Академический Документы
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Kasper De Mulder
Outline
What is PM?
Definition Sources Consequences
Introduction Study on air cleaning technologies Mechanical filtration Electrostatic precipitation Bipolar air ionization Performance measurement Combined technologies
What is PM?
Particles (TSP) : da < 100m Inhalable Particles (namely PM10) : da < 10m Fine Particles (namely PM2.5) : da < 2.5m
Source: Yao Q., Li S.-Q., Xu H.-W., Zhuo J.-K., Song Q. (26-09-2010). Reprint of: Studies on formation and control of combustion particulate matter in China: A review
Source: Jisaac9 (30-09-2010). "Airborne particles are commonly either biological contaminants, particulate contaminants, gaseous contaminants, or dust.". (25-10-2013) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Airborne-particulate-size-chart.jpg
Mean values
Source: Glytsos T., Ondrcek J., Dzumbov L., Kopanakis I., Lazaridis M. (11-01-2010). "Characterization of particulate matter concentrations during controlled indoor activities"
Source: Glytsos T., Ondrcek J., Dzumbov L., Kopanakis I., Lazaridis M. (11-01-2010). "Characterization of particulate matter concentrations during controlled indoor activities
climate change, (cf. previous presentations) Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) due to bad indoor air quality Typical for PM pollution: respiratory symptoms such as wheezing and coughing Control of indoor PM is important in order to prevent/reduce these consequences
Most effective strategy Ventilation: exchange air between inside and outside
General ventilation: by way of infiltration, natural or
mechanical ventilation Localized ventilation: by way of exhaust fans Should be evaluated carefully where there may be outdoor sources of pollutants
Air cleaning: several technologies available
Localized ventilation
technical reports on modern air cleaning methods Result: several kinds of classification of air cleaning technologies
Functional principle: physical, physicochemical- & electronic
processes (+variations thereof) Contaminant(s) being treated: filtration (PMx & microbial), electrostatic precipitation (PMx & microbial), reaction with charged species (PMx & VOCs*), sorption onto solid sorbents (VOCs) & reaction with oxygen species (VOCs) Local or central
* Volatile organic compounds Source: Kadribegovic R., Ekberg L., Fahln P. (22-08-2008). "Air cleaning technologies Function requirements and energy efficiency"
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Source: Kadribegovic R., Ekberg L., Fahln P. (22-08-2008). "Air cleaning technologies Function requirements and energy efficiency"
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Source: Kadribegovic R., Ekberg L., Fahln P. (22-08-2008). "Air cleaning technologies Function requirements and energy efficiency"
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Source: Kadribegovic R., Ekberg L., Fahln P. (22-08-2008). "Air cleaning technologies Function requirements and energy efficiency
technology for PM control Both central (HVAC) systems and stand-alone fan-filter units Particles collected due to sticking or electrostatic charge Higher efficiency implies higher pressure drop higher energy cost for fans Replace filters frequently due to lowered air quality & increased pressure drop
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Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency (August 2009). "Residential Air Cleaners 2nd edition"
wool, electret, Pleated or extended surface filter: generally more efficient, increased surface area, reduced air velocity & smaller fibers. E.g. fiber mats, bonded glass fibers, synthetic fibers,
High efficiency particulate air
with da 0.4m (of passing air) Three mechanisms: interception, impact & diffusion
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Source: LadyofHats (13-08-2008). "Diagram showing the main parts of a HEPA filter on the large diagram". (25-08-2013) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/HEPA_Filter_diagram_en.svg
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Source: Kadribegovic R., Ekberg L., Fahln P. (22-08-2008). "Air cleaning technologies Function requirements and energy efficiency"
expensive but also less effective Two-stage (lower figure): separate ionization section and collecting plate section. Minimizes ozone production
Charged particles supplied to indoor
air are potential health risk Cleaning the collector plates is essential to maintaining adequate performance.
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Sources: 1. Air Clean Co. "Single stage air clean ESP". (25-10-2013) http://www.aircleancompany.com/Air_Clean_ESP_files/image015.jpg 2. Mason E. (18-07-2012). "The electrostatic precipitator". (25-08-2013) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Electrostatic_precipitator.svg
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Source: Kadribegovic R., Ekberg L., Fahln P. (22-08-2008). "Air cleaning technologies Function requirements and energy efficiency
in the form of tabletop, portable and ceiling mounted units Like ESPs risk of ozone generation. No proof of effect on SBS Ionized particles hold to nearby surfaces e.g. walls, furniture, or combine with other particles and settle on room surfaces
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Source: Gorczyca J., Jacobs M., Kowalski N., Rodrigo R.D. (31-08-2004). "Foraminous filter for use in air ionizer". (25-10-2013) http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6785114-0-large.jpg
symbolizes the amount of polluted air that would be replaced by the same amount of clean air each minute It allows you to compare different kinds of devices/brands AHAM provides a complete listing of all certified cleaners with their CADR values at www.cadr.org
* Clean air delivery rate
** Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers . Recognised by Environmental Protection Agency as an official certification body
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developed by ASHRAE**
Flat or penal air filter: MERV of 1 to 4 mostly used to protect
HVAC equipment Pleated or extended surface filters: medium efficiency filters with MERV of 5 to 13, high efficiency filters with MERV of 14 to 16 and HEPA filters with MERV of 17 to 20 Filters with a MERV between 7 and 13 are likely to be nearly as effective as true HEPA filters
Electric air cleaners: no standard measurement.
May remove small particles, but may be ineffective in removing
large particles. Electronic air cleaners can produce ozonea lung irritant
* Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value
**American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Sources: United States Environmental Protection Agency (August 2009). "Residential Air Cleaners 2nd edition Kadribegovic R., Ekberg L., Fahln P. (22-08-2008). "Air cleaning technologies Function requirements and energy efficiency
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other solid particles (including bacteria) Carbon filter: odors, VOCs and chemicals that other filters cannot filter Photocatalytic Oxidation Filter: chemical molecules, bacteria and odor-causing compounds UV Lamp: micro-organisms, such as germs, viruses, fungi (such as mold) and bacteria Ionizer: floating pollutants such as dust, bacteria, etc
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Source: Carol A. James (18-08-2012). "How the Surround S5000 Works". (25-10-2013) http://www.inspiredliving.com/surroundair-ionizers/images/s5000-how-it-works.jpg
Questions?
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