H2 Quantum Physics_Part 1 Tutorial 2014 1

JC1 Physics 2006

JC2 H2 PHYSICS 2014
Chapter 18: Quantum Physics [Part 1]




This section helps you to consolidate your learning for this chapter. Complete the following summary of
concepts before attempting the tutorial questions; all answers can be found in your lecture notes.

I) Photoelectric Effect

(a) i. In the space provided below, draw a well-labelled sketch for the set-up of the Photoelectric
experiment.


ii. Briefly describe how the experiment is conducted to show photoelectric effect.

E and C are contained in an .. glass tube
with a window that permits the passage of
and ...
The . maintains electrodes at .
known potentials. The .. allows the measurement of current between
electrodes.

(b) Describe the observations of the photoelectric experiment.

1. Existence of
For a given metal,
.., no matter what the intensity of the
incident radiation is or for how long it falls on the surface.



Section A: Review of Concepts

Name : _________________________
CG : _______
H2 Quantum Physics_Part 1 Tutorial 2014 2
2. Emission is .

, with no detectable time delay. It does not dependent on the
intensity of the incident radiation.

3. Max K.E. is ..................................................................................
Photoelectrons emitted from a metal have a range of velocities from zero up to a
maximum v
max
.

.

4. Rate of ..
For a given frequency, ...........

(c) Explain what is meant by photon?
Give the formula for the energy E of a photon of frequency f.


E = hf =

hc



(d) Explain what is meant by photo-electrons?

(e) State the photoelectric equation:

Energy Input (by photon) = Minimum work needed to + Excess E
k

remove a free electron
hf = + E
k

max


(f) Explain what is meant by the following terms:
1. work function of a metal




2. threshold frequency






H2 Quantum Physics_Part 1 Tutorial 2014 3
(g) Explain why the maximum photoelectric energy is independent of intensity whereas the
photoelectric current is proportional to intensity.

An electron is emitted if it gains enough energy from the photon.
Since .. is delivered .. to the electron in
a , there is . and is independent on
the intensity of the incident radiation.
Since intensity of a beam of photons is the
I = , where n is the number of photons passing a unit area per unit time. An
increase in intensity means a
and therefore greater number of electrons can be emitted.

(h)
Graphical Representation Observations

Stopping potential V
S
plotted
against frequency f for three
different metals.


Fig. i

The respective threshold frequencies are different because
the metals have .
But, the slope of the three lines is the since the
slope is given by ...

(Recall that V
S
=..)


A metal is illuminated by
monochromatic light of a given
wavelength which is below the
threshold wavelength for the
metal.


Fig. iii


When the .. V is increased
negatively, the stopping potential V
S
is the . for a
beam of ... P and one
of . Q.
When V is .. all the photoelectrons are collected
so that the . is ..
A beam of high intensity Q produces .
than one of low intensity P. If Q is twice the intensity of P,
the current I is as much.





Variation of current with intensity
H2 Quantum Physics_Part 1 Tutorial 2014 4
for a given wavelength below
the threshold value

Fig. ii


The photocurrent I (rate of emission of photoelectrons is
.. to the intensity of light (rate of photons
incident) and a ... graph is obtained








II) Wave Particle Duality

(a) The de Broglie wavelength of a particle is given by =
h
p


(b) State how the wave nature of electromagnetic radiation is demonstrated.



(c) State how the particulate nature of electromagnetic radiation is demonstrated.



(d) State how the wave nature of a particle is demonstrated.



(e) State how the particulate nature of a particle is demonstrated.




III) Energy Diagrams and Line Spectra

(a) Describe the behaviour of an electron using an energy-level diagram.

An energy-level diagram is a useful pictorial representation of the stationary state energies.
Each stationary state corresponds to a different amount of ... Electrons are
found in these stationary states. Electrons inside atoms
have . of energy.

The . refers to the lowest energy level (n = 1 for Hydrogen) in
which the atom is the . The electron normally occupies this level
unless given sufficient energy to move up to a higher level. An atom is said to be in
an when its electrons are found in the higher energy levels.
H2 Quantum Physics_Part 1 Tutorial 2014 5
When an atom is excited from the ground state to a higher energy level, it
becomes and falls back to one of the lower energy levels
by ..

(b) The presence of energy levels in atoms are demonstrated by emission spectra and
absorption spectra.

1. Explain how an emission spectrum looks like and how it is formed.

Emission line spectrum consists of ..

... such as hydrogen or neon can be placed in a
A .. is applied between metal electrodes in the tube which is large
enough to produce an .. in the gas.
The gas becomes .....................................................,
from cathode to anode of the discharge tube.
The excited gas atoms are . When the gas atoms fall to a lower energy
level, ...............................................................
The frequency f of the emission line is dependent on the
., E = hf.
Because only certain high low energy level transitions are possible within the atom,
therefore only ..
No two gases give the same exact line spectrum.

2. Explain how an absorption spectrum looks like and how it is formed.

An absorption spectrum consists of ..

It is produced when ..
When white light passes through a cooler gas, the atoms of the cooler gas absorb
........................................................................................................
The excited atom does not retain the energy but .
.. Consequently, the parts of the spectrum
corresponding to these wavelengths appear .. (or missing) by
comparison with the other wavelengths not absorbed.

(c) The emission or absorption line spectrum is due to the many possible transitions between
any two energy levels of an atom. The energy of the photon emitted or absorbed is the
difference between the two energy levels: given by
f i
hc
E E E hf

= = =



H2 Quantum Physics_Part 1 Tutorial 2014 6

Photoelectric Effect

1. Which one of the following is a correct statement of an observation of the photo-electric
effect?

A Photo-electric emission takes place instantaneously because a single photon
transfers all its energy in a concentrated packet to the surface electron.
B Regardless of the incident frequency, no photo-emission will take place unless
the intensity is above a certain threshold value.
C For any given radiation wavelength, the higher the work-function of the metal, the
higher will be the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photo-electrons.
D The stopping potential for any given experiment depends only on the type of
metal used, and is independent of the wavelength of the incident radiation.






2. In a photoelectric emission experiment using light of a certain frequency, the maximum
kinetic energy E
k
of the emitted photoelectrons is measured. Which graph represents the
way in which E
k
depends on the intensity I of the light?

A B



C D




3. Using this Photoelectric Effect applet from this link:
http://phet.colorado.edu/simulations/sims.php?sim=Photoelectric_Effect

For these metals, Sodium, Platinum and Calcium, determine for each metal,
(a) their work function in eV,

(b) their stopping potential when a wavelength of 170 nm is incident on them and

(c) hence, the maximum kinetic energy of the outgoing photoelectrons.

I
Ek
0
I
Ek
0
I
Ek
0
I
E
k

0
Section B: Question-Solving

Students Thinking Box :
Recall the observations from the Photoelectric Experiment?

H2 Quantum Physics_Part 1 Tutorial 2014 7
4. In a photoelectric emission experiment, a metal surface in an evacuated tube was
illuminated with light. Fig. 4.1 below shows the stopping potential V
s
as a function of the
frequency f of the incident light falling on the metal surface.

(a) Explain what is meant by
(i) work function of a metal and

(ii) the stopping potential.

(b) (i) Deduce the value of Plancks constant from Fig. 4.1.

(ii) Determine the work function for this metal, expressing it in electron-volts.

(iii) If the electrons emitted from the metal constitute a current of 0.10 A, calculate the
rate at which photoelectrons are ejected.


(iv) The stopping potential is 4.0 V when a new incident light frequency is used. Only one
in three of the incident photons at this frequency succeeds in ejecting a photoelectron.
Calculate the light power incident on the cathode.

(v) Explain the observation that the graph in Fig. 4.1 does not extend below the
horizontal axis

(vi) If a different metal were used, state one feature of the graph which you would expect
to remain the same and one feature which you would expect to be different.

(vii) Suggest why the tube for the photoelectric experiment needs to be evacuated.

(viii)The work function of a certain metal in air increases over time. Suggest a reason why.

[6.6 x 10
-34
J s, 5.4 eV, 6.25 x 10
11
s
-1
, 2.8 W]







Fig. 4.1
H2 Quantum Physics_Part 1 Tutorial 2014 8
5. (a) A source of ultraviolet light has wavelength 2.55 x 10
-7
m. Calculate the energy of a
photon of this wavelength.

(b) The source referred to in (a) illuminates a zinc plate which has been cleaned and placed
a few millimeters beneath a piece of gauze as shown below in Fig 5a. Photoelectrons are
emitted from the plate and attracted to the positive gauze due to the potential difference
V between the plate and the gauze. When V is varied it is found that the photoelectric
current varies as shown in curve A in Fig 5b.

(i) Explain why, for curve A, the photoelectric current reaches a maximum value no
matter how large V is made.

(ii) The battery connections are reversed so that the potential difference V is made
negative. Photoelectrons are now replled, but some still reach the gauze. Explain why
this is so.

(c) (i) The intensity of illumination is then increased and the experiment repeated to obtain
curve B. Explain why the photoelectric current is increased.

(ii) Suggest why the value of V necessary to prevent any photoelectric current remains
constant.







6. (a) A 20 W point source of light emits monochromatic light of wavelength 530 nm. Determine
is the intensity of the light at a distance 5.0 m from the source.

(b) In 1 m
2
of area at this distance, determine the number of photons detected per second.

(c) A 3.0 cm
2
metal is place 5.0 m from this point source. Calculate the threshold frequency if
the work function energy of this metal is 2.8 x 10
-19
J.

(d) Hence use the concept of conservation of energy to explain why photoelectric is possible.
Show any necessary calculation.

(e) Calculate the stopping potential for this photoelectric effect experiment.

(f) If the probability of ejecting the electron is 0.05, calculate the electron current.

[0.0637 Wm
-2
, 1.70 x 10
17
, 4.22 x 10
14
Hz, 0.596 V, 4.08 x 10
-7
A]
Fig 5a Fig 5b
Students Thinking Box :
How do the observations relate to photon energy, number of photons, frequency and intensity.
Since the question focus on the graphical representation of the photoelectric effect, you may want to
recall some of the graphical representations of the photoelectric effect.

H2 Quantum Physics_Part 1 Tutorial 2014 9
Wave-Particle Duality

7. A parallel beam of violet light of wavelength 4.5 x 10
-7
m and intensity of 700 W m
-2
is
incident normally on a surface.
(a) Calculate the energy of a photon of violet light.

(b) Calculate the number of photons incident on 1.0 x 10
-4
m
-2
.

(c) Calculate the change in momentum of the photons incident on 1.0 x 10
-4
m
-2
of the
surface in 1 second. Assume that the photons are absorbed by the surface.

(d) Suggest why the quantity you have calculated in (c) is referred to as radiation pressure.

[4.4210
-19
J, 1.5810
17
s
-1
, 2.3210
-10
Ns]










8. An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 6.0 kV from rest.
Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of this electron.

A 1.2 10
7
m B 1.6 10
11
m C 2.3 10
15
m D 1.4 10
41
m












9. A hydrogen lamp is found to produce blue light. The wavelength of the light is 4.9 x 10
-7
m.
A metal surface has a work function energy of 1.80 eV. Determine the de Broglie
wavelength of a photoelectron emitted by a photon of the blue light incident on the metal
surface.











Students Thinking Box :
Recall the definition of intensity.
Recall and use the relation for the de Broglie wavelength and how it relates to change in
momentum.
How is pressure related to the part we calculated earlier on change in momentum?
Students Thinking Box :
Question states that the electron is accelerated hence there must be a change in its kinetic
energy.
The electron would gain KE at the expense of _______________________.
How is the expression for KE related to the expression for de Broile wavelength? You may
need to manipulate the expressions to see the relation.

H2 Quantum Physics_Part 1 Tutorial 2014 10
Energy Diagrams & Line Spectra

10. An energy level diagram for an atom is shown drawn to scale. The electron transitions give
rise to the emission of a spectrum of lines of wavelength
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
.

What can be deduced from this diagram?
A
1
>
2

B
3
=
4
+
5

C
4
has the shortest wavelength.
D The transition corresponding to wavelength
3
represents the inonisation of the atom.









11. The diagram shows part of a typical line emission spectrum. This spectrum extends
through the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum into the ultraviolet region.


Which statement is true for emission line X of the spectrum?
A It has the longest wavelength and is in the ultraviolet end of the spectrum.
B It has the highest frequency and is at the ultraviolet end of the spectrum.
C It has the lowest frequency and is at the red end of the spectrum.
D It has the shortest wavelength and is at the red end of the spectrum.





X

5
Students Thinking Box :
How does line spectra relate to the changes in energy in an atom?
Recall that when an electron de-excites from a higher energy level to a lower energy level, a
photon will be emitted. How to determine the energy of the photon emitted?
Relate energy of photon to the wavelength of the photon emitted.

Students Thinking Box :
What does each line represent in this line emission spectrum?
What does the gap or spacing between the lines represent?
H2 Quantum Physics_Part 1 Tutorial 2014 11
12. (a) A hydrogen lamp is found to produce red light and blue light. The wavelengths of the
light are 6.6 x 10
-7
m and 4.9 x 10
-7
m. Explain why light of specific wavelengths are
produced in the lamp.

(b) The diagram below illustrates some of the electron energy levels in an isolated atom of
lithium.


(i) The outer electron of a lithium atom is found in the lowest energy level shown. How
many joules of energy are required to remove this electron from the atom?

(ii) Which transition A, B, C, D would lead to emission of radiation of the shortest
wavelength?

(iii) Calculate the wavelength of this radiation.

(iv) State the region of the electromagnetic spectrum in which this radiation lies.

(v) Sketch the appearance of the spectrum which these four transitions produce.

(vi) On the figure above, draw four transitions of greater energy change which give rise to
another set of wavelengths.

(vii) The work function energy of lithium differs from the energy required to remove the
outer electron from an isolated lithium atom. Suggest why this is so.

[1.39 x 10
-19
J, 2.45 x 10
-7
m]












-0.67 eV
-0.94 eV
-1.43 eV
-2.99 eV
-8.68 eV
-5.73 eV
0
A B C D
H2 Quantum Physics_Part 1 Tutorial 2014 12
13. (a) Fig. 13.1 shows a cooler region of hydrogen gas surrounding a hot gas cloud emitting
white light.







State and explain the type of hydrogen spectrum observed from
(i) point P,

(ii) point Q.


(b) Some of the energy levels of an atom X are shown in Fig. 13.2 below.





















(i) Cool vapour of X at low pressure is bombarded with electrons of kinetic energy
1.86 x 10
-17
J. State the transitions you would expect to observe.

(ii) If the electrons were replaced with photons all of the same energy, comment on the
difference in your observation.




Q
P
hot gas cloud
(white light source)
cool hydrogen gas
Fig. 13.1
Energy / 10
-17
J
-2.13
-2.19
-2.30
-2.43
-4.11
0.00
E
D
C
B
A (ground state)
F
Fig. 13.2
H2 Quantum Physics_Part 1 Tutorial 2014 13

Deadline: ___________________


14. (a) Explain what is meant by the photoelectric effect. [2]

(b) Fig. 14.1 shows the experimental setup used to investigate the photo-electric effect.


Fig. 14.1

The frequency f of the incident radiation is first increased to obtain the graph shown in
Fig. 14.2 where I is the current obtained in the ammeter. The frequency is then kept
constant but the voltage V is varied to obtain the graph shown in Fig. 14.3. The intensity
of the radiation was kept constant throughout the experiments.



Fig. 14.2 Fig. 14.3

Deduce from the graphs the following:
(i) The number of photo-electrons emitted in 1 minute. [2]

(ii) The work function of the metal. [1]

(iii) The wavelength of the incident radiation. [2]





Section C: Assignment

H2 Quantum Physics_Part 1 Tutorial 2014 14
(iv) In Fig. 14.4, draw a graph of photocurrent vs voltage for a third experiment where the
intensity of the incident radiation is increased and a metal with a greater work
function is used. Label this line B. [2]













Fig. 14.4



(c)

















Fig. 14.5 represents a typical energy-level diagram (not to scale) for hydrogen atoms.

(i) Describe what would happen when an atom makes a transition from one energy level
to a lower level. [1]

(ii) Explain why each of the transitions gives rise to a spectrum line. [2]

(iii) Determine the wavelength of the spectrum line which corresponds to transition P. [3]

(iv) An electron of energy 20.0 eV collides with a hydrogen atom in its ground state. The
atom is excited to level 2 and the electron is scattered with reduced velocity. The
atom subsequently returns to its ground state with emission of radiation. Determine
the velocity of the scattered electron. [3]

(d) Electromagnetic waves have a wave nature as well as a particulate nature. This is
known as wave/ particle duality. Describe a situation in which particles can be shown to
have a wave nature. [2]

Fig. 14.5
Energy/ eV
-0.54
-1.51
-3.40
434.0 nm
486.1 nm
656.3 nm
-13.60
1
2
3
4
5
P
H2 Quantum Physics_Part 1 Tutorial 2014 15


15. (a) Transitions between three energy levels in a particular atom give rise to three spectral
lines of wavelengths, in order of increasing magnitude,
1
,
2
,
3
. Give the equation
which correctly relates
1
,
2
and
3
(i.e. give an equation that links the three
wavelengths).

(b) The diagram below shows some energy levels for the hydrogen atom.


A line spectrum is produced when electrons make transitions down to the n = 1 state.
Show quantitatively that this spectrum cannot lie within the visible region of the
electromagnetic spectrum.


16. A photoemissive cell in which the emitter and the collector are of the same metal is
connected as shown in Fig.16.1.














Fig. 16.1

The emitter of area 0.45 cm
2
is illuminated with monochromatic radiation of wavelength
300 nm and intensity 180 Wm
2
. The current I in the circuit is measured for various
values of the applied potential difference V between the collector and emitter. The
variation of I with V is shown in Fig. 16.2.


-0.54 eV
-0.85 eV
-1.51 eV
-3.40 eV
-13.60 eV
n = 5
n = 4
n = 3
n = 2
n = 1
Section D: Additional Questions

A
V
+

variable d.c. supply
collector
emitter
H2 Quantum Physics_Part 1 Tutorial 2014 16














Fig. 16.2

(a) If the intensity of light is now doubled, how will the current and the maximum velocity
of the electrons be affected by the intensity of light?

(b) From the graph in Fig. 16.2, explain why
1. the current remains at a constant value of 4.0 nA when V is equal or greater than
1.5 V,

2. I is not zero even when V is zero.

(c) 1. Calculate the rate of incidence of photons on the emitter.

2. Calculate the rate of emission of electrons when V = 1.5 V.

(d) By comparing the values from (c), suggest a reason why the rate of emission of
electrons is different from the rate of incidence of photons on the emitter.

[1.2 10
16
s
-1
, 2.5 10
10
s
-1
]






















I / nA
V / V
4.0
0.9 1.5 0
H2 Quantum Physics_Part 1 Tutorial 2014 17
17. (a) A fluorescent tube is filled with mercury vapour at low pressure. In order to emit light,
the mercury atoms must first be excited.

Explain what is meant by an excited mercury atom.

(b) Fig. 17.1 below shows some of the energy levels of the mercury atom. Level 1
represents the lowest possible energy level. (The diagram is not drawn to scale.)


























Fig. 17.1


(i) Explain how Fig. 17.1 can be used to account for the emission spectrum.

(ii) In a discharge tube, cool mercury vapour is bombarded with a stream of electrons
that have been accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 7.3 V.

1. State and explain how many different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation
will be emitted by the mercury vapour.

2. Calculate the longest wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation emitted.

(iii) State the amount of energy, in electronvolts, required to ionise a mercury atom.

[3, 618x10
-9
m, 10.38 eV]







-10.38
-5.72
-3.71
-2.69
-1.54
-0.70
0
5
2
1
Energy / eV
3
4
6

Level n