DATA ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF FINDINGS CS 5

Data Analysis and Evaluation of Findings CS 5

DATA ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF FINDINGS CS 5 Matrix

Experiment Correlational Survey Grounded Ethnogra Case Narrative Mixed Action al Research Study Research Theory phy Study Research Method Research

Type of Research Purpose

basic research

applied research

basic applied research research

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Exploratory Speculative

Example of What is it? Research Problem

Evaluativ e Why is it so? Why it happens this way?

Type of Research Questions Type of Variables

Descriptive Relational

Causal

Explanator Descripti Explor y ve atory It happens Why is it What because of so had this but consideri happe what is ng the ned? the back local grounding peculiarit theory? ies? Relational Relationa Descri l ptive

independen independent depende independe independ depen t and and nt nt and ent and dent dependent dependent dependent depende nt Prior Prior Prior Prior Minor

Role of Literature Review

independ indepen independ ent ent and dent dependen and t depend ent Minor Minor Prior Prior

Simple Sample Population Random Sample

Systematic Sample

Data Collection

Objective measure

Transcript analysis

Data Analysis

Basic and Regression advanced analysis, Tstatistics (Ttest Test, ANOVA)

Evaluation Valid for of Findings similar

studies, unbiased

Valid for similar studies, biased

Objectiv Transcrip e t analysis measure + Transcri pt analysis Basic and OpenBasic OpenRegres OpenRegressio advanced coding and coding sion coding n statistics advance analysi analysis, (T-Test, d s, TANOVA) statistics T-test, (T-Test, Opentest ANOVA), coding Opencoding Invalid Valid for Valid for Invalid Valid for Valid for Valid for for similar similar for similar similar similar similar studies, studies, similar studies, studies, studies, studies, unbiased unbiased studies biased unbiase unbiased unbiased , d

Stratified Systematic Quota Simple Stratified Sampling Sample Sampling Rando Sampling m Sample Survey Objective Survey Intervi Survey measure ews

Cluster Systemati Samplin c Sample g

DATA ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF FINDINGS CS 5

biased

DATA ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF FINDINGS CS 5 Data Analysis and Evaluation of Findings CS 5 According to the definition, the t-Test assesses whether the means of two groups are statistically different from each other. (SocialResearchMethods.net, 2011). Comparing it to ANOVA, t-tests can only be used to compare 2 groups/effects, while ANOVA can handle more sophisticated designs (several groups/several effects/interactions) (Statsoft.com, 2012).

Regression analysis is the description about the relationship between two variables where one is dependent and the other is independent. Regression analysis (in statistics), generally, is about any techniques that facilitate modeling and analysis of several variables. It focuses on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables (Sykes, 2000). To be specific, regression analysis allows understanding of the typicality of value of the dependent variable changes, while any one of the independent variables is varied. At the same time, the other independent variables must be fixed. Usually, regression analysis estimates the expectation of conditions connected to the dependent variable given the independent variables (Sykes, 2000). Thus, the average value of the dependent variable is calculated using condition that the independent variables are held fixed. Not that often, regression analysis focuses on a quantile, or other location parameter of the conditional distribution of the dependent variable given the independent variables. Nevertheless, the regression function is the estimation target, which is a function of the independent variables. In regression analysis, it is also necessary to characterize the variation of the dependent variable around the regression function. This can be described by a probability distribution (Sykes, 2000). Regression analysis is usually and successfully used to predict and forecast various data such as time-series data, for example (Sykes, 2000). It is also used to understand the connection between the independent variables and the dependent variable, and to explore the

DATA ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF FINDINGS CS 5 forms of these relationships. In some cases, regression analysis is used to infer causal relationships between the independent and dependent variables (Sykes, 2000). A large body of techniques for carrying out regression analysis has been developed. Familiar methods such as linear regression and ordinary least squares regression are parametric, in that the regression function is defined in terms of a finite number of unknown parameters that are estimated from the data. Nonparametric regression refers to techniques that allow the regression function to lie in a specified set of functions, which may be infinitedimensional. As concerning the ANOVA Analysis models are parametric, that is, they rely on assumptions about the distribution of the dependent variables (DVs) for each grouping of the independent variable(s) (IVs) (Statsoft.com, 2012). Initially the array of assumptions for various types of ANOVA may seem bewildering. In practice, the first two assumptions here are the main ones to check. Note that the larger the sample size, the more robust ANOVA is to violation of normality and homoscedasticity (homogeneity of variance) assumptions (Statsoft.com, 2012). 1. Normality of the DV distribution: The data in each cell should be approximately normally distributed. Check via histograms, skewness and kurtosis overall and for each cell (i.e. for each group for each DV) (Statsoft.com, 2012). 2. Homogeneity of variance: The variance in each cell should be similar. Check via Levenes test or other homogeneity of variance tests which are generally produced as part of the ANOVA statistical output (Statsoft.com, 2012). 3. Sample size: per cell > 20 is preferred; aids robustness to violation of the first two assumptions, and a larger sample size increases power 4. Independent observations: scores on one variable or for one group should not be dependent on another variable or group (usually guaranteed by the design of the study).

DATA ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF FINDINGS CS 5 References SocialResearchMethods.net (2011). The T-Test. Retrieved from: http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/stat_t.php Statsoft.com (2012). Introduction to ANOVA / MANOVA. Retrieved from: http://www.statsoft.com/textbook/anova-manova/ Sykes, A. (2000). An Introduction to Regression Analysis. Retrieved from: http://www.google.com.ua/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=12&ved=0

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