Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Solution Tutorial 5/ ws BDA 3043

Tutorial 5 Solution Internal Combustion Engine Winardi Sani

Calculate the ideal air standard cycle efciency based on the Otto cycle for a petrol engine with a cylinder bore of 50 mm, a stroke of 75 mm, and a clearance volume of 21.3 cm3 .

q in
2

3 p wout
2

closed system

T
1

4 q out win 1
V1 = V 4

BDC

TDC
clearance vol.

s
Swept volume:

3.14 2 d l= 502 75 = 147, 200 mm3 = 147.2 cm3 4 4 V1 = V2 + Vs = Vc + Vs = 21.3 + 147.2 = 168.5 cm3 Vs = Compression ratio: 1 V1 168.5 = = = 7.914/1 2 V2 21.3

r=

Thermal efciency of Otto cycle: 1 r1

th,Otto = 1

1 = 1.4 1 = 0.4 r1 = 2.2875 1 th,Otto = 1 = 56.3% 2.2875

Show that the thermal efciency of the Diesel engine can be expressed as: th,Diesel = 1 1 r1
1 rc (rc 1)

With r =

V3 V1 , rc = as compression ratio and cutoff ratio, respectively. V2 V2

Solution Tutorial 5/ ws BDA 3043

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

q in
2

wout 2
4

w23
3 closed system

T win
q out
1

V2

V1

BDC

TDC
clearance vol.

Thermal efciency of Diesel cycle: th = wnet q23 q41 = qin q23 u4 u1 q41 =1 =1 q23 h3 h2 T4 1) T1 T3 1) T2

(1) (2) (3)

u4 u1 = cv (T4 T1 ) = cv T1 ( h3 h2 = cp (T3 T2 ) = cp T2 ( Compression ratio and Isentropic relationships: T2 V1 = T1 V2 V3 T4 = T3 V4

1

= r1
1

(4)
1

V3 V2 V2 V1

rc r

(V4 = V1 )

(5)

Process 2 3 is isobaric heat addiation: p2 V2 = mRT2 ; p3 V3 = mRT3 ; T3 V3 = = rc T2 V2 th = 1 Equation (4) * (5) yields: T4 T3 1 1 = rc = rc rc T1 T2 T4 = rc T1 The thermal efciency of Diesel cycle: th = 1 th,Diesel = 1
1 1 1 rc 1 r rc 1

p2 = p3 (6) (7)

cv T1 T4 /T1 1 cp T2 T3 /T2 1

(8) (9)

(10) (11)

1 r1

1 rc (rc 1)

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Plot:

Solution Tutorial 5/ ws BDA 3043

1 r c=
Thermal efficiennncy, 50 40 30 r c= 3

Otto

cyc

le

r c= 2

Diesel cycle

10 20 15 Compression ratio, r

A diesel engine has an inlet temperature and pressure of 15 C and 1 bar, respectively. The compression ratio is 12/1 and the maximum cycle temperature is 1100 C. Calculate the air standard thermal efciency based on the diesel cycle. Thermal efciency: th = wnet q23 q41 = qin q23 q41 u4 u1 =1 =1 q23 h3 h2

u4 u1 = cv (T4 T1 ) h3 h2 = cp (T3 T2 ) Temperatures given: T1 = 15 + 273.15 = 288.15 K Isentropic compression 1 2: v1 T2 = T1 v2

1

and T3 = 1100 + 273.15 = 1373.15 K

= r1 = 120.4 = 2.7

(12) (13)

T2 = T1 2.7 = 778 K Isentropic expansion 3 4: T4 v3 = T3 v4 Isobaric process 2 3: v3 T3 1373.15 = = = 1.765 v2 T2 778

1

(14)

(15)

Solution Tutorial 5/ ws BDA 3043

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Rearrangement of equation (14): v3 v3 v2 v3 v2 v3 1 = = = v4 v2 v4 v2 v1 v2 r v3 = 1.765/12 = 0.1471 v4 Calculation of T4 : T4 = T3 v3 v4

1

(16) (17)

= 1373.15 0.14710.4 = 638 K

(18)

Calculation of thermal efciency: cv = cp 1.005 = = 0.7179 1.4

u4 u1 = cv (T4 T1 ) = 0.7179 (638 288.15) = 251.14 kJ/kgK h3 h2 = cp (T3 T2 ) = 1.005 (1373.15 778) = 598.13 kJ/kgK th = 1 = th = 1 u4 u1 h3 h2 251.14 = 58% 598.13

An oil engine takes in air at 1.013 bar, 20 C and the maximum cycle pressure is 69 bar. The compressor ratio is 18/1. Based on the dual-combustion cycle and assuming that the heat added at constant volume is equal to the heat added at constant pressure.

wout
69

3 2

4 T wout 2 Q in 3

Q in

5 Q out

win
1.013

5
20

v = v3
2

1 v = v5
1

1 s

(a) the air standard thermal efciency Energy balance: w12 + q23 + q34 = w34 + w45 + q51 w34 + w45 w12 = q23 + q34 q51 wnet = q23 + q34 q51

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Thermal efciency: th, Dual = wnet q23 + q34 q51 = qin q23 + q34 q51 =1 q23 + q34 u5 u1 =1 u3 u2 + h4 h3

Solution Tutorial 5/ ws BDA 3043

th, Dual

(19) (20) (21)

u5 u1 = cv (T5 T1 ) and u3 u2 = cv (T3 T2 ) h4 h3 = cp (T4 T3 ) Isentropic compression 1 2: T2 v1 = T1 v2 r = 18;

1

= r1 1 = 0.4;
0.4

(22) and T1 = 20 + 273.15 = 293.15 K (23)

T2 = 293.15 18 T2 p2 = T1 p1
1

= 931.53 K
1

v1 v2

= r1 p1 = 1.013 bar

(24)

p2 = p1 r ;

with

p2 = 1.013 181.4 = 57.94 bar Constant volume heat addition 2 3: v2 = v3 ; (pv = RT ) T3 p3 = ; T2 p2 T3 = T2 with p3 = p4 = 69 bar

(25)

(26) (27)

p3 69 = 931.53 = 1, 109.3 K p2 57.94

Constant pressure heat addiation 3 4: v4 T4 = v3 T3 q23 = q34

(isobaric process) (valid only for this example) T3 T2 cv (T3 T2 ) = cp

(28) (29)

u3 u2 = h4 h3 cv (T3 T2 ) = cp (T4 T3 ) T4 T3 = T4 = T3 (1 +

1 T2 1 931.53 ) = 1, 109.3 (1 + ) 1.4 1.4 (30)

T4 = 1236.3 K

Solution Tutorial 5/ ws BDA 3043

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Isentropic expansion 4 5: v4 T5 = T4 v5
1

with v5 = v1 and v2 = v3

v4 v4 v2 v4 1 T4 1 = = = v5 v2 v1 v3 r T3 r 1, 236.3 1 v4 = = 0.0619 v5 1, 109.3 18

T5 = T4 0.06190.4 = 1263.3 0.3286 = 415.1 K Calculation of thermal efciency: u5 u1 = cv (T5 T1 ) = 0.7179 (415.1 293.15) = 87.55 kJ/kgK u3 u2 = cv (T3 T2 ) = 0.7179 (1, 109.3 931.53) = 127.6 kJ/kgK h4 h3 = cp (T4 T3 ) = 1.005 (1236.3 1, 109.3) = 127.6 kJ/kgK th, Dual = 1 u5 u1 u3 u2 + h4 h3 87.55 = 0.657 =1 127.6 + 127.6 = 65.7%

= th, Dual

(31)

(b) Mean effective pressure for the cycle wnet pmep = v1 v2 wnet = qin qin = (u3 u2 ) + (h4 h3 ) = 255.2 kJ/kg wnet = 0.657 255.2 = 167.7 kJ/kg (1 2 ) = 1 (1 (1 2 ) = 1 = 17 1 18 1 2 1 ) = 1 (1 ) = 1 (1 ) 1 r 18

0.287 kJ/kgK 293.15 K 1 bar 1 Pa 1 Nm RT1 2 = p1 1.013 bar 10 kPa N/m2 J 3 m = 0.8305 kg 17 m3 0.8305 = 0.7844 18 kg wnet v1 v2 167.7 kJ/kg 0.7844
m3 kg

(1 2 ) = pmep = =

1 Nm 1 bar 103 5 1J 10 N/m2 1 k

= pmep = 2.14 bar

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Solution Tutorial 5/ ws BDA 3043

A four-cylinder petrol engine has a bore of 57 mm and a stroke of 90 mm. Its rated speed is 2800 rev/min, and it is tested at this speed against a brake which has a torque arm of 0.356 m. The net brake load is 155 N and the fuel consumption is 6.74 ltr/h. The specic gravity of the petrol used is 0.735 and it has a lower specic caloric value Cnet,v of 44,200 kJ/kg. A Morse test is carried out and the cylinders are cut out in the order 1, 2, 3, 4 with corresponding brake loads of 111, 106.5, 104.2, and 111 N, respectively.

r T F 3 2 T 1 s 4 p 2 4 1 V
1 d

Work in

(a) the engine torque, the bmep, the brake thermal efciency (i) Engine torque: T = F r = 155 N 0.356 m = 55.18 J (ii) Brake power: bp = 2N T = 2 3.14 2800 rev/min 55.18 J 1 min W 60 s = 16, 171.42 W = 16.17 kW (iii) Brake mean effective pressure: bp 2 W pbmep = AlN n bp 2 = 16.17 kW 2 = 32.34 kW W rev 1 min 3.14 AlN n = (0.057 m)2 0.090 m 2800 4 = 0.0428 m3 /s 4 min 60 s pbmep = pbmep 32.34 kW 1000 J/s Nm 1 Pa 1 bar 5 2 3 0.0428 m /s kW J 10 Pa N/m = 7.548 bar

(iv) Brake thermal efciency: bp W BT = m f C

(32)

3 f = 6.74 ltr 0.735 1000 kg 1 hr 1 m = 0.001376 kg/s m f =V hr m3 3600 s 1000 ltr

BT =

16.17 kW = 0.2659 26.59% 0.001376 kg/s 44, 200kJ/kg

(33)

Solution Tutorial 5/ ws BDA 3043

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

(b) the specic fuel consumption, the mechanical efciency (i) Specic fuel consumption sfc = = m f bp W (34) (35)

0.001376 kg/s kg = 8.51 105 16.17 kW kJ kg 3600 s = 8.51 105 kW*s 1h kg = sfc = 0.3064 kW h (c) the imep (i) Morse test ip,1 = W bp W bp,1 = 155 111 = 44 N W ip,2 = W bp W bp,2 = 155 106.5 = 48.5 N W ip,3 = W bp W bp,3 = 155 104.2 = 50.8 N W ip,4 = W bp W bp,4 = 155 111 = 44 N W ip : Total indicated power (loads) W ip = W (ii) Mechanical efciency: M = bp W 155 = = 0.828 82.8% 187 .3 Wip ip,i = 187.3 N W

(36)

(37)

(38)

(iii) Indicated mean effective pressure: pbmep = M pimep pbmep 7.548 pimep = = = 9.116 bar M 0.828

(39)

(d) Estimate the volumetric efciency of the engine, if the engine is tested in an atmosphere at 1.013 bar and 15 C. (i) Air fuel ratio: raf = 14.5/1 (ii) Air mass ow rate: m a = raf m f = 14.5 0.001376 kg/s = 0.02 kg/s (iii) Induced volume rate: a RT in = m V p 0.02 kg/s 287 J/kgK 287.15 K 1 Pa 1 Nm 1 k = 2 101.3 kPa J 1000 N/m 3 = 0.0162 m /s (42) (41) (40)

(43)

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Loji dan Automotif Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (iv) Swept volume (four-stroke engine): s = AlnN/2 = d2 l n N/2 V 4 AlnN = 0.0428 m3 /s s = 0.0214 m3 /s V (v) Volumetric efciency: vol. = = vol. in V s V 0.0162 = = 0.757 75.7% 0.0214

Solution Tutorial 5/ ws BDA 3043

(44)

(45)

(46) (47)