Dredging in Trinidad and Tobago Environmental Considerations For Ports

Dredging in Trinidad and Tobago.
Environmental Considerations for

Ports
Judson Farray
Dredging in Trinidad and Tobago. Environmental Considerations for Ports
Published by Spree Spirit 2014 Trinidad & Tobago 1
Dredg|ng |n 1r|n|dad and 1obago:
Lnv|ronmenta| Cons|deranons for orts
8y IoJsoo lottoy
lotewotJ by. Mlcbele Je vetteoll
2014 Spree SplrlL, some rlghLs reserved
?ou are free Lo share, copy, dlsLrlbuLe and LransmlL Lhe work, Lo remlx and adapL Lhe work, unuL8 Lhe
followlng condluons:

Aur|bunon. ?ou musL aurlbuLe Lhe work ln Lhe manner specled by Lhe auLhor or publlsher (buL
noL ln any way LhaL suggesLs LhaL Lhey endorse you or your use of Lhe work).
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Share a||ke. lf you alLer, Lransform, or bulld upon Lhls work, you may dlsLrlbuLe Lhe resulung work only
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spreesplrlL[ouLlook.com
lS8n 978-976-93673-1-1 | ubllshed ln 1rlnldad and 1obago | llrsL Ldluon
llgure 1: A clamshell dredger aL work
!"#$%&'()*(+($,-
l would llke Lo humbly Lhank Lhe laLe nell Charles, Marcla Comez, Cyrll Colller, Llewellyn MclnLosh, Ceorge
Alexls, Lhe laLe CarLh Marcelle, Leonard Chan Chow and, as always, my enure famlly for supporung me,
glvlng me opporLunlues, lnsplrlng me, encouraglng me and lndulglng me.
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1hls publlcauon goes lnLo sllghLly more Lechnlcal deLall Lhan Lhe more rounded 'Culdellnes for
MalnLenance uredglng ln 1rlnldad and 1obago'. 1he lnLenuon of Lhls publlcauon ls Lo acqualnL novlce porL
pracuuoners wlLh some of Lhe envlronmenLal Lermlnology used and Lo descrlbe Lhe background, processes
and challenges of performlng malnLenance dredglng by a hlgh prole, corporaLely responslble porL
operaLor ln a developlng counLry. 1he reallLy ls LhaL, Lhe ume Laken Lo aualn a CerucaLe of LnvlronmenLal
Clearance ls unpredlcLable. lL has become necessary for porL pracuuoners Lo undersLand Lhe sedlmenL and
waLer analysls and hydrographlc survey reporLs and, ln some cases, Lo do Lhe research Lo assess Lhe
envlronmenLal lmpacL of dredglng Lhemselves and presenL Lhe assessmenL Lo Lhe varlous, relevanL lnLernal
and exLernal auLhorlues.
ln order Lo deal wlLh Lhe speclcs of acqulrlng LhaL ablllLy, Lhls publlcauon wlll lnLroduce, as background
maLerlal, general lnformauon abouL 1rlnldad and 1obago and some experlences from Lhe porL of olnL
lorun speclcally. 1he lssues of Lransparency, bureaucracy, envlronmenLallsm, some of Lhe Lechnlcal
aspecLs of dredglng, dredglng equlpmenL, dlsposal, Lhe composluon of Lhe seabed and some exlsung
convenuons on envlronmenLal proLecuon are also lnLroduced.
Whlle some Lechnlcal and sclenuc lnformauon ls lncluded, Lhe real conLexL of Lhls documenL ls Lo descrlbe
Lhe process of obLalnlng permlsslon Lo do dredglng and Lhe concerns LhaL are presenLed and Lhe assurances
LhaL musL be glven Lo obLaln permlsslon.
lL ls hoped LhaL Lhls documenL wlll lllusLraLe LhaL a balance needs Lo be sLruck Lo sausfy all Lhe relevanL
needs. 1he need for commerce Lo Lhrlve ln Lhe modern world, wlLh Lhe need Lo preserve specles and
acuvlues for presenL and fuLure generauons and Lhe need Lo llve ln harmony and have respecL for ourselves
and our surroundlngs.
!udson larray
21
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lebruary 2014
2%/(&%/)
Lvery ume l sLarL Lalklng abouL an envlronmenLal lssue, l geL Lhe same response from !udson, everyone
wanLs Lo have alr-condluonlng", everyone wanLs Lo charge Lhelr lod". lL's a meLaphor for our need for
energy, speclcally elecLrlclLy ln our everyday llves. Pence (Lo many envlronmenLallsLs' dlsmay), Lhe fasLesL
way Lo do Lhls (aL Lhe momenL) ls Lo burn fossll fuels. 1o geL fuel Lo Lhe power planL we need Lo LransporL lL,
ln Lhls case vla Lhe sea, and Lo malnLaln LransporLauon emclency we musL dredge navlgauonal channels.
1he quesuon posed ls, how do we carry ouL dredglng acuvlues ln a way LhaL causes mlnlmal damage Lo
Lhe surroundlng envlronmenL?". 1he Lerm envlronmenL" encompasses noL only Lhe Lradluonal denluon
of Lhe naLural hablLaL and assoclaLed organlsms, buL also nelghbourlng lndusLrlal faclllues, porLs, resldenual
areas, shermen and oLher marlne Lramc.
ln Lhls reporL, larray glves an overvlew of Lhe dredglng process, Lhe equlpmenL needed, Lhe regulauons
LhaL govern lL and Lhe posslble lmpacLs. 1hls ls lllusLraLed Lhough a case sLudy of a dredglng pro[ecL ln a porL
ln olnL lorun, 1rlnldad. Pe clearly ldenues Lhe lssues, boLh Lheoreucal and Lhose acLually encounLered,
and how Lhese gaps can be closed. Whlle Lhere are procedures Lo follow, Lhe case sLudy shows LhaL Lhere
are sull areas of uncerLalnLy when lL comes Lo plannlng and execuung pro[ecLs. 1here ls a greaL need Lo
documenL Lhese lssues. l hope LhaL Lhese polnLs can be used Lo lnuence fuLure declslon maklng Lo ald ln
Lhe sLreamllnlng of Lhe whole process, from plannlng, applylng for Lhe CLC, Lhe physlcal process,
monlLorlng and any follow-up work. Communlcauon ls paramounL so LhaL eorLs are noL dupllcaLed as
many of Lhe same key players share Lhese operauons. lL musL also be noLed LhaL Lhese acuvlues do noL Lake
place ln a vacuum. 1he same nelghbours LhaL one auempLs Lo avold lmpacung also carry ouL Lhelr own
operauons. Cumulauve eecLs musL be consldered, especlally ln Lhe heavy lndusLrlal areas of Lhe Culf of
arla.
lL ls lmporLanL Lo noLe LhaL Lhls reporL does noL focus on Lhe sulLablllLy of Lhe slLe as lL ls an already
esLabllshed porL. Powever, for areas wlLh rsL ume dredglng Lhls musL be Laken lnLo accounL. uocumenLs
LhaL should be referenced lnclude Lhe LMA's Pydrodynamlc Culdebook whlch ouLllnes Lhe need for
hydrographlc surveys as well as parucular hablLaLs and sensluve areas. 1rade-os beLween Lhe acuvlLy and
conservauon musL be glven conslderauon. Whlle Lhls reporL only focuses on an lndusLrlal dredglng
operauon, Lhe lessons learnL can be applled for oLher dredglng pro[ecLs. lor example, an lmporLanL lssue ln
Lhe counLry ls Lhe lmprovemenL of Lhe LransporLauon sysLem. use of Lhe waLer Laxls and ferrles ls
becomlng lncreaslngly popular wlLh Lhe Lravellng publlc who need Lo commuLe Lo beLween Lhe dlerenL
ends of Lhe counLry. lssues have been broughL forward wlLh Lhe slung of Lhese Lermlnals, lncludlng Lhe
requlremenL for dredglng of new channels. 1here ls need for a deLalled cosL-beneL analysls of locauon,
lnfrasLrucLure and lmpacLs of Lhe Lermlnals.
LnvlronmenLallsLs geL a loL of heaL" for Lendlng Lo focus solely on Lhe envlronmenLal slde of an lssue, and
noL conslderlng oLher beneLs LhaL may ouLwelgh Lhe need Lo proLecL Lhe naLural envlronmenL. lL ls a
nouceable aw ln human naLure, dlvldlng an lssue lnLo black and whlLe and noL Laklng lnLo accounL Lhe
posluves of boLh sldes. l hope LhaL as we move forward ln developlng our nauon LhaL we look for a hollsuc
approach and focus on susLalnable developmenL. uslng Lhls concepL we noL only alm Lo beuer our
economy and lnfrasLrucLure, buL aL Lhe same ume ensure LhaL Lhere are resources le for fuLure
generauons.
1he LwenLy-rsL cenLury has broughL an lncreased focus on envlronmenLallsm, parL of Lhls ls Lhe promouon
of Lhe concepL of susLalnable developmenL. 1o many Lhls ls a plpe dream. 1o Lhem, l say LhaL doesn'L
mauer. Lven lf we were Lo fall shorL, Lhe sLrldes made ln our auempL would be far beuer Lhan lf we had noL
Lrled aL all. 1hls ls Lhe lssue addressed ln Lhls reporL, how Lo carry ouL lndusLrlal dredglng works, whlle aL
Lhe same ume looklng aL envlronmenLal lmpacLs of dredglng. lL hlghllghLs Lhe lssues LhaL were faced when
Lrylng Lo seL up a pro[ecL and how Lo reconclle pollcy, acuon and Lhe soluuons.
Mlchele de verLeull
26
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lebruary 2014
1ab|e of Contents
1: nIS1Ck CI LNVIkCNMLN1AL CCNCLkNS kLLA1LD 1C 1nL SLA 1
IN1kCDUC1ICN 1
1nL GULI CI AkIA'S CCAS1AL kCIILL 2
2: 1nL 8ACkGkCUND CI 1nL MAIN1LNANCL DkLDGING kCILC1 3
1nL NLLD ICk 1nL DkLDGING 3
A CASL S1UD 3
kLVICUS CLCS 4
1nL Ck1 kAC1I1ICNLk'S DkLDGING C1ICNS 4
C$%&%'()*& ,*)-%./ %, -0$ 1.$1'$ *21 1345 /(-$/ 4
A6*(&*7(&(-8 %, )%2-.*)-%./' $93(54$2- 3
C%45*.*-(6$ )%/-/ %, 6*.(%3/ %5-(%2/. 3
A//$47&(2' * u.$1'(2' &*2 3
DLSCkI1ICN CI 1nL kLILkkLD C1ICN 6
3: LNVIkCNMLN1AL L1nCS 8
IN1kCDUC1ICN 8
LNVIkCNMLN1ALISM IN CUL1UkLS 9
4: MAkINL AND CCAS1AL LCCLCG 10
IN1kCDUC1ICN 10
DLSCkI1ICN CI 1nL MAkINL LNVIkCNMLN1 11
C0*2'$/ (2 -0$ M*.(2$ L26(.%24$2- 12
S: MAkINL LNVIkCNMLN1AL CCMCNLN1S 13
IN1Lk1IDAL 2CNL 13
8LN1nIC 2CNL 13
nA8I1A1S 13
LCCLCGICAL kLCL1CkS AND VALULS 14
IISnLkILS 14
MAkINL MAMMALS 14
nDkCDNAMICS AND 1nL SLDIMLN1Ak kLGIML 1S
WA1Lk CCLUMN 1S
1Uk8IDI1 1S
6: LNVIkCNMLN1AL IMAC1 CI A DkLDGING CLkA1ICN 17
CCkCkA1L kLSCNSI8ILI1 17
LNVIkCNMLN1AL IMAC1 CI DkLDGING AC1IVI1 17
DkLDGLD SCIL 18
DkLDGLD SCIL CnAkAC1LkIS1ICS 19
A//$//(2' 5%-$2-(*& (45*)- %2 1(/5%/*& /(-$/ 19
DISCSAL SI1L SLLLC1ICN 20
u(/5%/*& S(-$ C0*.*)-$.(/-()/ 21
7: DkLDGING AND DISCSAL SI1L SAMLING AND ANALSIS 22
SIDL SCAN SCNAk 22
VIDLC 'SLASnCAM' DkCS 23
8LN1nIC GkA8 SUkVL 24
nSICAL IMAC1 CI DkLDGLD SCIL DISCSAL 24
M*2*'(2' -0$ 08/()*& L,,$)-/ %, u.$1'$1 S5%(& u(/5%/*& 23
u(/5%/*& S(-$ u(/5$./*& C0*.*)-$.(/-()/ 26
IMAC1 nC1nLSIS 26
kLCCMMLNDA1ICNS ICk MCNI1CkING 1nL DISCSAL SI1L 27
8: CLk1IIICA1L CI LNVIkCNMLN1AL CLLAkANCL 28
MAIN1LNANCL DkLDGING SLDIMLN1 kL1LN1ICN 28
nDkCCAk8CN-CCN1AMINA1LD kUN-CII 30
NCISL AND VI8kA1ICN 31
SLWAGL 31
WAS1L MA1kIk 32
9: CCNCLUSICNS 36
ALNDICLS 37
A.1 1LS CI DkLDGING 37
A.1.1 C*5(-*& u.$1'(2' 37
A.1.2 .$5*.*-%.8 u.$1'(2' 37
A.1.3 M*(2-$2*2)$ u.$1'(2' 37
A.1.4 L*21 .$)&*4*-(%2 37
A.1.3 8$*)0 2%3.(/04$2- 37
A.1.6 P*.6$/-(2' 4*-$.(*&/ 37
A.1.7 S$*7$1 4(2(2' 37
A.1.8 C%2/-.3)-(%2 4*-$.(*&/ 38
A.1.9 A2-(-$3-.%50()*-(%2 38
A.1.10 C%2-*4(2*2- .$4$1(*-(%2 38
A.1.11 8$4%6(2' -.*/0 *21 1$7.(/ 38
A.2 1LS CI DkLDGING VLSSLLS 38
A.2.1 C.*7 u.$1'$. 38
A.2.2 1.*(&(2' S3)-(%2 P%55$. u.$1'$. 38
A.2.3 S3)-(%2 u.$1'$. 39
A.2.4 C3--$. S3)-(%2 u.$1'$. 39
A.2.3 A3'$. S3)-(%2 39
A.2.6 !$- L(,- 39
A.2.7 A(. L(,- 39
A.2.8 83):$- 1.$1'(2' 39
A.2.9 8*):0%$/u(55$. 40
A.2.10 W*-$. l2;$)-(%2 40
A.2.11 2$34*-() 40
A.2.12 8$1 &$6$&$. 40
A.2.13 A450(7(%3/ 40
A.2.14 S374$./(7&$ 40
kLADING LIS1 41
1: n|story of env|ronmenta| concerns re|ated to the sea
Introducnon
As shlpyards sLarLed launchlng 'larger' oll Lankers posL World War ll, coasLal nauons became concerned
wlLh proLecung Lhe marlne envlronmenL. 1hese concerns led Lo ClLCL belng adopLed ln 1938. ClLCL was
deslgned Lo prevenL marlne polluuon caused by rouune Lanker operauons, lncludlng Lank cleanlng and
dlscharges of olly ballasL waLer. Powever, ma[or spllls of cargo oll resulung from groundlng accldenLs were
beyond lLs scope. Meanwhlle, Lankers have been bullL larger, and Lhe LransporLauon needs of harmful
subsLances oLher Lhan oll have lncreased. 1hen lMCC, Lhe predecessor of lMC worked on Lhe lnLernauonal
Convenuon for Lhe revenuon of olluuon from Shlps, nally adopLed ln 1978 as MA8CL. 1hls Convenuon
lncludes noL only heavy oll, whlch was covered by ClLCL, buL also all oLher klnds of oll, harmful llquld
subsLances, and sewage waLer, so as Lo prevenL marlne polluuon ln a wlder sense.
1he need for Lhe prevenuon of conLamlnauon ls well covered ln hlsLory, golng back Lo lepers ln Lhe blble
Lhrough 1hyphold Mary and Lhe anLhrax laden aermaLh of 9/11 up Lo presenL day. ln Lurope, convenuons
on Lhe prevenuon of conLamlnauon have been held slnce Lhe 1830s.
1he focus has hlsLorlcally been on Lhe dlseases LhaL aecL humans and anlmals. 1he lncluslon of planL
quaranune dlvlslons ln SLaLe agencles came ln Lhe early 1900s.
Around 1903 Lhere was a recorded mass occurrence of a specles of Aslan algae ln Lhe norLh Sea. lL was noL
unul Lhe 1970s LhaL sclenusLs sLarLed Lo recognlse Lhe phenomenon and eecLs of Aquauc lnvaslve Specles.
1hrough Lhe 1990s, Lhe lMC adopLed varlous guldellnes and resoluuons on Lhe sub[ecL whlch culmlnaLed ln
Lhe lnLernauonal Convenuon for Lhe ConLrol and ManagemenL of Shlps' 8allasL WaLer and SedlmenLs ln
2004.
ln 1972 Lhe un Conference on Lhe Puman LnvlronmenL ln Sweden creaLed Lhe unlLed nauons LnvlronmenL
rogramme. lLs Lask was Lo oversee all mauers deallng wlLh Lhe envlronmenL addressed by Lhe
un. Among lLs responslblllues and successes ls Lhe 8eglonal Seas rogramme. 1he rogramme
has LhlrLeen agreemenLs coverlng over 140 counLrles. 1he Lwo mosL successful of Lhe LhlrLeen convenuons
are Lhe 8arcelona Convenuon, deallng wlLh Lhe MedlLerranean Sea and Lhe CarLagena Convenuon, deallng
wlLh Lhe Carlbbean. CarLagena along wlLh lLs Lhree proLocols, deallng wlLh oll spllls, proLecLed areas, and
land-based polluuon, respecuvely, ls one of Lhe mosL comprehenslve 8eglonal Seas rogrammes. ln
addluon, ln 2002, CarLagena was also coordlnaLed wlLh Lhe lnLergovernmenLal Cceanographlc Commlsslon
for Lhe Carlbbean of unLSCC by way of a Memorandum of Cooperauon. CarLagena ls noL a sLandalone
agreemenL or deslgned Lo supersede exlsLenL agreemenLs. arLly, lL ls deslgned Lo supplemenL oLher
mululaLeral Lreaues ln place such as MA8CL 73/78 and Lhe Convenuon on 8lologlcal ulverslLy and Lo
complemenL unCLCS.
uesplLe all of Lhe Convenuons Lo whlch counLry mlghL be a slgnaLory, someumes Lhe reallLy of pumng Lhe
provlslons lnLo acuon can be hampered by lack of experlence, lack of Lralnlng, lack of lnLeresL and
bureaucracy.
1he relauvely large number of agencles LhaL are lnvolved ln obLalnlng permlsslon Lo dredge ln 1rlnldad and
1obago and Lhe scarclLy of commerclal marlne experuse ln many of Lhose agencles mean LhaL Lhe porL
pracuuoner has Lo become Lhe sub[ecL mauer experL.
1he porL pracuuoner has Lo be able Lo answer any quesuons by Lhe people who conLrol Lhe porL's purse
sLrlngs, Lhe LnvlronmenLal ManagemenL AuLhorlLy and Lhe varlous governmenL auLhorlues. 1he porL
pracuuoner wlll also be expecLed Lo evaluaLe and recommend servlce provlders from Lhe avallable
dredglng and hydrographlcal surveylng servlces and equlpmenL and advlse Lhe porL's procuremenL
deparLmenL on negouauons wlLh Lhe suppllers.
1he Gu|f of ar|a's coasta| proh|e
1rlnldad and 1obago conforms wlLh Lhe world's usage of coasLal zones on one coasL. CoasLal zones are
dynamlc areas of naLural change and of lncreaslng human use. 1hey occupy less Lhan 13 of Lhe earLh's
land surface, yeL accommodaLe more Lhan 30 of Lhe world populauon (lL ls esumaLed LhaL 3.1 bllllon
people llve wlLhln 200 kllomeLres from Lhe sea). WlLh Lhree-quarLers of Lhe world populauon expecLed Lo
reslde ln Lhe coasLal zone by 2023, human acuvlues orlglnaung from Lhls small land area wlll lmpose an
lnordlnaLe amounL of pressures on Lhe global sysLem. CoasLal zones conLaln rlch resources Lo produce
goods and servlces and are home Lo mosL commerclal and lndusLrlal acuvlues.
ln 1rlnldad and 1obago, more Lhan half of Lhe populauon now llves along Lhe wesL coasL of Lhe larger lsland
and coasLal zone resources produce much of Lhe nauon's economlc wealLh. LlghL of Lhe counLry's eleven
porLs are locaLed on Lhe wesL coasL. 1he naLural gas, exLracLed o Lhe norLh and easL coasLs, ls Lransferred
by plpellne Lo faclllues on Lhe cenLral-wesL and souLh-wesL coasLs for processlng and exporLauon.
ln addluon, Lhe shlng, shlpplng and Lourlsm lndusLrles all compeLe for vlLal space along Lhe coasLllne LhaL
conLalns some of fraglle and valuable naLural hablLaLs. Soluuons for boLh lndusLrlal and proLecLed zones on
Lhls shorL coasL ls dlmculL buL doable.
1rlnldad and 1obago ls locaLed aL Lhe souLhern end of Lhe easLern Carlbbean lsland chaln on Lhe conunenLal
shelf o norLheasL SouLh Amerlca, some 8 mlles easL of venezuela, Lhe lslands lle downsLream of Lhe
ouulow of 17 SouLh Amerlcan rlvers, lncludlng Lhe Amazon and Crlnoco, and aL Lhe conuence of ma[or
ocean currenLs such as Lhe norLh LquaLorlal currenL. 1hls ouulow has led Lo hlghly dlverse marlne
envlronmenL.
2: 1he background of the ma|ntenance dredg|ng pro[ect
1he need for the dredg|ng
When Lhe dredglng ls Lo reLurn Lhe navlgauonal channel Lo lLs deslgn dlmenslons, lL ls malnLenance
dredglng. lL ls lmporLanL Lo noLe lmmedlaLely LhaL Lhe prevlous depLh and wldLh belng applled for musL be
proved Lhrough documenLauon. ln Lhese cases, no LnvlronmenLal lmpacL AssessmenL (LlA) ls normally
requlred and lf a CerucaLe of LnvlronmenLal Clearance (CLC) has been prevlously and recenLly granLed,
reappllcauon for a CLC may noL be requlred buL ln all cases Lhe LMA musL be advlsed of Lhe porL's deslre,
lnLenuon and reason for dredglng.
lf Lhe dredglng ls Lo faclllLaLe an expanslon of Lhe navlgauon of Lhe navlgauonal channel and or Lurnlng
basln, an LlA wlll llkely be requlred. Culdance on LlA ls avallable on Lhe LMA's webslLe and engaglng a
consulLanL ls recommended prlor Lo appllcauon.
A Case Study
llgure 2: LnC 1ermlnal aL olnL lorun wlLh second [euy under consLrucuon. 1he 13 meLre deep navlgauon
channel was dredged Lo be 600 meLres wlde from Lhe orlglnal 200 meLres wlde Lo accommodaLe Lhe
second [euy.
AL Lhe LMA llbrary, Lhe course of Lhe developmenL of Lhe LnC Lermlnal aL olnL lorun can be charLed.
1aklng up Lhe sLory aL Lhe caplLal dredglng ln 2004 whlch lnvolved wldenlng Lhe channel from 200 meLres
wlde Lo 600 meLres wlde and Lhe Lurnlng basln Lo accommodaLe Lhe consLrucuon of a second [euy and
lmprove navlgauonal safeLy
ln 2009, Lhe areas by Lhe berLh parucularly by way of Lhe [euy fenders had sllLed up and shlps alongslde
were exposed Lo Lhe posslblllLy of havlng less Lhan mlnlmum under keel clearance lf Lhey nlshed loadlng
around low waLer. 1he corners of Lhe Lurnlng basln also sllLed up and Lhe channel markers were moved
lnward Lo compensaLe. 1here had been challenges obLalnlng a CerucaLe of LnvlronmenLal Clearance due
Lo dlspuLes over Lhe locauon of Lhe dlsposal slLe. 1he porL was allowed Lo relocaLe dredged spoll Lo Lhe
deeper areas wlLh Lhe channel unul Lhe dlsposal slLe lssue was resolved.
rev|ous CLCs
1he les of all appllcauons made Lo Lhe LMA are avallable Lo Lhe publlc aL Lhe LMA llbrary ln orL of Spaln.
1hese are a useful buL llmlLed source of lnformauon abouL CLC appllcauon. Whlle Lhe les are avallable
lndlvldually, Lhere ls no daLabase LhaL allows Lrends Lo be easlly ldenued. Some Lrends were ldenued ln
'Culdellnes for MalnLenance uredglng ln 1rlnldad and 1obago' (CMu11), publlshed by Spree SplrlL (2014). A
slgnlcanL ndlng was LhaL, ln Lhe 10 years prlor Lo 2013, LMA asked appllcanLs for 'furLher lnformauon ln
70 of appllcauons. CMu11 has a summary of Lhe furLher lnformauon requesLed.
1he ort racnnoner's Dredg|ng Cpnons
Whlle porL closure ls noL an opuon and especlally noL for porLs Lhrough whlch a counLry earns Lhe
slgnlcanL poruons of lLs Cross nauonal roducL. 1he dredglng brlngs LogeLher numerous sLakeholders and
suppllers, lnvolves rlsks assoclaLed wlLh heavy movlng machlnery and ls also a ma[or expendlLure lLem.
Communlcauon, safeLy leadershlp and monlLorlng Lo geL value for money are Lhe keys Lo successful
dredglng operauons.
!"#$#%&'($ *('+#,- #* +." /,"/%" (0/ /123 -&+"-
1he orL racuuoner should already be aware of Lhe geologlcal naLure of Lhe seabed ln around Lhe porL
from Lhe AdmlralLy charLs for Lhe area. 1hls would cover wheLher lL was mud, sand, shell, shlngle, rock eLc.
1he charL wlll also lndlcaLe wheLher any known wrecks or oll wells are ln Lhe area Lo be dredged. 1he orL
racuuoner musL also make hlmself aware of Lhe vegeLauon and assoclaLed marlne llfe ln Lhe area for
whlch he ls responslble.
Addluonal Lo LhaL, Lhe orL racuuoner musL be open Lo Lhe posslblllLy LhaL a slgnlcanL amounL of
'forelgn' manmade mauer and ob[ecLs could be presenL on hls seabed. 1hese forelgn lLems may or may noL
have varylng eecLs on Lhe envlronmenL buL could aecL Lhe dredglng equlpmenL and Lherefore Lhe cholce
of dredglng equlpmenL hlred.
llgure 3: Clamshell dredger abouL Lo grab some sllL from Lhe seabed.
45(&$(6&$&+7 #* '#0+,('+#,-8 "91&32"0+
Moblllslng dredglng equlpmenL from Lhe unlLed SLaLes or Lurope ls very expenslve. 1here aren'L many
dredgers based ln 1rlnldad and 1obago. 1he dredglng equlpmenL ln Lhe Carlbbean reglon serves all of Lhe
porLs ln Lhe reglon, lncludlng Lhe approaches Lo Lhe anama Canal. ln 2013, Lhe expanslon of Lhe anama
Canal ls ln progress and uullslng more LhaL normal amounL of dredglng equlpmenL. As a resulL of Lhe
scarclLy of equlpmenL, lL ls equlpmenL avallablllLy LhaL usually decldes when Lhe dredglng wlll Lake place.
1he orL racuuoner has Lo engage Lhe servlces of Lhe Lype of dredger or Lypes of dredgers approprlaLe Lo
Lhe naLure of Lhe maLerlal or maLerlals Lo be dredged, approprlaLe Lo: Lhe lnlual and requlred depLhs, Lhe
volume of maLerlal Lo be dredged and approprlaLe Lo Lhe physlcal layouL of Lhe approaches, channel, porL
and berLhs.
1he orL racuuoner musL be able Lo asslsL Lhe porL wlLh Lhe ldenucauon and selecuon of Lhe source of
Lhe equlpmenL Lo be used for Lhe safe, eecuve and emclenL lmplemenLauon of Lhe dredglng plan Lhen
occurs.
:#23(,(;5" '#-+- #* 5(,&#1- #3;#0-<
1he orL racuuoner has Lo prepare and presenL Lhe dredglng plan budgeL ln accordance wlLh Lhe
organlsauon's requlremenLs. 1hls preparauon can be years before Lhe dredglng operauon. 1he orL
racuuoner has Lo engage Lhe servlces of a hydrographlc surveyor Lo esLabllsh Lhe volume LhaL ls Lo be
dredged. 1hls volume ls a key lnpuL Lo Lhe scope of work for Lhe dredglng pro[ecL, bearlng ln mlnd LhaL
dredglng conLracLors normally charge by volume buL Lhe raLe per cublc meLre lncludes conslderauons for
Lhe durauon expecLed.
1he orL racuuoner has Lo be aware of Lhe dlerences ln Lhe raLes for Lhe hlre of dlerenL Lypes of
dredglng equlpmenL. Conslderauon musL also be glven Lo anclllary expenses assoclaLed wlLh Lhe dredglng.
A orL racuuoner Lrylng Lo manage Lhe expecLauons of hls (or her) prlnclpals would facLor ln Lhe cosL Lo
Lhe porL of any shlpplng delays caused by Lhe dredglng and Lhe cosL of lnLerrupung Lhe dredglng for Lhe
passage of shlpplng.
1he orL racuuoner has Lo check Lhe shlpplng pro[ecuons and planned malnLenance schedule of Lhe
busler berLhs Lo Lry and make use of 'naLural' wlndows ln shlp movemenLs. 1here may be seasonal
ucLuauons ln Lhe volume of shlpplng passlng Lhrough Lhe porL. 1hese should also be Laken lnLo accounL
when umlng Lhe dredglng operauon. 1rylng Lo dredge around a busy shlpplng schedule wlll slow Lhe
dredglng and or almosL lnevlLably cause delays Lo shlps, posslbly lncurrlng demurrage charges.
4--"26$&0% ( =,"/%&0% >$(0
1he porL wlll, very llkely operaLe a ConLrol of Work pollcy whlch wlll lnclude as a mlnlmum: a documenLed
procedure, a rlsk assessmenL and a permlL Lo work for Lhe operauon. 1he documenLed rlsk assessmenL
should deLall Lhe hazards and mlugauons for every acuvlLy relaLed Lo Lhe dredglng: from Lhe Lransfer of
personnel Lo and from Lhe dredger Lo Lhe dlsposal of spoll, whlch mlghL be occurrlng ouLslde porL llmlLs. ln
order Lo provlde safeLy leadershlp and Lo provlde accuraLe records, Lhe porL mlghL Lake Lhe opuon Lo place
a person or persons on board Lhe dredger as cllenL represenLauves. lL wlll be Lhe responslblllLy of Lhe orL
racuuoner Lo ldenufy and arrange any Lralnlng requlred for personnel lnvolved ln Lhe plannlng and
performance of Lhe dredglng.
A dredglng plan's parameLers may lnclude: leglslauve requlremenLs, developmenL consenL requlremenLs,
operaung hours llmlLauons, exLracuon volume llmlLauons, nlshed surface and sub-surface level
requlremenLs, dredglng and dlsposal machlnery capaclLy, caLerlng for Lhe rock, sand or gravel
characLerlsucs, maxlmum dredglng depLh, caLerlng for udal or currenL condluons, maxlmum and mlnlmum
slurry dellvery dlsLances, Lhls depends on bed condluon and dredger Lype, reporung and record
requlremenLs and procedures and underwaLer obsLacles.
Armed wlLh LhaL baslc lnformauon, Lhe orL racuuoner musL lnLerpreL and clarlfy Lhe parameLers relevanL
Lo Lhe plannlng and lmplemenLauon of Lhe dredglng operauons. 1he orL racuuoner wlll lssue and explaln
Lhe dredglng plan Lo porL managemenL, Leam members and oLhers lnvolved, for Lhe safe, eecuve and
emclenL lmplemenLauon of Lhe plan. 1hen Lhe walL for Lhe varlous permlsslons beglns.
Descr|pnon of the referred Cpnon
WlLh Lhe conLracLors selecLed, Lhe CLC granLed and Lhe dredglng plan approved, Lhe orL racuuoner musL
ensure LhaL dredglng operauons begln as scheduled and provlde umely on-golng supporL and advlce Lo
Lhose lmplemenung Lhe dredglng plan. 1he orL racuuoner Lhrough hls Leam wlll ensure LhaL Lhe dredge
area ls correcLly marked ouL ln accordance wlLh Lhe dredglng plan. racucally Lhls wlll lnclude movlng Lhe
navlgauon channel markers (lf requlred) and removlng currenL meLer equlpmenL (lf requlred) ouL of Lhe
way of Lhe dredger. 1he orL racuuoner's Leam musL ensure LhaL records and reporLs are malnLalned and
lssued ln accordance wlLh Lhe dredglng plan and oLher relevanL leglslauve and organlsauonal requlremenLs.
1he Leam musL also monlLor Lhe dredglng plan performance agalnsL dredge operauons parameLers, Lhe
budgeL and relevanL leglslauve and organlsauonal requlremenLs. 1hls monlLorlng musL lnclude checklng on
over dredglng, Lhe dredger ls pald by volume removed and wlll, undersLandably, noL Lry Lo llmlL Lhe
revenue lL earns. 1he orL racuuoner musL be ready Lo resolve anomalles ln consulLauon wlLh Lhe
dredglng conLracLor's pro[ecL manager and oLher relevanL sLakeholders (lf requlred) and lssue approprlaLe
lnsLrucuons for ad[usLmenLs Lo Lhe plan and/or lLs lmplemenLauon unul successful compleuon. 1he seabed
ln mosL of Lhe Culf of arla ls mud and sllL. orLs ln 1rlnldad and 1obago usually engage Lhe servlces of an
lnLernauonally renowned dredglng companles whlch would source an approprlaLe Lralllng sucuon hopper
dredger (1SPu) ouL of lLs eeL, based on locauon and commlLmenLs. 1he 1SPu ls used for 'bulk' sllL
removal ln Lhe channel and Lurnlng basln.
llgure 4: Schemauc of 1ralllng Sucuon Popper uredger
1he grab crane barge dredger ls usually used along Lhe area of berLh llnes and around Lhe perlmeLer of Lhe
channel and Lurnlng basln.
llgure 3: Clamshell dredger 'Lllsa' dropplng a buckeL load of sllL lnLo Lhe hopper barge
3: Lnv|ronmenta| Lthos
Introducnon
1here are sclenuc and soclal reasons for compleung LnvlronmenLal lmpacL AssessmenLs. 1here are
numerous examples of marlne organlsms belng LransporLed ln ballasL waLer. San lranclsco 8ay ls one Lhe
mosL heavlly 'lnvaded' esLuarles ln Lhe world wlLh over elghLy ve specles havlng been lnLroduced Lhere
(sootce. Motk ltoJo, Motlo loJepeoJeot Iootool, lebtooty 2008). Lconomlc cosLs from lnvaslve specles can
be separaLed lnLo dlrecL cosLs Lhrough producuon loss ln agrlculLure and foresLry, and managemenL cosLs
of lnvaslve specles. LsumaLed damage and conLrol cosL of lnvaslve specles ln Lhe u.S. alone amounL Lo
more Lhan $138 bllllon annually (sootce. u.5. llsb ooJ wllJllfe btocbote, Iooooty 2012). ln addluon Lo Lhese
cosLs, economlc losses can occur Lhrough loss of recreauonal and Lourlsm revenues. Lconomlc cosLs of
lnvaslons, when calculaLed as producuon loss and managemenL cosLs, are low because Lhey do noL usually
conslder envlronmenLal damages. lf moneLary values could be asslgned Lo Lhe exuncuon of specles, loss ln
blodlverslLy, and loss of ecosysLem servlces, cosLs from lmpacLs of lnvaslve specles would be slgnlcanLly
hlgher (sootce. costoozo et ol., 1997).
lnvaslve specles can have lmpacLs on recreauonal acuvlues such as shlng and waLer-based recreauon.
1hey negauvely aecL a wlde array of envlronmenLal aurlbuLes LhaL are lmporLanL Lo supporL recreauon,
lncludlng buL noL llmlLed Lo waLer quallLy, planL and anlmal quanuLy, dlverslLy and specles abundance
(sootce. bup.//www.fws.qov/bome/feotote/2012/pJfs/costofovoslvesfoctsbeet.pJf).
1here can be economlc beneLs from some 'lnvaslve' specles and Lhese are usually under-reporLed. Aslan
oysLers, for example, are beuer aL lLerlng ouL waLer polluLanLs Lhan norLh Amerlcan oysLers. 1he Aslan
oysLers also grow fasLer and wlLhsLand dlsease beuer Lhan Lhe norLh Amerlcans. 8lologlsLs are conslderlng
releaslng Lhe mollusk ln Lhe Chesapeake 8ay Lo help resLore oysLer sLocks and clean up Lhe bay's polluuon.
A recenL sLudy by Lhe !ohns Popklns School of ubllc PealLh found Lhe Aslan oysLer could slgnlcanLly
beneL Lhe bay's deLerloraung waLer quallLy (sootce. bup.//www.jbspb.eJo/oews/oews-teleoses/2006/
qtoczyk-oystet.btml).
lor many lnvaslve specles Lhere are exlsung or poLenual commerclal beneLs. lor lnsLance, Sllver Carp and
Common Carp (where heavy meLals are noL excesslve ln Lhelr esh) can be harvesLed for human food and
exporLed Lo markeLs already famlllar wlLh Lhe producL or lnLo peL foods (sootce. bup.//eo.wlklpeJlo.otq/
wlkl/Asloo_cotp). numerous vegeLauve 'lnvaslves' llke waLer hyaclnLh, when ln sumclenL quanuues Lo be
harvesLable, can be Lurned lnLo meLhane dlgesLers lf no oLher beuer use can be deLermlned. Some
lnLeresung daLa on organlsms dlgesung meLhane ls belng uncovered ln Lhe aermaLh of Lhe Macondo Well
rupLure ln Lhe Culf of Mexlco (sootce. Iyllloo kemsley, Afet tbe ueepwotet notlzoo ulsostet, cbemlcol &
oqloeetloq News, 201J).
Lnv|ronmenta||sm |n cu|tures
AlLhough Anlmlsm has now been replaced by Lhe currenL greaL world rellglons, lL ls llkely LhaL Lhe feellng of
powerlessness before Lhe forces of naLure led Lo early forms of rellglon. So Lhe fervour wlLh whlch some
people ln Lhe developed world pursue envlronmenLal lssues ls, ln a sLrange way, a reLurn Lo earller bellefs.
ln Lhe developed world, some conslder LhaL wlLh Lhe percelved decllne of organlsed ChrlsuanlLy, recenL
dlsenchanLmenL wlLh caplLallsm's greedy banksLers and Lhe dlscredlung of Marxlsm, envlronmenLallsm
seems Lo have lled a vold for many.
ln Lhe developlng world Lhe balance ls dlerenL wlLh regard Lo rellglon, for Lhe ume belng aL leasL.
LnvlronmenLal Sclence courses aL unlverslues are oered and reasonably subscrlbed and Lhe rsL
slgnlcanL evldence of eco-warrlors, are vlslble.
LnvlronmenLallsm ls dened, ln Lhe Amerlcan PerlLage dlcuonary as 'advocacy for or work Loward
proLecung Lhe naLural envlronmenL from desLrucuon or polluuon'.
LnvlronmenLallsLs, ln Lhe developed world, belleve LhaL people, ln Lhe developed world, seem Lo have
dlsconnecLed Lhemselves from naLure and are sLruggllng Lo nd Lhe value of naLure. 1hey see naLure as Lhe
source of much value, splrlLually, culLurally, healLh-wlse or economlcally. 1he envlronmenLallsLs see Lhe
lack of valuauon as an underlylng cause for Lhe observed degradauon of ecosysLems and Lhe loss of
blodlverslLy.
Marun Llvermore, who ls an lndependenL consulLanL wlLh a background ln lndusLry, sLaLed:
All specles aecL Lhelr envlronmenL Lo a greaLer or lesser degree. 1ermlLes bulld complex homes, beavers
consLrucL dams Lo alLer Lhe ow of sLreams and grazlng anlmals profoundly alLer Lhe balance of planL
specles. eople do Lhe same. 1he dlerence ls LhaL we have a unlquely greaLer capaclLy Lo do so. As Lhls
capaclLy has grown, so has our awareness of Lhe consequences, and our ablllLy Lo make rauonal cholces
beLween opuons" (sootce. bup.//oews.bbc.co.ok/2/bl/scleoce/ootote/4766096.stm, 2006).
ln Lhe lasL generauon, envlronmenLal quallLy ln Lhe developed world has lmproved greaLly by almosL any
measure. ln Lhe developlng world LhaL change ls slower and, so far, has Lo be drlven by people from Lhe
developed world. WlLh Lhe speed and eecuveness of lnLerneL communlcauon, Lhe currenL slLuauon wlll
noL remaln for much longer. And companles llke ALlanuc LnC, wlLh shareholders llke Shell, 8C and 8 are
mlndful LhaL Lhe planL mlghL be ln Lhe developlng world buL Lhe cusLomers are malnly ln Lhe developed
world.
4: Mar|ne and Coasta| Lco|ogy
Introducnon
Marlne ecosysLems cover approxlmaLely 71 of Lhe LarLh's surface and conLaln approxlmaLely 97 of Lhe
planeL's waLer (sootce. bup.//www.oooo.qov/oceoo.btml). 1hey generaLe 32 of Lhe world's neL prlmary
producuon. 1hey are dlsungulshed from freshwaLer ecosysLems by Lhe presence of dlssolved compounds,
especlally salLs, ln Lhe waLer. ApproxlmaLely 83 of Lhe dlssolved maLerlals ln seawaLer are sodlum and
chlorlne (sootce. bup.//eo.wlklpeJlo.otq/wlkl/Apoouc_ecosystem). SeawaLer has an average sallnlLy of 33
parLs per Lhousand (ppL) of waLer. AcLual sallnlLy varles among dlerenL marlne ecosysLems (sootce. bup.//
eo.wlklpeJlo.otq/wlkl/5eowotet).
Marlne ecosysLems can be dlvlded lnLo Lhe followlng zones: lnLerudal (Lhe area beLween hlgh and low
udes), nerluc zone (Lhe relauvely shallow parL of Lhe ocean LhaL lles over Lhe conunenLal shelf), oceanlc
(open waLer), abyssal and hadal (deep waLer and Lrenches), benLhlc (bouom subsLraLes). ulerenL hablLaLs
lnclude esLuarles, salL marshes, coral reefs and hydroLhermal venLs (where chemosynLheuc sulfur bacLerla
form Lhe food base).
llgure 6: Zones ln Lhe marlne ecosysLem.
Classes of organlsms found ln marlne ecosysLems lnclude brown algae, dlnoagellaLes, corals (AnLhozoa),
cephalopods, echlnoderms, and sharks (ChondrlchLhyes). llsh caughL ln marlne ecosysLems are Lhe blggesL
source of commerclal foods obLalned from wlld populauons.
1he coasLal zone ls a dynamlc area of naLural change and of lncreaslng human use. 1hey occupy less Lhan
13 of Lhe earLh's land surface, yeL accommodaLe more Lhan 30 of Lhe world populauon (lL ls esumaLed
LhaL 3.1 bllllon people llve wlLhln 200 kllomeLres from Lhe sea) (bup.//www.sovetbeseo.otq/515
X20oceoo_focts.btm). WlLh Lhree-quarLers of Lhe world populauon expecLed Lo reslde ln Lhe coasLal zone
b y 2 0 2 3 ( s o o t c e . b u p . / / w w w . p t b . o t q / l o b l l c o u o o s / k e p o t t s / 2 0 0 J /
klpple[ectslopolouooooJcoostolkeqloos.ospx) , human acuvlues orlglnaung from Lhls small land area wlll
lmpose an lnordlnaLe amounL of pressure on Lhe global ecosysLem. CoasLal zones conLaln rlch resources Lo
produce goods and servlces and are home Lo mosL commerclal and lndusLrlal acuvlues. ln 1rlnldad and
1obago, more Lhan half of Lhe populauon now llves along Lhe wesL coasL of Lhe larger lsland (1rlnldad) and
coasLal zone resources produce much of Lhe nauon's economlc wealLh. 1he shlng, shlpplng and Lourlsm
lndusLrles all compeLe for vlLal space along Lhe coasLllne LhaL conLalns some of fraglle and valuable naLural
hablLaLs.
1rlnldad and 1obago ls locaLed aL Lhe souLhern end of Lhe easLern Carlbbean lsland chaln on Lhe conunenLal
shelf o norLheasL SouLh Amerlca, some 8 mlles easL of venezuela, Lhe lslands lle downsLream of Lhe
ouulow of 17 SouLh Amerlcan rlvers, lncludlng Lhe Amazon and Crlnoco, and aL Lhe conuence of ma[or
ocean currenLs such as Lhe norLh LquaLorlal currenL. 1hls ouulow has led Lo hlghly dlverse marlne
envlronmenL.
Descr|pnon of the Mar|ne Lnv|ronment
1rlnldad and 1obago has one of Lhe largesL naLural shelLered harbours ln Lhe world, Lhe Culf of arla, whlch
ls locaLed souLh of Lhe hurrlcane belL. 1he numerous yachLs LhaL arrlve aL Chaguaramas 8ay, ln Lhe norLh
wesL corner penlnsular of Lhe larger lsland auesL Lo Lhls. Several large shlps are always seen ln Lhe Culf of
arla.
1he counLry's economy ls sLrongly lnuenced by Lhe peLroleum lndusLry. 1ourlsm and manufacLurlng are
also lmporLanL Lo Lhe local economy. 1ourlsm ls a growlng secLor, alLhough noL proporuonaLely as
lmporLanL as ln many oLher Carlbbean lslands. CrowLh has been fueled by lnvesLmenLs ln llqueed naLural
gas (LnC), peLrochemlcals, and sLeel.
1rlnldad and 1obago ls Lhe leadlng Carlbbean producer of oll and gas, and lLs economy ls heavlly dependenL
upon Lhese resources buL lL also supplles manufacLured goods, noLably food and beverages, as well as
cemenL Lo Lhe Carlbbean reglon. Cll and gas accounL for abouL 40 of Cu and 80 of exporLs. More Lhan
93 of Lhese oll and gas vessel movemenLs pass Lhrough Lhe Culf of arla. 1he LnC Lermlnal has over 200
vessel calls per year.
1he porL of orL of Spaln handles 1000 conLalners per day, half of whlch are for LransshlpmenL. Whlle Lhe
orL of olnL Llsas ls Lhe second ma[or porL ln 1rlnldad and covers a LoLal area of approxlmaLely 19.31
hecLares. WlLh lLs sLraLeglc locauon, Lhe porL ls oen referred Lo as Lhe "CaLeways Lo Lhe Amerlcas"
caLerlng for conLalnerlzed cargo from Lhe u.S., Lurope, unlLed klngdom and Lhe lar LasL. orL olnL Llsas ls
a mulupurpose cargo faclllLy operaung on a 24/7 basls and Lhe porL handles a wlde range of Lramc
lncludlng dry and llquld bulks, conLalners, general cargo and break-bulk servlclng boLh
1he porL of olnLe-a-lerre, whlch serves Lhe eLroLrln 8enery LhaL ls lncldenLally, Lhe only renery ln Lhe
world Lo co-exlsL wlLh a wlldllfe park ls also ln Lhe Culf of arla. 1he renery's capaclLy ls 173,000 8Cu and
ls Lhe sole renery ln 1rlnldad and 1obago. lL complemenLs lLs crude oll producuon wlLh purchases from Lhe
smaller producers, and lmporLs more Lhan half of lLs requlremenL from venezuela. SevenLy percenL of Lhe
rened producLs are exporLed (sootce. mmo 8tossotJ, lettocotlbe. cbovezs lmposslble oetqy ltoqtom,
lettoleomwotlJ, 2006).
ln addluon Lo Lhese ma[or porLs Lhere ls a small cemenL porL aL ClaxLon 8ay and a edgllng porL servlng an
lndusLrlal esLaLe sull ln lnfancy aL La 8rea.
:.(0%"- &0 +." ?(,&0" @05&,#02"0+
1he beaches more frequenLed by LourlsLs comlng Lo 1rlnldad and 1obago are locaLed on Lhe smaller lsland
of 1obago. 1he beach resorLs on Lhe larger lsland are on Lhe norLh and easL coasLs. Whlle Lhe oshore oll
and gas plauorms are o Lhese coasLs, Lhelr normal operauons do noL aecL Lhe quallLy of Lhe beaches
excepL Lo lnLerfere wlLh Lhe vlew.
1he lssue of beaches and envlronmenL ln 1rlnldad and 1obago ls a sensluve one. nauonals wlll remember
Cllon Plll 8each ln olnL lorun, backed by almond Lrees, Lhls beach was a favourlLe of Lhose on Sunday
excurslons. unforLunaLely Lhe laylng of Lhe plpellne Lo provlde gas for Lhe LnC planL resulLed ln Lhe
desLrucuon of Lhe beach. 1oday Lhere ls a large sea wall where prevlously chlldren played on Lhe sand. lor
baLhlng ln Lhls area, one now has Lo go Lo Lhe easL of Lhe orlglnal beach. A road has been consLrucLed close
Lo Lhe rock sea wall LhaL parallels Lhe seashore and runs along Lhe edge of Lhe former golf course. lrom
along Lhls road one can access Lhe beach for baLhlng and shlng. AL Lhe end of Lhe road a beach faclllLy has
been bullL wlLh a large paved car park, LhaLched roofed plcnlc Lables, a llfeguard sLauon, changlng rooms
and LolleLs.
S: Mar|ne Lnv|ronmenta| Components
Internda| zone
1he lnLerudal zone ls Lhe area beLween Lhe hlgh ude and low ude marks on Lhe shore. lL ls Lhe area LhaL ls
exposed Lo Lhe alr aL low waLer and underwaLer aL hlgh waLer. 1he udal range ln olnL lorun ls abouL 1.2
meLres and because Lhe porL ls bullL on reclalmed land, Lhe area has a correspondlngly narrow lnLerudal
zone. 1he dlerenL Lypes of marlne llfe and vegeLauon ln Lhe lnLerudal zone have Lo adapL Lo an
envlronmenL of harsh exLreme. ln Lhe Lroplcs, Lhe organlsms can be submerged ln salL waLer for hours
every day and every nlghL, can expecL Lo be ralned on by fresh waLer aL anyume durlng Lhe exposed perlod
and can be baked ln sun and end up hlgh and dry and caked ln dry salL. WlLh Lhe rlghL klnd of wave acuon
and ume of day organlsms can experlence all Lhe condluons ln a slx hour perlod.
8enth|c 2one
1he benLhlc zone ls Lhe ecologlcal reglon aL Lhe lowesL level of a body of waLer such as an ocean or a lake,
lncludlng Lhe sedlmenL surface and some sub-surface layers. Crganlsms llvlng ln Lhls zone are called
benLhos. 1hey generally llve ln close relauonshlp wlLh Lhe subsLraLe bouom,
llgure 7: Crganlsms from Lhe 8enLhlc zone. Lvery one a ManchesLer unlLed lan
many such organlsms are permanenLly auached Lo Lhe bouom. 1he superclal layer of Lhe soll llnlng Lhe
glven body of waLer ls an lnLegral parL of Lhe benLhlc zone, as lL lnuences greaLly Lhe blologlcal acuvlLy
whlch Lakes place Lhere. Lxamples of conLacL soll layers lnclude sand bouoms, rock ouLcrops, coral, and bay
mud.
nab|tats
Marlne hablLaLs are envlronmenLs ln whlch vegeLauon and marlne llfe llve. 1here are many dlerenL Lypes
of hablLaL wlLhln Lhe wldely varylng areas of Lhe world, ranglng from Lhe freezlng polar lce, Lhrough Lhe
pelaglc zone, deep sea, hydroLhermal venLs, mangrove, sea grass, and Lhe lnLerudal zone Lo Lroplcal coral
reefs. 1hese hablLaLs all come wlLh Lhelr unlque challenges and are lnhablLed by a wlde varleLy of
organlsms.
Lco|og|ca| keceptors and Va|ues
Lcologlcal recepLors are ecosysLems, hablLaLs, communlues, populauons and lndlvldual organlsms LhaL can
be exposed dlrecLly or lndlrecLly Lo a sLressor where a sLressor ls a physlcal, chemlcal or blologlcal enuLy
LhaL lnduces an adverse response ln a planL, anlmal or ecosysLem.
Lcologlcal values are Lhe planLs, anlmals or ecosysLems LhaL are ldenued and consldered Lo be of
slgnlcanL socleLal relevance, ecologlcal or economlcal slgnlcance. Lcologlcal values may be generlc or
speclc Lo a parucular slLe or hablLaL.
I|sher|es
ln 1rlnldad and 1obago recreauonal shermen generally sh from boaLs or from Lhe shore. 1hese
recreauonal shermen use predomlnanLly hook and llne shlng meLhods such as a-la-vlve, Lrolllng and
banklng. LsLuarles (rlver mouLh) are parucularly popular wlLh on-shore shermen. 1he mouLhs of Lhe
narlva and Lhe CrLolre 8lvers are prlzed shlng locauons. Many specles of sh enLer Lhe rlvers from Lhe sea
on Lhe hlgh ude and exlL on Lhe low ude. Surf shlng ls also popular and can be seen from almosL every
beach ln 1rlnldad. lndeed lL ls a common pracuce Lo Lake Lhe famlly Lo Lhe beach for a swlm and whlle Lhere
Lry your luck wlLh Lhe rod. Spear shlng ln con[uncuon wlLh snorkelllng or SCu8A dlvlng has grown ln
popularlLy.
Mar|ne Mamma|s
1rlnldad has Lhe lasL remalnlng populauon of manaLees among Lhe easLern Carlbbean lslands, whlch ls
composed of a small number of lndlvlduals conned Lo a small swamp on Lhe easL coasL of Lhe lsland. 1he
Culf of arla was prevlously called 'Colfo de la 8allena' (Whale's Culf). lL ls unclear ls when commerclal
whallng began ln Lhe area buL whallng ls consldered Lo be one of Lhe earllesL lndusLrles of 1rlnldad.
Commerclal whallng mosL llkely began around 1826. 1he resulLs of Lhls explolLauon ln 1rlnldad and 1obago
as ln oLher counLrles ln Lhe area LhaL pracused lnLense whallng, local populauons of humpback whales have
become vlrLually exuncL ln Lhelr waLers.
ln 2010, on Lhe back of recenL plloL whale slghungs ln Lhe Culf of arla, Lhe opporLunlLy was Laken Lo
conducL furLher lnvesugauons, maklng use of Lhe Lremendous experuse of lnLernauonal lund for Anlmal
Welfare ln marlne mammal research and conservauon. 1he deploymenL a marlne elecLronlc depLh sounder
LhaL can deLecL Lhe presence of aquauc llfe o Chacachacare lsland, reglsLered LhaL Lhere was boulenose
dolphln acuvlLy ln Lhe area.
nydrodynam|cs and the Sed|mentary keg|me
1hls ls Lhe area where Lhe marlne blologlsLs conslders Lhe poLenual lmpacLs of Lhe dredglng pro[ecL on
currenLs, udes and wave cllmaLe wlLhln Lhe dredglng and dlsposal areas, as well as Lhe poLenual lmpacLs on
Lhe sedlmenL reglme. 1he assessmenL wlll conslder Lhe lmpacL of Lhe posL-dredge baLhymeLry on Lhe
hydrodynamlcs and sedlmenLary reglme as well as Lhe lmpacL of Lhe dredglng operauon lLself on local
LurbldlLy and sedlmenL deposluon.
Water Co|umn
A waLer column ls a concepLual column of waLer from surface Lo bouom sedlmenLs. 1hls concepL ls used
chley for envlronmenLal sLudles evaluaung Lhe sLraucauon or mlxlng (e.g. by wlnd lnduced currenLs) of
Lhe Lhermal or chemlcally sLraued layers ln a lake, sLream or ocean. Some of Lhe common parameLers
analyzed ln Lhe waLer column are: pP, LurbldlLy, LemperaLure, sallnlLy, LoLal dlssolved sollds, varlous
pesucldes, paLhogens and a wlde varleLy of chemlcals and bloLa.
llgure 8: 1yplcal WaLer column ln Lhe Arcuc reglon
1he concepL of waLer column ls qulLe lmporLanL, slnce many aquauc phenomena are explalned by Lhe
lncompleLe verucal mlxlng of chemlcal, physlcal or blologlcal parameLers. lor example, when sLudylng Lhe
meLabollsm of benLhlc organlsms, lL ls Lhe speclc bouom layer concenLrauon of avallable chemlcals ln Lhe
waLer column LhaL ls meanlngful, raLher Lhan Lhe average value of Lhose chemlcals LhroughouL Lhe waLer
column. 1he process of dredglng oen dlslodges chemlcals resldlng ln benLhlc subsLraLes and ln[ecLs Lhem
lnLo Lhe waLer column.
1urb|d|ty
1urbldlLy ls degree of Lhe cloudlness of Lhe waLer caused by parucles of suspended sollds. 1he lndlvldual
parucles are llkely Lo be lnvlslble Lo Lhe naked eye, noL unllke smoke ln alr. 1he measuremenL of LurbldlLy ls
a key LesL of waLer quallLy. 1he suspended solld mauer wlll conLaln parucles of many dlerenL slzes. Some
of Lhe suspended maLerlal wlll be large enough and heavy enough Lo seule rapldly Lo Lhe bouom lf Lhe
body of waLer ls undlsLurbed. 1he very small parucles wlll seule very slowly lf aL all.

6: Lnv|ronmenta| Impact of a Dredg|ng Cperanon
Corporate kespons|b|||ty
1he porL's Marlne Cperauons ueparLmenL (or equlvalenL) would have ldenued Lhe need Lo dredge. 1he
Marlne deparLmenL would arrange for lnLerlm hydrographlc surveys Lo be done and reporLed perlodlcally
and also observe or obLaln feedback from Lhe echo sounder readlngs of shlps Lranslung Lhe channel.
ln selecung a conLracLor Lo perform Lhe dredglng, Lhe porL's senlor managemenL wlll have Lo be saused
LhaL Lhe work can be performed safely, emclenLly, cosL eecuvely, legally and ln an envlronmenLally
frlendly manner. Mauers of rlsk managemenL, sLaLuLory compllance, occupauonal healLh and safeLy,
envlronmenLal pollcles, quallLy assurance sLandards and admlnlsLrauon (lncludlng records and reporLs)
have Lo be agreed beLween porL managemenL and Lhe selecLed dredglng conLracLor and documenLed.
1hese documenLs wlll become parL of Lhe documenL package when Lhe appllcauon ls made Lo Lhe
AuLhorlues for permlsslon Lo dredge and dlspose of spoll.
A Leam comprlslng of porL pracuuoners wlLh experlence ln vessel lnspecuon, safeLy and envlronmenLal
dlsclpllnes physlcally lnspecLs Lhe equlpmenL and obLalns coples of all relevanL cerucaLes and
documenLauon. Cf course, Lhese days mosL documenLs can be exchanged vla emall long before Lhe vessels
arrlve aL Lhe work slLe.
1he porL's rocuremenL ueparLmenL ensures LhaL Lhe purchaslng pollcles and conLracL managemenL
procedures are followed sLrlcLly. 1he porL's llnanclal ueparLmenL has Lo be saused LhaL cosL mlnlmlsauon
measures are Laken.
1he porL's Legal ueparLmenL can asslsL wlLh seeklng permlsslon from Lhe AuLhorlues ln order Lo proceed
wlLh Lhe dredglng. 1he varlous auLhorlues ln 1rlnldad and 1obago wlLh an lnLeresL ln dredglng operauons
lnclude Lhe Marlume Servlces ulvlslon (MSu) of Lhe MlnlsLry of Works and 1ransporL, Lhe LnvlronmenLal
ManagemenL Agency (LMA), Lhe MlnlsLry of Lnergy and Lnergy Aalrs (MLLA) and Lhe Cmce of Lhe
Commlssloner of SLaLe Lands ln Lhe MlnlsLry of AgrlculLure, Land and Marlne 8esources. 1he porL's PealLh,
SafeLy and LnvlronmenL ueparLmenL performs due dlllgence on behalf of Lhe company wlLh regards Lo eco
safeLy, meanlng checklng Lhe adequacy of Lhe dump slLe, polluuon of coasLal areas, dlsLurbance of marlne
ora and fauna ln Lhe channel.
Lnv|ronmenta| Impact of Dredg|ng Acnv|ty
1he acuvlLy of dredglng has Lhe poLenual creaLe Lhe followlng prlnclpal lmpacLs Lo Lhe envlronmenL:
- release of Loxlc chemlcals (lncludlng heavy meLals and C8) from bouom sedlmenLs lnLo Lhe waLer
column.
- shorL Lerm lncreases ln LurbldlLy, whlch can aecL aquauc specles meLabollsm and lnLerfere wlLh
spawnlng.
- secondary eecLs from waLer column conLamlnauon of upLake of heavy meLals, uu1 and oLher
perslsLenL organlc Loxlns, vla food chaln upLake and subsequenL concenLrauons of Lhese Loxlns ln
hlgher organlsms lncludlng humans.
- secondary lmpacLs Lo marsh producuvlLy from sedlmenLauon
- Leruary lmpacLs Lo avlfauna whlch may prey upon conLamlnaLed aquauc organlsms
- secondary lmpacLs Lo aquauc and benLhlc organlsms' meLabollsm and morLallLy
- posslble conLamlnauon of dredge spoll dlsposal slLes
1he CLC appllcauon lncludes Lhe requlremenL Lo Lake samples of Lhe sedlmenL Lo be dredged and Lhe waLer
column and have Lhem analysed for a prescrlbed sulLe of Loxlns. Slmllar sampllng and analysls of Lhe
dlsposal slLe can also be requesLed.
Dredged Spo||
uredge spoll ls Lhe maLerlal removed by dredglng. uredge spoll dlsposal ls Lhe deposlung of dredged
maLerlals on land or lnLo waLer bodles for Lhe purpose of elLher creaung new or addluonal lands for oLher
uses or dlsposlng of Lhe by-producLs of dredglng.
llgure 9: Cpuons for 1ralllng Sucuon Popper uredger dlsposlng spoll. Labels are: furLher recycllng as
bulldlng maLerlals on land, sedlmenL removal by dredglng, dumplng.
AdapLed from hups://www-old.marum.de/8lnarles/8lnary10363/baggerguLverwendung.glf
ln a hopper dredger, Lhe dredged maLerlals end up ln a large onboard hold called a "hopper". A hopper
dredge usually has doors ln lLs bouom Lo empLy Lhe dredged maLerlals, buL some dredges empLy Lhelr
hoppers by spllmng Lhe Lwo halves of Lhelr hulls on glanL hlnges. LlLher way, as Lhe vessel dredges, excess
waLer ln Lhe dredged maLerlals ls spllled o as Lhe heavler sollds seule Lo Lhe bouom of Lhe hopper. 1hls
excess waLer ls reLurned Lo Lhe sea Lo reduce welghL and lncrease Lhe amounL of solld maLerlal (or slurry)
LhaL can be carrled ln one load. When Lhe hopper ls lled wlLh slurry, Lhe dredger sLops dredglng and goes
Lo a dump slLe and empues lLs hopper.
Some hopper dredges are deslgned so Lhey can also be empued from above uslng pumps lf dump slLes are
unavallable or lf Lhe dredge maLerlal ls conLamlnaLed. Someumes Lhe slurry of dredglngs and waLer ls
pumped sLralghL lnLo plpes whlch deposlL lL on nearby land. CLher umes, lL ls pumped lnLo barges (also
called scows), whlch deposlL lL elsewhere whlle Lhe dredge conunues lLs work.
llgure 10: Clamshell dredger wlLh a buckeL full from Lhe seabed.
Dredged Spo|| Character|sncs
1he followlng lnformauon should be deLermlned for all dredged spoll Lo be dlsposed of aL sea:
- Cross weL Lonnage
- MeLhod of dredglng
- vlsual deLermlnauon of sedlmenL characLerlsucs (clay-sllL/sand/gravel/boulders).
4--"--&0% 3#+"0;($ &23('+ #0 /&-3#-($ -&+"-
lurLher lnformauon abouL dredged spoll ls requlred Lo fully assess Lhe lmpacL lL wlll have on Lhe dlsposal
slLes. 1hls lnformauon mlghL be avallable from exlsung sources, e.g. from eld observauons on Lhe lmpacL
of slmllar maLerlal aL slmllar slLes or from prevlous LesL daLa on slmllar maLerlal LesLed noL more Lhan ve
years prevlously and knowledge of local dlscharges or oLher sources of polluuon, supporLed by a selecuve
analysls.
1he purpose of Lesung ls Lo esLabllsh wheLher Lhe dlsposal aL sea of dredged spoll conLalnlng conLamlnanLs
mlghL cause undeslrable eecLs, especlally Lhe posslblllLy of chronlc or acuLe eecLs on marlne organlsms
or human healLh, wheLher or noL arlslng from Lhelr bloaccumulauon ln marlne organlsms and especlally ln
food specles.
Chemlcal characLerlsauon ls Lhe necessary rsL sLep Lo esumaLe gross loadlng of conLamlnanLs, especlally
for new arlslngs of dredged spoll.
lf prevlous analysls of Lhe maLerlal shows Lhe presence of conLamlnanLs ln conslderable quanuues or of
subsLances whose blologlcal eecLs are noL undersLood and lf Lhere ls concern for anLagonlsuc or
synerglsuc eecLs of more Lhan one subsLance, or lf Lhere ls any doubL abouL Lhe exacL composluon or
properues of Lhe maLerlal, lL may be necessary Lo carry ouL sulLable blologlcal LesL procedures. 1hese
procedures may lnclude Lhe followlng:
- AcuLe LoxlclLy LesLs,
- Chronlc LoxlclLy LesLs capable of evaluaung long-Lerm sub leLhal eecLs, such as bloassays coverlng
an enure llfe cycle,
- 1esLs Lo deLermlne Lhe poLenual for bloaccumulauon of Lhe subsLance of concern
Where lL can be esLabllshed LhaL Lhe dredged spoll ls subsLanually slmllar ln physlcal and chemlcal
properues Lo Lhe sedlmenLs aL Lhe proposed dlsposal slLe, blologlcal Lesung may noL be necessary provldlng
Lhe cumulauve lmpacLs aL Lhe dlsposal slLe wlll noL exceed Lhe envlronmenLal managemenL ob[ecuves for
Lhe area concerned. More deLalls on Lhe requlred LesLs are avallable from Lhe LMA and from Lhe Spree
SplrlL publlcauon, 'Culdellnes for MalnLenance uredglng ln 1rlnldad and 1obago'.
D|sposa| S|te Se|ecnon
SlLe selecuon Lo mlnlmlze lmpacL on commerclal and recreauonal shlng areas ls a ma[or conslderauon ln
resource proLecuon. roper dlsposal slLe selecuon raLher Lhan Lesung appllcauon ls recommended.
ulsposal slLe lnformauon Lo be consldered by auLhorlues aL a very early sLage of assessmenL of a new slLe
should lnclude Lhe lauLude and longlLude coordlnaLes as well as lLs locauon wlLh regard Lo:
- ulsLance Lo nearesL coasLllne
- uepLh
- 8ecreauonal areas
- Spawnlng and nursery areas
- known mlgrauon rouLes for sh or marlne mammals
- SporL and commerclal shlng areas
- Areas of naLural beauLy or slgnlcanL culLural or hlsLorlcal lmporLance
- Areas of speclal sclenuc or blologlcal lmporLance (marlne sancLuarles)
- Shlpplng lanes
- MlllLary excluslon zones
- Lnglneerlng uses of seaoor (e.g. poLenual or on-golng seabed mlnlng, undersea cables,
desallnauon or energy conservauon slLes

1he baslc assessmenL of a slLe, elLher new or exlsung, shall lnclude Lhe conslderauon of posslble eecLs
LhaL mlghL arlse by Lhe lncrease of cerLaln consuLuenLs or by Lhe lnLeracuon (e.g. synerglsuc eecLs) wlLh
oLher subsLances lnLroduced ln Lhe area, elLher by oLher dumplng or by rlver lnpuL and dlscharges from
coasLal areas, by explolLauon areas and marlume LransporL, as well as Lhrough LhaL aLmosphere. 1he
exlsung sLress on blologlcal communlues as a resulL of such acuvlues should be evaluaLed before any new
or addluonal dlsposal operauons are esLabllshed. 1he posslble fuLure uses of Lhe sea area should be kepL
under conslderauon.
lnformauon from basellne and monlLorlng sLudles aL already esLabllshed dumplng slLes wlll be lmporLanL ln
Lhe evaluauon of any new dumplng acuvlLy aL Lhe same slLe or nearby. lor malnLenance dredglng pro[ecLs,
prevlously used dlsposal slLes wlll mosL llkely be suggesLed and Lhe challenge wlll more llkely be wheLher
lndusLrlal acuvlLy, such as drllllng and or plpe laylng ls ln progress. Communlcauon beLween Lhe
sLakeholders wlll help declde lf and how spoll dlsposal can occur as a slmulLaneous operauon.
=&-3#-($ A&+" :.(,('+",&-;'-
When dredglng operauons are lnLended, Lhe scoplng would recommend prellmlnary sLudles Lo deLermlne
wheLher Lhe proposed dlsposal slLes possess specles or assemblages of unlque or parucular blologlcal
lnLeresL and Lo provlde a basellne wlLh whlch Lo compare fuLure eecLs aer dlsposal has occurred.
ln order Lo assess Lhe capaclLy of Lhe area for recelvlng dredged spoll boLh Lhe LoLal amounL of maLerlal and
Lhe anuclpaLed or acLual loadlng raLe aL Lhe dlsposal slLe should be Laken lnLo accounL.
7: Dredg|ng and D|sposa| S|te Samp||ng and Ana|ys|s
SedlmenL sampllng ln Lhe Culf of arla usually lnvolves one meLre long and approxlmaLely Len cenumeLre
dlameLer plpe belng pushed lnLo Lhe sllL aL varlous locauons (as prescrlbed by LMA guldance) and removed
wlLh Lhe conLenLs lnLacL. 1here are oLher Lypes of sampllng and analysls.
S|de scan sonar
Slde scan sonar ls a Lool LhaL ls used Lo emclenLly creaLe an lmage of large areas of Lhe sea oor. lL ls used
for mapplng Lhe seabed for a wlde varleLy of purposes, lncludlng creauon of nauucal charLs and deLecuon
and ldenucauon of underwaLer ob[ecLs and baLhymeLrlc feaLures. lL may be used, ln con[uncuon wlLh
seaoor samples, Lo conducL surveys capable of provldlng an undersLandlng of Lhe dlerences ln maLerlal
and LexLure Lype of Lhe seabed. Slde scan sonar lmagery ls also a commonly used Lool Lo deLecL debrls
lLems and oLher obsLrucuons on Lhe seaoor LhaL may be hazardous Lo shlpplng or Lo seaoor lnsLallauons
by Lhe oll and gas lndusLry. ln addluon, Lhe sLaLus of plpellnes and cables on Lhe seaoor can be
lnvesugaLed uslng slde-scan sonar. Slde-scan daLa are frequenLly acqulred along wlLh baLhymeLrlc
soundlngs and sub-bouom proler daLa, Lhus provldlng a gllmpse of Lhe shallow sLrucLure of Lhe seabed.
Slde scan sonar ls also used for sherles research, dredglng operauons and envlronmenLal sLudles.
llgure 11: Slde scan sonar ln acuon
V|deo 'Sp|ashcam' drops
1hese are cameras LhaL can be [usL "dropped" lnLo Lhe waLer. Some manufacLurers clalm some models of
underwaLer camera provlde broadcasL quallLy vldeo and super-hlgh resoluuon color, even under low-llghL
condluons. 1hese are used Lo deLermlne ma[or hablLaL boundarles and Lhe presence of ma[or eplfauna
hablLaLs.
llgure 12: vldeo Splashcam monlLor.
8enth|c grab survey
lf Lhe [ob ls belng done properly, sedlmenL samples have Lo be LesLed for LoxlclLy, organlc conLenL, oxygen
concenLrauon, sedlmenL Lype and graln slze parameLers ln Lhe laboraLory. Crab samples may be washed
and sleved Lo separaLe organlsms from Lhe sedlmenL. 1he organlsms are Lhen ldenued and enumeraLed.
Crab samplers are relauvely llghL and easy Lo operaLe, however, Lhe sedlmenLs are dlsLurbed durlng
sampllng, so grab samples wlll noL yleld lnformauon abouL sedlmenL sLrucLure. Crab samplers are deslgned
for so sedlmenLs, so hard bouom or reef sLrucLures cannoL be sampled eecuvely uslng grab samplers.
Crab sample analysls can be ume-consumlng and expenslve slnce samples musL be analyzed ln a
laboraLory. 1here are several dlerenL models of grab samplers, however, each one has a slmllar
mechanlsm for collecung Lhe sample. 1he open sampler ls lowered Lo Lhe seaoor, where lL peneLraLes Lhe
sedlmenL-waLer lnLerface and Lhen closes. 1he devlce ls Lhen ralsed Lo Lhe surface wlLh Lhe lnLacL sedlmenL
sample. 8enLhlc grab sampllng glves quanuLauve esumaLes of relauve denslLy and specles rlchness of
macro benLhlc lnfauna.
hys|ca| Impact of Dredged Spo|| D|sposa|
All dredged spolls, wheLher conLamlnaLed or noL, have a slgnlcanL physlcal lmpacL aL Lhe polnL of dlsposal.
1hls lmpacL lncludes Lhe coverlng of Lhe seabed (and smoLherlng of Lhe benLhlc organlsms) and local
enhancemenL of suspended solld levels. hyslcal lmpacL may also resulL from Lhe onward LransporL
parucularly ln ner fracuons, by wave and udal acuon and resldual currenL movemenLs.
ln relauvely enclosed waLers, such as some esLuarlne slLuauons, oxygen-consumlng sedlmenLs could
adversely aecL Lhe oxygen reglme of Lhe dlsposal slLes.
ln Lhe open sea, blankeung of Lhe seabed ls usually Lhe mosL slgnlcanL physlcal eecL. 1he lmpacL of Lhe
dredged spoll on Lhe suspended sollds reglme ln mosL coasLal waLers oen wlll be LranslenL or negllglble.
8lologlcal consequences of Lhese physlcal lmpacLs lnclude smoLherlng of benLhlc organlsms ln Lhe dlsposal
slLe. ulsposal may ln some cases lnLerfere wlLh Lhe mlgrauon of sh (e.g. Lhe lmpacL of hlgh LurbldlLy on
salmonolds ln esLuarlne areas) or of crusLacean (e.g. lf deposluon occurred ln Lhe coasLal mlgrauon paLh of
crabs).
An lmporLanL consequence of Lhe physlcal presence of dredged spoll dlsposal acuvlues ls lnLerference wlLh
shlng acuvlues and, ln some lnsLances, wlLh navlgauon and recreauon. 1he former relaLes Lo boLh
smoLherlng of areas poLenually used for sherles and lnLerference wlLh xed shlng gear, shoallng
followlng dumplng can lead Lo navlgauonal hazards and clay or sllL deposluon may be a nulsance ln
recreauonal areas. 1hese problems can be aggravaLed lf Lhe spoll ls conLamlnaLed wlLh bulky harbour
debrls such as wooden beams, scrap meLal, pleces of cable eLc.
llgure 13: 8uslness end of 1SPu sucuon.
?(0(%&0% +." >.7-&'($ @B"'+- #* =,"/%"/ A3#&$ =&-3#-($
1he mosL lmporLanL facLor ln Lhe managemenL of Lhe physlcal eecLs of dredged spoll dlsposal ls by careful
slLe selecuon along wlLh an assessmenL of conlcL beLween marlne resources and acuvlues. ln mosL cases,
blankeung of an area of seabed ls accepLed as an envlronmenLal cosL of dlsposal. 1o avold excesslve use of
Lhe seabed, Lhe number of slLes should be llmlLed as far as posslble and each slLe should be used Lo Lhe
maxlmum exLenL posslble wlLhouL lnLerferlng wlLh navlgauon. Cnce deposluon sLops, hydrodynamlc forces
wlll resorL Lhe naLure of Lhe sedlmenLs and re-colonlsauon ls usually rapld. ln some cases, lL ls noLed LhaL
old spoll slLes become producuve new shlng areas.
LecLs can be mlnlmlzed by ensurlng as far as posslble LhaL Lhe sedlmenLs ln Lhe dredged spoll and
recelvlng area are slmllar. Locally, blologlcal lmpacL may be furLher reduced lf Lhe deposluon area ls
naLurally sub[ecL Lo physlcal dlsLurbance. Where Lhls ls noL posslble, conslderauon should be glven where
clean, ne maLerlals are concerned Lo a dellberaLely dlsperslve sLyle of dlsposal Lo reduce blankeung on a
small slLe.
WlLh caplLal and malnLenance dredglng, Lhe maLerlal may be dlerenL ln characLer Lo Lhe sedlmenLs aL Lhe
recelvlng slLe and colonlsauon may be less rapld. Where bulky maLerlal such as rock and clay maLerlal ls
deposlLed, Lhere may be lnLerference wlLh shlng acuvlLy, even ln Lhe long Lerm. lL may prove posslble Lo
use caplLal maLerlals ln Lhe consLrucuon of aruclal reefs for shery or recreauonal purposes or for hablLaL
creauon, ln Lhls case, advlce from ecologlsLs or shery blologlsLs ls essenual.
1he lnlllng of depresslons or dellberaLe capplng of dredged spoll deposlLs may be used ln cerLaln
clrcumsLances Lo avold lnLerferences wlLh shery or oLher leglumaLe acuvlues.
lnLerference wlLh sh or crusLacean mlgrauon or spawnlng or wlLh seasonal shery acuvlLy may be avolded
by umlng resLrlcuons on dlsposal acuvlLy. 1rench dlgglng and relllng acuvlues may also lnLerfere wlLh
mlgraLory pauerns, slmllar conLrols are approprlaLe. ln mlugaung Lhe lmpacL of dlsposal wlLhln esLuarles on
mlgraung sh, sllL screens have been used Lo reduce Lhe suspended sollds levels, buL Lhese have proved
hard Lo manage eecuvely.
ulsposal vessels and operauons should be lnspecLed regularly Lo ensure LhaL Lhe condluons of Lhe dlsposal
permlL are belng complled wlLh and LhaL Lhe crew ls aware of Lhelr responslblllues under Lhe permlL.
Where rubblsh ls a problem, lL may be necessary Lo speclfy LhaL Lhe dlsposal vessel (or dredger) ls ued
wlLh a grld Lo faclllLaLe removal for dlsposal (or recovery) on land, raLher Lhan belng dumped aL sea. Shlps'
records should be lnspecLed Lo ensure LhaL dlsposal ls Laklng place aL Lhe specled dlsposal slLe.
=&-3#-($ A&+" =&-3",-($ :.(,('+",&-;'-
1he use of dlsperslve slLes even for Lhe dlsposal of sedlmenLs wlLh low levels of conLamlnauon ls noL devold
of envlronmenLal rlsk and requlres conslderauon of Lhe faLe and eecLs of dlspersed maLerlal. 1here ls
evldence Lo suggesL LhaL aL cerLaln well-chosen esLuarlne slLes, dredged spoll may enhance Lhe hablLaLs of
deslred specles.
lor evaluauon of dlspersal characLerlsucs, daLa should be obLalned on Lhe followlng:
- waLer depLhs (maxlmum, mlnlmum and mean)
- waLer sLraucauon ln varlous seasons and weaLher condluons (depLh and seasonal varlauon of
pycnocllne)
- udal perlod, orlenLauon of udal elllpse, veloclues of mlnor and ma[or axls
- mean surface drl (neL): dlrecuon and speed
- mean bouom drl (neL): dlrecuon and speed
- sLorm (wave) lnduced currenLs (veloclues)
- wlnd and wave characLerlsucs, average number of sLorm days per year
- concenLrauon and composluon of suspended sollds
Impact nypothes|s
1he lmpacL PypoLhesls ls an auempL aL predlcung Lhe eecLs of Lhe dredglng and dlsposal on Lhe physlcal,
chemlcal and blologlcal envlronmenL. An lmpacL PypoLhesls should lnLegraLe lnformauon on Lhe
characLerlsucs of Lhe dredged spoll and proposed dlsposal slLe condluons. 1he alm ls Lo provlde a conclse
sclenuc analysls of Lhe poLenual eecLs on human healLh, llvlng resources, marlne llfe, amenlues and
oLher leglumaLe uses of Lhe sea. lL should encompass boLh Lhe Lemporal and spaual scales of poLenual
eecLs.
1he prlmary areas of poLenual lmpacL should be ldenued and are Lhose consldered Lo have Lhe mosL
serlous consequences for human healLh and Lhe envlronmenL. AlLerauons Lo Lhe physlcal envlronmenL,
rlsks Lo human healLh, devaluauon of marlne resources, and lnLerference wlLh oLher leglumaLe uses of Lhe
sea are oen seen as prlorlues ln Lhls regard.
kecommendanons for mon|tor|ng the D|sposa| s|te
SubsLances ln dredged spoll may undergo physlcal, chemlcal and blologlcal changes when enLerlng Lhe
marlne envlronmenL. 1he suscepublllLy of dredged spoll Lo such changes should be consldered ln Lhe llghL
of Lhe evenLual faLe and poLenual eecLs of Lhe dredged spoll. 1hls may be reecLed ln Lhe lmpacL
PypoLhesls and also a monlLorlng programme.
1he purposes of monlLorlng are Lo deLermlne conLamlnanL levels ln organlsms, Lhe blologlcal eecLs and
consequences for Lhe marlne envlronmenL due Lo Lhe dumplng of dredged spoll and Lo allow managers Lo
conLrol exposures of Lhe organlsms of concern Lo dredged spolls and assoclaLed conLamlnanLs.
1he monlLorlng programme would conslder:
1he recolonlsauon raLe for macro benLhlc fauna aer spoll dlsposal ln Lhe maln dlsposal area,
Changes ln Lhe composluon of Lhe assemblage relauve Lo pre-dlsposal basellnes and unlmpacLed
conLrol slLes,
1he exLenLs of movemenL of dredge spoll ln space and ume,
LecLs of sedlmenL deposluon aL varylng lnLenslues (l.e. varylng dlsLances from Lhe dlsposal slLe,
measured wlLh sedlmenL Lraps and/or sedlmenL prollng) on assemblage composluon,
1he recolonlsauon ume of assemblages under varylng sedlmenLauon scenarlos

8: Cernhcate of Lnv|ronmenta| C|earance
Ma|ntenance Dredg|ng Sed|ment ketennon
1he CLC supulaLes as a condluon LhaL sedlmenL reLenuon measures shall be uullsed, as pracucable, prlor Lo
Lhe commencemenL of all dredglng and dlsposal acuvlues Lo mlnlmlse re-suspenslon of sedlmenLs ln Lhe
near shore coasLal waLers. 1hese sedlmenL-reLenuon measures can lnclude, buL are noL llmlLed Lo:
LsLabllshmenL of oaung LurbldlLy barrlers such as sllL curLalns or gunderbooms Lo mlnlmlse sedlmenL
dlsperslon ln Lhe near shore coasLal envlronmenL,
Lnsurlng a slngle grab meLhodology uullslng clamshell buckeLs for sedlmenL collecuon Lo prevenL waves of
suspended sedlmenLs.
1he CLC sLaLes Lhe Lype of dredglng equlpmenL, as requesLed on Lhe appllcauon form, Lo be used ln Lhe
operauon. ln mosL cases of malnLenance dredglng ln Lhe Culf of arla a Clamshell (Crab) uredger and
1ralllng Sucuon Popper uredger (1SPu) would be Lhe maln Lypes of dredge equlpmenL used Lo conducL Lhe
dredglng acuvlues of Lhe approach channel and Lurnlng basln.
uurlng Lhe malnLenance dredglng of Lhe LnC Lermlnal channel ln 2002, approxlmaLely 2.74 mllllon cublc
meLers of dredge spoll was dlsposed ln Lhe oshore dlsposal slLe o La 8rea. 1o deLermlne Lhe exLenL of
Lhe sedlmenL plume generaLed by Lhe dlsposal of Lhe dredge maLerlal aL Lhe oshore slLe and Lhe way ln
whlch Lhe dredge spoll wlll seule, slx sources (shown ln llgure 14) were used Lo sLudy Lhe dlsperslon of
sedlmenLs ln Lhe reglon of Lhe proposed dlsposal slLe (carrled ouL ln Lhe 2002 modelllng exerclse). llgure
13 below shows Lhe locauon of Lhe dumpslLe used ln Lhe model and Lhe model boundarles used Lo lnpuL
eecLs of wlnd, currenL and waves ln Lhe area.
llgure 13 below shows Lhe model dlsperslon of sedlmenL from Lhe dlsposal slLe. 1he maLerlal ls dlsposed as
a pulse aL alLernaung slLes wlLhln Lhe dlsposal area. 1he maLerlal does noL move furLher Lhan a dlsLance of
approxlmaLely 1km from Lhe slLe based on Lhe resulLs of Lhe mud LransporL modelllng. 1he maLerlal seuled
Lo Lhe seabed ln a aL mound shaped formauon and evenLually may spread evenly over Lhe seabed wlLh
ume. SubsequenL malnLenance dredglng operauons can be expecLed Lo yleld sllghLly greaLer volumes Lhan
were used for Lhe modelllng. As can be seen from Lhe model ouLpuL, dredge spoll wlll noL be dlspersed aL a
far dlsLance from Lhe source prlmarlly because of very low sea bed currenLs and Lhe very genLle slope on
Lhe seabed aL Lhls locauon. ln addluon, Lhe currenL ow aL dlsposal slLe locauon ls parallel Lo Lhe
baLhymeLrlc conLours and generally run along Lhe nL - SW axls and so Lhere wlll not be LransporL of
sedlmenL plume Lowards Lhe shorellne as well as Lhe LA8luCC channel and Lurnlng basln. ulumaLely,
posslblllues for re-suspenslon of sedlmenL are very low aL Lhe slLe for operauonal condluons, based on all
prevlous modelllng exerclses.
8ased on Lhe above analysls, Lhe poLenual lmpacL of Lhe dlsposal acuvlues wlLh respecL Lo Lhe producuon
of sedlmenL plumes and dlsLrlbuuon of sedlmenL ouLslde Lhe dlsposal slLe was noL expecLed Lo be
slgnlcanL.
llgure 14: Modelled resulLs for Lhe deposluon of Lhe dredge spoll ln Lhe dlsposal slLe o La 8rea, showlng
neL SedlmenLauon [Sample dumps nearer Lhe shorellne are more allgned Lo Lhe udal ow axls (nL-
SW)]
llgure 13: ulsposal of dredge spoll aL La 8rea ulsposal SlLe. 1he model was run uslng Lhe eecLs of wlnd,
currenL and waves on Lhe hydrodynamlcs
llgure 16: ulsperslon of sedlmenL from dlsposal slLe. 1he volume dlsposed of ls based on a load equal Lo
1330 m
<
wlLh an average dry denslLy of 300kg/m
<
nydrocarbon-contam|nated run-o
1he condluon on Lhe CLC relaLed Lo Lhls sLaLes Lhe hydrocarbon-conLamlnaLed run-o from Lhe dredge
vessel shall be LreaLed Lo ensure a maxlmum dlscharge concenLrauon of 40mg/L 1oLal eLroleum
Pydrocarbons (1P) ln accordance wlLh Lhe Second Schedule of Lhe WaLer olluuon 8ules 2001 (as
amended) (W8). LMuenL from Lhe vessel LhaL may conLaln olly maLerlal shall be sampled and analysed for
1P aL leasL once durlng Lhe proposed acuvlLy. 1hls reporL shall be made avallable Lo Lhe LnvlronmenLal
ManagemenL Agency for revlew upon requesL.
1he poLenual sources of Lhls hydrocarbon-conLamlnaLed run o wlll lnclude lube oll and lC purlers,
englne and machlnery oll changes, englne cyllnder oll dralns, maln englne lube and lC sysLem leak os. 1he
conLrols Lo mlugaLe Lhe rlsk of hydrocarbon-conLamlnaLed run of lnclude prevenLauve malnLenance and
dally lnspecuons of machlnery and equlpmenL would mlnlmlse releases. All acuvlues conducLed on board
shall be planned and conLrolled Lo mlnlmlse releases. 1here shall be no hydrocarbon-conLamlnaLed run-o
from dredge vessel.
Any sludge and or olly waLer from malnLenance acuvlues wlll be sLored Lemporarlly ln Lanks on board Lhe
vessel. 1he dredge operaLor wlll arrange for Lhe sludge/olly waLer Lo be pumped o Lhe vessel lnLo a slop
barge or Lruck aL Lhe LA8luCC orL pendlng dlsposal aL an approved faclllLy. All operauons lnvolvlng and
movemenLs of hydrocarbons shall be recorded ln Lhe Cll 8ecord 8ook for Shlps lncludlng deLalls such as
quanuLy and Lhe vessel's posluon.
No|se and V|branon
1he CerucaLe of LnvlronmenLal Clearance wlll sLaLe lLs condluons wlLh regard Lo nolse. 1hese wlll Lyplcally
be LhaL pursuanL Lo Lhe nolse olluuon ConLrol 8ules, lf dredglng acuvlues occur ouLslde Lhe hours of
0700hrs and 1900hrs of any day and ln Lhe evenL LhaL nolse levels are expecLed Lo exceed Lhe sLandards
specled ln Lhe nolse olluuon ConLrol 8ules, Lhe appllcanL shall apply for and obLaln a nolse varlauon
from Lhe LnvlronmenL ManagemenL Agency before proceedlng wlLh slLe acuvlues.
Sewage
1he dlscharge of sewage lnLo Lhe sea ls prohlblLed, excepL when Lhe shlp has ln operauon an approved
sewage LreaLmenL planL or ls dlscharglng commlnuLe and dlslnfecLed sewage uslng an approved sysLem aL a
dlsLance of more Lhan 3.6km (Lhree nauucal mlles) from Lhe nearesL land. An approved on board sewage
LreaLmenL planL shall meeL Lhe sLandards and LesLs ouLllned ln Lhe revlsed Culdellnes on lmplemenLauon of
LMuenL SLandards and erformance 1esL for Sewage 1reaLmenL lanLs, Lhe Marlne LnvlronmenL roLecuon
Commluee (MLC), CcLober 13, 2006
MAkCL 73]78
arameter keso|unon MLC.2(VI)
3 Dec 1976
keso|unon MLC.1S9(SS)
13 Cct 2006
laecal Collform 230/100ml 100/100ml
1oLal Suspended Sollds 30 mg/l (on shore) 33 mg/l (on shore)
8lochemlcal Cxygen uemand 30 mg/l 23 mg/l
Waste Matr|x
Waste Stream kecommendanon L e g | s | a n v e
kequ|rements
Lv|dence of comp|enon
non Pazardous Solld
Wa s L e ( pa c k a g l ng
maLerlals, conLalners,
lluer, food conLalners,
beverage cans, coee
cups , paper bags ,
rubber, wood, sLeel,
scrap meLals, plpes,
elecLrlcal cumngs, non-
h a z a r d o u s p a r L s ,
SLyrofoam)
k e e p r e c y c l a b l e s
(cardboard, plasuc boules,
glass boules, alumlnlum
cans, paper) ln separaLe
b a g s a n d p l a c e l n
deslgnaLed sklp pendlng
Lransfer Lo deslgnaLed
recepLacle on Lhe porL
faclllLy. CLher wasLe should
be kepL separaLed and
placed ln deslgnaLed sklp ln
an approprlaLe locauon.
MA8CL Annex v
CLC2673/ 2009
Secuon ll (n)
ur edger ' s Car bage
8ecord 8ook
Cheml cal s / Medl cal
WasLe
C o l l e c L w a s L e l n
compauble, sLurdy, leak
proof conLal ners wl Lh
secure, leak proof llds Lo
ensure no l eakage of
conLenLs. Chemlcal wasLe
conLalners musL be clearly
labelled wlLh compleLe
cheml cal names. 1he
dredglng conLracLor shall
dl s pos e of was L e as
prescrlbed ln MSuS. noLe
Lhls wasLe Lype shall noL be
l ncorporaLed l nLo Lhe
general wasLe sLream ln an
approprlaLe locauon.
CLC2673/ 2009
Secuon ll (p)
MA8CL Annex
11
ul sposal /uesLrucuon
CerucaLe from dlsposal
faclllLy
Clly WasLe lncludlng
spenL lubrlcanLs, used
olls, sludge
All vlslble dlrL, grlme,
grease, oll, loose palnL,
eLc., would be removed
from Lhe equlpmenL prlor
Lo use aL Lhe slLe. All
acuvlues conducLed on
board shall be planned and
conLrolled. 1he dredglng
conLracLor wlll arrange for
Lhe sludge/olly waLer Lo be
pumped o vessel Lo a slop
barge ln an approprlaLe
locauon pendlng dlsposal
aL an approved faclllLy.
CLC2673/ 2009
Secuon ll ([)
MA8CL Annex 1
1 he dr e dg e r ' s Cl l
8ecord 8ook
8allasL WaLer 8allasL waLer shall be
dlsposed of as per lMC
gul del l nes . Lxc hange
should be done prlor Lo
comlng ln channel. no
exchange of ballasL waLer
shoul d be conducL ed
wlLhln close proxlmlLy Lo
channel
Wh e n e v e r p o s s l b l e ,
conducL bal l asL waLer
exchange aL leasL 200
nauucal mlles from Lhe
nearesL land and ln waLer
aL leasL 200 meLres ln
depLh, Laklng lnLo accounL
Culdellnes developed by
lMC,
ln cases where Lhe shlp ls
unable Lo conducL ballasL
waLer exchange as above,
Lhls should be as far from
L he nea r es L l a nd a s
posslble, and ln all cases aL
leasL 30 nauucal mlles
from Lhe nearesL land and
ln waLer aL leasL 200
meLres ln depLh.
CLC2673/ 2009
Secuon ll (o)
lMC
1he dredger's 8allasL
waLer record book
Sewage Sewage can be LreaLed on
board uslng an approved
sewage LreaLmenL planL
LhaL woul d meeL Lhe
specled requlremenLs.
Where Lhls cannoL be done
sewage can be collecLed
from Lhe shl p wl Lh a
moblle vacuum Lanker (or
barge) and dlverLed Lo land
L o be L r eaL ed by an
approved faclllLy.
MA8CL Annex
lv
CLC2673/ 2009
Secuon ll (q)
Cerucauon of Sewage
1reaLmenL lanL.
uredglng conLracLor's
o p e r a u n g a n d
malnLenance program
records
Crey waLer Cr ey waL er s hal l be
dlverLed Lo Lhe sewage
LreaLmenL planL before
dlsposal.
CLC2673/ 2009
Secuon ll (r)
Same as sewage
uewaLered Large Solld
WasLe
CollecL from Lhe vessel and
pl a c e l n de s l g na L e d
conLalner aL recepuon
faclllLy pendlng dlsposal aL
an approved landll
CLC2673/ 2009
Secuon ll (s)
ul sposal /uesLrucuon
CerucaLe from dlsposal
faclllLy
uredge Spoll ul s p o s e d o f a L L h e
deslgnaLed dlsposal slLe
oshore
CLC2673/ 2009
Secuon ll (L)
nA
nolse 1ool s, machl nery and
equlpmenL employed for
all works shall be ued
wl L h adequaL e nol s e
reduclng apparaLus. nolse
measuremenLs wl l l be
Laken aL Lhe sLarL of and
d u r l n g L h e p r o [ e c L
acuvlues.
CLC2673/ 2009
Secuon ll (l)
nol se measuremenL
8eporL
Alr C o n d u c L r e g u l a r
lnspecuons and malnLaln
all equlpmenL used durlng
L h e a c u v l L y L o
m a n u f a c L u r e r s '
speclcauons
CLC2673/ 2009
Secuon ll (h)
o r L ' s l n s p e c u o n
checkllsL
9: CCNCLUSICNS
1he orL racuuoner wlll be Lhe person who wlll mosL llkely have Lo explaln dredglng Lo envlronmenLallsLs
and explaln envlronmenLal concerns Lo porL managemenL. 1he orL racuuoner wlll have dlsplay hls
prlnclpals' sensluvlLy Lo envlronmenLal lssues and aL Lhe same ume reLurn hls porL Lo normal operauons as
safely, emclenLly and cosL eecuvely as posslble.
lL ls ln Lhe orL racuuoner's lnLeresL Lo have a worklng knowledge of all sldes of Lhls operauon.
ALNDICLS
A.1 1ypes of Dredg|ng
4<C<C :(3&+($ =,"/%&0%
1hls ls dredglng carrled ouL Lo creaLe a new harbour, berLh or waLerway, or Lo deepen exlsung faclllues ln
order Lo allow larger shlps access. 8ecause caplLal works usually lnvolve hard maLerlal or hlgh-volume
works, Lhe work ls usually done uslng a cuuer sucuon dredge or large Lralllng sucuon hopper dredge, buL
for rock works drllllng and blasung along wlLh mechanlcal excavauon may be used.
4<C<D >,"3(,(+#,7 =,"/%&0%
1hls ls work and excavauon for fuLure brldges, plers or docks/wharves, oen connecLed wlLh foundauon
work.
4<C<E ?(&0+"0(0'" =,"/%&0%
1hls ls dredglng Lo deepen or malnLaln navlgable waLerways or channels whlch are LhreaLened Lo become
sllLed wlLh Lhe passage of ume, due Lo sedlmenL sand and mud, posslbly maklng Lhem Loo shallow for
navlgauon. 1hls ls oen carrled ouL wlLh a Lralllng sucuon hopper dredge. MosL dredglng ls for Lhls purpose,
and lL may also be done Lo malnLaln Lhe holdlng capaclLy of reservolrs or lakes. 1hls ls Lhe Lype of dredglng
Lhls Lhesls ls focussed on.
4<C<F G(0/ ,"'$(2(;#0
1hls ls dredglng Lo mlne sand, clay or rock from Lhe seabed and uslng lL Lo consLrucL new land elsewhere.
1hls ls Lyplcally performed by a cuuer-sucuon dredge or Lralllng sucuon hopper dredge. 1he maLerlal may
also be used for ood or eroslon conLrol.
4<C<H I"('. 0#1,&-.2"0+
1hls ls Lhe mlnlng of sand oshore and placlng on a beach Lo replace sand eroded by sLorms or wave acuon.
1hls ls done Lo enhance Lhe recreauonal and proLecuve funcuon of Lhe beaches, whlch can be eroded by
human acuvlLy or by sLorms. 1hls ls Lyplcally performed by a cuuer-sucuon dredge or Lralllng sucuon
hopper dredge.
4<C<J K(,5"-;0% 2(+",&($-
1hls ls dredglng sedlmenL for elemenLs llke gold or oLher valuable Lrace subsLances.
4<C<L A"(6"/ 2&0&0%
A posslble fuLure use of dredglng, recoverlng naLural meLal ore nodules from Lhe sea's abyssal plalns.
4<C<M :#0-+,1';#0 2(+",&($-
1hls ls Lhe dredglng of sand and gravels from oshore llcensed areas for use ln consLrucuon lndusLry,
prlnclpally for use ln concreLe. 1hls ls a very speclallsL lndusLry focused ln nW Lurope uslng speclallzed
Lralllng sucuon hopper dredgers self dlscharglng dry cargo ashore.
4<C<N 40;O"1+,#3.&'(;#0
uredglng ls an expenslve opuon for Lhe remedlauon of euLrophled (or de-oxygenaLed) waLer bodles.
Powever, as aruclally elevaLed phosphorus levels ln Lhe sedlmenL aggravaLe Lhe euLrophlcauon process,
conLrolled sedlmenL removal ls occaslonally Lhe only opuon for Lhe reclamauon of sull waLers.
4<C<CP :#0+(2&0(0+ ,"2"/&(;#0
1hls ls done Lo reclalm areas aecLed by chemlcal spllls, sLorm waLer surges (wlLh urban runo), and oLher
soll conLamlnauons. ulsposal becomes a proporuonally large facLor ln Lhese operauons.
4<C<CC Q"2#5&0% +,(-. (0/ /"6,&-
1hls ls oen done ln comblnauon wlLh malnLenance dredglng, Lhls process removes non-naLural mauer
from Lhe bouoms of rlvers and canals and harbors.
A.2 1ypes of Dredg|ng Vesse|s
4<D<C !,(6 =,"/%",
1hls Lype of dredger uses a clamshell buckeL auached Lo a crane on Lhe vessel Lo dlg and remove sedlmenL
from Lhe sea oor. 1he clamshell buckeL ls opened and lowered down Lo Lhe sea oor. 1he sldes of Lhe
buckeL close, grabblng sedlmenL on Lhe sea oor. 1he buckeL ls lled and empued lnLo Lhe barge moored
alongslde Lhe dredger.
A grab dredger plcks up seabed maLerlal wlLh a clam shell grab, whlch hangs from an onboard crane or a
crane shlp, or ls carrled by a hydraullc arm, or ls mounLed llke on a dragllne. 1hls Lechnlque ls oen used ln
excavauon of bay mud. MosL of Lhese dredges are crane barges wlLh spuds.
4<D<D R,(&$&0% A1';#0 K#33", =,"/%",
A 1SPu ls a sea-golng self-propelled vessel equlpped wlLh one or Lwo sucuon plpes, deslgned Lo Lrall along
Lhe slde of Lhe vessel. AL Lhe lower end of Lhe sucuon plpe, a drag head ls xed. Sucuon ls pr ovl ded
by a cenLrlfugal pump, whlch dlscharges Lhe mlxLure of soll and waLer ln Lhe hopper well of Lhe dredge. 1o
sLarL Lhe dredglng operauons, Lhe 1SPu wlll sall Lo Lhe area Lo be dredged. Cnce ln Lhe vlclnlLy of lLs
dredglng area, Lhe 1SPu wlll lower Lhe drag head Lo Lhe sea bouom and begln dredglng. 1he dredge pump,
lnsLalled lnslde Lhe dredge Lakes up a mlxLure of waLer and soll Lhrough Lhe drag head and sucuon plpe and
pumps Lhe mlxLure lnLo Lhe hopper well. When Lhe draughL of Lhe vessel reaches lLs llmlL, dredglng wlll be
sLopped and Lhe sucuon plpe holsLed on deck. 1he vessel Lhen salls wlLh Lhe dredge spoll Lo Lhe oshore
dlsposal area, where Lhe load ls deposlLed by openlng Lhe bouom doors. Cnce empLy, Lhe vessel
reLurns Lo Lhe dredglng area.
A Lralllng sucuon hopper dredger (1SPu) Lralls lLs sucuon plpe when worklng, and loads Lhe dredge spoll
lnLo one or more hoppers ln Lhe vessel. When Lhe hoppers are full, Lhe 1SPu salls Lo a dlsposal area and
elLher dumps Lhe maLerlal Lhrough doors ln Lhe hull or pumps Lhe maLerlal ouL of Lhe hoppers. Some
dredges also self-oMoad uslng drag buckeLs and conveyors.
4<D<E A1';#0 =,"/%",
1hese operaLe by sucklng Lhrough a long Lube, llke some vacuum cleaners buL on a blg scale. A plaln sucuon
dredger has no Lool aL Lhe end of Lhe sucuon plpe Lo dlsLurb Lhe maLerlal. 1hls ls oen Lhe mosL commonly
used form of dredglng.
4<D<F :1S", A1';#0 =,"/%",
A cuuer-sucuon dredger's (CSu) sucuon Lube has a cuuer head aL Lhe sucuon lnleL, Lo loosen Lhe earLh and
LransporL lL Lo Lhe sucuon mouLh. 1he cuuer can also be used for hard surface maLerlals llke gravel or rock.
1he dredged soll ls usually sucked up by a wear-reslsLanL cenLrlfugal pump and dlscharged Lhrough a plpe
llne or Lo a barge. ln recenL years, dredgers wlLh more powerful cuuers have been bullL ln order Lo excavaLe
harder rock wlLhouL blasung.
4<D<H 41%", A1';#0
1hls process funcuons llke a cuuer sucuon dredger, buL Lhe cumng Lool ls a roLaung Archlmedean screw seL
aL rlghL angles Lo Lhe sucuon plpe.
4<D<J T"+ G&U
1hese use Lhe venLurl eecL of a concenLraLed hlgh-speed sLream of waLer Lo pull Lhe nearby waLer,
LogeLher wlLh bed maLerlal, lnLo a plpe.
4<D<L 4&, G&U
An alrll ls a Lype of small sucuon dredge. lL ls someumes used llke oLher dredges. AL oLher umes, an alrll
ls used, handheld underwaLer by a dlver. lL works by blowlng alr lnLo Lhe plpe, and LhaL alr, belng llghLer
Lhan waLer, rlses lnslde Lhe plpe, dragglng waLer wlLh lL.
4<D<M I1'V"+ /,"/%&0%
A buckeL dredger ls equlpped wlLh a buckeL dredge, whlch ls a devlce LhaL plcks up sedlmenL by mechanlcal
means, oen wlLh many clrculaung buckeLs auached Lo a wheel or chaln. Some buckeL dredgers and grab
dredgers are powerful enough Lo rlp ouL coral Lo make a shlpplng channel Lhrough coral reefs.
4<D<N I('V.#"W=&33",
A backhoe/dlpper dredge has a backhoe llke on some excavaLors. A crude buL usable backhoe dredger can
be made by mounung a land-Lype backhoe excavaLor on a ponLoon. Small backhoe dredgers can be Lrack-
mounLed and work from Lhe bank of dlLches. A backhoe dredger ls equlpped wlLh a half-open shell. 1he
shell ls lled movlng Lowards Lhe machlne. usually dredges maLerlal ls loaded ln barges. 1hls machlne ls
malnly used ln harbors and oLher shallow waLer.
4<D<CP X(+", Y0Z"';#0
A waLer ln[ecuon dredger uses a small [eL Lo ln[ecL waLer under low pressure (Lo prevenL Lhe sedlmenL from
explodlng lnLo Lhe surroundlng waLers) lnLo Lhe seabed Lo brlng Lhe sedlmenL ln suspenslon, whlch Lhen
becomes a LurbldlLy currenL, whlch ows away down slope, ls moved by a second bursL of waLer from Lhe
Wlu or ls carrled away ln naLural currenLs. WaLer ln[ecuon resulLs ln a loL of sedlmenL ln Lhe waLer whlch
makes measuremenL wlLh mosL hydrographlc equlpmenL (for lnsLance: slnglebeam echosounders) dlmculL.
4<D<CC >0"12(;'
1hese dredgers use a chamber wlLh lnleLs, ouL of whlch Lhe waLer ls pumped wlLh Lhe lnleLs closed. lL ls
usually suspended from a crane on land or from a small ponLoon or barge. lLs eecuveness depends on
depLh pressure.
4<D<CD I"/ $"5"$",
1hls ls a bar or blade whlch ls pulled over Lhe seabed behlnd any sulLable shlp or boaL. lL has an eecL
slmllar Lo LhaL of a bulldozer on land. ln 1rlnldad and 1obago lL was called Lhe plough.
4<D<CE 423.&6&#1-
Some of Lhese are any of Lhe above Lypes of dredger, whlch can operaLe normally, or by exLendlng legs,
also known as spuds, so lL sLands on Lhe seabed wlLh lLs hull ouL of Lhe waLer. Some forms can go on land.
Some of Lhese are land-Lype backhoe excavaLors whose wheels are on long hlnged legs so lL can drlve lnLo
shallow waLer and keep lLs cab ouL of waLer. Some of Lhese may noL have a oaLable hull and, lf so, cannoL
work ln deep waLer.
4<D<CF A162",-&6$"
1hese are usually used Lo recover useful maLerlals from Lhe seabed. Many of Lhem Lravel on caLerplllar
Lracks. A unlque varlanL ls lnLended Lo walk on legs on Lhe seabed.
kLADING LIS1
Iourna|s:
nauonal lnsuLuLe of WaLer and ALmospherlc 8esearch LLd, new Zealand, 8enLhlc Cshore Surveys of
roposed uredge Spoll ulsposal SlLes o CLago enlnsula.

Internet pages:
hup://www.dredglng.org/documenLs/ceda/downloads/envlronmenL-helcom-dmguldellnes.pdf
hup://marlnemanagemenL.org.uk/works/documenLs/envlronmenLalsLaLemenLs/falmouLh.pdf
hup://en.wlklpedla.org/wlkl/uredglng
hup://www.hLg-baggerguL.de/uownloads/gulderec131.pdf
hup://www.cses.vL.edu/revegeLauon/dredge.hLml
hup://www.cosharbour.nsw.gov.au/
hup://www.newsday.co.u/feaLures/
hup://www.Leebweb.org/
hup://www.lmo.org/CurWork/LnvlronmenL/8allasLWaLerManagemenL/
hup://www.slue.edu/arLsandsclences/pdf/deanspubllcauons/406.LnvlronPlsLMarMamm1rlnldad.pdf
hup://www.gsu.org/Ceology/recenL20sedlmenLs.hLm

ISBN 978-976-95675-1-1
www.spreespirit.co.tt

Dredging in Trinidad and Tobago Environmental Considerations For Ports

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Dredging in Trinidad and Tobago Environmental Considerations For Ports

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Dredging in Trinidad and Tobago.

Environmental Considerations for

1he exLenLs of movemenL of dredge spoll ln space and ume,

1he recolonlsauon ume of assemblages under varylng sedlmenLauon scenarlos

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