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PDG-Specific Issues
1. Manipulation of huge volumes of data. 2. Deconvolution to see characteristic behaviors. 3. Identification of break points, to separate transients. 4. Changes (such as permeability and skin) as a function of time. 5. Flow rate information. 6. Temperature measurements.
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Chorneyko (2006)
Outliers
a a a a a a a a a a a a a aa aa aaaa aa aaa a a a a a a a a a a aa a a a aaaa a a a aa aaaa a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a aa aaa a
Pressure
a aa aa aaa aa a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a aa a
Behavioral aberration
a a a a a a
a aa aaa a a aaa a a a a aa a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
Noise
aa a aaaa a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a aa a a a a a a a a aaaa aa a
aaaaa aaa a aa a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a aa a a aa
a a a a a a a a
Rate
0 100 200 300 Time (hour) 400 500
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2. Deconvolution
t
Theoreticians playground, since 1949. Remained impractical until recently. Work of von Schroeter, Hollaender and Gringarten (2004), using nonparametric regression, p and q matching, derivative restrictions and smoothness limit constraints.
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2. Deconvolution
2820 10000
Pressure, psi
events
2760
6000
4000 2740
5 hours
2720 2700 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Time, hrs
2000
Nomura (2006)
2. Deconvolution
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Pressure, psi 2820 2800 2780 6000 2760 4000 2740 10000 8000
2000
10
0.01
10
45 100
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Nomura (2006)
2. Deconvolution Issues
Model may change over time. Buildups and drawdowns may be different.
Levitan (2005): shut-ins only Olsen & Nordvedt (2006): shut-ins only
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2800 2790 2780 Pressure, psi 2770 2760 2750 2740 2730 2720 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
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Time, hrs
Nomura (2006)
1 0.001
0.01
10
100
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Nomura (2006)
Houz (2006)
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Olsen & Nordvedt (2005): pattern matching method. Nomura (2006): insertion and deletion.
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3. Break Points
case 1 2 3
100
deletion 95 81 101
10
1 0 .0 0 1
0 .0 1
0 .1 T im e , h rs
10
100
Nomura (2006)
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(Lee, 2003)
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10
(Lee, 2003)
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4. k and s Changes
de Oliviera and Kato (2004): analytical models used traditionally for conventional well test interpretation may be too simple to define the pressure and flow rate transients that occur during the extended duration of a permanent downhole gauge record. Using full-scale numerical models is probably what we need, but not widely applied (yet).
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von Schroeter, Hollaender and Gringarten (2004) Nomura (2009) Ahn and Horne (2008)
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Pressure (psia)
8902 8900 8898 8896 8894 450 measured iteration 1 iteration 2 iteration 3 iteration 4 500 550 Time (seconds) 600
650
Pressure [psia]
8904
Rate (STB/d)
8906
500
Time (seconds)
Time (seconds)
Ahn (2008)
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600
650
Rate
p q
A flow event
B noise event
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6. Temperature Data
q
Temperature responds to flowrate changes
T Duru (2008)
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6. Temperature Data
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14
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Acknowledgements
Members of the SUPRI-D research consortium on innovation in reservoir testing. SUPRI-D graduates:
Athichanagorn (1999) Khong (2001) Lee (2003) Rai (2005) Nomura (2006) Duru (2008) Ahn (2008)
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