CSE123 - Lecture 4 Structured ProgrammingLoops

Sequential and Structured Programming

Common mistakes, Do not use turkish letters in variable names Do not use turkish letters and blanks in m-file names

Do not use two relational operators in one expression, divide the expression and then combine it using logical operators such as and, or or xor etc
0<x<10 x>0 & x<10 incorrect correct

Sequential and Structured Programming

Initialization

Initialization

Initialization Input

Initialization Input

Calculation 1 Calculation 2 Calculation 3

Repeat the operation 3 times

Calculation 1

Results

Results

The FOR loop

for loop_variable= start:step:finish . Statements . end

Basic rules for for loop

INCREMENT for loop_variable loop_variable= loop_variable>finish start:step:finish

loop_variable<=finish

Default value for step: 1 The step can be negative If start = finish, the loop is executed once. Usually NOT a good idea to change the loop_variable inside the loop.

Statements

The FOR loop

Example: testloop.m
% program to test a for loop
for i=1:10 disp(i) end >> testloop 1 2 3 . . 10 >> disp(i) 10

% program to test a for loop

for i=1:10 disp(i*0.2) end >> testloop 0.2 0.4 0.6 2.0

% program to test a for loop

for i=1:0.1:2 disp(i*5) end >> testloop 5 5.5 6 .. 9.5 10 >> disp(i) 2

>> disp(i) 10

The FOR loop

Example :
Assume we have series of natural numbers up to 100 and want to find the summation of these numbers. Use a for loop, using the loop variable as the index Loop variable: i At every step of the loop, we want to add the value corresponding to the index. Result variable: sum

% program to test a for loop sum=0; for i=1:100 sum=sum+i; end disp(sum) disp([result=,num2str(sum)])

Summation is done by addition of 1st elements, obtain partial result, add 2nd element, obtain partial result, etc. sum=sum + next value

The FOR loop

Applications and usage of for loops Use loop_variable as a counter Example :

We want to calculate the

. .
j

100 times

Use a for loop, using the loop variable as the index of the vector.

% program to test a for loop S=pi; Initialization

Loop variable:

At every step of the loop, we want to add the value corresponding to the index.

for j=1:100
S=sqrt(S) end

Result variable:

Operation done by taking the square root of the preceding result, 100 times S=

The FOR loop

Background tests and operations

Add step to INCREMENT loop_variable

for
loop_variable= start:step:finish

IF loop_variable>finish

Assume 1000 values We want to stop the loop when we obtain enough preicison in the calculation What will happen if the precision is obtained after 10 calculations? The FOR loop will not stop until the 1000 .

IF loop_variable<=finish

Statements

The WHILE loop

while logical_expression Statements end

While
logical_expression

IF logical_expression

FALSE

IF logical_expression

TRUE

Basic rules for while loop Statements Usually necessary to create your loop_ variable or counter.

NECESSARY to change the loop_variable inside the loop.

The WHILE loop

Example: exloop1.m
% program test % program to test while loop
i=0; for i=1:10 disp(i) end Had to create a counter while i<10 i=i+1; disp(i)

>> exloop1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 >> disp(i) 10

end

The WHILE loop

Example: exloop2.m
% program to test while loop

>> exloop2 9.5000 9.0000 8.5000 8.0000 7.5000 7.0000 6.5000 6.0000 5.5000 5.0000 4.5000 4.0000 3.5000 3.0000 2.5000 2.0000 1.5000 1 2.2513 2.1972 2.1401 2.0794 2.0149 1.9459 1.8718 1.7918 1.7047 1.6094 1.5041 1.3863 1.2528 1.0986 0.9163 0.6931 0.4055 0

x=10;
while x>1 x=x-0.5; y=log(x); disp([x,y]) end

The WHILE loop

Example: exloop3.m
% BAD while loop x=1; while x>=0

>> exloop3

This is an Infinite loop !!!! Need to stop the script manually !!!

x=x+0.5; y=sin(x);
end

CTRL C
>>

disp(END of program)

The WHILE loop

Use while loop when the number of operation is unknown
Example : exloop4.m Calculate the sum of manually entered numbers. Entering 0 or a negative number stops the loop and display the average. Need input statement:
% program to test a while loop A=pi; S=0; i=0; while A>0 A=input('Value for A:'); i=i+1; S=S+A; end N=i-1 disp(S/N) >> testloop
Value for A:1 Value for A:5 Value for A:8 Value for A:0 4.6667

variable:

Use the length of A in the logical_expression

A>0
i=i+1 Inside the loop: Increment a counter to count how many value we entered

>> testloop
Value for A:2 Value for A:2 Value for A:2 Value for A:2 Value for A:0 2

Add the value A to the sum S

S=S+A

The WHILE loop

Use logical_expression for convergence limit Example 5:

Series convergence:

i 1

1 i2

2/6

% Convergence script S=0; i=0; err=10; while err>3e-6

i=i+1; S=S+ 1/i^2; err=abs(S-pi^2/6); end

Want to see how many terms you need to obtain an error of 3x10-6. Need to define and use an error variable. err Need to be part of the logical expression Need to be updated during loop At every step of the loop, we want to Verify if test is true (err>3e-6)

disp(['N=',num2str(i)]) >> Testloop

Increment counter

i=i+1

Add the new term to the sum S=S+ 1/i^2

N=333333

The WHILE loop

Use logical_expression for convergence limit

% Convergence script
>> Testloop

S=0; i=0; err=10;

while err>3e-6

N=333333

i=i+1; S=S+ 1/i^2; err=abs(S-pi^2/6);

A(i)=err; end

disp(['N=',num2str(i)])

Nested loops and combination

Using nested loops Example: exloop6.m

Calculate the sum of factorials up to 20 % program to test nested loops

1! 2! 3! 4! .... 20!
Need a for loop for sums Need a for loop for factorials Calculate the factorial of element j Do the sum on all elements

i j F=F*j

S=0; for i=1:20 F=1; for j=1:i F=F*j; end S=S+F end disp(S)

S=S+F

The BREAK statement

BREAK Break terminates the execution of a for or while loop. Statements in the loop that appear after the break statement, are not executed.

% BAD while loop

x=1;
while x>=0 x=x+0.5; y=sin(x); if x>10000 break end end

In nested loops, break exits only from the loop in which it occurs. Control passes to the statement that follows the end of that loop.

The CONTINUE statement

CONTINUE Continue passes control to the next iteration of the for or while loop in which it appears, skipping any remaining statements in the body of the loop.

% Problem of division by 0

x=1;
for i= -10:10 if x==0 continue end y=1/x; end

The FOR loop

Example :
Write a Matlab script to calculate following expression for an entered x value

1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 x

The FOR loop

Example :
Write a Matlab script to calculate mean and standard deviation of an input data set containing an arbitrary number of input values. Check to see if there is enough input data (N>1) to eliminate division by zero.

1 x N
N

x
i 1
2 i

N x ( x i ) 2
i 1 i 1

N ( N 1)

Break

Example :
Run the following loops and report the result
for ii=1:3

for jj=1:3
if jj==3 break; end product=ii*jj; disp([num2str(ii),*,num2str(jj),... =,num2str(product)]) end disp(end of inner loop);

1 * 1 = 1 1 * 2 = 2

end of inner loop

2 * 1 = 2 2 * 2 = 4 end of inner loop 3 * 1 = 3 3 * 2 = 6 end of inner loop

end
disp(end of outer loop);

end of outer loop