostles Creed- used only in Western churches - Bishops agree on a creed - The basis of the Nicene Creed - Constantine suggested Homoousios: of the same substance -Emphasis: The Father; make of all things visible of invisible/ The Son (Logos); God of God, light of light, true God of true God, Begotten, not made, came from that which is not Big 4 councils - Council of Nicaea (325) : emphasized the oneness of God and that Jesus is homoousios with the Father - Council of Constantinople (381): emphasized the Threeness of God as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit - Council of Ephesus (431): emphasized Jesuss oneness as an individual so Mary is theotokos - Council of Chalcedon (451): emphasized Jesus twoness of natures

REACTION TO THE NEW ORDER results of new situation(4th c. Constantine) 1) official theology: Eusebius of Caesarea 2) Monasicism(Monastic movement) 3) the schismatic reaction: Donatism 4) controversies regarding the Trinity: Arian controversy and the council of Nicea 5) Pagan reaction: Julian and apostate

15. The Monastic Reaction The spread of the monasticism Bishops and scholars most contributed to the spread of the monasticism -Athanasius(bishop) -wrote Life of Saint Anthony spread to the Latin speaking church when he exiled in the West -Jerome(monk) wrote Life of Paul the Hermitt, translasted Rules to Latin made Western church became more interested in the monastic spirit -Basil the Great involved to organize monasteries, wrote many treatises(->became monastic rules) -Cappadocian fathers in Turkey -Augustine of Hippo(monk->bishop) read Athanasiuss Life of Saint Anthony->conversion organized a semi-monastic community

21. Ambrose of Milan (~AD 397) An unexpected election Ambrose: was governor of Milan, well trained in rhetoric - in 373 the bishop of Milan, Auxentius was dead (he was appointed by Arian emperor) - the election of the bishop could easily turn into a riot because Arian and orthodox wanted to be the next bishop - Ambrose atteded the election to avoid possible riot - Ambrose elected to the bishop of Milan through a sudden cry - only a catechumen so baptism and ministerial orders were done in 8 days - consecrated bishop of Milan on December 1, 373 Ambrose study theology with help of Simplicianus(taught him basic doctrines) - soon became a one of the best theologians in the Western church - made the theology of the Greek-speaking East available to the Latin-speaking West - contributed to the development of trinitarian theology in the West by popularizing the work of the Cappadociansparticularly Basils treatise On the Holy Ghost - emphasized the centrality of the incarnation - wrote Duties of the Clergy: a treatise that was influential in shaping the understanding of Christian ministry Goths rebelled nearby region so refugees flocked to Milan and Goths demanded ransom for captives - Ambrose ordered that funds be raised for them by melting some of the golden vessels and other ornaments the church possessed Arians criticized him Ambrose baptized Augustine The bishop and the throne at that time the Western empire was ruled by Gratian and Valentinian II(Valentinian was a child) - Gratian was killed and Maximus threatened Valentinian - Valentinian and his mother Justina sent Ambrose as an ambassador and Ambrose was successful the Arian empress(Valentinians mother) didnt like Ambrose - there were confrontations between them - Ambrose refused what the empress wanted, it made the people assemble more closely to him - She wanted to remove the bishop through the invasion

old pagan ones due to many Christians who traveled for other reasonsslaves, merchants, exiles, etc. mainly in the cities and penetrated the rural areas The beginning of Christian art Christian art began to develop as soon as Christians began to have their own cemeteries and churches simple frescoes - painting on walls carved sarcophagi- stone coffins scenes and symbols refering to communion, biblical episodes - ICHTHYS (in Greek fish)= Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior on art and epitaphs()

-Martin of Tours Life of Saint Martin written by Sulpitius Severus was one of the most influential elements in the shaping of Western monasticism.

Further Trials Emperor Julian wanted to remove him(Athanasius) not only from Alexandria, but also from Egypt. Athanasius sought to refuge once again among the monks. Julian was succeeded by Jovian, who was an admirer of Athanasius. Jovian died and was succeeded by Valens, who was a staunch defender of Arianism. Athanasius died in AD 373. The Council of Constantinople, in AD 381. He couldnt see. The results of the incarnation of the Savior are such and so many, that anyone attempting to enumerate them should be compared to a person looking upon the vastness of the sea and attempting to count its waves. Athanasius of Alexandria Arians have strayed away from the churchs interpretation of scripture on Christ Biography (about 296 (?) 373 ) -Birth Time and place are unknown -Present at the Council of Nicea -Alexanders secretary -One of the great leaders or Fathers of the fourth century. -Early year close contact with monks of desert From the monks . Athansius learned a rigid discipline. Bishop of Alxendria Works - Attended the council of Nicaea as a deacon - Spent 16/45 years as bishop in exile - Strong opponent to Arianism Two books - 1. Against the Gentiles (meaning the pagans) - 2. On the Incarnation of the word of God. - Incarnation is a means of salvation - When God became man, he restored fallen mans image of God: salvation as restoration of man, salvation is not deification, Jesus needed to be divine - His death and resurrection overcame death, the punishment of sin.

of Maximus, but she failed because Theodosius, the Eastern emperor, defeated Maximus and became the sole emperor Theodosius a Nicene Christian - the Council of Constantinople gathered in 381 and reafirmed the decisions of Nicea two conflicts took place between Ambrose and the emperor - Ambrose protested that Christian emperor should not force Christians to build a Jewish synagogue (which some overzealous Christians burned) and the emperor yielded - the emperor slaughtered rioters in Thessalonica, Ambrose demand clear sign of repentence on this the emperor gave public sigh of repentence the relations between them were cordial after that after Fritigil, the German queen of the Marcomanni read a brief introduction to the Christian faith by Ambrose, on her way to visit Ambrose she found that he had died on April 4, 397, Easter Sunday

22. John Chrysostom John of Constantinople : rather a Monk - Chrysostom : the golden -mouthed - Giant above the giants of his time. - Lawyer monk bishop (AD 398) Antioch years : by Libanius : pagan orator. <Monastic vocation> - Monastic Home: Anthusa(mother didnt want him to) - 6 years became doubt on lack of pastoral practice. <Pastoral Vocation> -Lawyer Baptism - Monastic life (6 years) Antioch deacon -presbyter - Bishop (AD 398) : hijacked. <Political Context.> -Theodocius died his sons (Honorius & Acadius) : Eutropius : Palace chamberlain : Eudoxia : the empress, wife of Acadius. : Theophilus of Alexandria : Patriarch <Major Contribution of John Chrysostom> - Reformation of the life of clergy Eviction of spiritual sisters : Who lived with clergies who claimed celibacy - Wealthy clergymen to dispose their property. - Church finance to system of detailed scrutiny - Disposal of bishops luxuries - Extended open-hour of church for the workers. - Also, urges the laity to live a gospel lives. Ambrose faced the strongest emperor - win John faced the weakest emperor - lose Latin-speaking church got increasingly stronger.

23. Jerome (348 ~ 420) Nickname: Saint Jerome <Biography > - Presbyter in Antioch - Secretary of Damasus in Rome - Return to Palestine in 386 (because of criticism) again monastic life (for study) - Found monastic houses in Bethlehem (one Jerome, the other Paula) - Rome was taken (August 24, 410) -Scripture and Christian literature (but, still pagan classic) -Vulgate (Latin Bible): direct translation from Hebrew : criticism 1) who gave him authority? 2) disagreement with the Septuagint(considered inspired translation) : Even Augustine criticized <Supporter > Man: Damasus (Bishop of Rome, Pope), who suggested translation into Latin (died in 384) Women: Marcella, Marcellina (Ambroses sister), Paula (died in 404), Eustochium

24. Augustine of Hippo (pp. 241 252) - Last great leader of the Imperial church in West - Great doctors of the Roman Catholic - Favorite theologian of Protestant Reformers - Family: Monica (fervent Christian mom) <2 problems of Christianity (before conversion)> 1) Bible, series of inelegant writings 2) Question of the origin of evil <Manichaeism > - Human predicament- 2 principles: light(spritual), darkness(matter) - Human condition: result of that admixture - Salvation: spirit, return to the realm of pure light - But, cant find the answers even from Faustus <Neoplatonism (answer for origin of evil)> - Ineffable One, source of all being one principle : evil: direction away from goodness of the One <Ambroses sermon> (answer for inelegant writings) (Monica insisted) -Ambrose of Millan Allegorical sermon : acceptable according to the canons of rhetoric <Books or Theories> *To refute Manichaeans(many of first writings) - Keyword authority of scripture, origin of evil, free will - Manichee: everything was predetermined : free will, its own cause, decision of the will itself So, possible to produce evil *To refute Donatism - Validity of rite - no depend on moral virtue of person - Just War Theory: circumcellions 1) Purpose of the war must be just 2) Must be waged by properly instituted authority 3) Motive of love must be central *To refute Pelagianism - Pelagian: we can overcome sin through effort - Freedom to sin, not to sin - No orginal sin, no corruption of human 1) Free to sin (before redemption) 2) Free to sin and not to sin (after redemption) 3) free no to sin (heaven) - Conversion: only by the power of grace, predestined - But, criticized (by Vincent of Lerins, Semi-Pelagians) primacy of grace in salvation Confession : Spiritual autobiography The City of God: Encyclopedic history, after fall of Rome (in 410)