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Far West Agribusiness Association Washington Crop Production Conf. Dec. 14, 2011
Wesley Haun Agronomist Sales & Research
Sulfur
Secondary nutrient essential for plant growth. In some crops there can be similar amounts of S as phosphorus (P). Critical in plant metabolic functions.
Component of some amino acids, vitamins, and enzymes. Photosynthesis and seed formation.
Sulfur Deficiency
Sulfur (S) continues to present challenges as to plant available soil SO42- and consistently correlate soil additions to predictable yield response.
In U.S.
Sulfur deficiencies tend to be most prevalent in Great Plains, Northeast, California, and Southeast.
In Canada:
Western areas
Sulfur
Sulfur is critical in conversion of nitrate
(NO3) S deficiency N deficiency N-S interaction & deficiency symptoms Similar in early growth stages Significantly different in later growth stages
Far West Washington Winter Conference 2011
function of amount of sulfate salts present (CaSO4) and OM in root zone. Primary sources of S in alkaline soils are inorganic compounds. Kaolinite clays retain more SO4 than Montmorilloite clays.
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2-
Atmospheric Deposition
Significant amounts of S to growing
crop & soil Sources: Burning of gas, coal, oil, and anaerobic decomposition of OM
Far West Washington Winter Conference 2011
Atmospheric Deposition
S enters the atmosphere as:
Nitrification
+
Oxygen
NH3 Ammonia
Bacteria Nitrobacter
Sulfur Cycle
H2S
Anaerobic Conditions
FeS
Beggiatoa, Thiothrix
Soil Organic S
Elemental S Sulfate
Leaching Aerobic Conditions
Thiobacillus, Beggiatoa,
Thiothrix
Sulfur Mineralization
Organic S
(OM) Bacteria
Decay Products
(H2S, other organic sulfides)
Bacteria
Sulfates
(SO4 )
Sulfur Mineralization
Sulfur Oxidation
H2S + O2 S + O2 + H 2 O
Bacteria Bacteria
H 2O + S H2SO4
CaSO4 + H2CO3
Sulfur Cycle
H2S
Anaerobic Conditions
FeS
Beggiatoa, Thiothrix
Soil Organic S
Elemental S Sulfate
Leaching Aerobic Conditions
Thiobacillus, Beggiatoa,
Thiothrix
(ppm)
SO4 Level
Soil Temp.
41o F 69o F 80o F
Soils
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Particle Size
(mesh/inch)
2 weeks
4 weeks
5 15 36 61 80
14 36 68 81 82
10 % Dispersing Agent T90CR pastille T90CR drop of water T90CR fine powder
Soil pH
Regulates
Thiobacillus -- S oxidation
Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Sulfur Calcium Magnesium Iron Manganese Boron Copper and Zinc Molybdenum
10
Medium
Fixation By Calcium
Low
4 5
Soil pH
SO4
2- concentrations
in soil
tissue analysis Soil sample Sulfur conc. 0.2 0.5% in plant tissue S deficiency NO3 accumulation Balancing S & N nutrition is important for plant & animal health.
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Plant
Sulphur Application
Timing
Fall Spring Soil
Temperature
75 85o F
Optimum range
Sulphur Application
Product
Tiger
Suggestions
90CR
90% Sulphur
Optimum S & K levels enhance Zn Uptake Fazili et al (2008) lack of S limits N use efficiency Kowalenko & Lowe (1975) high N:S ratio
Excess SO4 can reduce uptake of NO3 & MoO4 Excess NO3 can reduce uptake of SO4 S can reduce Cu toxicity w/Cu S complexes
compounded by several factors: Soil Sulfur. (OM, Minerals) Sulfur in precipitation. (SO42-) Atmospheric Sulfur. (SO2) Sulfur in soil/crop amendments.
(manure, fertilizer)
0 - 12 inches deep.
analysis.
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growing point on main stems. Select material without soil particles. DO NOT wash. Do not select dead/deteriorated material. Collect samples ASAP after symptoms appear.
Sulphur in Alfalfa
Soil
test value < 8 ppm Plant tissue value < 0.20% Apply:
20
30 lbs/Ac sulfur
test value < 7 ppm Plant tissue value < 0.20% Apply:
10
20 lbs/Ac S
Photos: Univ. of Cal - Davis Far West Washington Winter Conference 2011
should not be limiting S is constituent of 3 amino acids and critical in protein synthesis
Soil
test value < 8 ppm Plant tissue value < 0.20% Apply:
20
30 lbs/Ac S
Summary
Sulphur is an essential nutrient for plant
growth. Plant sulphur deficiencies are more prevalent. Sulphur mineralization is similar to nitrogen mineralization process. Primary crops grown in PNW have relative high demand for sulphur.
Far West Washington Winter Conference 2011
Summary
Several factors influence S availability
Soil Type, S particle size, soil
temperature, micro-organism (Thiobacillus) population. A planned Sulphur nutrient mgt program provides more consistent SO4 availability from year to year.
Far West Washington Winter Conference 2011