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History Project
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Downfall of Napoleon
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SUBMITTED TO Dr. Priya Darshani (Faculty of History)

SUBMITTED BYSAURABH DOBRIYAL ROLLN0. 800 2nd. SEMESTER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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Writing a project is one of the most significant academic challenges I have ever faced. Though this project has been presented by me but there are many people who remained in veil, who gave their all support and helped me to complete this project. First of all I am very grateful to my subject teacher Dr. Priya Darshni without the kind support of whom and help the completion of the project was a herculean task for me. She donated her valuable time from her busy time to help me to complete this project and suggested me from where and how to collect data. I am very thankful to the librarian who provided me several books on this topic which proved beneficial in completing this project. I acknowledge my friends who gave their valuable and meticulous advice which was very useful and could not be ignored in writing the project.

Saurabh Dobriyal Roll No. 800 2nd semester

TABLE OF CONTENT

1. Introduction........4

2. The continental system and causes of its failure7

3. Part played by England in the downfall of Napoleon9

4. Causes of Englands success over Napoleon..11

5. Conclusion......16

BIBLIOGRAPHY....17

INTRODUCTION
The Corsican sun after lighting the sky of Europe began to set. Historians are divided in their opinion with regard to the exact time when napoleons downfall began. Grant and temporally held that the year 1807 marks the zenith of Napoleons power . According to Riker, 1807 was a turning point in the fortunes of napoleon. Different scholars have studied this from different angles. A military historian would say that napoleons decline began between the Jena and the Russian campaign. A naval historian would fix it from the battle of Trafalgar. Again the peace of Amiens may be the starting point of napoleons decline if the Napoleonic war is considered a struggle between England and France.1 After consulting the different aspects of the matter professor Thomson came to the conclusion that the year 1802 when napoleon became the life consul and concluded the treaty of Amiens, should be corrected date of the decline of napoleon. Anyway we may safely say that napoleons failure began at any date between 1802 and 1807.2 The first stage of napoleon s down fall may be ascribed to the continental system from which began the peninsular war and the Russian expedition. We may trace the history of napoleons down fall in the outlines from the peninsular war. The Spain and the Portugal napoleon met either the sturdy Spaniards who were assisted by the British under the leadership of wellington in 1809. In that year wellington defeated the French in Spain in the battle of Talavera. This compelled napoleon to send his choicest general, Massena, to release Spain from the hold of England. The tactics of wellington were to retire behind the formidable line of defense at Torres Vedras, as a result of which Massena failed to break the line throughout 1810-18113. Wellingtons army at last drove away Massena from Spain and Napoleon was compelled to recall him. The next French general Marmount proved equally successful before wellington and in the battle of Salmanca Wellington inflicted a decisive defeat upon the French and Joseph who was placed o the throne of Spain by napoleon fled away from Madrid which fell into the hands of wellington. Salmanca forecast that the last days of the French rule in Spain were round the
1SOURCE2

THE FALL OF NAPOLEON (VOLUME -I) BY MICHAL B. LEGGIERE. SOURCE HISTORY OF EUROPE BY ARUNJI BHATTACHARJEE (PAGE NO. 90) 3 SOURCE DOWN FALL OF NAPOLEON BY SIR VALTON SCOTT

corner. With the dogged tenacity Wellington continued the struggle with the French and snapped the line of communication between France and Spain, as a result of which Joseph, for the second time, fled away from Madrid to Ebro. Wellington was now towards the close of his campaign in Spain and on June 21, 1813 he dealt a fatal blow to marshal Jordan the commander of the French army in Spain. The French troops began to flee to France and wellington started planning to invade France.4 Napoleon who had promised Tsar Alexander I the division of Europe between France and Russia after the conquest of the continent, belied the hopes of the tsar who abandoned the continental system. This lead to napoleons invasion of Russia. Napoleon crossed the river Niemen on 24 June, 1812 with an army of 600000 and wanted to eliminate Russia in a pitched battle. When he failed in that attempt he made a plan to delay the war till the next summer. But the tsar raised 400000 soldiers and wanted to crush the French by pushing them into a tight corner. On 7 September 1812 the Russian faced napoleon at Borodino near Moscow and caused serious loss in the French army. Napoleon entered Moscow but as the winter started he began to retreat to Niemen. In the course of his retreat however, the Russians launched a severe attack and napoleons grand army suffered a terrible loss so much so that out of 6lakh soldiers only 50 thousand returned alive. The Russian campaign broke the backbone of napoleon. Napoleons star deserted him and Russia, England and Prussia made a formidable coalition against him 1813 which was later on joining by Austria to obliterate the Napoleonic hegemony in Europe. Now we turn to napoleon s war in Prussia. Events of the year 1813 were as glorious in the history of Germany as they were disastrous for the fortunes of napoleon. In Germany, a war of liberation had started against napoleon under the leadership of Prussia. The Russians joined hands with Prussians and napoleon defeated the Prusso Russian army in the battle of Lutzen and Bautzen, 1813. Now Austria joined the Prussian bloc. Napoleon engaged his generals to hold the Russians and the Prussians and he himself swooped down on the Austrians at dreden in august 1813 and routed the Austrian army. This was the last great victory. In the battle of Leipzig (16-19 October 1813) napoleon was encircled by three powers and lost forty thousand of his men and had to retreat to France by crossing the Rhine. Leipzig was the most shattering blow
SOURCE - THE FALL OF NAPOLEON (VOLUME -I) BY MICHAL B. LEGGIERE (Wilkins, William (1972) [1944]. Napoleon's Submarine. New English Library. ISBN 0-450-01028-7)
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for the emperor. After this the empire began to shrink like a pricked balloon. The confederation of the Rhine was dissolved. Holland became independent of France and got back her legitimate king. Denmark embraced the allies and Austria occupied north Italy and Switzerland. Only the polish Warsaw and king of Saxony continued their loyalty to France, thorough their lands had passed in the hands of the allies who were now poised for an invasion of France.5 A wonderful peace formula was mooted by Austria; and the allies accordingly offered napoleon natural boundaries for France .i.e. the land bounded by the Rhine the Alps and the Pyrenees and also the throne of France but a maddening lust for power and territories haunted napoleon so much so that he threw away that nice proposal. Napoleon forgot that France was so exhausted that she could not be a match for the allies in as much as his army now consisted of only young boys and retired soldiers. Imagine the fate when the allies with 4, 00,000 strong army invaded France in 1814. France was invaded from five directions. What was more dangerous was that each party of the allies made a pact of twenty years and lay down that none could conclude a treaty with Napoleon. But Napoleon was not to be daunted by it. He still believed in killing the enemy one by one, which was his strategy. However, this time the French people is not come forward with that enthusiasm with which they had defended France but not napoleon. The allied army captured Paris on March 31, 1814. Thirteen days later napoleon was compelled to give up his claim on the throne of France by signing the treaty of Fontainebleau. He was granted the island of Elba to rule as a sovereign with a pension of two million francs. But the island of Elba was too small to detain him and after ten months napoleon escaped to Paris to the great joy of French army. For 100 days napoleon was again the emperor of francs and Louis XIII, the Bourbon king who had been installed on the thrown of France, went into exile. The sovereigns of Europe had been busy at the time in the Vienna congress to reconstruct the map of Europe which had badly been damaged by Napoleon. The congress was suspended and a new war was declared on France and Napoleon. Napoleon raises an army of 2 lakh and wanted to destroy one country after another as per his tactics. On June 18th 1815, Napoleon met the English at waterloo. Waterloo is one of the decisive victories in the history and Napoleon was finally defeated.

SOURCE HISTORY OF EUROPE BY ARUNJI BHATTACHARJEE

THE CONTINENTAL SYSTEM

The term continental system is generally understood to mean the economic welfare waged by Napoleonic France on England from 1805 to 1812. In order to understand the origin of the continental system we are to understand the relative England and France in the continent in 1805. Napoleon had humbled all the big powers of Europe except England. As the mistress of the waters. Napoleons failed in all the sea battles against England like the battle of Nile, the battle of Trafalgar and the battle of Copenhagen. The major difficulty for napoleon was that England refused to fight on land. Napoleon was convinced that unless England was defeated, he would not be able to fulfill his dream of conquering the whole of Europe. Napoleon had no chance of defeating England in direct fight. So he began to think in terms of crippling England by destroying her economic life-line. The economy of England rested on the industrial products manufactured in England and sold in Europe. If trade could be destroyed, the whole national economy of the county will get upset and ultimately will surrender in front of napoleon. This he conceived was the only way to tackle the island dwellers or the nation of shopkeepers. In his report to napoleon, mountgillard in 1805 maintained that it is through her commerce that England must be attacked.6 This memorandum is considered the nucleus around which the entire continental system is built. It was wrong to think that mere military conquest was the basic cause of Napoleons continental system. He wanted to oust England from the tournament of colonial contest and occupy the commercial and industrial place given to England in Europe. It is also being remembered that continental system was not the original plan laid down by napoleon. This kind of blockade was common during 18th centaury mercantile. As early as 1803 napoleon tried to cut Offotranto in south Italy and Hamsburg in north Germany from British trade link. Thus the economic wars between land lords and sea ladies reached to its extreme. Initially napoleon was successful and neutral country Denmark and Sweden obeyed him, and the value of British sterling fell from 25 to 17 Frances. England in order to implement the order in council found it rough on weather and had to wage war with Denmark and the United States of America. But because of the English supremacy on waters the English blockade stole a march over the French blockade.

SOURCE HISTORY OF EUROPE BY ARUNJI (Wilkins, William (1972) [1944]. Napoleon's Submarine. New English Library. ISBN 0-450-01028-7)
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Causes of failure of the continental system

First continental system was built on the abyss of despair here napoleon was the prophet of his own doom. The system proved unworkable because napoleon did not have a strong navy to make to make the blockade successful. Secondly, it was not physically possible for napoleon to stop trade of various countries with England. The people of Europe never liked to live without British goods Thirdly to protect the blockade napoleon had to guard the whole coastline measuring about 2 thousand miles. It led to drainage of French money and their economy. The French middle class which had remained so loyal to napoleon was now annoyed with him. 7 Fourthly to add on napoleons problem Spain and Portugal refused to obey the continental system. So due to this napoleon was bound to wage peninsular war that totally ruined him. Lastly British were successful in getting all the European countries at their side by providing them with lavish goods. England was successful in portraying the ugliest kind of picture of the emperor through news paper. Napoleon was painted so bad by England that it seemed to be the real danger to Europe. The continental system was at the end can be seen as wrong throw by the desperate gambler. It gave a shattering blow to his empire. The financial blow not only leads to hardship but affected people in Europe. The napoleon rule became burden for Europe. The people of the country which he captured now turned their faces away from him. Thus this marked the beginning of the napoleons end.

SOURCE HISTORY OF EUROPE BY ARUNJI BHATTACHARJEE (Jackson, John (2004). Race, Racism, and Science. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-448-2.
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PART PLAYED BY ENGLAND IN THE FALL OF NAPOLEON

England was the most formidable power which rose against napoleon. England, Prussia, Austria and Russia were the big 4 powers that took arms against napoleon. Of them the greatest contributor for the downfall of napoleon was England. It was England which headed the anti Napoleonic coalition in Europe from the beginning to end. England was cement that held whole Europe against napoleon In the first place we see that part played by England was the largest single measure responsible for defeating napoleon. England was the symbol of unity of European coalition against napoleon, the disturber of European peace. She was rather the king pin in the European knot. The other countries took arms against napoleon when their interests were getting hampered by napoleon. England never deviated from the path of war till the time napoleon reached his end. England always portrayed the whole Europe that Napoleon is threat to Europe and it is necessary that whole Europe should fight against aggressor. Secondly the naval strength of England was very strong and it was impossible for napoleon to defeat England on water due to which Napoleon lost battles with England. So this lead to supremacy of England over the continental water bodies. The third place is the role played by the Pitt the younger who was Prime Minster of England he played an important role in unifying the whole Europe against napoleon. So we can very easily say that England was the most persistent enemy of napoleon. In the fourth place, Spain would not have been successful in beating back France, if England had not come to her rescue. It was England who always helped Spain from behind. George canning, the foreign minister of England, declared that any nation of Europe which starts up to oppose a power which is common enemy of all nations (i.e. France) it becomes instantly our ally. English army under wellington aided span and Portugal in the peninsular war 1808 1813, battle of Salamanca 1812 and in battle of Victoria 1813 where won over napoleon decisively in pain.8 This victory forced French army to retreat to France and liberated Spaniard thus when napoleon
SOURCE- THE FALL OF NAPOLEON ; THE FINAL BETRAYAL BY DACI HAMILTON WILLIAMS Wilkins, William (1972) [1944]. Napoleon's Submarine. New English Library. ISBN 0-450-01028-7
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said that the Spanish ulcer had ruined him, the real ulcer was England and not Spain. Although victory at waterloo was a victory of Europe over napoleon in reality it was victory of important country England and Prussia. Specifically it was victory of England because the last bite was given by British general duke of wellington hence it is difficult to say that napoleon could have been defeated without England. Hence in downfall of napoleon England played an eminent role.

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CAUSES OF ENGLANDS SUCCESS OVER NAPOLEON

England was the most persistent enemy of napoleon. These active islanders, as napoleon described the English people offered a tough resistance against him and this ultimately brought about his downfall. If we look carefully then there are some reasons for the downfall of napoleon firstly England was queen of sea to which napoleon was a mystery. So whatever napoleon put his feet on water he became weak in front of England so due to all this reason napoleon faced defeat in the battle of NILE and TRAFALGAR. Hence it was felt that countering English without a strong navy on sea was somewhat making Music without instruments. Herein lay the tragic failure of napoleon.9 Secondly, the moral courage that England showed against Napoleon, as she did against Hitler in the Second World War, was another factor to be reckoned with. In the face of heavy odds, England stood solid like a rock. It was the British Prime Minister Pitt the younger who led the nation by his masterful personality and diplomacy and by lavishly financing other powers against napoleon is comparable with a similar role played by Winston Churchill against Hitler. Thirdly, the British generals like nelson and wellington displayed such superb mastery in the art of war that it baffled napoleon. Nelson died in the battle of Trafalgar, in his hour of victory, by smashing the French fleet by attacking it from behind- a tactic which baffled napoleon and caught him unawares. Similarly, the duke of wellington carefully studied the strategy of napoleon and discovered the remedy for it. Wellington out- maneuvered napoleons tactics both in the peninsular war and in the battle of waterloo. Now , the three important battles in which napoleon played a prominent role- the battle of the Nile, the battle of Trafalgar and the battle of waterloo.

SOURCE THE FALL OF NAPOLEON ; THE FINAL BETRAYAL BY DACI HAMILTON WILLIAMS(Jackson, John (2004). Race, Racism, and Science. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-448-2.)
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Battle of Nile:This was a naval engagement on 1 august 1798 between British and the French at Abu Qir bay near Alexandria, Egypt. The bay is about 15 miles wide, stretching from Abu Qir point to the rosette mouth of the Nile. The French fleet under admiral de Bureys had anchored in the bay in the hope of preventing an attack from the land and thereby forcing a frontal clash.
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Admiral

Horatio Nelson who was in command of the British fleet observed that the French ships were anchored in such a way that there was nothing to prevent them from swinging. He later on remarked: where there is room for a Frenchman to swing, there is a room for a Briton to anchor. Moreover the British were approaching from the north with the wind in their favour11. Nelson directed part of the fleet to remain seaward, but the rest was to break through the enemy line by attacking the northern end first. Then the British were to anchor only by the stern so that by paying out cable, they could move down the French line as each ship was demolished while the French ships, owing to the direction of the wind would be unable to come to the assistance of those which are attack first. The plan was completely successful. The victors were further aided by the fact that De Brueys confident of his strategy had not even prepared his ships for action on the landward side. With the exception of the two rear battleships and two frigates which managed to get away, the entire French fleet was disorganised and either captured or destroyed. The battle of Nile was not only important in naval history but also in international history. It enabled England to capture Minorca and Malta. It completely restored her prestige in the Mediterranean. The success in the battle greatly aided pitt the younger, the British prime minister, to form the second coalition.

10SOURCE

- THE FALL OF NAPOLEON ; THE FINAL BETRAYAL BY DACI HAMILTON WILLIAMS Wilkins, William (1972) [1944]. Napoleon's Submarine. New English Library. ISBN 0-450-01028-7
11SOURCE

- NAPOLEON; THE FALL BY E.M BEARDSLEY(Cordingly, David (2004). The Billy Ruffian: The Bellerophon and the Downfall of Napoleon. Bloomsbury. ISBN 1-58234-468-X.)

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Battle of Trafalgar:In 1804 the continent of Europe lay prostrate under Napoleon I. The stubborn British in their small island held out aggressor. Lord Nelson had hoped for an opportunity of bringing the combined French and Spanish fleets into action. He had a plan for their destruction which he divulged to captain R.G. Keats, one of his trusted officers, in a conversation at his surrey home, Merton in august, 1805. He proposed to divide the fleet into three lines, one of which consisting of first two-deckers, was to be kept windward ready to be thrown into battle at chosen moments. With the remaining part of the fleet formed into two lines. Nelson saying: I shall go at them at once if I can, about one-third of their line from their leading ship. Finally he said: I think it will surprise and confound the enemy. They wont know what i am about. It will bring forward a pell-mell battle and that is what I want. 21 October 1805 was to prove the greatest day in the annals of British naval history. On 29 September, his 47th birthday, nelson had joined forces with lord Collingwood off the Spanish port of Cadiz, where the French and Spanish fleets sought shelter. He then deployed his fleet in such a way as to tempt the enemy to come out, which they did on 19th October. In the early morning two days later, the two fleets came in sight of each other. The Franco- Spanish force under Admiral Pierre Charles de Villeneuve consisted of 15 Spaniards of the line and 25 French. Nelson had 27 ships in all, seven of them being three deckers with 98 to 100 guns. Having given to his fleet the memorable signal: England expects that everyman will do his duty, he closed in on the enemy force off Cape Trafalgar, which lies between Cadiz and Gibraltar.12 Since there was little wind and a heavy swell running from westward, the original plan of attack was modified. The British ships sailed slowly in two columns directly into the curve of the enemys recent information. Collingwood in the royal sovereign, heading the starboard column, led the attack with the stronger of the two units. The most remarkable art of the battle was probably the close fighting between the victory, Nelsons flagship and the temerarire on the one side and the French Redoubtable and Fougeus on the other. The victory and the redoubtable were locked together in a struggle and at about 1.35 a musket shot from the maintop of the frenchship
SOURCE - NAPOLEON; THE FALL BY E.M BEARDSLEY(Jackson, John (2004). Race, Racism, and Science. ABCCLIO. ISBN 1-85109-448-2.)
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mortally wounded Nelson: God praised, i have done my duty were his last words. He died at about 4:30 in the afternoon. At about 5 Oclock the battle was over. It proved to be the most crushing victory in history. Eighteen enemy ships were captured and no British ship was lost.

Battle of waterloo: When in march 1815 Europe was shaken by the news that napoleon had escaped from Elba and landed in France, the allied powers conferring at the congress of Vienna declared him an outlay and mobilized all available forces. While the Corsican ogre marched on t he Paris, his old soldiers swarm to his colours, the lately restored bourbons fleeing with no attempt at resistance. Having gathered a formidable army, Napoleon move towards Brussels, hoping to crush the Allied right wing- British, Hanoverian, Brunsicker, Dutch and Belgian troops under the prince Orange- before they could firmly unite with the Prussians under Marshal Blucher who were extended between Liege and Charleroi. The command of this Allied right wing had very sensibly handed over to the Duke of Wellington, the British commander. The northern Allies had decided not to march on to Paris until the Austrians and Russians were near the eastern frontier France, and Napoleons rapid thrust at Charleroi drove the Prussians North- eastward and separated them from the forces of wellington.13 On 16 June Marshal Ney held Wellington engaged at Quatre Bras, while Napoleon himself drove back the Prussians at Ligney. A mistake by Ney prevented his reserve from reaching Napoleon who, with it, might have destroyed Bluchers army. Napoleon then ordered Marshal Grouchy to follow the Prussians with his corps, and turned his attention to the British and their allies. Blucher drew off to the north and began to move the assistance of the British. Grouchy wasted precious time searching for him too far to the east and was engaged in a minor battle with one Prussians Corps throughout the afternoon of the battle of waterloo.

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SOURCE NAPOLEON; THE FALL BY E.

BEARDSLEY(http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/HistoricalStatisticsoftheUnitedStates17891945.pdf)

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The Allied forces retired and where concentrated along a ridge at Mont St. Jean, two miles to the south of the village of waterloo. Napoleons army reached a position facing them late on 17 June but could not attack until the following morning. It rained during the night. Having waited for the ground to dry, the emperor gave at 11:30am, the order to open fire. The battle began with heavy artillery exchanges and raged on for ten hours. Napoleon repeatedly hurled his magnificent cavalry against the Allied squares. The French and the Allied infantry fought one another throughout the day for possession of the farmhouse of Hougoumont and La Haye Sainte which were the key points of the British front. The French seized La Haye Sainte at 6pm, but they were eventually driven out. After Bluchers vanguard arrived, there were eventually still four hours or more of desperate fighting before the decisive moment came. Wellington kept a masterly grip on his brilliantly disposed forces, refusing to weaken their hold of the ridge by any premature advance, using his own cavalry to check the enemys and exposing himself with superb valour to encourage is mainly inexperienced British troops. Sir Augustus Frazer, who commands the British horse artillery, wrote after the battle: Never were guns better served on both sides. Never did cavalry before so nobly or was received by infantry so firmly. Our guns were taken and betaken repeatedly....Napoleon at length pierced the left of our centre with the infantry of the Imperial Guard... i cannot describe the scene of carnage. When at length the old Guard was launched in the last tremendous onslaught led by Ney- the bravest of the brave who that day had five horses shot under him- the deadly musketry of the British swept away the head of the four columns and wellington gave the word for advance all along the line. The French were thrown into confusion and by 9 pm. Napoleons army was dissolving in flight.14 Napoleon had 72,000men, Wellington 68000. Of these two armies and the bluchers foremost corps, it was said that, that night found 45,000 dead and wounded lying within three square miles of the country. Grouchy beat a Prussian force next morning, but then made a rapid retreat to Paris , where 4 days later Napoleon signed his second and final abdication. He then gave himself up to the British. And in this way Napoleonic wars were over at last.

SOURCE - NAPOLEON; THE FALL BY E.M BEARDSLEY(Cordingly, David (2004). The Billy Ruffian: The Bellerophon and the Downfall of Napoleon. Bloomsbury. ISBN 1-58234-468-X.)
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CONCLUSION

Some scholars of human history, Carlyle for one, are of the opinion that the history of a nation may best be comprehended through the biographies of its great men. If it is so, the history of France can be best understood in the biography of Napoleon. Thus the history of Europe from 1799 to 1814 was the history of France and the history of France was nothing but the biography of Napoleon. In appearance, Napoleon was short. His complexion was olive, his feature sharply cut and his look penetrating. He had untiring capacity for work, a keen insight and knowledge of men, an unfailing memory and the power of quick and correct decision- all the qualities that make a ruler. These largely explain his success. In addition, he had a personal magnetism that could exact the utmost devotion from his followers. But people of his time and even after confused him and his legends. People will often give me credit , Napoleon prophesied, for a deal of depth and sagacity on occasions which were perhaps most simple in themselves. I shall be suspected of plans which I never formed. All authorities agree that he was a master of military tactics and political finess. But he cannot be regarded as a universal genius as some authorities contend. His sense of art and literature was rather mediocre. His knowledge of science was dubious. His knowledge of history was cynical. His understanding of economics was faulty. His character was worse than his intellect he never hesitated to practice ignominable deceptions and unscrupulous tricks. Never the less at the age to 30 he became master of France. The period of 1800 to 1815 is justly called the AGE OF NAPOLEON Napoleon was one of the greatest figures in history. He was only an officer of artillery who made the whole Europe filled with fear of his arms, raised the throne which had been swept away with storm of revolution, to place himself under the name of emperor. Both napoleons strength and weakness lay an attempt to harness all the explosive exploitative force which he could not comprehend and control. He was proud of his achievements in Europe this can be inferred from the conversation he had with an associate at St. Helena. He carried there clock that had originally belonged to Fredrick the great of Prussia to get back the memories of the golden days when he was master of Europe. He was asked the reason as to why he did not carry the sword of the King

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of Prussia. I had my own was the prompt reply. This shows that he was proud of his achievements.

NOTES AND REFRENCES

1. THE FALL OF NAPOLEON (VOLUME -I) BY MICHAL B. LEGGIERE. 2. HISTORY OF EUROPE BY ARUNJI BHATTACHARJEE (PAGE NO. 90) 3. DOWN FALL OF NAPOLEON BY SIR VALTON SCOTT 4. THE FALL OF NAPOLEON (VOLUME -I) BY MICHAL B. LEGGIERE (Wilkins, William (1972) [1944]. Napoleon's Submarine. New English Library. ISBN 0-450-01028-7) 5. HISTORY OF EUROPE BY ARUNJI BHATTACHARJEE 6. HISTORY OF EUROPE BY ARUNJI (Wilkins, William (1972) [1944]. Napoleon's Submarine. New English Library. ISBN 0-450-01028-7) 7. HISTORY OF EUROPE BY ARUNJI BHATTACHARJEE (Jackson, John (2004). Race, Racism, and Science. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-448-2. 8. THE FALL OF NAPOLEON; THE FINAL BETRAYAL BY DACI HAMILTON WILLIAMS Wilkins, William (1972) [1944]. Napoleon's Submarine. New English Library. ISBN 0-45001028-7 9. THE FALL OF NAPOLEON; THE FINAL BETRAYAL BY DACI HAMILTON WILLIAMS (Jackson, John (2004). Race, Racism, and Science. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-448-2.) 10. THE FALL OF NAPOLEON; THE FINAL BETRAYAL BY DACI HAMILTON WILLIAMS Wilkins, William (1972) [1944]. Napoleon's Submarine. New English Library. ISBN 0-45001028-7 11. NAPOLEON; THE FALL BY E.M BEARDSLEY (Cordingly, David (2004). The Billy Ruffian: The Bellerophon and the Downfall of Napoleon. Bloomsbury. ISBN 1-58234-468-X.) 12. NAPOLEON; THE FALL BY E.M BEARDSLEY (Jackson, John (2004). Race, Racism, and Science. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-448-2.) 13. NAPOLEON; THE FALL BYE BEARDSLEY (http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/HistoricalStatisticsoftheUnitedStates17891945.pdf) 14. NAPOLEON; THE FALL BY E.M BEARDSLEY(Cordingly, David (2004). The Billy Ruffian: The Bellerophon and the Downfall of Napoleon. Bloomsbury. ISBN 1-58234-468-X.)

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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SOURCE

A HISTORY OF EUROPE (1789-1945) BY ARUN BHATTACHARJE THE FALL OF NAPOLEON (VOLUME -I) BY MICHAL B. LEGGIERE THE FALL OF NAPOLEON ; THE FINAL BETRAYAL BY DACI HAMILTON WILLIAMS NAPOLEON; THE FALL BY E.M BEARDSLEY THE DOWN FALL OF NAPOLEON BY WALTER SCOTT

WEBSITES
http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/HistoricalStatisticsoftheUnitedStates1 789-1945.pdf Abbott, John (2005). Life of Napoleon Bonaparte. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1-41797063-4. Alter, Peter (2006). In T. C. W. Blanning and Hagen Schulze. Unity and Diversity in European Culture c. 1800. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-726382-8. Cordingly, David (2004). The Billy Ruffian: The Bellerophon and the Downfall of Napoleon. Bloomsbury. ISBN 1-58234-468-X. Wilkins, William (1972) [1944]. Napoleon's Submarine. New English Library. ISBN 0450-01028-7. O'Connor, J; E F Robertson (2003). "The history of measurement". St Andrew's University. Retrieved 18 July 2008. Dwyer, Philip (2008). Napoleon:The Path to Power 17691799. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9780-7475-6677-9. Jackson, John (2004). Race, Racism, and Science. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-448-2.