Lecture #2

Outline

Generation Subsystem
Sources of Energy Types of Generating Stations
Hydel Thermal Nuclear Non-conventional options

Additional Resources
http://www.powermin.nic.in
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Power Sector at a Glance

Total Installed Capacity (All India): Sector MVA %
State Sector Central Sector Private Sector 70,224 40,464 14,139 56.2 32.4 11.4

Total

1, 24,827

MVA

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Generating Stations
Type Thermal Coal Gas Oil Hydro Nuclear Renewable Total Capacity (MVA) 82,410 68,519 12,690 1,201 32,326 3,900 6,191 1, 24,827 MVA
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% 66.0 54.8 10.2 1.0 25.9 3.1 5.0

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Primary Sources of Energy

Fossil Fuel

Coal, Oil, and Natural Gas

Renewable Energy

Water, Solar, Wind, Wave, Tidal,

Geo-thermal etc

Nuclear Energy

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Coal Fired Power Plant

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Indian Coal Quality

Coal reserves: > 250 years at present levels of consumption High ash: 25%-45% Low sulfur < 0.5% Low energy content CO2 emissions > 1 kg per kWh Issues: Ash generation > 200 Million Tons CO2 emissions > 850 Million Tons
Hydro 30135 Diesel 1196 Wind 2488 Nuclear 2720

Coal 67166

Gas 11840

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Thermal Power Stations

Coal Fired
Turbo alternators driven by steam turbine

Oil Fired
Crude oil OR Residual oil

Gas Fired
Fastest growing primary fuel, worldwide Combined cycle First stage - Gas turbine & Second stage - Steam Turbine

Diesel Fired
IC Engine as prime mover Standby power plants
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Coal Fired Power Plant - Schematic

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Combined cycle gas fired Power Station - Schematic

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Hydroelectric Generating Stations

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Hydro Power
COUNTRY POWER CAPACITY (GW) 527000 341312 319484 285603 204300 160500 121824 84500 82237 77500
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INSTALLED CAPACITY (GW) 4000 66954 79511 57517 65000 44000 27528 27229 22083 77500
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TAJIKISTAN CANADA USA BRAZIL CHINA RUSSIA NORWAY JAPAN INDIA FRANCE
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Major Generating Units

NAME BHAKRA NAGARJUNA KOYNA DEHAR STATE PUNJAB ANDHRA PRADESH MAHARASHTRA HIMACHAL PRADESH CAPACITY (MW) 1100 960 920 990 891 810 770

SHARAVATHY KARNATAKA KALINADI SRISAILAM KARNATAKA ANDHRA PRADESH

Three Gorges Project, China: 26 * 700 MW = 18.2 GW

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Hydroelectric Power Stations

Salient pole alternators driven by turbines Low speed Turbines Impulse turbine & Reaction turbine Pumped Storage Plants

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Hydroelectric Generating Station

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Pumped Storage Plant

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Itaipu Dam (12,600 MVA) Brazil & Paraguay

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Nuclear Power Station

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Nuclear Fission
235 234 Natural Uranium: 238 92 U , 92 U , 92 U with

235 92 U

0.72%

Enriched Uranium:

235 92 U

2-3 %

93 1 140 56 Ba + 36 Kr + 3 0 n 235 1 236 144 90 1 92 U + 0 n 92 U 54 Xe + 38 Sr + 2 0 n 144 90 1 + + 2 Cs Rb n 37 0 55

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Nuclear Reactors
Fissile Material Moderator
D2O, Graphite
235 239 92 U , 94

Pu

Control rods
Boron OR Cadmium

Fast Breeder Reactors

Liquid metal (alloy of Na & K) is coolant
238 92 U

1 239 0 n 92 U

239 238 93 Np 94 Pu

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Nuclear Power Station - Schematic

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220 MW Calandria

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Fuel Bundles

Produces energy equivalent to burning coal by weight 2 million times

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Dept. of E&E, MIT Manipal

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Non-conventional Power Stations Wind power stations Solar power plants Micro hydel power plants Geothermal power stations Tidal power stations Bio-mass power plant
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Biomass
Feedstock Agro-forest residues Examples Wood chips, mulberry, coconut shells Rice husk, sugarcane bagasse Potential 17,000 MW Installed 50 MW

Processing residues

5,000 MW

1000 MW

Decentralized generation
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Wind Power

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Wind Power Generation

Wind Turbine operates at 30 to 60 rpm India 5th in the world

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Wind map India

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Off Shore Wind Power Plant

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Solar Power
20 MW/ sq. km. Cost per watt - Rs. 150-200 Basic Element - 0.496 V, 1 W Panel rating - 36 W;70 W etc Output voltage - 18 V/12 V/6 V

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200 kW Grid Interactive Solar Power Plant

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Solar Thermal Power Plant

10 MW Solar Thermal Electric Power Plant. Daggett, CA

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Small Hydro Power Stations

Total estimated global potential of 180000 MW China has 43000 small hydro-electric power stations 3000 MW of small hydro capacity in operation in the USA Technical potential in India is 6800 MW Decentralized Generation

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Small Hydro in India

STATE ARUNACHAL PRADESH HIMACHAL PRADESH UTTAR PRADESH & UTTARANCHAL JAMMU & KASHMIR KARNATAKA MAHARASHTRA TOTAL CAPACITY (MW) 1059.03 1624.78 1472.93 1207.27 652.51 599.47

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Case Study Micro Hydel

Irrigation canals in Punjab Low head water falls Total Power Potential 130 MW

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Case Study Micro Hydel

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Case Study Micro Hydel

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Case Study Micro Hydel

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Indian Energy Scenario by 2015

Hydro 15.96% Wind 1.99% Biomass Solar thermal 1.19% 0.40%

Nuclear 14.60% Diesel 0.48% Gas 14.49%

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Coal 50.90%

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Summary
Conventional Power Plants are: Thermal Finite Fossil Fuels, Pollution Large Hydro Ecological & Displacement Issues Nuclear Radio active waste disposal Use of Non-conventional/ Renewable energy Micro-hydel, Wind, Biomass Economical viability More Nuclear Power Plants Conservation of power Controlled Fusion Reaction Is it the solution?
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