Anderson - School Training For Horses - 1882

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A SYSTEM OF
SCHOOL -TRAmiNG
FOR HOESES.
BY
EDWARD
L.
ANDERSON,
AUTHOR OF " HOW TO RIDE AND SCHOOL A HORSE.
LONDON
W. H.
ALLEN
& CO., 13
WATEELOO PLACE.
1882.
(All rights reserved.)
W. H. AI/LEN
&
CO., 13
LONDON WATEBLOO PLACE S.W

:
INTEODUCTION,
THINK
it
fit
that
for
should
advocating
offer
some
school
is
explanation
the
it
system
of
training,
since
generally
regarded
useless,
if
as
something
positively
fanciful
and
not
mischievous.
I
shall
first
say a
few
words
con-
cerning
the
in
importance
the
training
I
of a of
thorough
for
method
the
as
horses
saddle,
far
and
I
shall
able,
then
the
answer,
as
am
objections
IV
INTEODUCTION.
that
are
raised
against the
systems
of
the schools.
Whether
the
road,
it
be
in
in
the
troop,
field,
upon
rider
in
or
the
the
must follow
the
some
sort
of
method
management
of his horse.
Every horse
to
that
can
be
as
ridden
is
some extent schooled,

it
we
under-
stand
in
the
is
manege,
and the more

of the rider of
amenable he
the
to the will
more
nearly
the
object
every
system of the schools has been obtained,
no matter whether
his
trainer
knew
or
was ignorant of what he was

or
effecting
how
it
was brought about.

to
Teaching the horse to turn

right
or to
the
for-
the the
left,
driving
him
ward
with
heels,
and
measuring
are
his speed and
perfecting
his paces,
INTEODUCTION.
things
that
every
rider
are,
endeavours to
all
accomphsh, and these
of
them,
primary principles of the

Is
it
schools.
not well to go
the
further,
and to
precise
of his
teach
horse a ready
to
and
wish
of
obedience
rider ?
the
the
every
object
to
For
is
school
control
methods
over the
simply
acquire
horse under
various
the
all
circumstances,
practised
and
the
movements
are, for
purpose of
willing
to
rendering him
quick
and
answer
the
demands
of his rider.
As
ing
line
to
the
its
uselessness
results,
of this
train-
and
be
where
shall
the
drawn
between
the
highly
trained charger and
the awkward, stub-
born
for
colt ?
It
may
not be necessary
the
gentleman
who
follows
the
VI
INTEODUCTION.
hounds,
to
or
takes
a ride
the
of
if
in
the
park,
or
to
move
about at
action
trot,
traverse
his
exhibit
the
horse
in
the
his
will
Spanish
but
he can make
horse perform these movements he
have an animal that

pleasanter
to
ride,
is
the
safer
and
by
reason
of
his lightness
and obedience.
see
Nor do
principal
ing,
any
grounds
for
the
objection against school trainit
that
decreases
the speed
of the
horse.
It is true that in the
balanced
is
movements of the manege the horse
made
to step
short, both to retain the
balance
enable
in
the
direct
line
and
short
to
the
animal to
make
and
to
sudden
enable
changes of
a horse to
of
direction.
But
carry himself in the
equilibrium
the
school
his
every
INTBODUCTION.
Vll
muscle must be
suppled
it
and strengthis
ened, and I hold that

that
self-evident
when the horse
is
permitted to extend
himself his speed would be the greater
and
his
going
This
the
is
stronger
for
his
in
training.
evidenced,
the
too,
the
buck-jumps
of
and
the
other
high
the the
that
active
movements
limited trained
manege.
In
area
of
the
will
riding-school,
horse
take
the
latter
leaps
would
hunter,
find
do
credit
to
most
would
while
to
the
not
room
turn
this
in
his
lumbering
gallop.
Why
should
the
of
suppleness
the
and
strength
decrease
I
natural
speed
horse
that that
cannot conceive,
idea originated
step of
and
in
think
the the
is
the
behef
short
the balanced horse
the natural
result
Vlll
INTEODUCTION.
of a as
is
cramped training-ground, and not^

the fact, purposely brought about by
strengthening and suppHng the

so that he
It
animal,
.
may
carry himself lightly.
should be observed that in modern

the
into forces
school-riding,
are
of
so
the
horse
brought
balance,
that
no
undue weight
mity.
falls
upon
either
extreto
Thus another
is
objection
the
system
groundless.
to pull
left
To kick a horse along and

him
sheer
riding,
to
the
right
is,
or a
to
the
by
force,
to
certain
extent,
and
suppose will
of
satisfy
the
it
requirements
is
most horsemen, but

standard
it
not the
highest
of horse-
manship,
and the more

better
for
is
improved
upon the
rider.
the horse
and his
INTEODUCTION.
IX
It
is
not
necessary that
every
man
should learn or that every horse should be
taught
It
all
the
movements
be
of
for
the
all
if
manege.
practical
will
enough
purposes of ordinary riding
the
horse carries
himself in equilibrium
and obeys the indications of the hand
and
legs,
and
the
to
rider
has a seat
a
that permits
him
aids
make
measured
circum-
use
of the
under
every
stance of motion and action.
But that
a
which
remains
to
make
thorough
is
horseman and a schooled horse

little,
so
that I have here given a
method
for those
movements
of the manege that
have been found most useful in giving

the horse
control
of his powers and in
to
making him obedient

rider.
the will
of his
INTKODUCTION.
There can be no objection
to a rider
becoming
his horse,
skilful
in the
management
of
or
to
the
his
horse being
ren-
dered obedient to
master's wishes.
is
perfectly
schooled
for
horse
a
;
horse
perfectly
rider
to
fitted
any
use
and
who has a
the
seat that permits

in
him
apply
aids
the
is
vigorous
movements
for
of the
manege
prepared
any emergency,
upon the road or
in the field.
There
are
those
who
hold
to
the
ride
opinion that no one can
learn
in
from the
rules
laid
down
?
books.
the
How
first
is
one to learn to ride

is
little
From
there
that
the
beginner
must not
ample,
learn,
from rule or from exto
and,
according
his
aptitude
skill
for the exercise,
he improves in
by
INTRODUCTION.
XI
practising that which he has acquired by
observation or through instruction.
The
general rules
of the art
are
the results
it
of ages of experiment,
ful
and
is
doubt-
whether
unaided
in
man
would
reach
ever,
by
his
efforts,
any
great
proficiency
sider
fact
riding.
One may
con-
himself to be self-taught; but the

is
that nearly everything he

riding
is
knows
about
those
derived
in
from imitating
who have
some way gained a

after-
knowledge of proper usages, and

wards
by
deducing
natural
rules.
sequences
from these established

If
the the
pupil
is
fortunate
enough
of
to
have
skilled
personal
instruction
will,
master,
rapidly
of
he
perhaps,
following
is
learn
more
than
by
the
precepts
a book.
But he
much
XU
more apt
to
INTEODUCTION.
find
proper
system in
ap-
some work
probation
subject
receives
that
of
has received the

authorities
the
in
upon the
he
than
the
instruction
from
grooms
and
self-styled
masters.
recruits
are, for
The
in
instructions
given to the
riding- schools
the
military
part,
the
greater
repetition
rules,
by the instructor of the printed
which
have
he
must
leam
good
in
by
rote.
riders
known
all
many
knew
who
to
owed
study
they
the
I
the
art
of
intricate
laws laid
down
by Baucher.
have
many
times taught
movements
directions
to
horses by following the
of
competent writers, and I

in accomplishing that
have never
failed
which
I
I undertook.
wrote
How
to
Bide,
and I
wi'ite
INTEODUCTION.
XIU
this
work,
from a
I
love
of
my
subject,
and
pupil
because
am
to
convinced
ride
that
may
learn
and
to school
a horse from books.
While I do not think that
this
book
can in any sense be considered a compilation,
wish
to
say that
of
I
all
have
the
studied
the
works
nearly
modern
v^riters
upon
my
subject
and
have had instruction from several professional school-riders;
but I have also
had the experience

training
of
many
years in
I
my own
have
horses, and
believe
that
there will be found no

I
chapter in
original
which
ideas,
not
presented
I
not
inconsistent,
hope,
with
proved methods.
CONTENTS
CHAPTEE
The Equilibrium
I.
PAOK
1
CHAPTEE
Suppling the Fore -hand
....
II.
CHAPTEE
Suppling the Croup
III.
24
CHAPTEE
To Back
IV.
32
CHAPTEE
The Passage
V. 38
CHAPTEE
The Piaffer
VI.
43
CHAPTEE
To Back at the Piaffer
.
VII.
. .
.47
CHAPTEE
Changes
in
VIII.
.
the Gallop
.50
XVI
CONTENTS.
SCHOOL - TRAINING
FOR HOESES.
CHAPTER
I.
THE EQUILIBRIUM.
It
is
useless
to
attempt
to
school
horse until he has been taught to carry

himself under his
For> no matter
the
rider
in equilibrium.
how
perfectly
balanced
the
horse
may
be naturally,
are changed
to
con-
ditions of affairs
when we
his
put a bit in his mouth
hamper
voluntary movements,
and place upon
his back the weight of a
man and
1
his
trappings
and the horse must be care-
SCHOOL-TRAINING FOR HORSES.
fully taught to
conform his carriage to

of
the
new
disposition
weights
and
forces.
With equal
care
and greater labour

taught
must the ill-formed animal be

to
correct his natural defects
by a new
bearing, and to carry his burden in an
acquired equilibrium.
The conformation
suggest the
of each
to
horse will
means
so
be employed in
each
case,
that
it
by giving
will
him a
possible of his
balanced
for
carriage
to
be
him
obey the
demands
rider.
But our
efforts
in
every case will be
directed to the end that
we may obtain
balanced
control over the collected and

forces.
The horse
is
propelled by the
hind-
THE EQUILIBRIUM.
quarters
and guided by the fore-hand,

is
and
it
to
collect
and
govern the
forces of these parts that
we now turn
our attention.
We
desire to
bring
and maintain in
so
that
equilibrium
these
of the
forces,
the
movements
horse
may
be
made
with lightness and precision.

If the horse be not collected
and his
forces
in
be
not balanced, he
will
move
an
awkward and uneven manner

the
croup,
or
his
fore-hand dragging
itself
the croup forcing
upon the
resistances
in
fore-
hand.
Most
of
of
the
and
struggles
young
fact
horses
training
is
are due to the
that the animal
not in a position to obey the demands

of his trainer,
refuse
and a horse
will
seldom
compliance to any demand that

1 *
SCHOOL-TRAINING FOE HOESES.
he understands
position
easy.
If the horse
if
lie
be placed in
his
the
that
renders
obedience
be deficient in the forein the croup, aid
hand and high and strong
we must
carry back and

or
the forces
will
of the former,
the
animal
be
heavy in front from the preponderance

of the forces
of the hind-quarters,
and
is
will struggle against
the
hand.
It
usually the horse

unskilful
of this
make
that in
hands becomes a bolter and a
runaway.
If
the
in
horse
the
be
strong
and
well
made
fore-hand,
but weak and
deficient
in the
croup,
we must bring
latter, so
up and strengthen the

forces
that
its
of the
may meet and balance When the fore-hand.
the forces
hand, ope-
THE EQUILIBEIUM.
rating through the bit upon the
carries
5
mouth,
back the forces of the fore -hand
until they
meet and balance the
forces
of the croup brought up by a pressure

of
the
rider's
legs,
the
horse
is
in
equilibrium at a halt, and
the prepon-
derance of either of
a corresponding
these forces
of
with
other
yielding
the
extremity will result in motion.
But
this
preponderance,
as
well
as
the corresponding yielding of the forces

of the other
extremity,
to bring
;
must be great
enough only
about the motion
at the desired speed
and the approxikept

at
all
mate equilibrium must be

times.
That
is,
the point of union and

kept,
rate
balance must
be
as
of
far
as
is
consistent with the
speed that
the
rider
demands, when the forces of
SCHOOL-TKAINING FOE HOESES.
one extremity are advancing, and those

of
the
other
are
of
pressing
balance.
forward
to
find the point

this the horse
To
in
obtain
must be
light
hand,
to
and the croup
must readily answer
the pressure of the legs.
How
bit
to teach
will
the
horse to
in
yield
to
the
be
explained
the
next
chapter;
and
although I explain at length the method

of
suppling
the
croup,
may
say
here that the horse
may
be taught to
answer to the pressure of the legs by

tapping him
upon the croup with the

behind
in
whip
held
the
rider's
back,
while he
flanks
presses
both heels to the
of the
horse.
When
in
the horse
will answer to the pressure of the heels
by bringing both legs

taps of the whip must
under him, the
be abandoned.
THE EQUILIBRIUM.
The
be
is
approximate
for
equilibrium
must
it
constant,
lost
the
moment
horse
that
altogether
the
becomes
heavy, and
one extremity or the other

in action.
must drag
applies
to
This
or
not only
the
forward
backward
movements upon
changes
direct lines, but to all
of direction
and
traverses
to
either side.
Of course,
in every
is
moveless
ment the equilibrium

disturbed
lighter
;
more or
it
but the better
is
kept, the
will
and the more graceful
be
the action.
SCHOOL-TBAINING FOB HOESES.
CHAPTER
II.
SUPPLING THE FORE-HAND.
The
horse will
first
be ridden in a plain
snaffle bridle, the
trainer holding a rein
in each hand, at such
a height
as
he
finds gives the horse
the greatest free-
dom
to
of action.
He
will induce the horse
move forward by some encouraging

gentle
sound, or by a
pressure
of the
unarmed
heels.
Upon coming
to a turn
the inside rein will be drawn to bend the
head of the horse in the new
direction,
and
the
outside rein will support and steady
the movement, while the outside heel may,
by a sHght pressure, bring up the croup

of the horse.
When
the horse will turn

school,
readily going in one
way about the
he
will
be ridden in a similar manner to
the other hand.
He
will
then be ridden
in the figure of eight, taking the whole
length and breadth

training-ground,
of the
manege, or
in the
movement, and
the rider will use great care in shifting

the aids at the extremities of the diagonal
lines.
During these
lessons, the duration
of
which will depend upon the aptitude of

the horse in acquiring the habit of obey-
ing
the
bit,
he
will
be
permitted to
walk in the manner that pleases him,

or rather, in
the
only
way he knows,
10
SCHOOL -TRAINING FOR HORSES.
usually a loose shambling gait, with very
extended strides of the hind-legs.
He
in a
will
then be taught to carry himself

collected
more
manner, and
to
step
in a regularly cadenced
and even walk,

trot, likewise
and then in a slow measured

cadenced.
On
will
the outside path of the
manege he
be put into the walk, and as a hind-
leg is raised to step forward the rider will
press in his heel on that side, and

diately after
imme-
meet
it
with the correspond-
ing rein, and he will do the same thing

at each step of the other hind-leg.
This
action of the aids will shorten and equalise
the strides of the horse, and by bring-
ing back the forces of the fore-hand to
meet the advancing
forces of the croup,
render the horse collected and light in
SUPPLING THE POEE-HAND.
11
movement.
regulated,
The
and the
speed
must be kept
not be
his
horse must
permitted to
hasten or to
decrease
walk
at the
unaccustomed application of
the aids.
This regularity
may
be aided
soothing
by the encouragement or the
of the animal by the rider's voice, as the
horse
hangs
back or
hastens forward.
to
The horse should be brought

by the rider pressing
a halt
in his heels, to carry
the hind-legs under the animal, and the
hand quickly acting upon the mouth

check the forward motion.
to to
The hand
follow the pressure of the heels in time

to prevent a second step
by the hind-legs,
but so gently as not to harass the horse.

In the
same way the horse
will
be
made
trot,
to take
and keep a slow, measured

of the
the
action
animal, not his
12
speed,
increased by
means
of the
aids.
But these lessons must not be carried

too far, as
it is
not
now
the intention to the

passage,
develop the
trot
into
but
simply to give the horse light, even, and

regular strides
;
and when
this
has been
habitually
acquired
the
horse will
be
ridden with
sides
an equal pressure on both
of the
mouth when the

a
bit is
in
action,
though never with

reins.
constant
pull
upon the
After the horse has acquired the walk
and the
trot
as described, he should be
ridden in the double-reined bridle.
The
curb-bit being carefully fitted, but sufficiently severe to

it
make him
discover that
is for
his
own comfort
that he yields
his head
and jaw
at its pressure.
I have
found that
bits with
branches from four
SUPPLING THE FOEE-HAND.
13
and a half
to five inches in
length, from
the centre of the mouth-piece, answer the
purpose
and as
my
horses never rear or
fight against the hand, I think that bits
of this description
riders
may
be used by those
who do not
trust to the reins for
support.
When
bitted
the rider
first
mounts the horse

snaffle,
with
curb
and
he will
draw the curb

gentle
feeling
reins
up
until
he has a
of
the
direct
horse's
rein,
mouth.
horse
light
Then with
being
at
the
halt,
the
he
will
make
the
side,
vibratory
to
motions to induce
his
horse
give
jaw
upon
one
and
afterwards he îll, in the same manner,
make
the
horse yield
his
jaw
to
the
other rein.
Then, with both reins at
equal length, he will play with the bit
14
SCHOOL-TEAINING FOE HORSES.
until the horse yields his
jaw and
carries
in his head, giving the
hand the moment

that
the
horse
yields,
so
the
animal
may
understand that he has done that
which was demanded,

rewarded for obedience.
and
that
he
is
These
at
results cannot be accomplished
once,
and in case of resistance the

after
trainer should,
a few
trials,
cease
his efforts and turn his attention to
some
other part of the education of the horse.
But when
dience,
ness,
the
horse
has refused obe-
through ignorance or stubborn-
while
he must not be punished,
he should not be led by any act of kindness to

think that his refusal has
rider.
met
with the approbation of his
I wish to say here, at the outset of

these instructions
in
training, that I
am
SUPPLING THE FOKE-HAND.
opposed
to
severe
punisliments
I
under
any circumstances.
rity tried in
have seen seve-
many
cases,
and
that
for years
was
under the
beHef
positive
disobedience
should
meet
I
with
quick
and sharp penalties, but

seen
have never
such
treat-
good
;
results
follow
ment
have
fail
while,
on
the
other
hand,
never
to
known
the
patient
kindness
stubborn
of
conquer
most
animals.
the course
Besides other advantages

I
recommend,
it
reduces
the dangers of training to a
minimum;
and the only injury

schooling
have received in
a
many
horses,
to say,
very
slight
one I
of
am happy
who
was the
to
result
an angry blow given

tried
young
beyond
This
horse
the
bounds
of
my patience my philosophy.
16
lesson
SCHOOL-TEAINING FOR HOKSES.
was not
found
the
lost
upon
me,
and I
have
docile
same
horse
perfectly
when
treated
with
firmness
and
kindness.
used,
The spur and whip must be

the
but
horse
should not look

of punish-
upon
them as
it
instruments
surprising
ment, and
is
how
will
quickly
a young and spirited horse

to the
answer
application of these aids without
flinching or resentment.
find
that a
harsh word will

of
correction,
answer
every
horses
purpose
underof a
and
the
all
stand
and
fear
angry tones
are
man's
voice,
as
they
soothed by
his kind words.
We
horse
will
now
first
return
to
give
in
the the
his
walking
lesson
double-bridle.
Taking
the
curb -reins
in
the
left
17
hand, divided
by the
httle
finger
and
grasped by the thumb, while the snaffle

reins,
divided
by
in
its
width,
right
are
held
the
above
rider
them
will
the
hand,
move
the
horse
upon
to
the
outside path of the riding-school
go
around to the
at a walk,
left
right.
When
a
series
the horse,
arrives
will,
upon the path, the

of gentle
hand
by
the
vibrations
of
curb-reins,
giving
of
an
the
his
equal
bearing
on
both
sides
to
mouth, induce the horse
yield
jaw
and
to
to
carry
his of
face
perpendicular
the
plane
of
movehead,
ment.
The
height
the
which should depend upon the conformation of the horse, must be regulated
by the
snaffle-reins, as the
curb-bit has
a tendency
to
make
the
horse
carry
18
his
SCHOOL-TEAINING FOR HOESES.
head
too
low,
but
the
two bits
must not
right
act simultaneously;
is
when the
the snaffle,
hand
to play with
the
left
hand must ease the tension on the

and
this
curb-bit,
rule for the indepen-
dent use of the bits must
be observed
under
all
circumstances.
Should
will
the
horse hang back, the
hand
yield,
for-
and the closed heels

ward,
will press
him
then
the
bit.
rider
will
renew the
action of the
When
the corner of
tension
of
the
school
is
reached,
the
the curb-reins will for a
moment
cease,
in
and
the
horse will
be turned
snaffle-bit
the
new
direction
by the
held in
the right hand; but

is
before the
snaffle-reins
change
will
completed, the
be
will
eased,
and
the
outside
curb-rein
be
carried
against
the
neck
of
the
19
the
horse
to
teach
of
him
the
to
bend
At
at
appHcation
curb.
each
corner of the riding- school these applications

of
the
aids
will
be practised,
the
to
and upon the

bit will
straight
lines
curbyield
call
upon
the
horse
his
jaw
and head,
the
tension
upon
that bit ceasing the
moment
the horse
obeys the demand.

After
to the
few turns about the school

will
right, the reins
be changed,
of
in
will
the
left
hand
holding
those
the the
snaffle
above the curb -reins
now
right
hand,
and
the
horse
be
walked the reversed way.

In the straight lines the horse will be
kept collected between the hand and legs,
and as he learns
to yield to the bit

will
and
answer to the heel, he
become
light.
2 *
20
When
the horse turns readily at the
corners in
answer
to
the
snaffle
fol-
lowed by the curb, he should be turned
by the use of the curb
alone,
the
out-
side rein being pressed against the
neck
and the corresponding heel bringing up

the
croup.
After
he makes the turns

the
at the corners at
pressure
of the
curb -rein, he
figure
should be ridden in
taking the
school,
full
the
of
eight,
length
and
breadth of the
and then
gradually taught to go in circles to the

right
and
left,
the
equilibrium
being
always required.
In the same way, using precisely the
same means, the horse should be taught

to trot
and gallop
equilibrium
in
measured
head
speed
carried
in in
the a
the
perpendicular
position,
the
jaw
21
yielding
rein,
to
every
touch
of
the
curb-
and the action even and regular.
Should the horse lose his equilibrium in

the
trot
or in
the gallop,
and become
brought
is
heavy in
to a halt,
hand, he should be
and
after
the equilibrium
re-established he
in
should
that
be
again
put
the
action,
so
he
may know
As
a
his fault
rule the
and correct the habit.

horse should
after every
misfirst
take
be
brought
of
back
to
the
principles
the
movement
he
is
attempting.
The reason
ing of the jaw
for
is
demanding the
obvious,
yield-
for the horse
then
the
is
incapable of
resistance
of
against
bit.
The
position
the
head
also is
an acknowledgment of subjugafor
tion
while
the
horse
may
freely
22
hold
it
at
any height to
of
carriage,
insure
ease
and
grace
he cannot
of
so
well oppose the
demands
the bit as
stiffly
he could were his head held

or braced against his chest.
out
In
this
stage of
his
education
it
is
excellent practice to bring the horse to
halt
and
to
carry his head

to
rear,
first
to
one side and then

he
looks
to
the
other, until
the
by
;
the
gentle
play of the direct
rein
and requiring
is
him
to
yield the
to
jaw while the head

After bending
turned
the rear.
to
either side, the
neck should be straightto yield
ened and the jaw made

the head
is
before
bent to the other

action of
side.
The
different
the
two bits
must be constantly borne

snaffle-bit
will
in mind.
The
pulls
be used, in
short
23
himself
upward,
light in
to
make
if
liim
carry
front
the horse be
;
naturally
curb-bit
heavy in that part

will
while the
to
be
employed
of
overcome
the
active
direct
resistance
the horse,
and to
fore-
and rule the forces of the

after
hand
its
the snaffle
has accomplished
bits
work.
But the two
must never
be used together, no matter
how
rapidly
the effects of one must follow
those of
the
other.
24
CHAPTER
III.
SUPPLING THE CROUP.
To
bring the horse under the control of

it
the rider
is
necessary that the forces

to
of the croup should answer

plication
the ap-
of the legs
as
readily as
the
fore-hand yields to
hit.
the
demands
of the
The
trainer,
standing
at
the
in his
near
left
shoulder of the horse,
will,
hand, grasp the reins of the curb close

to the branches of the bit, and,
by draw-
ing them towards the animal's chest in
SUPPLING THE CROUP.
25
gentle
vibrations,
induce
him
to
yield
the jaw and carry his head in the per-
pendicular position
at
the
same time
he
will tap the
horse upon the
rump with
the whip, held in the right hand, until
the hind-legs are carried under the body,
and the horse

brium.
is
brought
into
equili-
The taps
transferred
of
to
the whip the

left
will
then be
until
flank
the
horse carries his croup over one step to

the right.
The fore-hand
will
be kept
in place by the reins, and although the

fore-legs have not
been raised from the
ground, the
position,
it
oflf
fore-foot will, in the
new
be shghtly in rear of the line
should occupy.
side
tap of the whip

fore-
upon the under
of the right
arm
will bring that leg
up
to its place,
26
SCHOOL-TKAINING FOE HORSES.
and the horse
will
be
straight
in
the
new
In
that,
position.
this
way the horse
will
be taught
although the fore-hand must

its
not
move away from

fore -leg
ground, the inside

to
must be raised and advanced

itself
accommodate
that the
to the
new
position
mass has taken.

will
The horse
be made to carry the
croup, step by step, around the fore-hand,
the near fore-leg acting as a pivot, and

the off fore -leg moving enough
only to
bring
him
straight
after
each step made

not take more
by the croup.
He must
than one step at a time, and he should be

permitted to
move only when
it
is
re-
quired of him.
In a similar manner, standing at the

off
shoulder, the trainer will
make
the
SUPPLING THE CKOUP.
27
horse pass the croup ahout the fore -hand

in the opposite direction, the off fore-leg
acting as the pivot.
These exercises
will
be employed be-
tween other early lessons, until the horse

will pass to the right or to the left with-
out removing the pivot-leg, and without

losing the equilibrium.
The power
transferred
of
the whip will

legs of the
now be
rider,
to the
in
the following
manner
trainer
will
The mounted
bring the
horse into equilibrium by hand and legs.
He
will
then pass the whip, held in his
right hand, behind his back and tap the
horse upon the near flank, pressing in

the
left
heel at the
same time,
until the
croup passes one step to the right.
The
right leg of the rider will be held close
28
to the fiank to prevent the horse draw-
ing back or
making more than one
step,
while a play of the right curb -rein will
overcome
the
resistance
of
the
right
shoulder of
the
horse,
and,
to
lightening
that side, induce
him
bring up his
right fore-foot to the line that will put
him
straight in the
new
position.
Step
by step the
circle of
the croup
about the near fore -leg will be completed,

care being taken to put the horse straight
after
each
change of position, and the

of
opposition
the
fore-hand
overcome
by the play of the

to
direct rein of the side
which the horse moves.
By
made
similar
means the horse
will
be
to circle the croup to the left
about
the off fore -leg as a pivot.
When
the horse will
make
the reversed
SUPPLING THE CKOUl'.
29
pirouettes in the
manner above described

will
with lightness and precision, he
be
made
to pass, to the right
and
to the left,
about the outside pivot-leg without halting

at each step
;
the proper fore-foot being
brought up with each movement of the

croup to maintain the straight position.
The next
horse
right,
practice will be to
make the
move
the
croup one step to the

left,
then one step back to the
one
step again to the right,
and so on,
until
he obeys the pressure of the legs without

hesitation.
In
all
movements
of the croup about
the fore-hand the
head
of
the
horse
should be bent towards the
advancing
croup, and the fore -hand should be kept

light
by the play of the direct

will
rein.
These lessons
render the
horse
30
SCHOOL-TKAINING FOR HORSES.
ready and quick, and he will soon obey

the pressure of the leg without waiting
for the prick of the spur, the
more severe
form of the aid being held in reserve to

be used only when required.
Having obtained control

of the
of the forces
fore-hand and of the croup,
we
have the horse under command, and we
may perform any movement by

employment
of our powers.
the proper
The pressure
crease
of the heels will not in-
the
speed
the
beyond
hand,
the
liberty
allowed
by
and the
horse
should be
of the
to
accustomed, by
the restraint
of the legs,
hand and the pressure
moderate his speed, or even come to

In bringing
a halt, in a collected form.
the horse to a halt, the heel pressure will
precede the
action
of
the
hand.
In
SUPPLING THE CEOUP.
31
reducing
dictate
act.
the
speed,
circumstances will
the aids will
how much, and when,
This collected state gives the horse
security in his
movements, as he
is
always
it
ready to recover from a mistake, and
is
necessary for the maintenance of equilibrium.
32
SCHOOL-TEAINING FOE H0ESE8.
CHAPTEK
TO BACK.
lY.
All horses should be taught
to
move
;
backwards with ease and Hghtness
not
only that the animal shall be prepared

to
go in every direction, but also that

to
col-
he may the more readily learn

lect himself
and be quick and ready in
his
movements.
is
Backing
movement not natural
to the horse,
and he must be made to

repugnance to the unusual
abandon
all
TO BACK.
33
action,
and
it.
be
taught
how
best
to
perform
If the
horse
the
be
bit
made
only,
to
back by
of
means
of
the forces
the fore-hand will bear
down and cramp
the croup, and

rear
if
any movement to the

it
takes place
must be with
diffi-
culty and awkwardness.

It
is
evident,
is
therefore,
that, if
the
movement
to
be made with ease and croup must be
grace, the forces of the
brought up to a point nearly in balance

with those of the fore-hand, but yielding to
the
latter
sufficiently to
permit
the retrogression at the desired speed.

It
is
not possible for
the
horse to
light-
back with rapidity and retain his

ness,
**
and
the
school-terms
of
the
gallop
backwards"
and
the
*'trot
Si
backwards "
motions
while
rear.
mean
those
only
paces
are
that
the
of
observed
the
the
horse
moves
slowly to
To
teach the horse
how
to back,
he
should be brought, saddled and bridled,
upon the training ground.

will
The
trainer
then,
by means of the
left
hand
acting
upon the
taps
reins beneath the chin
and
the
of
the
whip
into
upon
the
croup,
bring
him
equihbrium.
of
Then, by
continuing
the taps
the
whip upon his croup, the horse
will be
made
to
raise
one of his hind-legs, but

forwârd impulse
before the mass gets a
the hand will carry the

step,
horse back one
and before he loses his lightness

be
he
will
made
to
advance
few
steps.
TO BACK.
35
In the next lesson he

to
may
be
made
take two or three steps to the rear,

to
and
advance
is
several
steps
before
the equilibrium
progressive
destroyed.
of
By
short
lessons
few
minutes
each day, he will be practised until he

will carry himself a
number
of paces to
the rear without losing the equilibrium,
which should be retained by the hand
and whip acting upon the
fore -hand
and
the croup, as either requires the stimulant of an aid.
Care must be taken
to
all
keep the horse perfectly straight at

times
it
;
and
to
assist the trainer in this
is
well to have the horse
along the
side of a wall.
After the
horse
has been taught by

to
the
trainer
on foot
the
move backwards
should begin
*
with lightness,
man
6b
the mounted lessons.
The
rider
will
bring the horse into equilibrium at the

halt
;
then pressing in his heels until

raises
the horse
as
if
one
of
his
hind-feet,
will carry
to
advance, the
rider
back the balanced mass one step by a

light pressure
upon the
the
bit,
and immeadvance
in
diately
make
the
horse
by
the
yielding
heels.
hand and closing
Each day the horse
will
be made to
take an additional step,

still
or
more
if
he
retain
is
his to
lightness,
until in
time
he
able
go
any distance to the

If
rear without
becoming heavy.
the
croup yields too

fore-hand,
much
of
to
the
coming
the
heel
the
rider will
support the croup upon the side of the

lifted hind-leg,
and the pressure of the
TO BACK.
37
as each
bit
should only be
felt
step is
to
made,
and
then
only
sufficiently
bring about the movement.
Of
course,
the horse must be kept perfectly straight
by the
heels.
ready
pressure
of
the
rider's
The horse should not be

come
to
per-
mitted to
halt
after
back-
ing until he
has made a
few forward
steps without a break in action.
38
SCHOOL' TRAINING FOR HORSES.
CHAPTER
V.
THE PASSAGE.
The
passage
is
a
in
is
kind of
the
trot,
of very
brilliant
action
It
highest possible
in
equilibrium.
traversing,
usually employed
as the position in which the

is
horse
is
found at each stride

his
favourto
able to
balance
left.
in
moving
the
right or to the
In
horse,
the
at
passage
the weight
of
gait,
the
is
each cadence of the

its
borne by a fore-leg and
diagonally
THE PASSAGE.
39
opposed hind-leg, and from the spring

given at each step he
in the
air.
is
for the
moment
The
effect of this action is
striking
and graceful.
is
The passage
the
produced by putting
a
horse
into
slow
trot
and
re-
straining
the
forward movement,
is
while
the
great
spurs.
exertion
demanded
is
by
The
opposite spur
applied as
the horse raises each fore-leg in move-
ment, and the hand meets and opposes

the spur as
is
is,
the
hind -leg of each

into
action.
side
thus
brought
That
the spur and the rein
of
the
same
side serve to produce the action, shorten
the stride and the horse

is
restrain
the
speed.
off
If
about to lead
with the
left
right fore -leg,
the rider will apply the

the
spur to
increase
croup action and
40
to support the
raised
fore-leg,
left
and
will
immediately after draw the
rein to
check the forward impulse, and in that
way
further
increase
the
action
and
produce the momentary halt that adds

so greatly to the effect of this trot.
The speed
and regular,
ary
rest
must
be
very
moderate
at each stride the
momentand
the
must
be
marked,
equilibrium must be maintained.
The
exercises
in
with hand and heels,
recommended
the
Chapter
II.
for giving
step,
horse
steady regular
for
are
admirably
adapted
preparing
in
the
animal for his lessons

Indeed,
cases
;
the
passage.
in
the
aids are the

in
same
both
and
the passage the diagonal
action, if I
may
use the term,

use
is
pro-
duced
by the
accentuated
of the
THE PASSAGE.
forcing
41
sjDur
the
croup while the hand

;
restrains
effect
the
fore-hand
and
aids
another
is
of
the
combined
the
height and brilHancy of the step.

After
in
the
horse
the
has been perfected

intermittent
pulls
the
passage,
either
side
upon
cease,
of
the
will
mouth may
take an
and the hand

the
feel
even
it
bearing upon
reins
whenever
is
necessary
slightest
to
the
of
mouth, and the

the
rider's
pressure
leg
only will be required as the horse leads

with
the
opposite
of
fore-leg.
rider's
But
the
application
the
legs
is
should
not
cease while the horse

in
to
be re-
tained
the
action
of
the
passage
in
and
it
should be a rule that, except

the
lines,
trot,
the walk,
in direct
and
the
gallop,
the
horse should never
42
SCHOOL-TRAINING FOK HORSES.
be allowed to maintain a school move-
ment
ceases
after
;
the
indication
of the
aid
otherwise
he
may
volunteer an
undesired performance.
traversing,
gallop,
to the
direct
After circling,
of leg
in
the
changes
in
the
or the
rear,
movements
place and
the horse will be put into

in
lines
the
same
action
in
is
which these are performed before he

brought
not
to
halt.
This
rule
does
apply to
the
the
horse
while
of
he
is
learning
rudiments
it
the
move-
ments,
to bring
error,
because
is
often
to
necessary
correct
him
to
halt
an
the
to
but after
airs
it.
he
can
perform
be
taught
various
he
should
observe
43
CHAPTER
VI.
THE PIAFFER.
The
piaffer is
;
simply the passage with-
out advancing
and
the horse
it
will
be
brought to perform
the
action
of
by givmg him
the
passage
and
then
preventing him from gaining ground by

carrying
back the
bit.
forces
of the
first
fore-
hand with the

and spur
the
will
At
at
the
rein
act
each step,
the
will
as
in
passage,
the
but
after
it
horse has
acquired
action
only
be
44
SCHOOL-TEAINING FOR HOBSES.
necessary to keep
him
light
in
front
and
to
use
leg
a
as
gentle
pressure
of the
rider's
the
animal
raises
the
opposite
fore-leg
and
to
its
diagonally
disposed
hind-leg
sustain
the
movement.
The
horse
piaffer is useful in rendering the

light,
and
in
putting
him
in
position from which
he can make any
movement with
cision,
great celerity
and preadvance,
as he will be
ready to
to retreat, or to traverse to either
hand
without further preparation.
This
trol,
is
movement
difficult to
is
conthe
and
the
equilibrium
It
of
highest importance.
should not be
is
undertaken until the horse

fect in the passage,
quite per-
and has been taught
to
back with ease and lightness.
THE PIAFFER.
45
should be
a
The
given
lessons in the
piaffer
every
day,
but
for
is
only
few
minutes, as the action
very fatiguing
is
and harassing to the horse, and he

apt to become careless and heavy.
The advance
in the passage should be
gradually decreased, and
when
the horse
has made a step or two in place, or in

the piaffer,
he should be permitted to
again
advance in the passage and be

In a short
of steps in
rewarded by a kind word.

time, increasing the
number
the piaffer at each lesson, the horse will
perform the movement without
difficulty,
and can be made

from the
halt.
to
if
begin
the
the
first
action
But
lessons
are given from the halt, the horse

offer
must
will
more or
less
resistance,
and
his
frequently
become
violent
in
oppo-
46
sition.
The
rider
must
endeavour to
obtain a regular and even step, each leg
having the same height of action, and

the
that
whole movement being made with

springy motion that
is
proof of a
high state of equilibrium.
47
CHAPTEK
VII.
TO BACK AT THE PIAFFER.
The means
movement
parent to
in
for
producing
backward
the piaffer
should be apthe
pre-
all
who have read
ceding pages, but great tact and discretion

are required,
exist
and perfect
concord must
between horse and
rider.
When
in
two
legs of the horse are raised

piaffer,
one of the steps of the

will carry the
the
hand
rear,
balanced mass to the
and they
will
come
to the
ground
48
SCHOOL-TEAINING
FOE,
HORSES.
a few inches to the rear of the position

they would take in the piaffer in place.
The increased
should
cease
tension the
upon the
the
reins
moment
impulse
to the rear has been given, to be felt in
the
same way
at the
next
step of the
will
other pair of legs.
The spurs
keep
up the action
too
of the piaffer,
and prevent
precipitate
retreat.
When
it
is
desired to go forward the

at
hand
will yield
some cadence
of the
movement, and
the increased pressure of the heels mil

carry
forward
the
raised
legs
of
the
balanced horse.
In
rider
this, as in all
other movements, the
should
sit
quietly
upon
his horse,
so carrying his
hands and legs that his

aids
shall
motions in
applying the
be
almost imperceptible.
It detracts greatly
TO BACK AT THE PIAFFEK.
49
from the appearance of a horseman to be

seen
making
heels,
violent efforts with
hands
and
and the shifting of his weight

disturbs
under such circumstances
and
hampers the horse.
60
SCHOOL-TKAINING FOE HOESES.
GHAPTEE
CHANGES
IN
VIII.
THE GALLOP.
The
gallop
is
a succession of leaps, in
which the legs of

ground
after,
one side
leave
the
but pass beyond, the legs

;
of the other side

to
and the horse
is
said
lead
with the side making the more

strides.
extended
If
the
horse
side,
take
the
to
is
long
strides
with one
and turns
the other in
false
changing direction, he
gallop.
If
in
his
he take the long strides with
CHANGES IN THE GALLOP.

a
fore-leg
51
opposed
is,
and the
is
diagonally
.
hind-leg he
disconnected
That
to
be true and connected in the gallop the

horse
must always lead with the

is
side
towards which he
turning or traversing,
and the legs of the

correspond in action.
same
side
must
In the
gallop
side
is
the
horse rises more
upon the
the croup
with which he leads, and
bent to that side to enable
his hind-leg to
make a
stride correspond;
ing with that of the leading fore -leg
and
its
here we have the key for demanding performance.

If
we wish,
therefore, to
make
the horse
side,
gallop
leading
with
the right
we
shall lighten
that side by a play of the
direct -rein,
and bend the croup by an
application of the left spur.
When
the
52
SCHOOL-TKAINING FOE HOKSES.
horse strikes
off,
the hand and legs will

is
ahgn him upon the path he

and
this
collect
to follow,
him
for the desired speed.
To
end the leg opposite to the spur must
be carried closely to the flank, to be ready

to give support,
and
to prevent too
much
yielding
to
the rowels.
This
method
must not be confounded with that prescribed by military writers, for although
the
instructions
appear
to
have
great
similarity, the
effects are
very
different.
In military
riding,
the rule for making

is
the horse gallop with a snaffle-bridle
to raise the opposite rein, loiver the directrein,
and apply the opposite spur.

I
The
the
theory
reverse
reins.
advance
this,
'*
would
far
require
of
so
as
regards the
The
double-feeling " of the direct

is
curb -rein in the cavalry schools
not the
CHANGES
IN
THE GALLOP.
53
play or vibration that I advise to lighten

the side with which the long strides are
to
**
be
taken
for
the
soldier
by the
double-feeling " of the direct-rein bends
the horse's head to that side, and with the opposite spur brings about the croup,
and the horse must take the gallop with

the
side
so
collected.
But while
the
desired
action has been
brought about,
the
horse
cannot have that grace and

of
action
that
follows
side
freedom
the
is
method
to lead.
of
lightening
the
that
All authorities,
other than
to,
the one I
the
old
have just referred

rule
follow
of
''
the opposite rein and opposite
spur," until the horse has been taught

to
gallop with either
side,
when some
is
other and more proper
method
sub-
54
stituted.
But there
can
be
no good
reason for
adopting a false method by

teach a
which
to
movement
the
if
a horse
can be taught by
proper
method
from the beginning.

If the horse
is
lightened in front by
a play of the
bit,
he
side
may
be lightened
more
other
bit
upon
by the
one
than
upon
of
the
the
increased
side
;
action
this
upon that
and by
method
the horse
may
be trained to gallop by
the use of the
same means that
shall
be
used
to
make
he
him
has
the
perform
the
movement
I
after
been trained.
rule
have
employed
founded
upon
this theory with complete success,
not only in teacliing the gallop, but in

schooling for
quiring
all
those movements reof
the
lightening
one
side
of
CHANGES
the
horse,
as
IN
THE GALLOP.
the
pirouettes
55
and
in
traversing.
As
the horse can best
maintain
his
balance and
is
is
keep his footing when he

in
true
and connected
the
first
his
gallop,
it
of
importance
able
to
that
the
rider
should
be
leg
demand the
action
;
changes of
this requires
tact.
while
in
but
great
long schooling and
The horse must

gallop
will
first
be
taught to
side,
leading
with either
in
at the
of the
gait,
rider,
regularly
lines
ca-
denced
circles.
in
direct
and
a
in
While
galloping
in
direct
line
he
will be brought to
to
a halt, and the

gallop
then
made
lead
off
in
with the opposite side.
When
he
will
perform this change from the halt with
56
SCHOOL-TEAINING FOE HOESES.
clearness
and
precision,
he
will
be
slowly galloped in a circle
and, without
circle
the
halt,
changed
to
in
the
opposite direction, the
hand acting upon

and the spur
the fore-hand as
it
rises,
of the opposite side pressing in as soon as
the fore-hand bends to the
bit.
As
the hand acts the body of the rider will
be carried back, to be brought forward

again as the spur
is
applied.
This use
of the aids and disposition of the weights,
as the horse
is
about to change the lead,

poise, at the
will give the
moment
the
fore-hand
the
is
in
the
air,
which enables
horse
to
take
the
new
lead
with
appli-
smoothness and exactness.

cation of the aids
celerity,
The
must be made with

unnecessary force
rider.
but without
or effort
upon the part of the
CHANGES
After
the
IN
THE GALLOP.
57
the
horse
in
will
make
changes
circle
neatly
turning
will
from one
to another,
he
be
direct
made
line
to at
change his lead in the
any
horse
step
without
be
halting.
But
the
must not
put forward until

each
successive
he
step
perfectly
in
performs
lesson,
the
and
Jirst
he
must be
of
brought back to
the
the
principles
movement whenever
awkward.
he
becomes
careless or
In demanding a lead of either

or
will
side,
change
in
the
lead,
the
is
horse
abso-
be
bent no further than

necessary
to
lutely
obtain
the
movethe
ment,
and
in
making the
should
circles
body of the
horse
conform to
their circumferences.
58
It
SCHOOL-TEAINING FOB HOESES.
is
hardly
necessary to
is
say
that
to
the
highest equilibrium
essential
the performance of the changes.
59
CHAPTEE
IX.
TO HALT IN THE GALLOP.
In
all
the exercises for bringing the horse
into equilibrium he has been learning to
carry
his
hind-legs
under him
at
the
pressure
of the rider's heels,
and from
his obedience to this indication
we can
readily
gallop.
get
finished
halt
from the
The horse
will first
be accustomed to
the walk
at
come
to
halt
from
the
fol-
pressure of the rider's legs, closely
lowed by the raising of the bridle-hand.
60
In the same
way he
trot.
will
be brought to
a halt from the
Then, being put into a measured gallop,

the rider will bring
him
as
to
a halt
by
is
pressing
in
the
heels
the
horse
beginning some cadence of the gait with

his
hind-legs,
and
is
raising
the
bridle-
hand as the horse
beginning the suc-
ceeding cadence with the fore -legs;

result of
will
The
these
applications of the aids

will
be
that the horse

halt
at
come
to
finished
the
completion of the
second cadence of the gait.
For
at the
pressure of the heels the horse will bring

his hind-legs well under his body,
and
at
the drawing of the reins he will arrest

his action in the fore-hand,
and he will
come
to the halt with his
powers collected.
As the
rider presses in his heels he should
TO HALT IN THE GALLOP.
61
lean well back, so that his weight

aid in fixing the croup
may
of the horse at
the finished stride.

of the rider
The
legs and
hand
must be used with promptand the time
ness, but without violence,
must be well chosen.
After a few trials
the rider will be able to seize the proper
moment without being
conscious of having
;
noted the leaps of the horse
and
in time
he
will
bring his horse to a finished halt
from the gallop with the same ease, and

with as httle thought of the steps to be
followed, as he would use to turn to the
right or to
the
left.
The
halt
in
the
gallop
prepares the
rest
horse for the

the
mo-
mentary
of leg in
that
precedes
as
change
the
gallop,
lead.
the
fore-hand
rises for the
new
62
CHAPTER
THE GALLOP
X.
IN PLACE.
This movement, and that which
follows,
may
be performed only by a
the
collected
rider.
horse in
hands of a
skilful
Under such circumstances there should

be no
difficulty in
producing these
bril-
liant effects.
When we
the gallop,
at a
first
put the young horse into

it difficult
we
find
to keep
him
measured rate of speed

stride.
in a regularly-
cadenced
But by the
restraint of
THE GALLOP
IN PLACE.
63
the hand, and the support and encourage-
ment
of the spurs,
we teach him
at the
to take
and maintam the gallop

speed.
desired that
By
to
the
same means
his speed
we
employ
prevent
regulate
we may
compel
his
progress,
or
even
retrogression in the action of the gallop.
Before
it
is
attempted to teach the

in
horse the gallop
place
he must be
taught to gallop in direct lines in such a
measured and collected

slight
will
manner
that a
change in the tension of the reins
not discompose his action.
The
rider
will
then practise bringing him to a very
slow gallop by the restraint of the hand,
while the pressure of the heels will prevent
him becoming heavy
in the croup
part.
by demanding the action of that
He
will
then be
taught
to
begin the
64
SCHOOL-TEAINING FOR HOKSES.
gallop at this very low rate of speed, and

after a
few strides be brought to a halt.

to
In time, he should be made

several
steps
in
take
place
at
starting,
and
then be allowed to go forward at the slow

gallop,
and be rewarded by a caress and
a kind
word
for
;
the few
steps he has
is
taken in place
for this
movement
very
trying to the temper of the horse, and he
must, by short lessons and rewards, be
encouraged in his
efforts
to
obey the
demands made upon him.
Each day the
number
of steps
may
be increased,- but
he should never be required to keep up

this
fatiguing
and harassing action
for
any great length of time.

the fore-hand
The
forces
of
must not too greatly over-
balance those of the croup, or the hindquarters will be fixed to the ground, and
THE GALLOP
the
IN PLAGE.
65
movement will degenerate
into a series
of rearings.
The spurs should keep up
the forces of the croup, and the hindfeet should
move
at
each leap.
leg in the gallop in
in exactly the
is
The changes
place
of
may be made
as
same
manrer
when
the horse
advancing.
66
CHAPTEE
XI.
TO BACK AT THE GALLOP.
To back
gallop
the horse in the action of the

it
from the gallop in place,

as
is
required that,
to
the
fore-hand
of the
carried
begins
action,
sink
in
cadence
the
forces
should
so
be
the
back
by the hand
touch the
that
fore-feet will
ground a few inches within

have reached from
the line they would
the gallop in place, and the hand then

giving way, the croup will be Hghtened
67
and the hind-legs

far
will
be carried back
enough
to
find their proper position
required to keep the
horse
collected
at
each finished step.
The movement of
the croup to the rear will be measured
by
the
spurs,
to
and
so
far
it
must
as
to
not
be
it
allowed
go
make
at
impossible for the horse to rise
the
succeeding cadence.
To
move
forward,
to
and
the
horse
should be
made
a
rest,
advance before he
the
as
comes
liberty
to
hand
he
will
rises,
give
to
the
horse
act
and
the spurs will
upon the croup, so
that the horse will take a gallop in the

direct line in a regular
and even
is
stride.
The
gallop to the rear
a mere tour
de force, to exhibit the skill of the rider
and the training
of
the
animal.
The
68
movement must be made

exactly the right time
increr-se
very slowly,
and
must be taken to
tension
of
or
yield
the
of
the
will
reins, or
the balance
the
mass
be destroyed and a mishap
may
ensue.
true
is
The
gallop
in
place
is
in the
action of the
gallop,
and the horse
in a high state of equilibrium.
But in
the so-called
gallop to
the
rear, while
the horse must be in perfect equilibrium

to
begin the
fore -hand
far,
movement,
the forces of
carried
in
the
too
must
be
back
and the changes
the points
of balance are
made
too
slowly to perlight.
mit the horse to be always
Of
course,
the
horse
must be
of the
kept
fore-
collected,
and
the
action
hand and
of the croup
must be kept up
the
in the best equilibrium possible, or
69
movement must come
to
an end.
is
But
a high state of equihbrium

stant,
not con-
though
it
may
be regained when
the horse moves forward in the gallop.

I
believe
that
no other writer has
given a description of the action of the
horse
that
in
the
movement, and
derived
is
know
the
impression
it
from the
methods by which
duce
it
proposed to prodifferent
is
of
an action very
from that
have described.
I can only
say that I
have explained the

have
seen
it
move-
ment
as
performed by
the horse, and I

in
know
horse
of
no other way
which
the
to
can
in
move
with
lightness
the
rear
any action
that resembles the gallop.
70
SOHOOL-TEAINING FOB HOESES.
CHAPTEK
XII.
THE SPANISH TROT.
While
ment
to
do not
be within
consider
this
moveof
the
scope
it
my
work, for I do not see that
answers
any useful purpose, I have undertaken

to
give
several
it
of
the
many methods
by which
it
may
be
produced, because
for
is
so greatly
admired
its
the
bril-
liancy and elegance of
action.
By
one
method
the
trainer
will,
standing at either shoulder of the horse,
THE SPANISH TROT.
71
bring him into equilibrium with a hand

operating
upon the
jaw
by the reins
held beneath the chin, and by the whip

taps
upon
the
horse,
rump.
thus
He
will
then
about
walk the
the
is
collected,
training-ground,
and as the horse
about to raise
it
each fore-leg, he will

a
stiff
give
a tap with
part
of
whip on the
checking
under
the
fore-arm,
the advance at each step with the hand.
In
short
time
the
horse
will
raise
and extend the fore-arm at the tap of

the whip,
of the
making the exaggerated action

march.
horse,
Spanish
the
will
rider
mil
now mount
of the whip
spur,
and the power
be transferred to the
in
the
following
manner
As
the
the trainer, walking by the

horse,
applies the
side of
whip, the
rider will
72
press
in
the
opposite
spur
and meet
the impulse of the spur with a tension

of the
rein of the
same
and
side,
to
make
the
that
momentary
side
rest,
by checking
After
a the
lighten
the
other.
will
few lessons
the
horse
make
extended step with each fore-leg at the

appHcation of the spur and hand without the whip, provided
that he
is
kept
very light in
readily
front.
This
a
march
trot
can
in-
be
forced
into
by
creasing the
speed
and continuing the
use of the aids.

only
at
Two
or three
at
steps
a
at
time
the
should
trot,
first
be
demanded
must
hand;
be
and the
and
the
horse
in
kept collected
if
light
and,
necessary,
play of
the rein
the
may
be marked, as he raises
of
hind-leg
that
side.
After the
THE SPANISH
horse has
TJiOT.
73
in
made
few
steps
the
Spanish trot he should be permitted to
resume
should
his
natural
action,
for
and
he
be
rewarded
voice.
his
exertions
by hand and
perform
this
In time he should
at
movement
very
the
slight
indications
from the
aids,
thumb
at the
of the bridle-hand being turned,

wrist,
towards
the
right
shoulder
or
towards the horse's ears as the right or

left leg
gives a light pressure to the flank.

in the Spanish trot lighten
We
must not
the fore-hand
the gallop,
by the
direct rein,
as in
because
there
trot,
must not be
and we conthe
a cross pull in
any
tent ourselves by producing
momenmoving
side give
tary
rest with
the rein of the
hind-leg,
and by checking that
freedom to the moving side of the fore-
74
hand.
The Spanish
passage,
trot
is
simply an
the
strides
exaggerated
with
forced forwards
of
by increased appKcation
the aids
of
and by throwing back the

fore -hand
forces
the
more than
action
of
in
the
perfectly
balanced
takes
the
the
passage,
horse.
which
place
under
second method for producing

step
is
is
the
the
Spanish
very similar
to
preceding, but
vous,
better adapted to ner-
excitable horses.
trainer will
In this second
stand in front
method the
of the horse,
facing
him, and, walking

horse
in
backwards, will lead the

best equilibrium
the
he can
procure under
the circumstances.
With a very slender

the
as
whip he
will
touch
horse upon
the
front of the fore -arm
he raises each
THE SPANISH TKOT.

fore-leg in walking.
effect
75
This will have the

strike
of
making the horse

the
peril
out,
often to
of
his
trainer, with
the fore-leg that has received the touch
of the
whip.
The
and the
transfer
of
power
to the spurs
subsequent steps
in training, will be exactly the
same as
described in the
first
method.
distinguished school-rider,
first
who gave
in this
me my
practical
it
lessons
movement, made
his
custom
halt, to
to teach
the horse, while at
a
at
give
or
extend
applied
his
fore-leg
the
whip
as
taps
below
raised
the
knee,
and
trainer
the
horse
seize
the
leg the
it
would
he
to
and
bear
up as high as
could.
Afterwards he
had a groom
walk backwards, facing the horse, and

as the
trainer,
walking by the side of
ib
the
moving horse, made him
raise
each
it
fore-leg in turn, the
groom caught
it
in
his
hands and bore
up
for a
moment,
and then dropped

fore-leg
in
it
to treat the other
the
same
a
trot
way.
Even
with the horse in

that
have I seen
the
groom
dodging
but
away from
seizing
excited
animal,
as
and
lifting
for-
the
fore -legs
they were
of
this
thrust
ward.
the
ever
The
result
work
I
was
have
most
seen,
elevated
action
that
and the long pause between
each step in the horse so trained was

very effective.
The power
to I
of
the whip
was
transferred
the
spurs
by
the
usual method.
structor will
hope that
my
old in-
not consider
me
indiscreet
in
explaining
how
he
produced
the
wonderful
action
that
was
the
envy
THE SPANISH TROT.

of continental
ago.
riders
77
of
score
years
This
is
the
of
is
least
all
difficult
to
teach
and
to
ride
the
school
move-
ments, and
of the least importance.
78
CHAPTEK
XIII.
TRAVERSING IN THE PASSAGE.
When
right or
the
to
horse
the
is
directed
to
the
left
upon two
parallel
fore-
paths, by one of which
moves the
hand
slightly
in
advance of the croup

other, he
is
which follows the

traverse.
said
to
This
the
is
one of the most important of

practised
in
movements
and
is
military
in
riding,
useful to all
horsemen
to
rendering
their
mounts obedient
the
TBAVERSING IN THE PASSAGE.
79
indications
of
the
leg.
It
is
usually
performed at the passage^ but the early

lessons
must be given
at the walk.
If the
line
is
horse be standing
is
across
the
(that
upon which he
to
move
with his body making right- angles to

line),
that
he
will
be made to
to
carry
his croup one

will bring
step
the
left,
which
him
to
into the proper position,
with regard
the
line
of march,
to
traverse towards the right.
This position to the line

is
of
march
to
necessary
to
permit
as
his
legs
pass each
other
he
proceeds
side-
ways.
The
rider will lighten
the fore-hand
with the right rein, and induce a move-
ment
to the right
by a pressure of the
left heel,
his right leg being held close
80
to the flank to prevent the croup going
over too far and

to
to
keep the horse up
the line of march.
The horse must be kept

angle
to
at the
same
the
Hne
of
march,
and his
he
head must be bent in the direction

is
following,
and whenever
the
horse
loses his
to a halt
lightness he
must be brought
and
collected.
In the same
aids
manner, right and

he
will
left,
being
interchanged,
at
be
the
taught
to traverse
walk
in
opposite direction.
When
the
horse
will
pass
to
the
lines
right and to the left
upon straight
without losing his lightness,
he should
:
be
made
to
traverse
in
circles
care
being taken to keep him, at each step,

at the proper angle to the point of the
TKAYERSING IN THE PASSAGE.
81
circumference
to be.
upon
wliicli
he
happens
He
the
will
then
in
be
the
made
to
perform
of
traverse
action
the
passage.
The
action
line,
rider will put the horse into the
of
the
will,
passage
upon
direct
at
and
upon arriving
intends
to
the
point
where
he
begin tra-
versing, keep the fore -hand at the

rate of speed, while
to take
same
he forces the croup

strides
by extended
the
proper
position to the line of

action of the
movement.
The
passage
and the travers-
ing will be kept up by accentuated pressures of the
opposite spur given as the

to
horse raises the fore- leg of the side
which he moves
the
inside leg
of the
rider will be held close to the flank to
82
keep
the
croup in
place
and prevent
the horse falling back from the line of
march.
The hand
will lead
and
direct
the fore-hand, and by the

direct
play of the
lightness
rein
will
maintain the
of that part and carry the head of the
horse in
It
the direction he
is
following.
will
be observed that the rein

side with the
upon
is
the same
acting
spur
not used to bring
about the temporary
rest at each stride as in the passage in
direct lines, because
this action
of that
traverse
rein
would
interfere
with
the
movement.
tary rest of the
is
The
effect
of the
momen-
accomplished by the action

spur giving
outside
one pair of
other
legs greater action
than the
two
take
in
the
alternate
strides.
if
The
neces-
inside spur, while
keeping up,
TRAVEtiSlN.i IN TtiE PASSAGE.
83
sary, the horse to the line, is also used
to prevent
far,
the
of
croup passing
over too
to
it
but,
course, does
of
not serve
legs
heighten the action
the two
would act upon

lines
is
;
in the
passage in direct
it
rather checks them,
though
inside
it
not
intended
that
the
in
spur
should take
action of the
any part
producing the
passage in the traverse.

hors.^
At each step the weight of the

is
supported by a fore-leg and the hinddiagonally

legs
leg
opposed, while the other

carried
of
two
the
are
beyond them
in
direction
in
the
movement.
weight
to
is
The
thus
manner
borne
balance
the
left,
which the
permits the horse

as
keep his
to
he goes to
the right or the
and
avoids
danger
of
tripping.
84
SCHOOL TRAINING FOR HORSES.
The experiences
forming the
of the
in
rider
circles
in perat
traverse
the the
walk, will teach
him how
at
to
make
changes
of
it
direction
is
the
passage.
But when
traversing
left
desired to change from

right
to
the
or
left
to
the
or right,
cease,
the progressive
in
movement
the
must
order
that
horse
may
the
take
his
position
and
If
balance for
new
direction.
at
the
horse
he
traversing
the
a
walk,
halt,
he
should
he
brought to
and the croup

to
should be
side
for
carried
over
;
the
if
proper
the
change
at the
but
the horse
be
traversing
passage he should
be
made
to
do
the
its
few
steps
in
the
piafer
and
croup
action.
may
For
be
it
carried
over during
must be
understood that,
the
fore-hand being in
TKAVEKSING IN THE PASSAGE.
85
advance of the croup, the horse cannot

traverse to the opposite side until these
relative positions
of forehand
for
and croup
direction
are
established
the
new
and the balance
effected anew.
^6
SCHOOL-TEAINING FOR HORSES.
CHAPTER
XIV.
TRAVERSING AT THE GALLOP.
Although
the passage
is
the
action
in
T7hich traversing
may
best be performed,
to
horses
are
brought
traverse
at
the
gallop, both
to prepare
as a school
for voltes
movement and
and
pirouettes.
them
the
Of course,
general
the
principles
in
all
for
traversing are
same
actions,
and
take
it
is
only necessary in the gallop to

greatest
the
precautions
of
for
prein
serving
the
balance
the
horse
TRAVERSING AT THE GALLOP.
87
moving
to either
side,
for his
weight
is
not then so evenly supported as in the

passage.
The horse should be put
into the gallop

is
with the lead on the side to which he

to traverse
;
that
is,
if
he be to traverse
to the right
he
will
be
made
to
gallop
leading with the
right legs.
When
he
arrives at the point

is to
where the traversing
begin, the croup will be carried over
by the opposite spur, and the fore-hand

will
be bent and conducted by the direct
rein.
The
inside spur
must be kept
close
to
guard the
movement, and
between
hand and
legs the horse
must be kept
of pro-
at the proper angle to the line

gress.
As
for
the
croup moves into the

the
to
position
traversing,
horse
take
a
will
dis-
probably be
compelled
88
SCHOOL -TRAINING FOR HORSES.
connected stride with his hind-legs, and

this action will be corrected at the second
stride
in
the
new movement by bringing

In
like
up the
croup.
is
manner, when
direct line a
the horse
put into the
false stride in the hind-quarters
must be
looked for and corrected.
In turning, the speed of the croup
must be retarded
will
so that the hind-quarters
hold their relative position to the

;
fore -hand at every point of the line

likewise,
in
and
care
traversing
to
in
circles
must be taken
keep the body of the
horse at the proper angle to each point

of the circumference.
This retarding of
the speed of the croup will be governed
by the graduated pressure of the outside

spur, aided
sary,
by the support, when necesIf the
of the inner spur.
horse
TRAVEESING AT THE GALLOP.
89"
be traversing to the
right,
and
it
be
desired to pass in the opposite
direction,
the
movement
to
the
right
must
end,,
and the horse must recover
his balance
and be put
the
into position
to
the hne of
of the
new
direction.
The
for
action
if
horse does not

to
cease,
he
comes
;
rest
he loses
his
lightness
but
the
movement
in the old direction

is
must
still
Tvdll
be stopped, and while the horse

light
and collected
the
fore-hand
is
be carried over as far as

for
necessary
the
new
order
of
affairs,
and
the
change of leg made by the change of

aids,
and the horse
will
lead
is
off
with
the side towards which he
to traverse.
^)0
SCHOOL-TKUNING FOR HORSES.
CHAPTEE
XV.
VOLTES AND PIROUETTES.
The movement
is
of traversing in a circle
called
voltey
when
the
fore-hand
follows the outer circumference, and the
croup
is
kept towards the
centre.
As
the circles decrease in

to
size the distance

is
be passed by the croup
lessened,
and when the croup becomes the pivot

about which the
volte
fore-hand
passes
the
becomes a pirouette.
circles for
The smaller the
the volte
VOLTES AND PIKOUETTES.
91
the lighter must he the fore-hand of the

horse
;
and
in
the pirouette
the
spurs
must
act strongly in collecting the forces
of the
croup,
while
the
hand
carries
back upon the hind-quarters the point

of balance
the
of
the
weights
and
directs
col-
movement.
The spurs having
lected the horse act only to
steady the
lessons
croup,
outside
and
in
the
earlier
the
spur will be
used to bring up
the outside hind-leg as the
mass moves
as
about
the
inner
are
hind-leg
pivot.
The
voltes
made
by
in exactly the
same
manner, and
the
the
same means, as
in
changes of direction
position
of the
to
traversing.
The
body of the horse,

the
with reference
point
of
angle
at
each
be
the
circumference,
must
observed, and while the fore-hand
must
92

croup must be allowed
be kept
light, the
freedom to move
in the pirouette
it
upon
is
its
path,
until
fixed
by the forces
of the fore-hand.
If
it
be
desired
gallop,
to
make
stride
a pirouette
from the
shortened
the
must
be
be-
and the forces

legs.
collected
tween hand and

step
will
At some finished
of the hind-quarters the fore-hand
be
brought
back
to
destroy
the
forward impetus, and as the horse rises
he
will
be turned to the side with which

in the gallop.
rest,
he leads
But there must

and the balance
pirouette
be a momentary
must be obtained before the

is
made.
By
trained
rider
horse in
all
the
hands of a
be done
that the
so
skilled
this
may
quickly
and
so
smoothly
hardly be
different
steps
may
93
to in
observed,
rest,
is
and
turned,
the
horse
comes
and put again
the
gallop,
as
if
by an almost continuous
the
movement
in
beat
of the
is
gallop.
But before the pirouette

the
in
attempted
perfect
horse
the
must be made
to
quite
voltes,
at
the
right and to the
left,
first
the
walk,
then
in
the
passage,
and
the
finally
at the at
gallop.
In
the
making
horse
w^hich
volte
the
to
gallop
side
will
go
is
about
leading,
circle,
the
with
in
he
the fore-hand
the
outside
the
croup
on
an
inner line.
to
In changing from the volte
one hand to the volte to the other

the
hand,
cease,
impetus
of
the
first
must
and the forces of the fore-hand

been
brought
over,
having
fore-Land
back,
and
change
the
of
carried
the
94
le^
SCHOOL-TKAINING FOR HOESES.
will
be
effected,
and
the
horse^
will
balanced for the
new
in
movement,
make
the
volte
the the
will
new
volte
direction.
As the
in
size,
circles
of
decrease
the the
spurs
forces
collect
more
and
the
fore-
strongly
of
the
croup,
further
the
hand
of
will
carry back
so
point
balance,
that
the
hand may be
ment
outside
aid
to
in
lightened.
As the movepirouette
approaches
spur
the
will
the
the
to
gradually
leaving
cease
turning,
the
hand
carry
the
balanced mass about the
pivot.
In
his
the
pirouette
the
horse
the
takea
inner
is
if
weight and turns upon
hind-leg,
and
the
in
outer
hind-leg
brought
the
up
support.
That
is,
pirouette
be to the right the horse

turn upon
left
95
and
will
the
right hind-leg,
the
to
hind-leg
sustain
will
be
brought
up
help
the
weight.
Although
prepare the
is
travershig
and
the
the
voltes
it
horse
give
for
pirouette,
well
to
to
him
some
in
lessons
peculiar
the
movement,
Bringing
so
the
fol-
lowing
parallel
manner.
to
the
horse
a
his
wall,
that
he
may
not move
his
step,
hind-quarters
the
rider
away from
step
ground,
bring
will,
by
the
the
fore-hand
about
croup as a pivot by drawing the direct

snaffle -rein,
and
opposite
inside
steadying
rein
the
the
horse
with
bit.
the
of
will
eame
kept
The
to
heel
of
be
horse,
to
close
the
flank
will
the
and
the
outer
heel
be
used
make
to
its
the
outer
hind-leg
keep
up
96
SCHOOL-TKAINING FOB HOESES.
place
as
the
moving mass changes

If
left,
its
proper position.
the the
movement be
left
around
rein
will
to
the
snaffle-
demand
the
movement, and
will
the
right
snaffle-rein
steady the
horse.
As the fore-hand completes the

the
change,
will
right
heel
right
of
the
rider
bring
horse.
up
the
hind-leg
of
the
After
the
horse will
croup,
carrv
to
the fore-hand
right
about the
the
or
left,
with the snaffle-bit, withof the

into
wall,
out the
will
support
the rider
bring
curb,
him
equilibrium
of
with
that
the
bit
and with the reins

one hand
of
will
held in
forces
part,
carry
back
the
that
the
fore-hand,
and turn
raised,
so
lightened
;
and
the
about
spur,
the
if
croup
using
outside
necessary, to govern the hind-
97
in
far
quarters.
discretion
Of course,
of
it
rests
the
the
his
the
rider
how
horse shall turn before he brings

fore -feet
activity
again to the ground, and the

of the
horse,
as
well
as
his
balance,
must be taken
the
into
considera-
tion in performing
pirouettes.
In
the true pirouette the horse goes about
and
faces the
opposite
direction,
before
his fore -feet
come
to the
ground.
98
CHAPTEK
XVI.
TEACHING TO LEAP.
My
experience
has taught
me
to differ
from those who think that a generous

horse
objects
to
leaping in cold blood.

as
I
horse
a
used
positive
recommend
in
will
all
take
that
pleasure
doing
his rider
requires
of him,
and as
long
is
as
it
is
not carried
is
on until he
fatigued,
there
nothing he likes
I
better
than leaping.
can understand
TEACHING TO LEAP.
99
how
horses that are
punished with the
spurs or whip every time they approach
a leap,
that
acquire
a horror of everything
reminds them of the torture, and

will face obstacles only
that such
when
obli-
the excitement
terated from
tion
of
of the
chase has
all
their
memory
recollec-
the a
pains that
attend
leaping.
in
So,
too,
horse
crippled
either
fore-feet or in
hind- quarters, will natuexertion that
rally
avoid
the
must
bring
suffering.
But
high-spirited
horse
it
does not object to
leaping
when
is
unattended by the pain of spurs
or of lameness.
I
have had
bar
horses that
would leap
in
the
when
and
turned
I
loose
the
school;
this year
had a young
would
leap
mare
in
training
that
100
closed
umbrella
or
stick
held
out
before her.
I
believe
to
that
every
horse
can
be
brought
even
it
leap
willingly
and
quietly,
though through bad management

acquired
leaps
has
the
the
or
of
habit
of rushing
at
refusing
them.
After
horse,
leaps,
a few
that
lessons,
have ridden a
at
had always rushed
his
reins
over an obstacle while the
lay
knotted
reason
upon
to
if
his
neck;
that
and
have
believe
no
wellwill
is
formed horse,
refuse
properly trained,
leap
that
he
thinks
he
capable of accomplishing.
all
Setting aside
considerations
of
the
pleasure
in
riding
a horse
that
jumps
there
with coolis
ness
and
deliberation,
much
animal
greater
safety
with
such
an
TEACHING TO LEAP.
than with one
air
101
that
springs
into
the
with a struggle to ahght he knows
not
how
or where.
The
young
step
horse
should
a
first
be
as
is
taught to
it
over
leaping-bar
lies
upon the
or
ground,
when
the
he
going to
returning
from
spot
If
where his daily lessons are given.

the horse refuse
trainer
side
at to
cross
the
bar, the
should stand upon the

the
opposite
length
of the
leading-rein
with his back to the horse,

until
and
wait
the
is
animal
satisfies
himself that
there
nothing sinister
intended
and
follows
his master without being urged.
The
be
attention
of the
horse should not

object,
drawn
to
the
and
there
should be no
effort to
drive
or to pull
him over
it.
102
When
two
the
effort
the
horse will
it
cross
the
bar
without reluctance,
or
should be elevated
three
is
inches
each
to
day
until
animal
to
compelled
over
it.
make an
height,
step
At
this
say
eighteen inches,
the
bar
may be
and the
it
taken in the lunging

horse
circles,
encouraged
to
leap
as
he
approaches the
bar by some
word or
After
his
sound that he understands.

first
leap
in
the
lunge,
he should be
given to
stopped,
and by caresses be
understand that he has done well.

In the
early
for
part
of
each
general
daily lesson,
the
space of a week,
to
he should
be
made
leap
at
the
the
bar
upon
the
lunge
line,
same
height, but not
more than three or four

;
times each day
and he should be made
TEACHING TO LEAP.
to understand
effort
108
after
each leap that his
has met with approval.

bar
The
degrees,
until
it
may
then
be
raised
by
two or three inches each day,

is
about
three
feet
from the
ground, and the horse should be made

to
leap
it
few
times
during
each
pieces
lesson.
During these
exercises
of
horse- clothing
and highly
coloured
rugs,
with which the horse has become
accustomed, should be placed near the

bar
;
and,
in
after
the
horse
has passed
without
them
his
lunging
circles
paying attention to them, they should
be put upon the bar

In
this
for
him
to leap. to
way
he
may
be
taught
itself,
jump anything
matter
in
that
presents
no
it
how
questionable a
shape
comes.
104
But
SCHOOL-TRMNING FOR HORSES.

this
all
is
simply to render the

It
still
horse willing to leap.

for
remains
do
it
him
to
be
taught
how
to
in the best
manner.
horse will take
the
After
willingly
the
leap
upon the lunge-line, the trainer
should lead him very quietly up to the

bar,
and giving him his head,
let
him
take the
leap from a slow walk.

is
Then
led
he should be stopped as he
to the bar,
halt.
up
and made
to
jump from the
After
such
stand
a
at
course
the
of
trainer
bar,
should
so
to
an end
the
that he
correct
may
the
be able to detect
faults
and
the
horse
may
have in his
style of leaping.
If the horse does not
bend
his. fore-
legs
closely
enough,
some
light
taps
TEACHING TO LEAP.
with the whip
rises
will
105
as
upon
the
the
habit
;
shins
he
cure
and a few
touches
of
of the
whip upon the outside

below the hocks
will
the
hind-legs
induce him to gather his hind-legs well
under
him.
The
leading-rein
should
ap-
hold him well under control as he
proaches the bar at a walk, or stands

ready to leap
liberty
;
but he
should have
as
full
of
his
head
he
rises,
and
until he has regained his footing
on the
other
learns
leap,
side.
In this way he not only

to
how
but
gather himself for
his
he must alight properly, and

four
if
not on
all
feet
at
once,
as
bar.
he
If
might do
hurried
over the
the horse will not rise for the
stand-
ing leap,
he
may
at
first
be assisted
the
by the hand which
holds
leading
106
rein,
carrying
back the
forces
of
tlie
fore -hand,
and so lightening that
part.
this
But when
no
longer
necessary,
assistance should be
withdrawn,
as the
horse should learn to depend upon himself for calculating height
and distance.
The horse should not be ridden over

the
bar until
he
has
received
to
these
carry
lessons,
and has been taught
himself in equilibrium.
The introductory
course of instruction, as described above,
having
been
followed,
and the
collect
legs,
horse
himself
having been
taught to
under the
should
brisk
hand and
ridden
to
the
horse
at
be
walk,
the
bar
to
a a
and encouraged
take
leap
if
by a pressure of the
legs,
and,
necessary, a play of the bit to lighten
the fore-hand.
When
he
will take the
TEACHING TO LEAP.
107
leap freely, without requiring assistance
from the
the
hand,
in
he
slow,
may
be ridden
at
bar
the
a
at
collected
gallop.
In
leap
the
gallop the
hand
direct
should do
the
horse
nothing
more
than
the
and
maintain
equi-
librium, while the

to
for
collect
legs should
forces
be used
croup
the
of
the
the
spring, but there
should be no
horse be
assistance
prick from
the
spur.
If the
accustomed to depend
upon
from the
bit
in rising for the take-off,
he
will
all
become
the
negligent,
and
will
throw
rider.
responsibility
upon
the
This must result in

horse
only
a disaster,
his
for
the
can
judge of
own
capabilities,
and he should decide and with what exerin

fit
where
tion.
to
take
off
If the
horse be
condition
108
SCHOOL-TRAINING FOR HOESES.
to leap,
and has been properly schooled,

not require
his
he
will
the
spur
its
to
urge
him
give
to
work,
and
use
may
him a
distaste for
fore-feet
jumping.
of
When
horse
the
the leaping
have
touched
act
the
ground,
to
the
hand should
the
sufficiently
gather
horse for
exactly the
as
leap,
same speed
in
and equilibrium
approached the
that
which he
care
great
or
being
taken not to harass

his
check him in
movements.
great
deal that
is
misleading has
to esta-
been written in the endeavour

blish
a rule
falls
to
be
observed
when
the
horse
in
leaping
some
the
wôuld-be
of
authorities
advocating
raise
use
the
reins
assert
to
the
horse,
while
others
that
any
movement
upon
the
TEACHING TO LEAP.
109
the
part
efforts
of
the
rider
will
hamper
of the
animal.
horseman of
that
experience
rule
will
should
apply to
know
all
neither
If,
cases.
after
fall,
the
horse raises his head from
the
to
ground and shows a determination

get
upon
of
his
feet,
any action upon
the part
the
rider
might
directed
interfere
efforts.
with
his
if
intelligently
But
the
horse
lies
with
his
head
effort,
upon the ground and makes no

or
if
he struggles violently in his panic
he should receive assistance from or be

steadied
by the
rider's
will
effort
hand.
often
if
A
fall
word
of encouragement
to
rouse
him
has
deliberate
the
cowed him.
After
in
the
gallop
horse will take

neatly
his
leap
the
and
evenly,
he
110
SCHOOL-TEAINING FOE HORSES.
should be taught to take the standing
jump.
have put this the

lessons
test
last
it
in the
is
mounted
greatest
because
trial
the
and and
of
the
I
horse's
willingness
temper.
the
leaps
first
have
of
recommended
mounted horse
from a walk
that
the
should
be
made
of
to
because
will
the
impetus
even that action
induce
the
him
go on and jump.
If
first
leaps
were taken
in
the
gallop,
at
the
horse
would be tempted
to rush
the bar
but by following the course I have here

laid
down the leaping with

to
deliberation
in
becomes a habit not
be broken
upon even
movements.
in
the
excitement
of rapid
In the leap from the halt the horse

should be ridden quietly up to the bar
TEACHING TO LEAP.
Ill
and stopped.
to
rise
He
will
then be induced
the
bit, is
by the play of
and,
neces-
after
he has risen as high as

the
in
sary,
legs
to
of
the
rider
to
should be
force
pressed
action
the
flanks
the
of the
hind-quarters.
The head
of the horse should be released as soon as he

feet
begins to
rise,
and as the
fore-
touch the ground the hand should
gently take
as
shall
such tension
necessary
to
of the
reins
be
re-establish
the
equilibrium.
to
The horse should be accustomed

take the
standing
leaps
without
other
aid from the
hand than the
slight play
of the rein that carries back the forces
of the fore-hand. rapid
But
in the leaps
from
motion the hand should establish

before
the
equilibrium
the
horse
ap-
112
proaches
the
leap,
and
it
should
in
do
nothing
more
until
after
aids
collect-
ing the horse
the
fore-feet
have
reached the ground upon the far side

of the obstacle.
In riding a horse at
the
give
broad
leap
to
speed
must
be
great
enough
him the advantage
of the
impetus
of his motion, but the speed
must not
be
so
great
as
to
prevent
him
take
deoff
ciding
upon where he should

what
a
exertion.
and
hard
will
with
at
If
driven
broad
leap
the
horse
often
become disheartened or conunable

to
fused,
and
control
his
powers.
horse
should never be
in
ridden
at
a high leap
speed that prohibits
him being
collected;
and the horse
is
TEACHING TO LEAP.
113
capable of
direction
his
greatest
effort
in
this
in
very
slow
collected
gallop.
114
CHAPTER
XVII.
GENERAL NOTES.
HORSE
is
:
with
any
of
the
following
defects
unsuitable for
straight
use under the

;
saddle
A
or
shoulder
;
a
or
ewe
any
neck
turned-in
disease
toes
corns,
injury
vision
;
of the feet;
defective
round
evidences
joints,
bent
knees,
in
or
other
legs
at
;
of
weakness
the
action
that
wears away the shoe

list
the toe.
This
might be greatly
increased, but
I have
named
the faults
GENERAL NOTES.
that
are
115
likely
to
common and
most
to
render the animal

If the
dangerous
ride.
horse
have a straight shoulder,

or
turned-in
toes,
action
that
wears
not
away the
toe
of the shoe,
his
feet.
he
If
will
be sure upon
he
have
round
joints,
bent knees, or other signs

in
of weakness
at
the
legs,
he
will
fall
very
slight
provocation.
Should he
disease
suffer
from corns or other

he
in
of
the
feet,
may
his
be
apparently
sound
liable
and
to
safe
action,
and yet
if
drop to the ground as

peril
shot,
to
the
of
his
rider's
neck.
With
defective vision he will be shy of pass-
ing unusual
objects
and
with
ewe
neck he
regardless
will
carry his
nose in the air

paths.
of treacherous
faults
Some
ex*
of these
may,
to
certain
1 10
tent,
be
remedied
in
training,
but
natural
defects
all
cannot be wholly overhorses

that
come, and
of
have
safely
any
be
those
mentioned
may
shunned.
A
this,
nervous
man
cannot hope to have

I
any success with horses.
do not, by
make
that a
reference to the well-known
fact
horse
will
rider,
assume
but I
is
the
mastery of a timid
to
mean
say that
the
a
if
the
trainer
lacking
to esta-
in
composure
confidence
will
necessary
in
blish
the
horse,
his
labour
will
be
vain,
and
the
horse
become shy and

effect
suspicious.
The
horse
reason for this

is
upon
the
that
in
any
unusual
position
he
depends upon the
man
for
encouragethe
rider
ment, but
if
he finds
that
GENERAL NOTES.
disturbed the animal will think
is
117
is
that
there
something wrong, and

alarm at
will
be
ready to take
his
anything that
clothes
quick
imagination
with
danger.
It
is
common
to
case
for
rogue
a
of
of a
horse
play the
tyrant with
timid rider,
by making a
pretence
being frightened at everything that can

attract
his
attention,
until
he
some-
time
or
other
that
over-does his acted part
and
finds
he
is
running away in
earnest,
stricken,
when
and
he
the
becomes
farce
terror-
becomes
tragedy.
Undoubtedly,
much
of
the vice
in
horses has been cultivated by the severity
and cruelty of
true that
vice
their
masters, and
often
it
is
may
be cured by
118
care
in
SCHOOL-TEAINING FOR HORSES.
and kindness.
heart
of
But there
horse
is
not
true
the
for
the
that
love
man
and
that the dog, even

ill-treated,
when
neglected
for the
always bears
one he acknowledges as master.

therefore,
;
The
horse,
may
not be
go-
verned by love
feel
he must be made to
the
superior
and
of
to
acknowledge
This
power
man.
superior
power
must be asserted through kindness and

firmness
or
;
either
extreme
of
harshness
of indulgence will
render the horse
vicious
and destroy the influence of the
man
It
over the animal.

is
astonishing
how much courage

from a cool and
a horse will receive
determined rider, but the boldest horses
become timorous
at
unusual sights and

feel
sounds when they do not
the sup-
GENERAL NOTES.
port
of a
119
time the
face
steady
hand.
In
to
horse
may
be
brought
objects,
the
most appalHng
dence in
and his
confi-
man grows
when
is
with
each escape
from suspected danger.
But
citable
it
is
this
nervous,
exstir
animal
roused
that
by the
and clang of
all
battle
he banishes
a
delight
in
fear,
and
even
takes
of
the
perilous
game
war.
With
spirit that
seems heroic, he will eagerly

thickest
of
plunge into the

and,
the
fray,
unmindful of
the
horrid
hail
of
missiles, bear his rider to death or glory.
The next
as
day,
perhaps,
he
trembles
to
he
is
made, unwillingly,
pass
the
harmless body of some poor beast

in
lying
the
battery
fight.
he
so
gallantly
charged in the
120
All

should be taught to bear
flinching.
to
horses
the spur without
This
the
will
prove a great
as
safe-guard
will
rider,
at
the
of
horse
the
not
bolt
will will
the
renhis
prick
rowel,
to
and
be
of
dered
master.
It
quick
obey the
is
not necessary to
use
sharp
spur upon a schooled horse, as his train-
ing will render

that
him
so quick
and ready
he
will
answer to the pressure of
the
leg without waiting for the severer

of
form
will
the
all
aid,
is
and
blunt
spur
be
that
required
at
should he
hang back a
is
first
little
times.
But
it
necessary that he
the
application
should
of
sub-
mit
rowel
to
the
sharp
without either bolting or show-
ing resentment.
Horses
of
even
the

GENEEAL NOTES.
121
most
nervous
temperament
may
be
a
taught to submit to the spur after
few
lessons
:
given
in
the
following
manner
While
will
at the
walking pace the rider

his
gently
the
press
sides
unarmed
the
horse,
heels
against
of
and by
restrain increased speed or restlessness
a light hand and soothing words. the

horse
will
suffer
When
of
to
the
pressure
ejffort
the heels without
making an
go beyond the limits placed by the hand,

the rider
the
spur.
will, in
the same way, accustom

the
application
of
animal to
the
This use of the spur renders the

very
docile
horse
the
the
and
be
steady,
and
sharp
spur
may
superseded by
the
aid shall
blunt rowel,
so that
not have even the appearance of cruelty.
122
Many
spurred
trained
in
is
horses
rider
to
are
until
dangerous
they
to
have
been
or
the
sharp rowel in* this
some similar way.

under proper
control
And no
until
horse
he will
force
bear the
the hand.
spur without trying to
The spur should never be

by a
thrust
delivered
or
hick,
but
the
by
carrying
back the leg
until
rowel touches
the flank of the horse, and applied with
such
the
force as is necessary
toe.
by lowering
The spur may

with
all
in this
celerity,
way b
given
required
and without
throwing the horse out of his balance,

rousing his resentment or discomposing
him by the rudeness
of the
attack.
perfect seat
may
only be obtained
GENEKAL NOTES.
by
riding
123
or
without
the
reins
will
stirrups.
Otherwise,
rider
acquire
less,
the
habit of depending,
more or
irons.
upon
the aid of bit
and
If
he can-
not ride
be
in
without their support he will

to
unable
the
will
use
his
hands and legs

steed
;
management
be
a
;
of his
and
he
to
clog
for
rather
his
than a help
will
the
horse
hand
check
his
and
seat,
harass
forced
stirrups,
the
fore-hand,
w^hile
by the wêight he bears in

will
the
to
not permit the body

required
for
keep
the
of
poise
the
balance
I
the
mass.
too
do not think that

can
be
much imto
portance
given
I
lunging
upon the
that
will
cavesson.
know
of nothing
so
effectually
quiet
an
unit
ruly
or
nervous
animal,
and
124
SCHOOL-TRAINING FOU HOKSES.
greatly
improves the action and moveof the
ments
horse.
After
the
horse
several
has passed
times
at
about
the
the
trainer
length
to
of
the
rein
to
he
the
should
be induced
be
come up
and
man
to
caressed
to
encouraged,
and then made
pass
to
about in the
opposite direction,
be again brought
up
in
to
this
the
man.
will
few lessons given

the
his
way
give
in
most timid
trainer
horse
confidence
that
can be produced
by no
other
means
and
horse
to
is
with which I
obtain
the
am
acquainted,
of
confidence
the
the
first
and longest
step in
his
sub-
jugation.
As
the
rules
have
laid
down
for
obtaining
control over the horse should
prepare the reader for every emergency.
GENEEAL NOTES.
have not thought
or
125
it
necessary to cite
particular cases,
tion
to
draw the attenmatters

or
to
from more
narration
important
of
the
anecdotes
the
relation of personal adventure.
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Anderson - School Training For Horses - 1882

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Anderson - School Training For Horses - 1882

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^ii[

AUTHOR OF " HOW TO RIDE AND SCHOOL A HORSE.

(All rights reserved.)

LONDON WATEBLOO PLACE S.W

some extent schooled,

and the more

system of the schools has been obtained,

was ignorant of what he was

was brought about.

Teaching the horse to turn

his speed and

accomphsh, and these

primary principles of the

trained charger and

the awkward, stub-

horse perform these movements he

have an animal that

objection against school trainit

It is true that in the

movements of the manege the horse

short, both to retain the

carry himself in the

ened, and I hold that

when the horse

himself his speed would be the greater

the balanced horse

cramped training-ground, and not^

strengthening and suppHng the

carry himself lightly.

should be observed that in modern

To kick a horse along and

most horsemen, but

and the more

should learn or that every horse should be

purposes of ordinary riding

and obeys the indications of the hand

stance of motion and action.

horseman and a schooled horse

that I have here given a

of the manege that

have been found most useful in giving

making him obedient

There can be no objection

seat that permits

upon the road or

opinion that no one can

one to learn to ride

from rule or from exto

for the exercise,

practising that which he has acquired by

observation or through instruction.

himself to be self-taught; but the

that nearly everything he

some way gained a

knowledge of proper usages, and

from these established

has received the

by the instructor of the printed

horses by following the

competent writers, and I

a horse from books.

While I do not think that