Introduction to !

outing "nd P"c#et $or%"rding

Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 1

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Objectives
Identi&y " router "s " com'uter %ith "n (S "nd h"rd%"re designed &or the routing 'rocess. )emonstr"te the "bility to con&igure devices "nd "''ly "ddresses. )escribe the structure o& " routing t"ble. )escribe ho% " router determines " '"th "nd s%itches '"c#ets.

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Router as a Computer
)escribe the b"sic 'ur'ose o& " router
+ Com'uters th"t s'eci"li,e in sending '"c#ets over the d"t" net%or# + -hey "re res'onsible &or interconnecting net%or#s by selecting the best '"th &or " '"c#et to tr"vel "nd &or%"rding '"c#ets to their destin"tion

!outers "re the net%or# center

+ !outers gener"lly h"ve 2 connections. / 0A1 connection 2Connection to ISP3 / 4A1 connection

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Router as a Computer
)"t" is sent in &orm o& '"c#ets bet%een 2 end devices !outers "re used to direct '"c#et to its destin"tion

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Router as a Computer
!outers e6"mine " '"c#et7s destin"tion IP "ddress "nd determine the best '"th by enlisting the "id o& " routing t"ble

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Router as a Computer
!outer com'onents "nd their &unctions. + CP9 : ;6ecutes o'er"ting system instructions + !"ndom "ccess memory 2!A<3 : Cont"ins the running co'y o& con&igur"tion &ile. Stores routing t"ble. !A< contents lost %hen 'o%er is o&&. + !e"d:only memory 2!(<3 : =olds di"gnostic so&t%"re used %hen router is 'o%ered u'. Stores the router7s bootstr"' 'rogr"m. + 1on:vol"tile !A< 21V!A<3 : Stores st"rtu' con&igur"tion. -his m"y include IP "ddresses 2!outing 'rotocol, =ostn"me o& router3. + $l"sh memory : Cont"ins the o'er"ting system 2Cisco I(S3. + Inter&"ces : -here e6ist multi'le 'hysic"l inter&"ces th"t "re used to connect net%or#. ;6"m'les o& inter&"ce ty'es.
/ ;thernet > &"st ;thernet inter&"ces / Seri"l inter&"ces / <"n"gement inter&"ces
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Router as a Computer
!outer com'onents

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Router as a Computer
<"@or 'h"ses to the router boot:u' 'rocess
+ -est router h"rd%"re / Po%er:(n Sel& -est 2P(S-3 / ;6ecute bootstr"' lo"der + 4oc"te A lo"d Cisco I(S so&t%"re / 4oc"te I(S / 4o"d I(S + 4oc"te A lo"d st"rtu' con&igur"tion &ile or enter setu' mode / Bootstr"' 'rogr"m loo#s &or con&igur"tion &ile

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Router as a Computer
Veri&y the router boot:u' 'rocess.
+ -he sho% version comm"nd is used to vie% in&orm"tion "bout the router during the bootu' 'rocess. In&orm"tion includes. / Pl"t&orm model number / Im"ge n"me A I(S version / Bootstr"' version stored in !(< / Im"ge &ile n"me A %here it %"s lo"ded &rom / 1umber A ty'e o& inter&"ces / Amount o& 1V!A< / Amount o& &l"sh / Con&igur"tion register

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Router as a Computer

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 !outer Inter&"ce is " 'hysic"l connector th"t en"bles " router to send or receive '"c#ets ;"ch inter&"ce connects to " se'"r"te net%or# Consist o& soc#et or @"c# &ound on the outside o& " router -y'es o& router inter&"ces.
+ + + + + + ;thernet $"stethernet Seri"l )S4 IS)1 C"ble
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Router as a Computer

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Router as a Computer
-%o m"@or grou's o& !outer Inter&"ces + 4A1 Inter&"ces
/ / / / Are used to connect router to 4A1 net%or# ="s " l"yer 2 <AC "ddress C"n be "ssigned " 4"yer * IP "ddress 9su"lly consist o& "n !D: 5 @"c#

+ 0A1 Inter&"ces
/ Are used to connect routers to e6tern"l net%or#s th"t interconnect 4A1s / )e'ending on the 0A1 technology, " l"yer 2 "ddress m"y be used / 9ses " l"yer * IP "ddress

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Router as a Computer

!outers "nd the 1et%or# 4"yer

+ !outers use destin"tion IP "ddress to &or%"rd '"c#ets / -he '"th " '"c#et t"#es is determined "&ter " router consults in&orm"tion in the routing t"ble / A&ter router determines the best '"th / P"c#et is enc"'sul"ted into " &r"me / $r"me is then 'l"ced on net%or# medium in &orm o& Bits

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Router as a Computer
!outers ('er"te "t 4"yers 1, 2 A *
+ + + + !outer receives " stre"m o& encoded bits Bits "re decoded "nd '"ssed to l"yer 2 !outer de:enc"'sul"tes the &r"me !em"ining '"c#et '"ssed u' to l"yer * / !outing decision m"de "t this l"yer by e6"mining destin"tion IP "ddress + P"c#et is then re:enc"'sul"ted A sent out outbound inter&"ce

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Configure Devices and Apply Addresses

Im'lementing B"sic Addressing Schemes 0hen designing " ne% net%or# or m"''ing "n e6isting net%or# you must 'rovide the &ollo%ing in&orm"tion in the &orm o& " document.
+ -o'ology dr"%ing th"t Illustr"tes 'hysic"l connectivity + Address t"ble th"t 'rovides the &ollo%ing in&orm"tion. / )evice n"me / Inter&"ces used / IP "ddresses / )e&"ult g"te%"y

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Configure Devices and Apply Addresses

B"sic !outer Con&igur"tion
+ A b"sic router con&igur"tion should cont"in the &ollo%ing.
/ !outer n"me : =ost n"me should be uniEue. / B"nner : At " minimum, b"nner should %"rn "g"inst un"uthori,ed use. / P"ss%ords : 9se strong '"ss%ords. / Inter&"ce con&igur"tions : S'eci&y inter&"ce ty'e, IP "ddress "nd subnet m"s#. )escribe 'ur'ose o& inter&"ce. Issue no shutdo%n comm"nd. I& )C; seri"l inter&"ce issue cloc# r"te comm"nd.

+ A&ter entering in the b"sic con&igur"tion the &ollo%ing t"s#s should be com'leted.
/ Veri&y b"sic con&igur"tion "nd router o'er"tions. / S"ve the ch"nges on " router.

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Configure Devices and Apply Addresses

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Configure Devices and Apply Addresses

Veri&y B"sic !outer Con&igur"tion
+ Issue the show running-config comm"nd + S"ve the b"sic router con&igur"tion by issuing the copy running-config startup-config comm"nd + Addition"l comm"nds th"t %ill en"ble you to &urther veri&y router con&igur"tion "re. / Sho% running:con&ig : )is'l"ys con&igur"tion currently in !A< / Sho% st"rtu':con&ig : )is'l"ys con&igur"tion &ile 1V!A< / Sho% IP route : )is'l"ys routing t"ble / Sho% inter&"ces : )is'l"ys "ll inter&"ce con&igur"tions / Sho% IP int brie& : )is'l"ys "bbrevi"ted inter&"ce con&igur"tion in&orm"tion
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Routing Table tructure

!outing -"ble is stored in r"m "nd cont"ins in&orm"tion "bout.
+ )irectly connected net%or#s : this occurs %hen " device is connected to "nother router inter&"ce + !emotely connected net%or#s : this is " net%or# th"t is not directly connected to " '"rticul"r router + )et"iled in&orm"tion "bout the net%or#s include source o& in&orm"tion, net%or# "ddress A subnet m"s#, "nd I' "ddress o& ne6t:ho' router

Sho% i' route comm"nd is used to vie% " routing t"ble

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 Adding " connected net%or# to the routing t"ble

+ !outer inter&"ces / ;"ch router inter&"ce is " member o& " di&&erent net%or# / Activ"ted using the no shutdown comm"nd / In order &or st"tic "nd dyn"mic routes to e6ist in routing t"ble you must h"ve directly connected net%or#s

Routing Table tructure

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Routing Table tructure

St"tic routes in the routing t"ble
+ Includes. net%or# "ddress "nd subnet m"s# "nd IP "ddress o& ne6t ho' router or e6it inter&"ce + )enoted %ith the code in the routing t"ble + !outing t"bles must cont"in directly connected net%or#s used to connect remote net%or#s be&ore st"tic or dyn"mic routing c"n be used

0hen to use st"tic routes

+ 0hen net%or# only consists o& " &e% routers + 1et%or# is connected to internet only through one ISP + =ub A s'o#e to'ology is used on " l"rge net%or#

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Routing Table tructure

Connected "nd St"tic routes

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Routing Table tructure

)yn"mic routing 'rotocols
+ 9sed to "dd remote net%or#s to " routing t"ble + Are used to discover net%or#s + Are used to u'd"te "nd m"int"in routing t"bles

Autom"tic net%or# discovery

+ !outers "re "ble discover ne% net%or#s by sh"ring routing t"ble in&orm"tion

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Routing Table tructure

<"int"ining routing t"bles
+ )yn"mic routing 'rotocols "re used to sh"re routing in&orm"tion %ith other router A to m"int"in "nd u' d"te their o%n routing t"ble

IP routing 'rotocols : e6"m'le o& routing 'rotocols include.

/ / / / !IP IF!P ;IF!P (SP$

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Routing Table tructure

!outing -"ble Princi'les
+ * 'rinci'les reg"rding routing t"bles. / ;very router m"#es its decisions "lone, b"sed on the in&orm"tion it h"s in its routing t"ble / )i&&erent routing t"ble m"y cont"in di&&erent in&orm"tion / A routing t"ble c"n tell ho% to get to " destin"tion but not ho% to get b"c#

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Routing Table tructure

;&&ects o& the * !outing -"ble Princi'les
+ P"c#ets "re &or%"rded through the net%or# &rom one router to "nother, on " ho' by ho' b"sis + P"c#ets c"n t"#e '"th GHI to " destin"tion but return vi" '"th GJI 2Asymmetric routing3

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Router Paths and Pac!et "itching

Internet Protocol 2IP3 '"c#et &orm"t cont"ins &ields th"t 'rovide in&orm"tion "bout the '"c#et "nd the sending "nd receiving hosts $ields th"t "re im'ort"nce &or CC1A students.
+ )estin"tion IP "ddress + Source IP "ddress + Version A --4 + IP he"der length + Precedence A ty'e o& service + P"c#et length

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Router Paths and Pac!et "itching

<AC 4"yer $r"me $orm"t <AC $r"mes "re "lso divided into &ields : they include.
+ Pre"mble + St"rt o& &r"me delimiter + )estin"tion <AC "ddress + Source <AC "ddress + -y'e>length + )"t" "nd '"d + $r"me chec# seEuence

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 A #etric is " numeric"l v"lue used by routing 'rotocols hel' determine the best '"th to " destin"tion
+ -he sm"ller the metric v"lue the better the '"th

Router Paths and Pac!et "itching

2 ty'es o& metrics used by routing 'rotocols "re.

+ =o' count : this is the number o& routers " '"c#et must tr"vel through to get to its destin"tion + B"nd%idth : this is the Gs'eedI o& " lin# "lso #no%n "s the d"t" c"'"city o& " lin#

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Router Paths and Pac!et "itching

$%ual cost metric is " condition %here " router h"s multi'le '"ths to the s"me destin"tion th"t "ll h"ve the s"me metric -o solve this dilemm", " router %ill use ;Eu"l Cost 4o"d B"l"ncing : this me"ns the router sends '"c#ets over the multi'le e6it inter&"ces listed in the routing t"ble.

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Router Paths and Pac!et "itching

Path determination is " 'rocess used by " router to 'ic# the best '"th to " destin"tion (ne o& * '"th determin"tions results &rom se"rching &or the best '"th + )irectly connected net%or# + !emote net%or# + 1o route determined

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Router Paths and Pac!et "itching

"itching &unction o& !outer is the 'rocess used by " router to s%itch " '"c#et &rom "n incoming inter&"ce to "n outgoing inter&"ce on the s"me router
+ A '"c#et received by " router %ill do the &ollo%ing. / Stri's o&& l"yer 2 he"ders / ;6"mines destin"tion IP "ddress loc"ted in 4"yer * he"der to &ind best route to destin"tion / !e:enc"'sul"tes l"yer * '"c#et into l"yer 2 &r"me / $or%"rds &r"me out e6it inter&"ce

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Router Paths and Pac!et "itching

As " '"c#et tr"vels &rom one net%or#ing device to "nother
+ -he Source "nd )estin"tion IP "ddresses '$($R ch"nge + -he Source A )estin"tion <AC "ddresses C)A'*$ "s '"c#et is &or%"rded &rom one router to the ne6t + --4 &ield decrement by one until " v"lue o& ,ero is re"ched "t %hich 'oint router disc"rds '"c#et 2'revents '"c#ets &rom endlessly tr"versing the net%or#3

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Router Paths and Pac!et "itching

P"th determin"tion "nd s%itching &unction det"ils. PC1 %"nts to send something to PC 2.
+ tep 1 : PC1 enc"'sul"tes '"c#et into " &r"me : &r"me cont"ins !17s destin"tion <AC "ddress

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Router Paths and Pac!et "itching

tep + : !1 receives ;thernet &r"me
+ !1 sees th"t destin"tion <AC "ddress m"tches its o%n <AC + !1 then stri's o&& ;thernet &r"me + !1 ;6"mines destin"tion IP + !1 consults routing t"ble loo#ing &or destin"tion IP + A&ter &inding destin"tion IP in routing t"ble, !1 no% loo#s u' ne6t ho' IP "ddress + !1 re:enc"'sul"tes IP '"c#et %ith " ne% ;thernet &r"me + !1 &or%"rds ;thernet '"c#et out $"0>1 inter&"ce

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Router Paths and Pac!et "itching

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Router Paths and Pac!et "itching

tep , : P"c#et "rrives "t !2
+ + + + + + !2 receives ;thernet &r"me !2 sees th"t destin"tion <AC "ddress m"tches its o%n <AC !2 then stri's o&& ;thernet &r"me !2 ;6"mines destin"tion IP !2 consults routing t"ble loo#ing &or destin"tion IP A&ter &inding destin"tion IP in routing t"ble, !2 no% loo#s u' ne6t ho' IP "ddress + !2 re:enc"'sul"tes IP '"c#et %ith " ne% d"t" lin# &r"me + !2 &or%"rds ;thernet '"c#et out S0>0 inter&"ce

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Router Paths and Pac!et "itching

tep - : P"c#et "rrives "t !* + !* receives PPP &r"me + !* then stri's o&& PPP &r"me + !* ;6"mines destin"tion IP + !* consults routing t"ble loo#ing &or destin"tion IP + A&ter &inding destin"tion IP in routing t"ble, !* is directly connected to destin"tion vi" its &"st ;thernet inter&"ce + !* re:enc"'sul"tes IP '"c#et %ith " ne% ;thernet &r"me + !* &or%"rds ;thernet '"c#et out $"0>0 inter&"ce tep . : IP '"c#et "rrives "t PC2 : &r"me is dec"'sul"ted "nd 'rocessed by u''er l"yer 'rotocols

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ummary
!outers "re com'uters th"t s'eci"li,e in sending d"t" over " net%or#. !outers "re com'osed o&. + ="rd%"re i.e. CP9, <emory, System bus, Inter&"ces + So&t%"re used to direct the routing 'rocess / I(S / Con&igur"tion &ile !outers need to be con&igured. B"sic con&igur"tion consists o&. + !outer n"me + !outer b"nner + P"ss%ord2s3 + Inter&"ce con&igur"tions i.e. IP "ddress "nd subnet m"s# !outing t"bles cont"in the &ollo%ing in&orm"tion. + )irectly connected net%or#s + !emotely connected net%or#s + 1et%or# "ddresses "nd subnet m"s#s + IP "ddress o& ne6t ho' "ddress
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ummary
!outers determine " '"c#ets '"th to its destin"tion by the &ollo%ing.
+ !eceiving "n enc"'sul"ted &r"me A e6"mining destin"tion <AC "ddress. + I& the <AC "ddress m"tches then $r"me is de:enc"'sul"ted so th"t router c"n e6"mine the destin"tion IP "ddress. + I& destin"tion IP "ddress is in routing t"ble or there is " st"tic route then !outer determines ne6t ho' IP "ddress. !outer %ill re:enc"'sul"te '"c#et %ith "''ro'ri"te l"yer 2 &r"me "nd send it out to ne6t destin"tion. + Process continues until '"c#et re"ches destin"tion. + 1ote : only the <AC "ddresses %ill ch"nge the source "nd destin"tion IP "ddresses do not ch"nge.

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