GENDER AND SOCIAL EQUITY According to the recent 2011 Census,women comprise 49.

14 % of the total state p o p u l a t i o n Bangalore Urban(15.2%) has the highest percentage followed by Belgaum (7.8%), Gulbarga (4.2%) and Bellary(4.2%). Women Empowerment Schemes 14.1.2.1 Women & Child Welfare Dept It is in the recent years that the issue of womens empowerment as a development objective has moved centre stage. With this objective in mind, the Department of Women and Child Development, Government of Karnataka, has designed thef ol l owi ng s chemes t hat ai ms , not onl y onempowering women, but also for their well-being in various spheres. A. Stree Shakthi The programme was launched in 2000-01 and is implemented throughout the State. The focus of this scheme is to empower rural women and make them self reliant. Streeshakthi Groups are formed at the village level to inculcate the habit of savings and thrift among its members, so that women are economically empowered. Each group comprises of about 15 to 20 women members who come from below the poverty line families. Women belonging to families that are landless or agricultural labourers, and largely SC/ST women who have come together to form 1.30 lakhs Streeshakthi Groups. Groups conduct regular weekly meetings and save a minimum of Rs.10/-. These savings are used to do internal lending among the members helping them to utilize the money for their day to day needs and also to start small Income Generating Activities. Upto September, 2013 the groups had saved Rs.1383.54 crore since inception. Bank loans have been availed by 124620 groups to the extent of Rs.1440.60 crore and there has been internal loan circulation to the tune of Rs.3688.62 crore and used for taking up various it has been decided to enhance the ceiling limit of revolving fund from Rs. 5000/- to 25000/- in a phased manner starting from 2014-15 to 2017-18 at the rate of Rs. 5000/- per year . Further, the State also offers financial incentives of Rs.15,000/- to the groups who have saved between Rs.75,000/- to Rs.1 lakh and an incentive of Rs.20,000/- to the groups who have saved above Rs.1 lakh Santhwana Santhwana is a scheme aimed at rehabilitation of women who have been subjected to atrocities likerape, domestic violence, dowry , sexual harassment, etc. In addition to provision of legal assistance, support is also provided in the form of financial aid, temporary shelter and protection and training / education to equip them with skills needed to get back into the normal course of life. During 2013-14, a budget allocation of Rs.425 lakhs was earmarked for the scheme,

Karnataka State Womens Development Corporation (KSWDC) The Karnataka Women s Development Corporation was established in 1987 C. Devadasi Rehabilitation Programme This scheme is being implemented in 14 districts of North Karnataka. Houses are constructed through the Rajiv Gandhi Rural Housing Corporation for those devadasis who own sites Women Component Plans (KMA Y and Gender Budget) a) Karnat aka Mahi l a Abhi vrudhi Yoj ane(KMA Y) Functioning under the aegis of the Department of Women and Child Development, KMA Y has been one of the first programmes introduced in the Country to earmark 1/3rd resources for women in individual beneficiary-oriented schemes and labour intensive schemes across various sectors. Since its introduction in 1995-96, 25 departments have been identifying schemes to benefit women. During 2013-14, 292 schemes are involved in the Y ojane across Central, State and District sectors b) Gender based Budgeting: beginning in 2006-07, gender based budgeting helps to prioritize and orient public expenditure to reflect the concerns of women. Subsequently , the Finance Department also established a Gender Budget Cell (GBC) to identify the quantum of resource allocation and expenditure for women and proper translation of policy commitments. Karnataka is one of the 3 States in India that have implemented Gender based Budgeting. The GBC has been regularly bringing out a Gender budget document reflecting allocation of funds under various schemes cutting across various departments. The schemes are presented in two parts; Category-A and Category-B. The classification is broadly on the lines adopted by GOI in the Expenditure Budget V ol-II. The categorization of schemes is based on Category A presents women- specific budget provisions in which 100% budget provisions are meant for women. Category B presents women-specificbudget provisions wherein at least 30% provisions are meant for women. . The Department of Women & Child Development in collaboration with Administrative Training Institute organised one day workshop on Gender Issues in June 2013 to create awareness regarding Gender Budgeting. The main issues taken up at the workshop are as follows Gender Budgeting & Development Programme. Gender Responsive Governance Initiatives. Legal Issues & Women Empowerment,Violence Against Women and

 Gender & Human Development. Child Population in Karnataka Children constitute 11.21% of the population in Ka r n a t a k a a c c o r d i n g t o t h e 2 0 11 Ce n s us Bhagyalakshmi is a flaghip programme of the Department is aimed at improving the sex ratio in the State by providing incentive to BPL families having girl child This is an umbralla programme for child development aims at providing financial assistance to a maximum of 2 girl children born in a BPL family , which will be deposited with the selected financial partner in the form of bond in the name of the girl child and the maturity value wilbe given to the girl child at the age of 18yrs along with accrued interest. The bond can also be used to get loan from the bank for further education of the girl child. Child T racking System under Bhagyalakshmi Scheme - All eligible girl children are registered under the Scheme at birth and monitored till they attain the age of 18 years, by using software developed with assistance from NIC. Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) ICDS is a centrally sponsored scheme, which provides a package of six services i.e., supplementary nutrition, immunization, health check-up, referral services, nutrition and health education for mothers and non-formal pre-school education for children between the ages of 3-6. This scheme is runningsince 1975. Under Suppl ement ar y Nut r i t i on Pr ogr amme, supplementary nutrition provided (per day) is as follows:- 500 calories of energy and 12-18 grams of protein to 0-6 years children 600 calories of energy and 18-20 gms.of p r o t e i n t o p r e g n a n t w o me n / l a c t a t i n gmothers/adolescent girls. 800 calories of energy and 20-25 Gms. of protein to severely underweight children as a supplement to their normal intake. Unit cost of milk supplied to Anaganwadi children raised from Rs 4.60 to Rs. 6.00 150 ml milk is provided to all children from August 2013 Rs. 4 worth of milk/egg is provided to all severely malnourished children Health Checkup is being conducted once in 2 months 27 Modified Nutrition Rehabilitation Centers and 30 Nutrition Centers are started in the State to treat the Malnutrition Children Rehabilitation

Government of Karnataka has taken up a new i n i t i a t i v e - s a k a l a u n d e r K a r n a t a k aGuarantee of Services to Citizen Act- 2011.

Uttar Kannada has initiated a programme c a l l e d Sha kt i ma n Ce nt re t o a d d r e s s malnutrition in collaboration with Health Department by providing health Care,additional Nutrition & counselling. Tumkur & Raichur - Spirulina granules are distributed to malnourished children bySPIRULINA Foundation Belgaum - Tracking of severely malnourished children using special software called SAM TO SMILE has been developed. Hassan A concept called Makkala Mane(Children s Home) in co-ordination with SSA has been initiated to improve Pre-School Raichur - Improving the nutritional status of children by educating the frontline workers and mothers in co-ordination with UNICEF has been implemented through Magu Nagu Sabala - Sabala or Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls (RGSEAG) is a new scheme of the Government of India. This programme is being implemented in 9 districts of the state on a pilot basis. It is a 100% centrally sponsored programme with the objective of empowering adolescent girls in the age group of 11-18 year by bringing improvement in their nutritional and health status and upgrading various skills like home skills, life skills and vocational skills. The scheme aims to benefit about 125000 adolescent girls in 2013-14. Allocation for 2013-14 is Rs.433.60 lakhs, out of which an expenditure of Rs. 77.90 lakh has been incurred till December 2013 Kishori Shakthi Y ojana (KSY) - KSY is being continued in rest of the ICDS projects other than 9districts where SABALA is being implemented. Under KSY , 180 adolescent girls in each project are given 5 days residential training every year from funds released exclusively for the scheme and supplementary nutrition is being provided to 2 adolescent girls in each anganwadi centre. Balasanjivini - This is a new scheme initiated in the year 2010-11 to focus on rehabilitation and treatment of severely malnourished children. An amount of Rs.750/- is being given to meet therapeutic and medical needs of malnourished children.Children requiring tertiary care receive a maximum of Rs.35000/- and in cases of neonatal care; the amount goes up to Rs.50000/-. In 2012-13, the budgetary allocation of the scheme was Rs. 1600 lakh. Rs. 4.07 crore was incurred to meet therapeutic a n d me d i c a l e x p e n s e s o f 5 4 3 4 8 s e e ly ) Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS) -ICPS was launched in 2010-1 1 with the objective of providing a safe and secure environment in the State for comprehensive development of children who are in need of care and protection as well as children in conflict with the law . ICPS provides preventive and statutory care and rehabilitation services to any vulnerable child including, but not limited to, children of potentially vulnerable families and families at risk, children of socially excluded groups like migrant families, families living in extreme p o v e r t y, f a mi l i e s s u b j e c t e d o r a ff e c t e d b ydiscrimination and minorities, children infected and/or affected by HIV/AIDS, orphans, child drug abusers, children of substance abusers, child beggars, trafficked or sexually exploited children, children of prisoners, and street working children. Operation Rakshane -A campaign to rescuechildren who were found begging was undertaken by the Department in 2012-13, through a joint operation with

Police, Health Department, Labour Department, Child Welfare Committees (CWCs), NGOs.Children are rehabilitated through the efforts of CWCs. Action is being initiated to undertake similar kind of operations in 2013-14 in Hubli, Davanagere, Mysore, Gulbarga, and Mandya Districts also. Cradle baby centers - Action is initiated in 2013-14 to start Cradle Baby reception centers all the districts. The Centers have started at Bellary, Bidar, Hassan, Ramanagar to provide safe and security for infants unwanted by the family Nutrition Scenario in Karnataka - Child Malnutrition 28.09% were moderately malnourished and 1.32% wasseverely malnourished. In December 2013, the proportion of normal children stands at 73.00%, with a decrease in the figure of moderately malnourished children at 26.68%. However, the severelymalnourished children have decreased by 0.91% he Census of India 2011 has shown a marginal improvement in the Sex ratio of 965 in 2001 to 968 in 2011 The sex ratio at 0-6 years range is 943 which is a marginal decline from 946 in 2001 ) Morarji Desai Residential SchoolsThe Department of Social Welfare is running 152 Morarji Desai Residential schools for Boys and Girls studying from 6th to 10th standards. The Department is also running 82 Kittur Rani Chennammaresidential schools exclusively for SC Girls studying from 6th to 10th standards Gangakalyana Scheme a. Community Irrigation/Lift Irrigation Scheme:Under this scheme, a group of 8 to 15 acres of land belonging to SC landholders will be provided irrigation facility at free of cost by lifting water from the perennial rivers, streams, etc. The unit cost fixed for provision of irrigation for 8 acres and 15 acres of land is Rs.2.53 lakh and Rs.3.59 lakh respectively Safai Karmachari Rehabilitation ProgrammeThis is a national Scheme, to promote socio economic upl i f t ment of Safai Karmachar i es and t hei rdependents by providing financial assistance at concessional rate of interest for income generation activities and loans to students for higher education. For the project cost upto Rs.1 lakh, 50% is subsidy subject to a maximum limit of Rs.25,000/- and the remaining amount is NSKFDC/Bank loan. For project cost above Rs.1 lakh, 90% is loan from NSKFDC, 5% is margin money from BRADCLand 5% is promoter s contribution. For the loan upto Rs.25,000/- and above Rs.25,000/-, the rate of interest is 5% and 6% respectively Initiatives taken up in 2013-14 The Corporation has introduced RTGs payments system to the beneficiary account directly in all the schemes for the year 2013-14 in order to avoid delay and misuse of schemes funds. he Corporation has decided to handover evaluation of the schemes to Karnataka Evaluation Authority, which has been established in 2011, in order to know the outcome of the schemes Socio-economic status of primitive tribal groups (PTGs) such as Jenu Kuruba and Koraga Tribal communities is much below the average level. They are the most vulnerable section among the tribes

several progarmmes are implemented by the deputy commissioners of five districts viz. Mysore, Chamarajanagar, KodaguDakshina Kannada and Udupi where there is a large PVTGs population. A large number of ST households continue to be deprived of productive assets and income earning avenues. Therefore, the Karnataka Maharshi V almiki Scheduled Tribes Development Corporation has been set up by the Government of Karnataka to implement several developmental schemes such as self-employment schemes, land purchase scheme, Ganga Kalyana Y ojana, etc., for economic development of ST households in the State. A brief progress of some important schemes implemented by the Corporation

Karnataka Scheduled Castes Sub-Plan and T ribal Sub-Plan (Planning, allocation and utilization of Financial Resources) Act, 2013 State Legislative Assembly on 5th of December, 2013 has passed the Karnataka Scheduled Castes Sub-Plan and Tribal Sub-Plan (Planning, allocation and utilization of Financial Resources) Act, 2013. The Act envisages allocation of state plan outlay to be in proportion to the population of SCs and ST s; to make allocated funds non-divertible; to spend for the schemes directly benefiting the SC and ST population and other matters. In the case of unspent amount out of allocation in a particular year, the same would be added to the next year allocation but should not be carried beyond that year .The Act provides for constitution of the State Council for development of the SC and the ST people with the Chief Minister to head the council. The other members are the Ministers for Social Welfare, Law and Parliamentary Affairs, Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Higher Education and Revenue, five MLAs or MLCs or MPs belonging to SC/ST as nominated by the Government and four other officials of different departments. The Council would advise the government on all policy matters related to SC/ST sub-plans; suggest measures for planning and implementation of schemes; and approve the annual SC/ST sub-plans proposals of various departments.The Act also envisages setting up of a nodal agency headed by the Social Welfare Minister and seven secretaries of different departments as its members. Its main function is to evaluate and appraise sub-plans, prepare sub-plans, review execution ofschemes, identify impediments, co-ordinate with other departments, and directions of the agency would be binding on the departments. The district monitoring committee in each district would be responsible for implementation of plans. Issues and Challenges Challenges relating to Women and Child Development Health and nutrition Maternal and child health continues be a cause of concern. High level of MMR (178) is still prevalent. While, Karnataka has made progress from 213 (in 2004-06) to 178 (in 2007-09), it still lags behind all of its comparable states. Only 71.5% of women have safe deliveries. Further, there are district-wise disparities in terms of access to safe deliveries. Districts such as Koppal (37.3%), Raichur (51.5%), Bellary (54.9%), Gulbarga (56%), and Bagalkot (62.3%) had fewer safe deliveries than the State's average. NFHS-3 also indicates that on an average only 61% of women received any form of post natal care from a doctor or ANM or heath visitor within 2 days of delivery . IMR (201 1) in the State is 38 which indicate that intensive efforts are required fromGovernment,NGOs, and health functionaries if MDG target of 21.8 per 1000

live births is to be achieved by 2015. Nutritional status of women and children deserves immediate attention. There is high incidence of anaemia among women (51.5%) and children (70%). Early childhood care needs policy focus Programme related issues ICDS - There are infrastructural constraints, of all the A WCs functioning in the State, only (56%) A WCs have their own buildings as of March 2012vacancies exist across various levels of service delivery of the scheme. The highest number of vacancies exists at the ACDPO level with 32% vacancies, followed by 17% vacancies at the supervisor level, 15% at the CDPO level. According to the Second Report of theExpenditure Commissions Report, A WWs were reported to be lacking in techniques requisite for provision of non-formal, pre-school education to the children at anganwadi. Hence the Department should prepare and implement a trainingpr ogr amme by ut i l i s i ng ATI s and DTI sintensively to raise the capabilities of A WWs. As per an evaluation survey of ICDS the effective coverage of the scheme is only 67.5% Safety and security - Child Sex Ratio in Karnataka has declined from 946 in 2001 to 943 in 2011, drop of 3 points in the last decade which is a point of concern. Political Participation - Although at the local levels the State has over 50% representation at the Zilla and T aluk Panchayats and 43% at the Gram Panchayat, the representation is very poor at State and national level. only 6 are women (a paltry 3%). In the State Legislative Council, only 5 out of 75 elected members are women. The numbers are even more discouraging at the national level with only 1 woman member from Karnataka elected into the Lok Sabha and 1 into the Rajya SabhA Labour and employment - Wage parity,casualisation of labour and prevalence of child labour is a serious concernwith Rs. 96.91 for males and Rs 62.77 for females. The difference between the rural male and rural female casual wages (for activity code 51) in Karnataka at Rs 34.14 (54%) is high and is also close to the national level difference of Rs. 32.59 (47%).In terms of daily wages for regular salaried employees in rural areas, aged 15-59 in Karnataka, the average rural female earns Rs 82.5 (73%) less than her male counterpart. Early Childhood Care needs policy focus: Research has indicated that what happens during a child's first 4-6 years of life determines how they will develop and feel about themselves as adults. Early care impacts long-term cognitive, social skills, behavioural development, motor skills, creativity , and language skills and so on.Department of WCD provides free day care, nutrition and preschool education to children of the ages of 3-6 years through Anganwadi Centres (A WCs). Challenges relating to Welfare of SCs, ST s, BCs, Disabled and Senior Citizens Education:The percentage of out of school children is high among ST s, followed by SCs, Muslims and OBCs. Further, there is a progressive decline in GER figures between Class VIII and Class XII across vulnerable groups and there is low enrolment in secondary and higher education. Health, Nutrition and Sanitation: As per NFHS III data, there are high levels of anaemia among ST children (80%) and women (57%), Child Mortality (33.6) and Under-5 Mortality (77.9) compared to other social groupsprevalence of anaemia among children (75%) and women (52.3%) and lowering of IMR (57.2) which is reportedly the highest among all the social groups. Further, the percentage

ofinstitutional deliveries at 54.1% also needs attention. The analysis of Body Mass Index (BMI) figures for women, highlights that ST s had high prevalence of acute under-nutrition among women (48.7%), followed by SCs (40.6%). ST s had the highest prevalence of stunting and wasting among children at 51% and 18.8% respectively. As per Census 2011 data, 68% SC and 71% ST households did not have access to latrines and 24.5% SC households and 24.4% SThouseholds had no bathing facility within their premises. 37.6% SC households had waste water outlets connected to open drainage systems wh i l e 4 6 . 8 % h a d n o d r a i n a g e s y s t e m connections for waste water disposal. 34.7% SThouseholds had waste water outlets connected to open drainage systems while 51.6% had no drainage system connections for waste water disposal. Safety and Security: In 2010, 2505 crimes were reported against SCs and 294 crimes were reported against ST s, higher than all comparable states except Andhra Pradesh. While the crimes against SCs in state comprised 8% of the total such crimes reported in India, crimes against ST s in the state contributed 5% to the total crimes against ST s reported across the country . Issues concerning Disabled: According to a World Bank Report, Karnataka had less than 8% of its schools accessible to disabled and almost 25% of children with disabilities (aged 6 to 13) were out of school. ) Issues concerning Senior Citizens - The elderly population in Karnataka is projected to increase from 9.2% in 2011 to 14.5% in 2026. Similarly , the dependency ratio is projected to rise from 141 in 2011 to 222 in 2026. Senior Citizen Act had been passed at the Centre in 2007,a government order stating 3% of budgets of all beneficiary oriented schemes to be targeted at the disabled, there are no guidelines on fund segregation or monitoring of these benefits to the disabled. Welfare programmes for Backward ClassesThe Backward classes (BCs) constitute a major chunk of population who are also deprived of educational and economic advancement in the state. Therefore, the Department of Backward Classes Welfare and the D Devaraj Urs Backward Classes Development Corporation (DBCDC) have been implementing various development programmes for socio-economic welfare of the Backward Classes in the state. D. Devaraj Urs Backward Cl assesDevelopment Corporation (DBCDC) National Backward Classes Finance and Development Corporation (NBCFDC) have been implemented in the State by D.Devaraj Urs Backwar d Cl asses Devel opment Cor por at i on. Chaitanya Subsidy cum Soft Loan Scheme -T o take up ISB activities like industry , service, business, and agriculture and allied activities etc., subsidy and margin money starting from Rs.25000/-to Rs.5 lakh is being sanctioned in collaboration with the banks to the Backward Classes. The Corporation releases 30% subsidy for the project cost upto Rs.25,000/- and remaining is banks share of loan. For the project cost of Rs. 25,001/- to Rs. 1 lakh, the Corporation releases 20% margin money and 30% subsidy or maximum of Rs.10,000/- per beneficiary and remaining is bank share of loan. For the projects above Rs.1 lakh, the Corporation releases 20% Margin Money and remaining is bank share of loan. The Corporation charges interest at 4% p.a. on margin money.

Ar i vu- Educ a t i on Lo an Sc he me. he corporation releases an amount of Rs.1 lakh per year or actual cost incurred by the student towards admi s s i on f ees , t ui t i on f ee, l abor at or y f ee,examination fee etc. for his/her education. The rate of interest is 2% per annum. Schemes with the financial assistance of N a t i o n a l B a c k w a r d C l a s s e s F i n a n c e &Development Corporation (NBCFDC) For the economic upliftment of the backward classes, the Government of India has established the National Backward Classes Finance and DevelopmentCorporation (NBCFDC). This Corporation is also providing funds to the Sate Corporation as loan with 4 to 6% rate of interest. Wel f are Programmes f or Rel i gi ousMinorities In order to improve the socio-economic status of religious minorities such as Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Parsis, Jains and Buddhists of the State, the Government of Karnataka has been implementing various development programmes through theDepartment of Minorities Welfare and the Karnataka Minorities Development Corporation Ltd.(KMDC) Shaadimahal/Community Hall Sharamashakthi Scheme - Under this scheme, the artisans belonging to religious minorities will be trained to upgrade their artistic and technical skills, and also maximum loan of Rs.25,000/- will be provided with 4% interest rate per annum to improve and setup their business. Out of the unit cost, 75% as loan and 25% will be considered as back-end subsidy . The progress of the scheme is as under. NMDFC ( Na t i ona l Mi nor i t i e sDevelopment and Finance Corporation) was setup at the national level in 1994. The term loan is provided through the State Channelising Agency viz., KMDC for the benefits of religious minorities in the State. The Corporation is releasing 90% of the projectcost as NMDFC share, 05% share of the project cost will be released from KMDC and balance 5% of the project cost has to be borne by the beneficiary , and 6% interest rate per annum is being charged by the Corporation for the loan release. Sadhane and Prathibe - Under the scheme, persons with disabilities are given financialassistance for Sports and Cultural activitiesmaximum up to Rs.30000/and 10,000/- respcituly or actual expenditure incurred whichever is less Grameena Punarvasathi Y ojane - Forrehabilitating persons with disabilities, Grameena Punarvasathi Y ojane is implemented to provide services like rehabilitation, awareness, SocialSecurity , Educational, Training and Employment and other Government schemes reserved for disabled in various department at the door step of persons with disabilities. Where one disabled person at the Grampanchayat level as Village Rehabilitation Worker (VR W) at the rate of Rs.1500/- per month and one disabled person at Block level as multipurpose rehabilitation worker (MR W) at the rate of Rs.4000/- per month are engaged on honorarium basis to provide service. Self Employment Scheme for the Disabled (ADHARA) - Under the scheme a Kiosk of Rs.15000/- will be provided at free of cost and Rs.20000/-interest free loan as working capital to undertake self employment programme such as Petty Shop or any other such business.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: The central objective of any planning and policy is to advance human development. The creation of Human Development Index (HDI) Human development represents the process of expanding people's choices to live long, healthy , and creative livesThe Human Development Index (HDI) relies on a composite index of different dimensions of human life, with a focus on quantifiable elements such as longevity , knowledge, and a decent living standard. The recently developed Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) also identifies deprivations across health, education and living standards, and shows the number of people who are multi-dimensionally poor . Human Development in Karnataka: An Overview The Planning Commission, Government of India, took the lead in the preparation of the National Human Development Report 2001 (NHDR) for the first time in the country . The report provides Human Development Indices and related indicators, both state-wise and for the whole nation. In 2011, the HDI varies between 0.638 in case of Kerala and 0.365 in case of Bihar. Among the better-off States, Punjab, T amil Nadu and Maharashtra had a HDI value of above 0.52. At the other end, States like Uttar Pradesh, Assam and Madhya Pradesh had values less than 0.400. The gap between Kerala and next best State, i.e. Punjab remains quite significant, though it has declined. As far as Karnataka concern, the HDI value has increased from 0.346 in 1981 to 0.478 in 2001. The HDI rank of Karnataka was 6 during 1981 and has slipped to 7th rank among major states during 1991 and 2001 . The 2010 UNDP Global Human Development Report The Real Wealth of Nations: Pathways to Human Development introduced a new index, the Inequality-adjusted HDI aimed at capturing the distributional dimensions of human development. Three dimensions of HDI i.e. income, education and health are adjusted for inequalities in attainments a c r o s s p e o p l e . T h e 2 0 1 0 U N D P - H u m a nDevelopment Report undertook a comprehensive review of the criticisms it received since its inception in 1990 and introduced several major changes to the methodological issues in estimating HDI. Although the input variables representing health and income remai ned t he same, t he educat i on i ndiCATE underwent a major change. Mean years of schooling index and expected years of schooling index with equal weight replaced adult literacy rate index and combined gross enrolment ratio index. T reatment of income is by a natural logarithmic transformation without a cap. With respect to fixing the bounds, only the lower bounds are set equal to subsistence minima, whereas the upper values are set to observed over the time series between 1980 and the most recent year. The 2010 Human Development Repor t a l s o i nt r oduc ed ma j or me a s ur ementinnovations beyond the HDI, designed in particular to address the key dimensions of inequality and deprivation i.e., Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI). M.H. Suryanarayana, Ankush Agrawal and K. Seetha Prabhu in a UNDP discussion paper (201 1) provide HDI and IHDI estimates for Indian States following the new methodology. Countries with HDI value in the range 0.7880.938 are categorised as countries with V ery High HD; Countries with HDI value in the range 0.6770.784 are categorised as countries with High HD; Countries with HDI value in the range 0.488 0.669 arecategorised as countries with Medium HD; Countries with HDI value in the range 0.1400.470 are c a t e g o r i z e d a s c o u n t r i e s w i t h L

o w H D(Suryanarayana, Agrawal, Prabhu, 2011, pp. 2223). Globally, India ranks 119 out of 169 countries with a global HDI value of 0.504 and falls in the category of countries with Medium HD (T able 13.2). It falls short of the world average, which is 0.624 (UNDP , 2010, p. 155). The Indian states fall either in the category of Medium HD or Low HD as per the HDR 2010 classification. Kerala, with a global HDI of 0.625, is in the 'Medium HD' category. When ranked according to global goalposts, Kerala's rank is 99 (between Philippines and the Republic of Moldova) whereas Karnataka and India is ranked 119 and 120 Amongst India's states, Madhya Pradesh suffers the greatest loss of HDI due to inequality with 35.74 percenT. For overall human development, Karnataka stands at 10th position without adjusting for inequality and 9th position after adjusted for Inequality among 19 major states in the Country during 2011. Karnataka experiences an aggregate loss of 30% in human development due to inequality (The loss due to inequality is highest in the education sector (43%) followed by health sector (30%) and income dimension (16%). District Human Development Index - KarnatakaThe status of human development in the state and districts was assessed for the first time in KHDR 1999with 1991 data and later 2005 with 2001 data. . The district HDI, in 2001, has been found to range from 0.753 in Bangalore Urban district to 0.547 in Raichur district. However, it is encouraging to note that the difference between the districts with the highest and the lowest HDI has narrowed from 49.21 per cent in 1991 to 37.6 percent in 2001. Only seven districts, i.e. Bangalore Rural, Bangalore Urban, Dakshina Kannada, Kodagu, Uttara Kannada, Shimoga and Udupi, have HDI values higher than the s t a t e a v e r a g e i n 2 0 0 1 . I n 1 9 9 1 , n i n e districtsBangalore Urban, Dakshina Kannada, Koda gu, Shi moga , Udupi , Utar a Ka nna da ,Chikmaglur, Davangere and Belgaumwere above the state average. It is significant that the front-runners are all in southern Karnataka, and as many as three districts Bangalore Urban, Bangalore Ruraland Shimoga are from 'Old Mysore' . Karnataka's SHDR Report, 2005 Shimoga andDavangere districts, for example, which haverelatively low levels of income (to the state average), have significantly higher levels of achievement in life expectancy , literacy and enrolment (to the state average). Bellary, with its heavy mineral deposits, is ninth in the income index for districts, but has a very poor education index. This seems to indicate that higher income does not automatically translate into an improved literacy and health status for the people if that income is not equitably distributed. Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) A New Perspective to Measure Poverty: the MPI measures deprivation in human development as a focus on deprivation is fundamental to human development The MPI is an international measure of acute poverty whi ch i dent i f i es depr i vat i ons acr os s heal t h,education and standard of living that people face at the same. The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), presented by Human Development Report 2011, covering 109 countries, complements income based

poverty measures. It has three dimensions mirroring the HDI health, education and standard of living (Alkire, Santos, 2011, p. 5) which are reflected in 10 indicators of multi-dimensional poverty and intensity of deprivations at the household level, each with equal weights within its dimension. Deprivation in health is captured essentially through the nutritional level and c hi l d mor t a l i t y. De pr i va t i on i n e duc a t i ona lattainments is captured through years of schooling and children enrolled. Similarly , to capture a decent standard of living, six indicators namely cooking fuel, toilet, water, electricity , floor and assets are considered a household is multi-dimensionally poor if it is deprived in at least two to six indicators Eight of the ten indicators are connected to Mi l l enni um Deve l opment Goa l s ( MDG) 11indicators. The other two indicators (flooring and electricity) provide some rudimentary indication of the quality of housing. As far India is concerned, poverty estimates provided by Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) of Oxford University and the Human Development Report Off i ce of t he Uni t ed Nat i ons Devel opmentProgramme (UNDP) in July , 2010 provides an insight that 55% of the Indian population is poor deprived in 30% indicators. It is much higher than the official figure of 32.7%. About 39% population is poor in 40% indicators; 30% Indians are poor in 50% indicators, 20% people are deprived on 60%indicators, and 10% population is deprived on 70% of the 10 indicators. severity of the problem of poverty , especially in Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Orissa and West Bengal. These eight states occupy last ranks, assigned to the states in ascending order ofmultidimensional poverty. Among all the major States, Karnataka stands 9thRank as far as Multi-Dimensional Poverty Index (MPI) concern. It is interesting to note that Karnataka also has same position of 9th rank under inequality adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI).