Effects of a Load Impedance ( RL )

Applying Voltage Divider Rule, Vo = RL (AVNL Vi) Ro + RL Av = Vo = RL (AVNL) Vi Ro + RL

Effect of a Source Impedance, RS

The effect of the internal resistance on the gain of the amplifier, the parameters Zi and AVNL of a two port system are unaffected by an internal resistance of the applied source.

The output may be affected by the magnitude of RS.

Effect of the Source Impedance, RS

Vs IsRs Vi = 0 Is = Vs Vi Rs Vs IsRs IsZi = 0 Vs Is(Rs + Zi) = 0 Is = V s Rs + Zi By Voltage divider, Vi = Zi Vs (1) Zi + Rs Vo = AVNL Vi (2) From eq. (1) to (2) Vo = AVNL Zi Vs Zi + Rs Avs = Vo = AVNL Zi Vs Zi + Rs

Effect of the Source Impedance, RS

Figure

Combined Effects of RS and RL

A source of RS and a load of RL have been applied to a two port system for which the parameters Zi, AVNL and Zo have been specified
Vcc RC RB

Combined Effects of RS and RL

Applying Voltage Divider At the input side Vi = Vs Zi Rs + Zi Vi = Zi Vs Rs + Zi

At the output side, Vo = AVNL Vi RL Zo + RL Av = Vo = AVNL RL Vi Zo + RL

Combined Effects of RS and RL

Avs = Vo = Vo Vi Vs Vi Vs Avs = AVNL RL Zi Zo + RL Rs + Zi Ais = Io Is Vo RL = Vs Rs + Zi Ais = Avs Rs + Zi RL Ai = Av Zi RL

BJT and FET FREQUENCY RESPONSES

CASCADED SYSTEMS
A cascade connection is a series connection with the output of one stage is then applied as the input of second stage and so on.

A1

A2

A3

An

AVT = AV1 AV2 AV3 AVn

LOGARITHMS
a = bx log a = x log b x = log a log b x = logb a Logarithms taken to the base 10 are common logarithm. Logarithms taken to the base e are a natural logarithms. Common Logarithms Natural Logarithms loge a = 2.3 log10 a x = log10 a y = loge a

LOGARITHMS
Properties log10 1 = 0 log10 x = log10 x log10 y y log10 1 = log10 x x log10 xy = log10 x + log10 y log10 x^n = n log10 x logb x = log10 x log10 b

Ex. 1 Using the calculator, determine the logarithm of the following numbers. (a) log10 64. (b) loge 64. (c) log10 1600. (d) log10 8000. Ex. 2 Using the calculator, determine the logarithm of the following numbers to the base indicated. (a) log10 106. (b) loge e3. (c) log10 102. (d) loge e1.

Answers: #1 (a)1.806 (b)4.159 (c)3.204 (d)3.903 Answers: #2 (a)6 (b)3 (c) 2 (d) 1

Exercise on logarithmic properties

1. What is the value of (log 5 to base 2) + (log of 5 to base 3)?

Exercise on logarithmic properties

2. If log of 2 to the base 2 plus log of x to the base 2 is equal to 2, then what is the value of x?

Exercise on logarithmic properties

3. If (2 log x to base 4) (log 9 to base 4) = 2, find x.

DECIBELS
The unit of the logarithmic expression of a ratio, such as power or voltage. The term bel (B) was derived from the surname of Alexander Graham Bell AdBv = 20 log10 V2 AdB = 10 log10 P2 V1 P1 AdBm = 10 log10 P2 10 mW ABel = log10 P2 P1 AdBi = 20 log10 I2 I1

DECIBELS
AdBT = AdB1 + AdB2 + AdBn Examples: 1. Find the magnitude gain corresponding to the decibel gain of 100. Solution:

DECIBELS
2. The voltage into a 600 audio amplifier is 10 mV and the output voltage across a 600 load is 1 V. Find the voltage gain. Solution:

DECIBELS
3. An amplifier rated at 40 W output is connected to a 10 speaker. Calculate the input power required for full power output if the power gain is 25 dB. Solution:

DECIBELS
4. For the impedance matched stages with R = 50 . What is the total decibel gain? What is the power gain and voltage gain in ratio?

A1 23 dB

A2 36 dB

A3 31 dB

SW#2P
Two stage system of figure below employs a transistor emitter follower configuration prior to a common base configuration to ensure that the maximum percent applied signal appears at the input terminals of the common base amplifier. The no load values are provided for each system, with the exception of Zi and Zo for the emitter follower which are the loaded values. Determine: a. loaded gain of each stage b. total gain, AVT and AVS c. total current gain d. total gain if emitter follower is removed e. decibel values of a & b