1

Contents

Preface to the Second Edition ...................................................................

Preface to the First Edition .......................................................................

vii

Contributors..............................................................................................

ix

Introduction
Gerhard Knothe ...........................................................................................

History of Vegetable Oil-Based Diesel Fuels

Gerhard Knothe ...........................................................................................

1
5

Basics of Diesel Engines and Diesel Fuels

Jon Van Gerpen ............................................................................................

21

Biodiesel Production

4.1

Basics of the Transesterication Reaction

Jon Van Gerpen and Gerhard Knothe ............................................................

31

Alternate Feedstocks and Technologies for Biodiesel Production

Michael J. Haas ...........................................................................................

47

Catalysis in Biodiesel Processing

Alfred K. Schultz, Michael J. Haas, and Rajiv Banavali .................................

67

Ion Exchange Resins in Biodiesel Processing

Rajiv Banavali, Alfred K. Schultz, Klaus-Dieter Topp, and
Mark T. Vandersall .......................................................................................

85

4.2
4.3
4.4

Analytical Methods

5.1

Analytical Methods for Biodiesel

Gerhard Knothe ...........................................................................................

97

A Sensor for Discrimination of Fossil Diesel Fuel, Biodiesel,

and Their Blends
Axel Munack, Hermann Speckmann, Jrgen Krahl,
Arno Marto, and Ralf Bantzha ...................................................................

131

5.2

xi

xii

Contents

Fuel Properties

6.1

Cetane NumbersHeat of CombustionWhy Vegetable Oils and

Their Derivatives Are Suitable as a Diesel Fuel
Gerhard Knothe ........................................................................................... 137

6.2

Viscosity of Biodiesel
Gerhard Knothe ........................................................................................... 143

6.3

Cold Weather Properties and Performance of Biodiesel

Robert O. Dunn and Bryan R. Moser ............................................................

147

6.4

Oxidative Stability of Biodiesel

Gerhard Knothe ........................................................................................... 205

6.5

Biodiesel Lubricity and Eect of Biodiesel on Lubricants

Gerhard Knothe ........................................................................................... 219

6.6

Biodiesel Fuels: Biodegradability, Biological and

Chemical Oxygen Demand, and Toxicity
Charles L. Peterson and Gregory Mller .........................................................

231

Soybean Oil Composition for Biodiesel

Neal A. Bringe, Beth J. Calabotta, and David A. Morgenstern........................

247

6.7

Exhaust Emissions

7.1

Impacts of Biodiesel Fuel on Pollutant Emissions

from Diesel Engines
Robert L. McCormick, Teresa L. Alleman, and Janet Yanowitz ........................

253

Ultrane Particles from a Heavy Duty Diesel Engine

Running on Rapeseed Oil Methyl Ester
Jrgen Krahl, Axel Munack, Olaf Schrder,
Yvonne Ruschel, and Jurgen Bnger ...............................................................

273

7.2

Current Status of the Biodiesel Industry

8.1

Biodiesel in the United States

Steve Howell and Joe Jobe .............................................................................

299

Biodiesel in Germany and the European Union

Dieter Bockey ...............................................................................................

315

Biodiesel in South America

Claudiney Soares Cordeiro and Luiz Pereira Ramos ........................................

331

8.2
8.3

Contents xiii

8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7

Biodiesel in Asia
Mohd. Basri Wahid, Yuen May Choo, and Chiew Wei Puah ...........................

355

Biodiesel in Japan
Shiro Saka and Hiroaki Imahara ..................................................................

365

Environmental Implications of Biodiesel (Life-Cycle Assessment)

Sven Grtner and Guido A. Reinhardt ..........................................................

375

Potential Production of Biodiesel in the United States

Charles L. Peterson .......................................................................................

391

Other Uses of Biodiesel

Gerhard Knothe ........................................................................................... 401

10

Other Alternative Diesel Fuels from Vegetable Oils

and Animal Fats
Robert O. Dunn...........................................................................................

11

405

Glycerol Technology Options for Biodiesel Industry

Galen J. Suppes ............................................................................................

439

Appendix ATechnical Tables

Gerhard Knothe ........................................................................................... 457
Appendix BBiodiesel Standards
Gerhard Knothe ........................................................................................... 469
Appendix CUnit Conversions
Gerhard Knothe ........................................................................................... 479
Appendix DInternet Resources
Gerhard Knothe ........................................................................................... 483

Index ...............................................................................................

485