Alpha-fetoprotein expected range is <40 mcg/L; elevated in liver cancer Ammonia expected range 15-110 mcg/dL; elevated in liver

disease Fecal Occult Blood Test a stool sample is collected and tested for blood, ova, parasites (Giardia lamblia), and bacteria (C. diff); client presentation- GI bleed or unexplained diarrhea Findings of Fecal Occult Blood Test a positive finding for blood is indicative of GI bleeding (ulcer, colitis, cancer); a positive finding for ova and parasites is indicative of a GI parasitic infection; a positive finding for C. diff is indicative of this opportunistic infection Endoscopy allow direct visualization of body cavities, tissues, and organs through the use of a flexible, lighted tube (endoscope); include colonoscopy, EGD, ERCP, and sigmoidoscopy; potential diagnosis include GI bleeding, ulcers, inflammation, polyps, malignant tumors Constipation bowel pattern of difficult and infrequent evacuation of hard, dry feces; may be the result of improper diet, decreased fluid intake, lack of exercise, or side effects of meds; increase fiber and H2O consumption before treating with laxatives; give bulk-forming products before stool softeners, stimulants, or suppositories; enemas are a last resort Impaction stool that is wedged into the rectum with diarrhea fluid leaking around the impacted stool; use a gloved, lubricated finger for digital removal of stool

Diarrhea frequent, liquid stools caused by various disorders; help determine and treat the cause; administer medication to slow peristalsis; provide perineal care after each stool and apply a moisture barrier Fecal Incontinence inability to control defecation, often caused by diarrhea; assess for causes, such as medications, infections, or impaction; provide perineal care after each stool and apply a moisture barrier Flatulence distention of the bowel from gas accumulation (may cause cramping or feeling of fullness); asses for abdominal distention and the ability to pass gas through the anus; encourage ambulation to promote the passage of flatus Hemorrhoids engorged, dilated blood vessels in the rectal wall from difficult defecation, pregnancy, liver disease, and heart failure; may be itchy, painful, and blood after defecation; use moist wipes for cleansing perianal area; apply ointments or creams Sonography/Bladder Scanner portable ultrasound scanner noninvasively measures bladder volume to measure residual volume after voiding Kidneys/Ureters/Bladder (KUB) x-ray to determine size, shape, and position of these structures Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP) injecting contrast media (iodine) allows for viewing of ducts, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra; determine if the client has an allergy to shellfish

Renal Scan view of the renal blood flow and anatomy of the kidneys (no contrast) Renal Ultrasound view of gross renal structures Cystoscopy uses an endoscope to visualize the bladder and urethra Urodynamic Testing tests bladder muscle function by filling the bladder with CO2 or 0.9% sodium chloride and comparing pressure readings with client's reported sensations Pyruia the presence of white blood cells (pus) in the urine Hematuria blood in the urine Dysuria painful urination Hestitancy difficulty in initiating urine stream Anuria complete lack of urine output; <100mL/24 hr Diuresis increased or excessive production of urine Polyuria frequent and excessive urination Proteinuria presence of protein in the urine

nighttime urinary incontinence; bed wetting Oliguria decreased excretion of urine; <400 mL/24 hr Residual Urine urine remaining in the bladder after urination Paralytic Ileus the absence of peristalsis Steatorrhea an excessive amount of fat in stool

Nocturnal Enuresis

A natural disaster is a consequence when a natural hazard affects humans and/or the built environment. Human vulnerability, and lack of appropriate emergency management, leads to financial, environmental, or human impact. The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the population to support or resist the disaster: their resilience. This understanding is concentrated in the formulation: "disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability". A natural hazard will hence never result in a natural disaster in areas without vulnerability. Various phenomena like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, floods and cyclones are all natural hazards that kill thousands of people and destroy billions of dollars of habitat and property each year. However, natural hazards can strike in unpopulated areas and never develop into disasters. However, the rapid growth of the world's population and its increased concentration often in hazardous environments has escalated both the frequency and severity of natural disasters. With the tropical climate and unstable land forms, coupled with deforestation, unplanned growth proliferation, non-engineered constructions which make the disaster-prone areas more vulnerable, tardy communication, poor or no budgetary allocation for disaster prevention, developing countries suffer more or less chronically by natural disasters. Asia tops the list of casualties due to natural disasters. -Angisang natural na kalamidad ay isangkinahinatnankapagangisang natural na pakikipagsapalaran ay nakakaapektosamgatao at / o ang built kapaligiran . Human kahinaan , at kakulangan ng naaangkop na pamamahala ng emergency , ay humantongsapinansiyal, kapaligiran, o pantaoepekto . Angresultangpagkawala ay dependesakapasidad ng populasyonupangsuportahan o labananangsakuna :angkanilangmgakabanatan . Pang-unawa na ito ay purosapagbabalangkas : " maganap na sakunakapagpeligromatugunankahinaan " . Angisang natural napakikipagsapalaran ay samakatuwid ay hindikailanmanmagresultasaisang natural na kalamidadsamgalugar na walangkahinaan. Iba'tibangmga phenomena tulad ng lindol, landslides ,pagsabog ng bulkan , baha at cyclones anglahat ng natural na panganib na pumatay ng libu-libongmgatao at wasakinangbilyun-bilyongdolyar ng tirahan at ari-ariansabawattaon. Gayunpaman , natural na panganibMaaari strike sa unpopulated lugar at hindikailanmanbumuosakalamidad . Gayunpaman , angmabilis na paglago ng populasyonsamundo at nitotumaas na madalas na konsentrasyonsamgamapanganib na kapaligiran ay tumaassaparehongdalas at kalubhaan ng kalamidad . Gamitangmgatropikal na klima at hindimatataglupa form, ipinagsamasadeforestation ,hindiplanadonghindipaglagopaglaganap , non- ininhinyero constructions na gawing mas mahinalabansamgalugar ng kalamidad - madalingkapitan ng sakit , mabagal na komunikasyon , mahirap o walangpambadyetlaang-gugulin para sapag-iwassasakuna , pagbuo ng mgabansamagdusananghigit pa o mas mababa chronically sapamamagitan ng natural na sakuna . Asya tops anglistahan ng mgacasualtiesdahilsakalamidad Man-made disasters are the consequence of technological or human hazards. Examples include stampedes, fires, transport accidents, industrial accidents, oil spills and nuclear explosions/radiation. War and deliberate attacks may also be put in this category. As with natural hazards, man-made hazards are events that have not happened, for instance terrorism. Man-made disasters are examples of specific cases where man-made hazards have become reality in an event. -Kalamidadgawa ng tao ay angmgakinahinatnan ng teknolohikal o pantaopeligro. Kabilangsamgahalimbawa stampedes, sunog, transportasyonaksidente, pang-industriyaaksidente, spills langis at nuclear pagsabog / radiation. Digmaan at sinadyanapag-atake ay maaari ring ilagayitosakategoryangito. Tulad ng sa natural na panganib, panganibgawa ng tao ay mgakaganapan na

hindinangyari, halimbawaterorismo. Kalamidadginawa ng taoangmgahalimbawa ng mgatukoynamgakaso kung saanpanganibgawa ng tao ay nagingmgakatotohanansaisangkaganapan. Relief efforts have been implemented significantly in the Philippines these days. But these are actions after a disaster. We are totally passive in this event of Haiyan Typhoon. Thousands of people already died and thousands more are waiting for basic needs and relocation. After this event like this, people always want to take some actions like donating and volunteering. But these are simply not enough. We need bigger-scale solutions that are implemented before the tragedy not after one. People rely so much on large conferences on climate change every year. But somehow, this does not work as too many countries are involved and do not want to compromise their benefits for a solution. An example is UN climate change conference. I think there are two approaches to make people in countries like Philippines suffer less: initiatives to reduce global warming (main cause of stronger storms) of course. The other approach is to make people less vulnerable when disasters happen. With the second approach in mind, what should we do? Who should take actions? Some ideas I have but I am not sure if they work. I will be more than happy to hear from experts in this field. Build concrete shelters underground? Massive evacuation of people in advance by airplanes and ships? -Pagsisikap Relief ay ipinatupadmakabuluhangsaPilipinasmgaaraw na ito .Ngunitangmgaito ay mgaaksyonpagkatapos ng kalamidad . Ay talagangmaluwagsaloobnaminsakaganapangito ng Haiyan Typhoon .Libu-libongmgatao na namatay at libo-libohigit pa angnaghihintay para samgapangunahingpangangailangan at paglilipat . Mataposangkaganapangtuladnito, laging gusto ng mgatao na kumuha ng ilangmgaaksyontulad ng pagbibigay ng donasyon at volunteering .Ngunitangmgaito ay lamanghindisapat. Kailangannamin ng mas malaking - scale mgasolusyon na ito ay ipinapatupadbagoangtrahedyahindipagkatapos ng isa . Angmgatao ay umaasa kaya magkanosamgamalalakingkumperensyasapagbabago ng klimasabawattaon. Ngunitkahitpapaano ,hindiitogumanatulad ng masyadongmaramingmgabansa ay kasangkot at ayawmongi- ikompromisoangkanilangmgabenepisyo para saisangsolusyon . Angisanghalimbawa ay ang UN sapagbabago ng klimaconference . Sa tinginko may dalawangdiskarteupanggumawa ng mgataosamgabansangtulad ng Pilipinasmagdusa mas mababa :mgahakbanginupangmabawasanang global warming (pangunahingsanhi ng mas malakas na bagyo ) siyempre . Angiba pang mgadiskarte ay upanggawing mas madalingmaapektuhan ng mgataokapagnangyari na sakuna . Gamitangikalawangdiskartesapag-iisip ,anoangdapat naming gawin? Sino angdapat na gumawa ng mgapagkilos ? AngilangmgaideyaMayroonakongngunit am hindiakosigurado kung gumaganaangmgaiyon .Ako ay maginghigitsamasaya na marinigmulasamgaekspertosalarangan na ito . Bumuo ng kongkretoTirahan para sailalim ng lupa ? Napakalakingpaglisan ng mgataonangmaagasapamamagitan ng eroplano at barko ? Mangyaring mag-ambag ng anumangmgaideyanamayroonkasa kung paanomalutasangsolusyon na ito