ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to the Almighty God, Ida
Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa, for His great blessing, mercy, love and guidance so that I
can finally complete this study entitled Illocutionary Performative Utterances in
Oneils Beyond the Horizon.
I realize that this study would never be real without helps and contributions
from many sides. On a more personal note, I would like to extend my thanks and
appreciation to my first supervisor Prof. Dr. Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya, M.A. and my
second supervisor Dr. I Gusti Ayu Gede Sosiowati, M.A., for the encouragement,
support and guidance. I also should express my great thanks to I Nyoman
Aryawibawa, S.S., M.A., Ph. D., as my best academic supervisor for assistance
during my academic years.
I also would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. I Wayan Cika, M.S., as
Dean of Faculty of Letters and Culture and to Dr. Ni Luh Ketut Mas Indrawati, Dip
TEFL, M.A., as the Head of English Department and also all of the staff at academic
and administration office for education and facilities that given to me as a student at
Faculty of Letters and Culture Udayana University.
Moreover, my deepest appreciation and gratitude are dedicated to my family;
my parents and both of my older brothers, and also for all of my best friends, thank
you for always besides me and always support me in my hard situation. The last but
not least, I want to give my thanks to all English Department 2010 generation, thank
you for your kindness during the lecturers from first semester until I finished this
undergraduate paper.

Finally, I hope this paper can give contribution to the English Department and
I realize that this paper is far from being perfect. Therefore, any suggestion and
comment will be highly appreciated.

Denpasar, February 2014

Ni Nyoman Astrini Utami

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement .................................................................................................... i
Table of contents ...................................................................................................... iii
Abstract .................................................................................................................... vi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 1
1.1

Background of the Study ................................................................................. 1

1.2

Problem of the Study ....................................................................................... 4

1.3

Aims of the Study ........................................................................................... 4

1.4

Scope of Discussion ........................................................................................ 5

1.5

Research Method ............................................................................................. 6

1.5.1

Data Source ......................................................................................... 6

1.5.2

Method and Technique of Collecting Data ......................................... 7

1.5.3

Method and Technique of Analyzing Data ......................................... 7

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPT AND

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ....................................................................... 9
2.1

Review of Literature ....................................................................................... 9

2.2

Concepts .......................................................................................................... 14

2.3

2.2.1

Performative Utterance ....................................................................... 15

2.2.2

Illocutionary Act ................................................................................. 15

2.2.3

Infelicity Condition ............................................................................. 15

Theoretical Framework ................................................................................... 16

2.3.1

Implicit Performatives and Explicit Performatives ............................. 16

2.3.2

The Component of Speech Acts .......................................................... 18

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2.3.3

Classification of Illocutionary Acts .................................................... 19

2.3.4

Felicities and Infelicities ..................................................................... 21

CHAPTER III ANALYSIS OF IILLOCUTIONARY

PERFORMATIVE UTTERANCES IN ONEILS BEYOND
THE HORIZON ..................................................................................................... 24
3.1

The Summary of Oneils Beyond the Horizon .............................................. 24

3.2

Types of Illocutionary Found in Oneils Beyond the Horizon ...................... 26

3.2.1

3.2.2

3.2.3

3.2.4

Representatives ................................................................................... 26
3.2.1.1

Complaining ......................................................................... 27

3.2.1.2

Claiming ............................................................................... 28

3.2.1.3

Stating .................................................................................. 29

3.2.1.4

Hypothesizing ...................................................................... 30

Directives ............................................................................................ 31
3.2.2.1

Ordering ............................................................................... 32

3.2.2.2

Commanding ........................................................................ 33

3.2.2.3

Begging ................................................................................ 35

3.2.2.4

Excusing ............................................................................... 38

3.2.2.5

Praising ................................................................................. 39

Expressives .......................................................................................... 40
3.2.3.1

Regreting .............................................................................. 41

3.2.3.2

Congratulating ...................................................................... 42

3.2.3.3

Apologizing .......................................................................... 43

3.2.3.4

Thanking .............................................................................. 45

Commisives ......................................................................................... 46
3.2.4.1

Intending .............................................................................. 46

3.2.4.2

Promising ............................................................................. 47

3.2.4.3

Betting .................................................................................. 49
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3.3

3.2.4.4

Threatening .......................................................................... 50

3.2.4.5

Swearing ............................................................................... 52

Types of Performative Utterance Found in Oneils Beyond

the Horizon ...................................................................................................... 53

3.4

3.3.1

Explicit Performative Utterance .......................................................... 53

3.3.2

Implicit Performative Utterance .......................................................... 55

Analysis of Infelicitous Illocutionary Performative Utterance

in Oneils Beyond the Horizon ...................................................................... 57
3.4.1

Misexecutions ..................................................................................... 57

3.4.2

Abuse .................................................................................................. 58

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................... 62

BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................. 64
APPENDICES

ABSTRACT

The title of this study is Illocutionary Performative Utterance in Oneills

Beyond the Horizon. It is based on the understanding that the unit of linguistic
communication is the production of the symbol or word or sentence in the
performance of language, because when a speaker is speaking a language, he or she is
performing speech acts which cover all of the acts performed in accordance with
certain rules in linguistic communication. There are three points to be discussed in
this qualitative study covering the types of illocutionary acts found, the classification
of performative utterance and the types of infelicitous illocutionary performative. The
data of this study were collected from the dialogues of the drama entitled Beyond
the Horizon a 1920 play written by American playwright Eugene O'Neill.
The documentation method was used in collecting the data from the dialogues
and the qualitative method was used in analyzing the data. The analysis was
conducted with pragmatic theory as base and supported by several theories; those are
types of illocutionary acts proposed by Searle (1976), Classification of performative
utterances and criteria of felicity condition proposed by Austin (1962).
The results of the first analysis shows that there are four out five types of
illocutionary acts found, those are representatives, directives, commisives and
expressive, while the declarative acts were not found in the data source. There are
four types of representative acts, four types of directive acts, five types of expressive
acts and five types of commisive acts. The second analysis about performative
utterance shown that there are two types of performative utterances found, those are
explicit and implicit performatives. The last analysis shown that there are two out of
three types of infelicitous performative utterances, those are abuse and misexecutions,
while misinvocations were not found in the data source.

Keywords: illocutionary act, performative, infelicitous, utterance

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