Work of Hamza (Mathemagician)

topic 1.4

Topic 1.4: The periodic table 1

This is a short topic!! The melting and boiling temperat res of the elements depend on the t!pe and strength of the bond or intermolecular force bet"een particles. There are trends in physical and chemical properties across a period and do"n a #ro p. $.g.:% 1. $lements sho" decreasing metallic character across a &eriod '. $lements sho" increasing metallic character do"n a #ro p

Electronic structure
Most of it is ( st from topic 1.1 The elements in the &eriodic Table are arranged in order of atomic n mber) so each element has one more electron than the pre*io s element. $lements in the same gro p ha*e the same n mber of electrons in their o ter shells. These are called *alence electrons. $lements in the same &eriod ha*e the same n mber of shells containing electrons so their o ter or *alence electrons are in the same shell. +++ There are ' e,ceptions "ith the first 4- elements. .eca se of the e,tra stabilit! of a half filled or f ll set of d orbitals) chromi m is /0r1 4s1 2d3 and copper is /0r1 4s1 2d1-+++

Melting and boiling temps. Of the period 3 elements (Na to Ar)

The melting temperat re depends pon the strength of the forces bet"een particles that separate d ring melting (or boiling). These particles ma! be: % Metal ions in a sea of electrons in metals 4o*alentl! bonded atoms in a giant atomic str ct re Molec les "ith intermolec lar forces bet"een them in simple molec lar solids +++To nderstand the trends in melting temp. ) !o sho ld first decide "hat t!pe of bonging or force is bet"een the particles+++ 5f the solid is metallic: the greater the charge densit! of the ion in the lattice) the stronger the force holding the lattice together and so higher the melting temperat re. 5f the solid is a giant atomic lattice: the co*alent bonds thro gho t the lattice are strong and so the solid has a *er! high melting temperat re. 5f the solid is a simple molec lar s bstance: the melting (or boiling6 temperat re depends pon the strength of the ind ced dipole7dipole force bet"een the molec les 5n &eriod 2) sodi m) magnesi m and al mini m are metallic) silicon forms a giant atomic lattice) and phosphor s) &4) s lph r) 89) chlorine) 4l') and argon) 0r) all form simple molec lar solids

Work of Hamza (Mathemagician)

topic 1.4

Electrical conductivity
8olids cond ct electricit! b! the flo" of delocalised electrons. Th s metals cond ct electricit!. #raphite also cond cts) b t onl! in the plane of the la!ers. This is d e to the pi%electrons that are delocalised abo*e and belo" the la!ers.

%Mathemagician