ASTRONOMY!!!

The study of celestial objects Celestial means Sky.

Sooo.we are studying things in the sky!

Hubble

Sombrero Galaxy

Fourmi Nebula

Cats Eye Nebula

Earth with Clouds

Earth without clouds

The Sun, Earth, and Moon.

Moon

Earth

Sun

The Moon

The Sun

Introduction to Earth in Space

Why does the Earth have seasons?

Rotation vs. Revolution

Rotation is spinning on an axis This produces day and night. The earth rotates or spins on its axis about once every 24 hours.
Axis

Revolution
Revolution is orbiting around another body. The earth revolves or travels around the sun about once every 365 days.

Rotation vs. Revolution

So.

Because the Earth turns daily on an axis that is tilted, sunlight falls more intensely on different parts of the Earth during the year. The difference in heating of the Earths surface produces the planets seasons and weather patterns

Summarize
Which two things cause Earths Seasons?
Tilt of Earths Axis 1) ____________________ Revolution around the Sun 2) ____________________

http://esminfo.prenhall.com/science/geoanimatio ns/animations/01_EarthSun_E2.html

Review
What is one full rotation called? Day ____________ What is one complete revolution called? Year ____________

Explain why we have seasons. 1.

2.

Answers

1. The earth has seasons because it is tilted on its axis and receives different amounts of direct and indirect sunlight during the year. 2. It takes the earth one year to revolve around the sun which also causes seasons.

Label the 4 seasons of the year. A____________ B_____________ C____________ D_____________

N S N

A
N S N

B
S

Answers

Spring Summer A____________ B_____________ Autumn/Fall Winter C__________ D_____________

N S N

A
N S N

B
S

C
S

OUR Solar System!

This is our neighborhood! http://www.kidsastronomy.com /solar_system.htm

Earth rise

Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune

Terrestrial (Rocky)

Gas Giants

Sizes of the Giant Planets and Earth

Mercury

(Earths Twin)

Venus

Earth!

Mars

Jupiter

Saturn

Uranus

Neptune

Pluto

Inner (Terrestrial) Planets

Terrestrial
Means Rocky!

Outer Planets Gas Giants!

Geocentric vs Heliocentric

Claudius Ptolemy
150 Almagest

Earth Moon Mercury Venus

Sun
Mars Jupiter

Saturn

Conclusion?

This guy didnt research enough! Geocentric model -

Claudius Ptolemy

Nicholas Copernicus
1543 On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres

Sun Mercury Venus Earth / Moon

Mars
Jupiter Saturn

Nicholas Copernicus
1543 On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres

Copernicus had a side kick!

Galileo Galilei

Galileo
First guy to use a telescope to look at the sky!

Galileo
2 observations that supported Copernicus: 4 moons revolving around Jupiter (Hey! Not everything revolves around the Earth!)

Galileo
2 observations that supported Copernicus: Venus goes through phases (wouldnt see phases if we were at the center)

Your Parents Solar System

Your Parents Solar System

Mercury My Venus Very Earth Extravagant Mars Mother Jupiter Just Saturn Served Uranus Us Neptune Nine Pluto Pizzas

The 21st Century Solar System

Sun Rocky Planets Asteroid Belt Giant Planets

Kuiper Belt
Oort Cloud

Hollywoods View of the Asteroid Belt

Solar and Lunar Eclipses!

What causes Solar and Lunar Eclipses?

Quick Review!
Solar means The SUN!

Lunar means

The MOON!

What is an Eclipse?
An eclipse happens when one object gets in between you and another object and blocks your view.
Get out of my way, I cant see!

Lunar Eclipse

When the Earths shadow covers the Moon, we cant see it as well, so we call this a Lunar Eclipse.

Lunar Eclipse

Sun
A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth lies between the Sun and Moon, so that Earth's shadow darkens the Moon.

Earth
Moon Moons Path

Quick Check!
What causes a Lunar Eclipse?
The Moon traveling into the Earths Shadow. Lunar Eclipse means we cant see the Moon.

Solar Eclipse

The Moon blocks the light of the Sun so we cant see it.

Solar Eclipse

North Pole

Sun
What is the phase of the moon? New Moon!

Moon South Pole

Quick Check!
What causes a Solar Eclipse?
The Moon blocking the Sun.
Solar Eclipse means we cant see the Sun.

In the Beginning
Everything was in one, single, infinitely small, infinitely dense spot.

But lets start with the basics

Today we will talk about: Our Universe

What it is like, how it started, how it evolved to its current state, and how it will end

Hubble Telescope

This image is taken of galaxies that are billions of light-years away. Light takes a very long time to travel to Earth. Consequently, this photograph is of the conditions that existed billions of years ago, just a billion years or so after the big bang. Astronomers have thus machine of sorts. created a time

f Don Lincoln, Fermilab f

First, lets look at some of the objects we might find if we explored our Universe

Where do we live?

Where is Earth?

The Solar System

Q: What is a STAR?

Stellar Facts
A star is a big ball of burning gas Our Sun is a very average star When we look out into the night sky, many of the stars we see are very similar to our own sun In fact some of these stars also have planets, just like our own Solar System

What is this?

What is it made of?

MANY STARS

MANY STARS

SOME SUN-LIKE

Galactic Facts
Stars tend to group together to form galaxies Galaxies contain hundreds of thousands of stars At the center of most galaxies is a massive black hole! Our sun is part of a galaxy

You are here!

Our Galaxy from Earth

 We live on Earth Earth is a planet in the Solar System, orbiting our star which we call the Sun The Sun is part of a spiral galaxy called the Milky Way When we look out into the sky at night, all of the stars we see are in our galaxy But our galaxy is just one of many..

Galaxies: Hubble Space telescope image

Zoom out - galaxies form filaments and voids

When the Universe Was

Young and Hot

IN THE BEGINNING.

EVERYTHING!

EVERYTHING!

STARTS EXPANDING..

EVERYTHING!

ENERGY INCREASING, BECOMING LIKE A BOMB.

Tick tick tick

BOOM!

The Big Bang

Not really an explosion Universe expanded rapidly as a whole (Universe is still expanding today as a result of the Big Bang) Matter was created in the form of tiny particles (protons, neutrons, electrons) Too hot for normal stuff to form (eg atoms, molecules)

COSMIC SOUP

COSMIC SOUP
NEUTRON PROTON

ELECTRON

300,000 Years Later..

Universe much cooler, atoms start to form..

Hydrogen, Helium, normal stuff

Universe is now a GAS

Universe is now a GAS

HELIUM

HYDROGEN

GRAVITY!

Gravitational Collapse
We started with a uniform gas Small regions became more dense The denser regions had larger gravity and started to pull other particles towards them The gaseous Universe began to look clumpy

Gravitational Collapse

QuickTime an d a YUV420 codec decompressor are need ed to see this p icture .

Gravitational Collapse

Regions with more particles (higher density) become gas clouds Gas clouds become stars and galaxies Galaxies congregate together in filaments, groups and clusters

If you compress a gas in a pump, it becomes hotter, and if you release the pressure of this gas, it cools

Sooooo what? Why is this important? Well.

An animal, or a human body, for example, emits some infrared radiation that can be detected by an infrared camera Color is related to temperature

The Universe ALSO gives off heat! That we can measure!

Anywhere we look, its about the same temperature So, the big-bang must have taken place at the same time everywhere

Original temperature of the universe: 3000 K Today, it is only 3 K The cooling says how far the light has travelled 13.7 billion years: the age of the Universe

If we could view the Universe from outside, it would look like this:

The Gemini Telescope

Big Bang Time Line

Future?
The Universe is still expanding All galaxies are moving apart The explosion of the big bang is still happening! It may continue expanding forever Or is may stop expanding, and fall inwards in a big CRUNCH!

What have we learned?

The Universe started with a BIG BANG Gradually the particles were drawn together under GRAVITY to form STARS and GALAXIES Many stars have planets around them The fate of the Universe is uncertain

THE END