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Reactive Power is a Byproduct of Alternating Current (AC) Systems Transformers, transmission lines, and motors require reactive power Transformers and transmission lines introduce inductance as well as resistance Both oppose the flow of current Must raise the voltage higher to push the power through the inductance of the lines Unless capacitance is introduced to offset inductance The farther the transmission of power, the higher the voltage needs to be raised Electric motors need reactive power to produce magnetic fields for their operation
Voltages are controlled by providing sufficient reactive power control margin to modulate and supply needs through:
1. Shunt capacitor and reactor compensations 2. Dynamic compensation 3. Proper voltage schedule of generation.
Voltages are controlled by predicting and correcting reactive power demand from loads.
Reactive Power Management and Control is Critical for Overall System Stability
Line Charging (Source) Synchronous Condensers & Generators Reactive Losses (Sink) Synchronous Condensers & Generators
Reactors Capacitors
Reactive flow across interconnections
Reactive Load
Voltage and reactive power must be properly managed and controlled to: 1. Provide adequate service quality 2. Maintain proper stability of the power system.
Tripping of generating units due to low auxiliary voltage level or TCUL actions or generator field current limiters
VOLTAGE COLLAPSE
Recommendation: National Electric Reliability Council specifically recommended stricter voltage and reactive planning and assessment practices to be implemented by electric utilities.
Reactive power cannot be effectively transmitted across long distances or through power transformers due to high I2X losses.
Voltage Coordination
The reactive sources must be coordinated to ensure that adequate voltages are maintained everywhere on the interconnected system during all possible system conditions. Maintaining acceptable system voltages involves the coordination of sources and sinks which include: 1. Plant voltage schedules 2. Transformer tap settings 3. Reactive device settings 4. Load shedding schemes.
Voltage Coordination
The consequences of uncoordinated operations would include: 1. Increased reactive power losses 2. A reduction in reactive margin available for contingencies and extreme light load conditions 3. Excessive switching of shunt capacitors or reactors 4. Increased probability of voltage collapse conditions.
Voltage Schedule
Each power plant is requested to maintain a particular voltage on the system bus to which the plant is connected. The assigned schedule will permit the generating unit to typically operate: 1. In the middle of its reactive capability range during normal conditions 2. At the high end of its reactive capability range during contingencies 3. Under excited or absorb reactive power under extreme light load conditions.
Transformer taps must be coordinated with each other and with nearby generating station voltage schedules. The transformer taps should be selected so that secondary voltages remain below equipment limits during light load conditions.
Capacitors on the low voltage networks should be set to switch on to maintain voltages during peak and contingency conditions.
Load shedding schemes must be implemented as a last resort to maintain acceptable voltages.
2. Distribution needs to: Fully compensate distribution loads before Transmission reactive compensation is considered Maintain reactive devices for proper compensation Maintain meters to ensure accurate data Install and test automatic under voltage load shedding schemes.