PSYCH 111 Exam 3 Review Sheet 11/13/14/15/16 Chapter 10. Emotion Theories o Emotion!

Discrete Emotions Theory (Eckman, Hock Reading, video in section)- theory that humans experience a small number o distinct emotions o !rimary- small number o emotions believed by some theorists to be cross-culturally universal and secondary emotions- array o emotions created "ith primary emotions o #icroexpressions- brie involuntary expression in the ace and deceptiontries to mask emotions but can be detected "ith microexpressions o Research "ith $outh %oray tribe-had no "estern in luence, isolated tribe& 'ognitive Theories o Emotion o (ames-)ange Theory- theory proposing that motions result rom our interpretations o our bodily reactions to stimuli o 'annon-*ard theory- theory proposing that an emotion provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions o T"o-%actor Theory- Theory proposing that emotions are produced by an undi erentiated state o arousal along "ith an attribution o that arousal+ including misattribution e ects

"n#ons#io$s in %$en#es on emotion! o %acial eedback hypothesis- Theory that blood vessels in the ace eed back temperature in ormation in the brain, alternating our experience o emotions o #ere exposure- phenomenon in "hich repeated exposure to stimulus makes us more likely to eel avorably to"ard it &roa'en an' ($i%' theor)* theor) proposin+ that happiness pre'isposes $s to thin, more open%). -)$(omirs,).s (rea,'own o 'eterminants o happiness o ,enes- -./ o )i e circumstances- 0./ o 1ntentional activities- 2./ / e#tive ore#astin+

o Hedonic treadmill- tendency or our moods to adapt to external circumstances o 1mpact bias- is the tendency for people to overestimate the length or the intensity of future feeling states. o Durability bias- belie that both our good and bad mods "ill last longer than they do& Ch 11. 0otivation 1rive*Re'$#tion Theor)* theor) proposin+ that #ertain 'rives2 %i,e h$n+er2 thirst2 an' sex$a% r$stration motivate $s to a#t in wa)s that minimi3e a'verse states. Yer,es*1o'son -aw* inverte' "*shape' re%ation (etween aro$sa% on the one han'2 an' a e#t an' per orman#e on the other. 0as%ow.s Hierar#h) o 4ee's* mo'e%2 'eve%ope' () /(raham 0as%ow2 proposin+ that we m$st satis ) ph)sio%o+i#a% nee's an' nee's or sa et) an' se#$rit) (e ore pro+ressin+ to more #omp%ex nee's. 5SE&SP6 Se% *a#t$a%i3ation Esteem 4ee's &e%on+in+ 4ee's Sa te) 4ee's Ps)#ho%o+i#a% 4ee's Eatin+ 1isor'ers 3norexia- eating disorder associated "ith excessive "eight loss and the irrational perception that one is over"eight& --0./ chance o death& *ulimia- eating disorder associated "ith a pattern o bingeing and purging in an e ort to lose or maintain "eight, a ects 0 in 4/ "ithin the population& 5-/ "omen Sex$a% 1esire an' 7ts 1eterminants* Serotonin %eve%s #an impa#t. 1R14 is a protein that #an in#rease sex$a% 'esire () havin+ more 'opamine transmission. Ph)sio%o+) o H$man Sex$a% Response #asters and (ohnson (Hock reading) o Excitement- irst sign o arousal, plateau- right be ore orgasm, orgasmcontractions, resolution- back to unaroused state 6aplan (in )ilien eld text, pg 277)- sexual arousal is same or men and "omen o Desire- phase "hat prompts sexual interest, excitement- period "here sexual pleasure and notice physiological changes associated "ith it, orgasm8involuntary rhythmic contractions o muscles o genitals in both men and "omen, resolution- ollo"ing orgasm, relaxation and sense o "ell being& 8inse) an' his ma9or in'in+s* reporte' that homosex$a%it) was m$#h more preva%ent than expe#te'2 10: o teste' pop$%ation was ex#%$sive%) +a) or at %east

3 )ears Sex$a% ;rientation ,enetic 1n luences- -9/ in t"ins 99/ in general population Environmental 1n luences- social and cultural in luences play a ma:or role

Chapter 13! So#ia% Ps)#ho%o+) <hat is So#ia% Ps)#ho%o+)= * st$') o how peop%e in %$en#e others. (ehavior2 (e%ie s2 an' attit$'es. The %undamental 3ttribution Error- tendency to overestimate the impact o dispositional in luences on other people;s behaviors& So#ia% 7n %$en#e 'on ormity- tendency o people to alter their behavior as a result o group pressure and 3sch;s !aradigm- po"er o conformity in groups The Autokinetic Effect (Sherif)- refers to perceiving a stationary point of light in the dark as moving. Stanford Prison Study- was a study of the psychological effects of ecoming a prisoner or prison guard. ,roupthink- emphasis on group unanimity at the expense o critical thinking and sound decision making, ,roup !olari<ation- tendency o group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions help by individual group members& =bedience and #ilgram !aradigm (3lso a Hock reading>)- people listen to authority, shock test& ?ariations to #ilgram;s study to increase or decrease compliance- same room vs di erent room& !lacing patients hand onto shock plate& He%pin+ an' Harmin+ ;thers !rosocial *ehavior- behavior intended to help others& *ystander E ecto !luralistic 1gnorance- error o assuming that no one 1n a group perceives things as "e do& o Di usion o Responsibility- reduction in eelings o personal responsibility in the presence o others& $ocial )oa ing- phenomenon "hereby individuals become less productive in groups& 3ltruism- helping others or unsel ish reasons and Helping - steps to Helping /ttit$'es an' Pers$asion *elie - conclusion regarding actual evidence vs& 3ttitude- belie that includes an emotional component& Attitudes and whether predict ehaviors- predicts ehavior !"# of time$ moderate associate. Attitudes can predict well occasionally %ognitive &issonance Theory ('estinger ( %arlsmith$ )*+*)- $ Self-Perception Theory$ ,mpression -anagement Theory- theory that we don.t really chnge our attitudes$ ut report that we have so that our ehaciors appear consistent with our attitudes. &ual Process -odel (%entral and Peripheral /oute)- %entral route processes are those that re0uire a great deal of thought$ and therefore are likely to predominate under conditions that promote high ela oration. Peripheral route processes$ on the other hand$ do not involve ela oration of the message through e1tensive cognitive processing of the merits of the actual argument presented. !ersuasion Techni@uesA

o %oot-in-the-door- persuasive techni@ue involving making a small re@uest be ore making a bigger one, door-in-the- ace- persuasive techni@ue involving making an unreasonably large re@uest be ore making the small re@uest "e;re hoping to have granted, lo"-ball techni@ue- persuasive techni@ue in "hich the seller o a product starts by @uoting a lo" sales price and then mentions all o the Badd onC costs once the costumer has agreed to purchase the product& Pre9$'i#e an' 1is#rimination !re:udice- dra"ing conclusion about a person, group o people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence& (1n-group bias- tendency to avor individuals "ithin our group over those rom outside our group, out-group homogeneity- tendency to vie" all individuals outside our group as highly similar) Discrimination- negative behavior to members o out-groups $tereotypes- a belie , positive or negative, about the characteristics o members o a group that is applied generally to most members o the out group o 1mplicit- belie s about the characteristics o an out-group about "hich "e are una"are vs& Explicit $tereotypes - belie s about the characteristics o an outgroup about "hich "e are a"are o Dltimate 3ttribution Error- assumption that behaviors among individual members o a group are due to their internal dispositions& $capegoat Hypothesis- claim that pre:udice arises rom a need to blame other groups or our mis ortunes and (ust-Eorld Hypothesis- claim that our attributions and behaviors are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the "orld is air and all things happen or a reason&

Chapter 14 Persona%it) Ps)#hoana%)ti# Theor) o Persona%it) 1eve%opment The Three Agencies of the 2uman Psyche3 o ,d- reservoir of our most primitive impulses$ including se1 and aggression$ ego- psyche.s e1ecutive and principal decision maker$ superego- our sense of morality

1e ense 0e#hanisms! &e a(%e to i'enti ) E>/0P-ES o ea#h one o the o%%owin+! Repression- motivated orgetting o emotionally threating memories or impulses& Regression- the act o returning to a psychologically to a younger age Displacement- directing an impulse rom a socially unacceptable target onto a sa er and more socially acceptable target& !ro:ection- unconscious attribution o our negative characteristics to others 1ntellectuali<ation- avoiding emotions associated "ith anxiety provoking experiences by ocusing on abstract and impersonal thoughts& 1denti ication "ith the aggressor- process o adopting the characteristics o individuals "e ind threatening& ?re$'.s Sta+es o Ps)#hosex$a% 1eve%opment =ral- psychosexual stage that ocuses on the mouth, anal- stage that ocuses on toilet training, phallic- stage that ocuses on the genitals, latency- stage "hich sexual impulses submerged into the unconscious, genital- stage in "hich sexual impulses a"aken and typically begin to mature into romantic attraction to"ard others& =edipus 'omplex- con lict during phallic stage in "hich boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and "ant to eliminate their athers as rivals, Electra 'omplex- con lict during phallic stage in "hich girls supposedly love their athers romantically and "ant to eliminate their athers as rivals, !enis Envysupposed desire o girls to possess a penis& &ehaviora% Theor) o Persona%it) )ocus o control- extent to "hich people believe that rein orcers and punishers lie inside or outside their control& Trait 0o'e%s o Persona%it) The *ig %ive traitsA o Extraversion- social and lively o Feuroticism- tense and moody o 'onscientiousness- care ul and responsible o 3greeableness- riendly and easy to get along "ith o =penness to experience- intellectually curious and unconventional Str$#t$re' Persona%it) Tests ##!1- "idely used structured test designed to assess symptoms on mental disorders and ##!1-9- tests or paranoia, depression, and schi<ophrenia

'!1- assess personality traits in the normal rangeA dominance, lexibility, and sociability

Pro9e#tive Tests Rorschach- inkblot test "hich is a pro:ective test consisting o ten symmetrical inkblots& Thematic 3pperception Test- pro:ective test re@uiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures& PT &arn$m E e#t* ten'en#) o peop%e to a##ept hi+h (ase rate 'es#riptions as a##$rate.

Ch. 15 Ps)#ho%o+i#a% 1isor'ers Histor) o menta% hea%th 'isor'ers an' their treatment! Early conceptions and treatments o mental health disorders Deinstitutionali<ation- 05G.s and 057.s governmental policy that ocused on releasing hospitali<ed psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hospitals& Preva%en#e rates! )i etime prevalence o any mental health disorder in the general population- 95/ o us "ill meet diagnostic criteria at one point& 0.&H to dsm-iv 1ncidence o $chi<ophrenia- less that 0/- and *ipolar 1 disorder- 4&5/ in the general population 8now the main s)mptoms or these 'isor'ers! !anic 3ttacks- brie intense episodes o extreme ear characteri<ed by s"eating, di<<iness, light-headedness, racing heartbeat and eelings o impending death or going cra<yI!anic Disorder- repeated and unexpected panic attacks or a change in personal behavior in an attempt to avoid them& !hobias- intense ear o an ob:ect or situation that is out o proportion to its actual threat& ($ocial, $peci ic, 3goraphobia) =bsessive 'ompulsive Disorder- condition marked by repeated and lengthy immersion in obsession, compulsions, or both& !ost Traumatic $tress Disorder-marked emotional disturbance a ter experiencing or "itnessing a severely stress ul event& #a:or Depressive Disorder- state in "hich a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along "ith symptoms that include "eight loss and sleep di iculties& *ipolar 1 Disorder- presence o at least on manic episode $chi<ophrenia- severe disorder o thought and emotion associated "ith a loss o contact "ith reality& 8now the #a$ses 5(io%o+i#a%2 ps)#ho%o+i#a%2 an'/or environmenta%6 or these 'isor'ers! 3nxiety disorders (as a group)- brain chemistry, heredity, personality, li e experiences& Depression- ma:or li e events *ipolar Disorder- ma:or li e events, loss o sleep $chi<ophrenia- abnormality in brain S$i#i'e! !revalence o suicide- &.0/ 4.,... people Risk actors or suicide-depression, homelessness, unemployment, schi<ophrenia ,ender di erences in suicide- emales more attempts, males more deaths& @@@@4;TE! There "ill F=T be any @uestions on Dissociative Disorders, !ersonality

Disorders, or $ubstance abuse J so you can ignore these sections in the book>>>

Ch. 16 Ps)#ho%o+i#a% /n' &io%o+i#a% Treatments 1i erent T)pes o Ps)#hotherapies! !sychoanalysisocuses on internal processes that "e are una"areIpsychodynamic therapy HumanisticIPerson-%entered Therapy- therapy that share an emphasis on the development of human potential and the elief that human nature is asically positive. 4ehavioral Therapy- therapy that focuses on uncovering the general ehaviors$ and current varia les that maintain pro lematic thoughts$ feelings$ and ehaviors. %ognitive Therapy- seeks to help the patient overcome difficulties y identifying and changing dysfunctional thinking$ ehavior$ and emotional responses. 'ognitive-*ehavioral Therapy- therapy that attempts to replace maladaptive or irrational cognitions "ith more adaptive, rational cognitions& 0e'i#ation/&io%o+i#a% 0ana+ement! Ehat broad classes o medications are used to treat "hat disordersK Electroconvulsive therapy- patients receive brie electrical pulses to the brain that produce a sei<ure to treat serious psychological problems& <h) 'o ine e#tive treatments sometimes seem to wor,= $pontaneous remission- patients recovery due to ups and do"ns The placebo e ect- credible treatment gives hope and can be help ul $el -serving biases- invested patients convince themselves they;ve been helped& Regression to the mean- people regress to their normal state Retrospective re"riting o the past J create initial level o ad:ustment "orse than it "as Ho#, Rea'in+ A33 Smith an' B%ass 1s psychotherapy e ective "hen compared to no therapyK yes Ho" do di erent therapies (i&e& behavioral vs& non-behavioral therapies) compare to each otherK 3ll are e@ual, mix and match is best