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The Deep Foundations Institutes Cast-in-Place Piling Seminar- KC '09

Cast-in-Place Piles-
Installation, Design, Quality Control and Load Testing
Tracy Brettmann, P.E.
Regional Manager
Berkel & Company Contractors, Inc.
Willie M. NeSmith, P.E.
Chief Geotechnical Engineer,
Berkel & Company Contractors, Inc.
Matt Meyer, P.E.
Senior Associate
Langan Engineering & Environmental Services
George Piscsalko, P.E.
Vice President & Chief Electrical Engineer
Pile Dynamics, Inc.
The Deep Foundations Institutes Cast-in-Place Piling Seminar- KC '09
Course Outline
1 Introduction
1.1 Historical Perspective
1.2 Terminology
2 Installation Processes and Equipment
2.1 Augered, Cast-in-Place Piles (ACIP Piles)
2.2 Low Head Room Piles
2.3 Drilled Displacement Piles (DD Piles)
2.4 Intermediate Displacement Piles
3 Finishing and Pile Materials
3.1 Finishing
3.2 Grout
3.3 Reinforcing Steel
4 Design of Cast-in-Place Piles
4.1 ACIP Piles
4.1.1 Fine-Grained Soils
4.1.2 Granular Materials
1.4.3 Intermediate Geo-materials
4.2 Drilled Displacement Piles
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The Deep Foundations Institutes Cast-in-Place Piling Seminar- KC '09
5 Load Testing
5.1 Static
5.1.1 Compression
5.1.2 Tension
5.1.3 Lateral
5.2 Embedded Jack, Rapid and Dynamic Load Testing
(Optional Section on Lateral Loading Design)
6 Quality Control/Data Acquisition
6.1 Manual Pile Inspection
6.2 Automated Monitoring Equipment (AME)
6.2.1 Properly Using AME
6.3 Low Strain Integrity Testing
6.4 Single-Hole Sonic Logging
6.5 Thermal Integrity
6.6 Case Histories
7 Emerging Applications
7.1 Piled Rafts
7.2 Column-Supported Embankments
7.3 Ground Improvement/Liquefaction Mitigation
7.4 Energy Piles
8 Energy Piles
9 Overview of FHWA GEC #8
10 Q&A
The Deep Foundations Institutes Cast-in-Place Piling Seminar- KC '09
1.1: Historical Perspective
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The Deep Foundations Institutes Cast-in-Place Piling Seminar- KC '09
Early U.S. Development
1950-1960
Cast-in-place piles grew out of pressure-grouting
processes at Intrusion-Prepakt
Patent granted to Raymond Patterson for
construction of cast-in-place piles by pumping grout
through a hollow-stem auger.
Licenses granted to Lee Truzillo and Charles Berkel
The Deep Foundations Institutes Cast-in-Place Piling Seminar- KC '09
Augers advanced by power units that developed +-
15,000 ft-lbs
On-site grout batching using bagged cement, fly ash
and grouting agent, and masonry sand (to allow grout
to be pumped by pneumatic powered piston pumps)
Consistent production of 3000 psi grout was a
challenge (fine masonry sand)
Installation of 500 linear feet of piling in a single day
was considered a great accomplishment.
STATE OF THE ACIP INDUSTRY
EARLY 1960S
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The Deep Foundations Institutes Cast-in-Place Piling Seminar- KC '09
Deep foundations for most major structures are
either driven piles or drilled shafts
Raymond Concrete Pile Company has offices
throughout the U.S.
STATE OF THE DEEP
FOUNDATION INDUSTRY
EARLY 1960S
The Deep Foundations Institutes Cast-in-Place Piling Seminar- KC '09
Screw pile technology emerges
Gaspar Coelius granted patent for cast-in-place
screw pile in 1960
EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENTS
1960S
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The Deep Foundations Institutes Cast-in-Place Piling Seminar- KC '09
Drilled and Screwed Pile Analogy
Drilled
Screwed
From De Cock and Imbo, Transportation Research Record 1447
The Deep Foundations Institutes Cast-in-Place Piling Seminar- KC '09
Augers advanced by power units that developed +-
30,000 ft-lbs
ASTM C-33 sand used in grout mixes.
Higher volume, more powerful pumps are available.
Redi-mix grout common.
Original patent for ACIP piles expires. New
installers enter the market.
STATE OF THE ACIP INDUSTRY
1970s
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The Deep Foundations Institutes Cast-in-Place Piling Seminar- KC '09
Application of Atlas and Fundex screw piles
Development of CFA Piles
EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENTS 1970S
The Deep Foundations Institutes Cast-in-Place Piling Seminar- KC '09
Continued advancement of installation platforms and
grout delivery systems
ACIP industry is relatively mature. Substantial
knowledge base in the Geotechnical Community
Raymond Pile Driving in decline
Oil field pipe less plentiful
Miami Rapid Transit System-Piles in soft limestone
Georgia World Congress Center-Piles in partially
weathered rock
STATE OF THE ACIP INDUSTRY 1980s
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The Deep Foundations Institutes Cast-in-Place Piling Seminar- KC '09
Gaspar Coelius granted patent for a full displacement
pile in 1985 (De Waal Pile)
Installation of Screw Piles is common in Europe
European CFA Piles gain broader acceptance
EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENTS 1980S
The Deep Foundations Institutes Cast-in-Place Piling Seminar- KC '09
ACIP industry is well established across the nation in
favorable subsurface conditions
DFI Publishes Cast-In-Place Pile Manual
Drilled Displacement Piles enter the U. S. market
STATE OF THE ACIP INDUSTRY 1990s
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The Deep Foundations Institutes Cast-in-Place Piling Seminar- KC '09
Drilled Displacement Pile processes well established
in the deep foundation market
Systems incorporating European CFA technology
introduced into the market
AASHTO/FHWA technology scan tour to Europe,
2002
FHWA GEC #8 (published in 2007)
STATE OF THE ACIP INDUSTRY 2000+
The Deep Foundations Institutes Cast-in-Place Piling Seminar- KC '09
Evolution of current US Practice--Cast-in-place piles
installed by single-pass, rotary drilling processes
Historical Summary
Continuous Flight Auger
European Screw Piles
ACIP, aka
Augercast,
APG Piles
CFA
Intermediate (Partial) Displacement
Drilled Displacement Pile
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The Deep Foundations Institutes Cast-in-Place Piling Seminar- KC '09
Terminology
Basically, any system for installing cast-in-place piles by a single-pass, rotary drilling
process is a CFA pile.
GEC #8
DFI
Auger Cast-in-Place (ACIP) Piles, a.k.a. Augercast, Auger Pressure-Grouted Piles-Piles installed
by single-pass, rotary drilling processes where the tooling includes a continuous flight auger.
Drilled Displacement (DD) Piles, Propriety names Berkel Displacement Piles, DeWaal, Omega-
Piles installed by single-pass, rotary drilling processes where the tooling includes a displacing
element that creates a cylindrical piles of more or less uniform diameter.