REGULATING THE GLANDS

PERSONALITY

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PHE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY
A STUDY OF IN THE GLANDS TO OF INTERNAL TYPES SECRETION OF

RELATION HUMAN

THE NATURE

BY

LOUIS
ASSOCIATE IN PHYSICIAN LENOX

BEEMAN,
CHEMISTRY,
TO THE HILL SPECIAL HOSPITAL

M.D.
COLUMBIA HEALTH VERSITY; UNI-

BIOLOGICAL

CLINIC,

The of art

passage
is easy. "Francis

from

the miracles of nature

to those

Bacon,

Novum

Organwm,

1620.

^ ^
"

cj Q

"

jQeto gotfe
THE
MACMILLAN
1922
rights reserved

COMPANY

All

PRINTED

IN

THE

UNITED

STATES

OF

AMERICA

Copyright,
By LOUIS

1921,

BERMAN.

Set up

and

printed.

Published

October, 1921.

1H1

Press J. J. Little
"

of
Ives

Company
S. A.

New

York,

U.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER

PAGE

Introduction:
^

Attitudes

Toward

Human

Nature

^--IT

How

the

Glands

of

Internal

Secretion

Were
28

Discovered

II.

The

Glands:

Thyroid

and

Pituitary
....

46

III.

The

Adrenal

Glands,

Gonads,

and

Thymus
.

69

IV.

The

Glands

as

an

Interlocking

Directorate
.

96

V.

How

the

Glands

Influence

the

Normal

Body

113

VI.

The

Mechanics

of

the

Masculine

and

Feminine

132

VII.

The

Rhythms

of

Sex

149

VIII.

How

the

Glands

Influence

the

Mind
.

166
. .

IX.

The

Backgrounds

of

Personality

186

X.

The

Types

of

Personality

202

XI.

Some

Historic

Personages

231

XII.

Applications

and

Possibilities

255

XIII.

The

Effect

upon

Human

Evolution
....

275

GLANDS THE

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

THE

GLANDS
PERSONALITY

REGULATING

INTRODUCTION

ATTITUDES

TOWARD

HUMAN

NATURE

The

Case

Against
the

Human

Nature

Man,
has
own

know taken

said thyself,
that In advice

old Greek His

to

philosopher.
collect
As

Man

force per-

to heart.

life-longinterest
observations he he
grows,
measures

is his
on

species.
nature

the

cradle

the

of

the

queer

begins beings about

data

he

him. Wisdom he

the

research the

broadens. continues,amplifies,
accuracy

by
he

devastating
he Doctor
to that

of the

accumulates.

When

declares

knows

human of human
from

nature, consciously cynical maturity

nature
"

speaks.
entitled

every

man

feels

himself

degree
of

In

defense

university of disillusioningexperience. limitations of his his claim, only the ticulate arthe the vehemence of his indictment of his

faculty will curb

fellows.
For

all

history provides the material, literature

inexorable

the

critique,
nature. man,
a

against human The historical record is a spectacle of man destroying collection of chapters on man's increasing cruelty to man.
case

biology the

logic of the

tations Limi-

of time Tools
sources

and

space

have been

been

shortened

and

eliminated.
The

of

production have
and the

multiplied and
have of
man

complicated.

and that
every

of energy trapped. But

power nature

been

systematically attacked has remained unchanged so

target for the

clap trap about progress cheap pamphleteer.

naturalist of
structures

is easy

barrage of
ity, of moralvalue that
to
as

The

probes into codes

and

of

conduct, systems
in the

variations societies, nations

have

scales

of

individuals,races
custom, presented
law
of and
man

subjected themselves
and of

religion.

Again
man,
1

again

the
a

portrait is
upon

preying

upon

cunning

parasite

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

and of predatory strengthenslavingthe weakling intellect. stupidity Until finally evoked reactions and consequences that are overtake in catastrophe and catacylsm preyer and preyed upon alike. Human
nature. nature Man

is but

part of the magnificent tree of beast

is linked

memories

with

every tie of blood and bone and cell his brethren of the sea, the jungle, the forest and

by
a

the fields. The

own

beast is

seeker of

freedom, but

seeker for his

instincts only. alone, and the satisfaction of his own Thus he strugglesto a sort of freedom which makes him the Ishmael of the Universe,everyone's hand againsthim, as his own hand is against everyone. The human animal has achieved no advance beyond the necessities of his ancestors, freed himself nor from his bondage to their instincts and automatic reflexes. And the sociologist, the analyst of human so turns out associations, to be simply the historian and accountant slaveries. of Yet the history of mankind is,too, a long research into the nature of the machinery of freedom. All recorded history, indeed, is but the documentation that of research. Viewed thus,customs, laws, institutions, sciences, arts, codes of morality and honor, become ardized, systems of life, inventions, come upon, tried out, standestablished until scrapped in everlasting search for more and more of freeingbody and soul from their perfect means masters. congenitalthralldom to a host of innumerable Indeed, the historyof all life, vegetableand animal, of bacillus, elephant, well as of man is the historyof a searchingfor as orchid,gorilla,
ego

freedom. Freedom! has

ever

What

to

it dominated

livingcreature is freedom? the life history of every

our

How
creature

pletely com-

that the the

crawled

family craving for

our

upon the earth? Trace tree to its rootlets, our

more

cellular amebic When

descend pedigree,

ancestors, and
even

freedom

is manifest and slime.

in the soul of

buried lowest,

in darkness

the first clever bit

protoplasm as the ameba, protruded a bit of itself as a pseudopod, it achieved a new ally freedom. For, accidentit created for itself a new the ability or deliberately, power to go directlyfor food in its environment, instead of waiting, the plant does, for food to just happen patiently, as passively, along. Therewith developed in place of the previous quietist quaker attitude toward its surroundings, a new pacifist, religion, tone: aggressive, a new predatory,careerist.
"

of colloidal ooze,

That

adventure

was

great step forward

for the ameba

"

ATTITUDES

TOWARD

HUMAN

NATURE

tion. miracle that freed it forever from the danger of death by starva-

possibilities the wolf and all the varieties of predathe alligator, of the tiger, beast and plant,parasitism and slavery. The device that ceous in space of its own enabled the ameba to change its position will, and so increased its freedom immeasureably, meant the generation and degradation for billions in of infinite evil, pain,suffering
But
move were

latent in that

all the

terrible

the womb

of time.

The

Breeding
a

of

Inferiority
of

Human

history,being
for

continuation The
a

vertebrate
of the

tory, hisstock
to

is full of similar instances.

company,

invention

example, furnished

certain relative freedom

of leisure to think and play, and hundreds, a certain amount independence to travel and record,and immunity from a daily routine and drudgery. In turn, it bore fruit in miseries and for millions, horrors multiplied like those of the child lacemakers of Mid- Victorian England, who were dragged from their beds at until ten or eleven two or three oclock in the morning to work at night in the services of a stock company. is said to have no soul. The struggle A corporation for freedom of every livingthing has no conscience. Throughout the living world, from ameba to man, parasitismand slaverytogetherwith their by-products,physical and spiritual as degeneracy, appear

the after effects of the alive and free. The

more

vital individual's efforts to remain be

man.
seen

of slaverymay origins
kill

in the

of the infectious diseases which

The

parasitisms change from

parasitismto slavery was

In which

the

transition

inevitable step of creative intelligence. evolution made of those breaks one

an

its mode of progress. as indulgesin periodically The natural effect of slavery has been a selection of two sorts of individuals along the lines of the survival of the adapted. It has tended to perpetuate in the breed the qualities of the in strong which would make them stronger,and certain qualities the weak which would increase their weakness. For parasitism and likewise slavery infallibly entail the degradation of certain structures and an overgrowth of others by the law of use and disuse. The type of organ which would function normally, were not its possessor parasiticin that function, invariably degenerates
or

it

disappears. Parasitic

insects lose their

wings.

An

entire

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

be lost. So the tapeworm, which system may even the digestedfood present in the intestines of its host, feeds upon because it needs none. On has no alimentary canal of its own of attack and combat the other hand, the. organs by a grow anatomical
constant
use

into the most

remarkable

of efficient weapons.

societythe process continues. Out of the tapeworm nature, the tiger nature, the wolf nature, the simian nature, evolves. nature human Repeated episodes of subjugation and mixed with countless incidents of predaceous cupidity suppression what he is today. Indeed,by a sort and rapacityhave made Man of instinct, societyhas constructed its institutions upon empirical observations and assumptions agreeingwith this principle. The deductions concerninghuman and human nature traits that draw from an interplanetaryvisitor would a study of our law would be at least slightly rigible common humiliatingto our incorIn human

courts, codes of civil contract and criminal procedure, the systems of subordination in armies and navies,

pride.

Law

employers and employees, and children, based upon the are the fundamental, the conservative axiom that man, especially common plain man (Lincoln's phrase), is a being incurablylazy, obsessed stupid,dishonest, muddled, cowardly, greedy, restless, with a low cunning and a selfish callousness and insensibility animal and human. of his fellow creatures, to the sufferings in made Why is it that Man, the noblest creature of creation, tinguish the image of God, capable of the flights that disof attainment a Christ, a Plato, a Shakespeare, a a Csesar, Shelley,a alone by hopelesspessimistslike not Newton, is so described, law, the Koheleth,Swift,and Mark Twain, but by the common the common Because common assumptions of mankind? opinion, the development of slavery and parasitismin human the society, subjectionof the weak to the strong, the dull and base to the clever and headstrong, set up a vicious cycle: the liberation of slaves and the for the making of more and more more energy propagation of slaves and slave qualitiesin a geometrically increasing proportion. This might be called the Malthusian law of slavery. For the that I have named characterization of man's own qualities as himself are the qualities of the slave and the slave-soul. Nietzche took great pains to repeat ad nauseam that these qualities were the qualities of the slave. But by burdening himself with the evolved from his inner consciousness, that the slaves hypothesis,
castes women,

and

teachers

and men classes, and pupils, parents

ATTITUDES

TOWARD

HUMAN

NATURE

morality of weakness upon their masters, he missed the reallyobvious process by which slaves beget more slavery,and the slave-soul becomes slavery begets more slaves, is the simple action of physical and universal. That process begets the reproductionof the slaves. The subnormal spiritual subnormal, the inferior begetsthe inferior. It was Slavery appeared as an invention of the would-be-free. brilliant flash of genius of a seeker after freedom. However, a it became and hereditary mission, transa boomerang. By multiplication the inferiority and the number of the slaves created a overwhelming problem for the superiorfew, the upper crust new of the free. At last the problem grew into the problem of problems, all freedom, the problem of government, that threatened ment, epidemic disease threatens even the most healthy. Governas an at first organized for conquest and subjugation,had to and more to consist of change its character until it became more experiments in a new social machinery that would free somebody of the incubus. So through the centuries, one technique of liberty after another was tested in the laboratoryof experience. But always the attempts are so muddled, because the problem is not grasped. Muddledom is the essence of the slave-soul. And the essence infiltrates and poisons the whole atmosphere in which the would-be-free think and act. Kings' heads are chopped class is guillotined, reform movements and go, a whole come off, the masters fightevery inch of their retreat,and pile stratagem to retain their spoils. stratagem, device upon device, upon

imposed from

below

The
So

democratic

formula

of freedom

for all
as as

comes

to the fore.

at last universal
seems

is introduced suffrage
grasp.

within

Now

it looks

the panacea. if a method

dom Freeand
an

have been hit objective enslaved

out

upon,

that will lead both the free and

the

bondage, and which have bound them together. All the trial and error tests culminate which had institutions to to history subjected appeared in the formula that would automatically yield Liberty. The French wanted and added Equality and Fraternity. a littlemore The Americans the formula that would as put it quite definitely assist the Pursuit of Life, Liberty,and Happiness. That formula is: the democracy of the normals. To be sure, a civilization might be organized for the breeding and the glorification of the supernormals. Such a civilization yet have to be tried. But as the supernormals,as we know may them today, are merely biologic sports,in a sense, simple acci-

of their mutual

release the handcuffs

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

dents,no one can tell whether they will turn out true shots or to stick to just flashes in the pan. So it looks the better course the plan of nature, which seems to be the raising of the level of and the the normals, gradual increase of their faculties and
powers.

What Under the terms

the

Statesman

Is

Up Against
formula the

problems of the statesman That is,if to become seem enormously simplified. that he has worked out a perfectly clear idea of what assumes one and what the normal a means. democracy means Assuming these unassumables, into the definite object his problem simplifies of of producing and developing the greatest possible number if you normals or will,the greatest happiness of the greatest
"

of the

democratic

number

of normal you

lives. then
some

Furthermore

novel possibegin to have the entirely bility

sort of collective effort for
a

in the world: purpose,

collective

beyond the personal greeds and fears,factions and So the state, instead of fulfilling hatreds. its old function of known servingas the tool of certain powerful individuals, latterly the Big Men, might be transformed into an instrument toward as the ideal of a democracy of the normals freedom. With ever could go on to construct and modify before him, the statesman would his social machinery. That entail the satisfaction not and alone of the animal needs, but also the highestaspirations therefore the provision of the finest conditions of life for the normal: those most favorable, and assistant to creative stimulative, the freedom? idea of For what else the of content is activity. James Without intellectual sin which William committing the named Vicious Abstractionism, the goal of the clearest progressive and liberal thought and forces of the twentieth century in a democracy of normals. might be summed up as this freedom A good formula which coincides with the technique of nature in the evolution of species. A fair fight, free-for-all who are a tion unhandicapped, is the motto of natural selection. Where civilizashakes hands with natural instinct, what but the happiest of results can be expected? society possesses an Unfortunately, the formula in human Achilles' heel. Again it is slavery. Where slavery has become bred into the bone, the standard reduced becomes of the normal of normals, the majority, are so tremendously that the average

ATTITUDES inferior. hopelessly ideal of the

No
our

TOWARD
In

HUMAN
are

NATURE

they effect,

reallysubnormal.
to be defeated

So the
of

ideal statesman

is bound

because

inadequacy of his material.

matter

how
to be

interested

in his main
a

business:

the

promotion

of freedom

for creative activities in

he is bound
There

beaten

by

the

normals, democracy mals. of subnormajority consisting

of the

nothing left for for him but to cater to the the one-eighthof the electorate representing minority of careerists, The tests employed in the intelligence superiorintelligence. showed that and also that forty-five War ined, per cent of the exammental half the total population, had about a one or natural ability that would never or develop beyond the capacity, doomed child. They are to stage normal to a twelve-year-old
is remain
forever

subnormal.

The
The careerists
are

Careerists those

as

the Abnormal^

practicethe careerist religion. The careerist religion is the religion par excellence of modernity. Someone of the North once said, with the perfect candor American, that America is the land of opportunity. He meant
who that America
the

is the land the

of the Careerist
man on

or,

as

it has also been The

put, it is the land of the

man on

the make.

make, is of a thousand genera One finds with transition links between. and subvarieties, him at every level of society. of today minority,the feminine career Excepting a negligible (as of the last ten thousand years of the race's history)consists After that she is so identified of a husband. in the acquisition individual and with him that her own as something distinct, life, nine unique,becomes blurred and then completely erased. The femiif you will,is a definite type. the careeristina, careerist, to the woman Consider the unimportance of a collective purpose
whose kinks
career

or careerist, varieties and species,

and

is the mate, and then the mate's career. from twists of the feminine mind, resulting

All the the

sities neces-

tudinous primary problem, would form a multilist. The most successful careeristinas and interesting because the absolutely unconscious they are not ones are by any doubts as to passivelybesieged nor activelybombarded well as do not what they want. They play their game exceedingly of that fundamental
the

quasi-rebels and

faint-hearted Women.

revoltees that form For

a

no

small the

percentage of the Newest

number

of

women

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING has been

an

PERSONALITY

attempt to break away from the and to strike a line of autotraditions of the wife-careerist, the fruit of the practice careerism. Can the careeristina instinct, be uprooted by the good intentions of a of so many generations,
feminist movement
mere

statesman? the masculine careerist is

a

But

marvelous

creature.

He

is

variation. New York is the place to biologic sport,an abnormal and study him in his thousands watch and tens of thousands. observe him climbing,climbing,climbing,precisely You can as ant climbs a tree. an Nothing can reallydiscourage or sway him from his chosen path. If he is not gettingon financially, he he is using the one method is gettingon socially, of advance or the line of least resistance and to help him with the other. How for and taken by him is a fascinating greatest advantage is determined
process.

The

careerist

the inherited flair for instinct, instincts of

career, must

not

be confounded
or

w^th the

sion self-expanself-preservation,

because they are utterly different. Indeed, self-expression, the careerist instinct is often their direct antagonist, with clashing and dominating them. The making of the career involves the the mutilation, the distortion, degradation,degenerationor even of the true personality.But it is all instinctive. complete suppression To consider the life of the careerist as an expressionof instinct will explain too the success who have no of so many of what inner awareness These go straight for the they want. without doubt career, looking neither to the rightnor to the left, business as soon or hesitation, justas they go for the respiration
as

they are
Then

born.

the careerist is Super-Careerist.Ordinarily, rather obvious, with diaphanous motives and easilyrecognizable, conduct. But there is another and rarer bird,the careerist of the careerist of genius, whom it is not so easy to see talent, even be a good all around trifler, he may through. Clever and brainy, line of achievement him make or his specific giftfor some may more"effective. There is nothing he may not call himself: conservative, radical. Often he is an agnostic or liberal, progressive, about social and political affairs and problems, which passes for the indecision of the open mind, and is quitehandy to render all things to all men. him the underlying But perpetually, careerist instinct drives him and
movements to
use comes

there is the

all

men

and

women,

all ideas for his

own

and

forces he

in contact

with

personal advancement, just as the slave making instinct guides

10

THE

GLANDS and

REGULATING

PERSONALITY
or

favors bestowed he does

not

patronage past

family Again
us

his ballot away or race habit,sectional inertia, throw

you

when potential.That is, altogetherinto the fire of prejudice.

It is human nature for

personal beyond. So the thought calf is limited in its wanderings to the radius of the rope by which it is tethered. The servile soul will always be submissive and docile, greedy and stupid. What else could you expect from beast who once lived for thousands the descendant of the solitary Without without chains of years of the soul, in caves? servility could of the wild animal against the world, men for the spirit have been driven to live togetherfor twenty-four hours in never
to

be

nature. say, that is human to be confined within narrow,

the

circle of

and

without desire,

imagination for the

communities.

quality out of which all social conception of human machinery has been devised and built is a conception of slavequality and careerist quality. As we are all caught in the net,
The
as

the unconscious
our

memories and

of

our

slave and all cells, is an

we

careerist ancestors
can

flow in

blood

echo in

our

do

is

accept
Like will
same,

it and work Jehovah's be. there is

with it. Human definition of

out.

nature

incurable disease.

Himself, it is,it has been, and ever Everywhere the same, always the same, forever the
no

way

Poor

Human
poor

Nature human
nature
are

exceedingly Every unpleasant social fact, every competenc inexhibition best of to our incapacity, instincts, outrage every inefficiency, indifference, example of superevery criminal negligence is pardoned as an effect of that universal sin, human and the diplomats Take the case of the statesman nature. it coming who failed to prevent the Great War, though they saw Entente well as German, for years, and who should therefore all, as American well as Japanese,be indicted for their criminal as be for failure to report as a physicianwould negligence, precisely and stop the spread of an epidemic disease. All these crimes of omission and commission the plea that it was excused on are
all due human Poor
to to

All of these strictures upon careerists. to our delightful

human in

nature, and

that

what
on no

can one

be in

blamed what

on

generalcan on Flagellated do with it? Why is the careerist so

nature

be blamed

particular.
are

human

nature!

every
numerous

hand,
and

we

ubiquitous?

ATTITUDES

TOWARD

HUMAN
a

NATURE the soul of

11

Why

does the slave-soul infiltratelike

Is to the

cancer

society

with its black fluid?

toy of

an

orator

freedom,the divine idea,nothing but the a distant star in the night to a majority,

minority? Yet the instinct to freedom, the appetitefor helpless freedom, flickers through the centuries as a fitful flame,though snuffed out by every gust of class passion,every wind of mob resentment, and every storm of national jealousy. Though the and inferior subnormals multiply into great sheep majorities, like Napoleon, morbid the careerists, variants,involve millions the idea of freedom in their disease, persists obstinately. Have for regarding it as other than an illusion? reason we any If freedom is an illusion, of democracy. must admit the doom we And no Wagnerian crashes of orchestration mitigate the tragedy of the scene as our opened to the twilightof our new eyes are gods. For what other social methods are there left to us? In the for peraspiration struggle againstnature's barriers upon human fect method has other looks it though every satisfactions, as
failed
In
us.

the

past, refined aristocracies and

as

benevolent
are

have
as we

failed
are

miserably as
crude them

our

democracies and the scrap

now

despotisms and failing

Their

sure

anarchism
on

communism

would.

heap. As for our present of government as a permanent method, the storage of power ways in the hands of the Clever Few, War burns in the lesson of how littlethe careerist regards either the subnormal or supernormal. He condemns them all sooner later to wholesale slavery and or
carnage.

has thrown inferiority

Is
we

man

then

never our

to be the architect of his

to surrender
a

faith in the future of

our

destiny? Are kind to the spectacle

own

tion? nature to self-destrucsentenced by its own species We thought to rise upon the wings of knowledge and beauty, lured by the mysteries of color and the magic of design and the might of the intellect and its words, that have transfigured life into the greatest adventure ever attempted in time and But we find ourselves merely another experiment, space. intricate and rather long drawn out, to be sure, with marvelous pyrotechnics, magnificent effects here and there, but bound to eliminate itself in the end, to make stuff for the museums of the
of

miserable

real conqueror of the stars yet to come. We be classed with the dodo and the mammoth
of
us
an

are

condemned

to

coverer by the coming disAnd

so

escape

from

the slave and

Let
us

careerist.

let of

resign ourselves

to fate.

eat

of the humble

bread

12

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING
in the

PERSONALITY

the stoic's consolation the

face of the
in Man

gods, let us admit that Mind willed its own self-annihilation. What remains for us irretrievably So be it, O Lord, so be it? exceptto beat our breasts and proclaim:
Man Transient

mocking laughter of has unconsciouslybut

as

Yet,
advance

true

as

it is that

the

human

animal

has

achieved

no

beyond the necessities of his ancestors,nor freed himself is from his bondage to their instincts and automatic reflexes, there no way out anywhere? Is there perhaps some ground for hope and consolation in the thought that we, of the twentieth century, no longer see ourselves, Man, as something final and fixed? Darwin leon changed Fate from a static sphinx into a chameflux. Just as certainly has arisen from something man as bones alone remain whose reminders of his existence, are as we himself is to be the ancestor of another creature, persuaded man much from him as he from the Chimpanzi, and who, as differing if he will not supplant and wipe him out,will probably segregate him and allow him to play out his existence in cage cities. is reallyabout as The vision of this After-man or From-man helpfulto us as the water of the oasis mirage is to the lost dying
of thirst in the desert. the in
our

The

outcries of the wretched

and

able, miser-

which

gray-and-dreary lived din an unmanageable tinnitus Like God, it may be but a large, idea toward ears. vague in the implicit we grope to snuggle up against. It seems
of evolution.
not But

doctrines

how

do

we

know and

that in

man

the
now,

spiralof life has

that How the
can
an

reached
are

its apex,
not
a

the vortices of its descent From-man

we

that now, even beginning? How do we and

not
a

know

is to be
to

Superman

Subman?

birth to We for the

hope that the slave-beast-brute heir,fine and free and superior?

dare know and
we

is to give
induction

do not
most

have

every

indication and

Life has blundered oppositely contrary conclusions. forgetting supremely, in, while making brains its darling, So it surrenderingto the egoisms of alimentation. or helplessly and a consequent has spawned a conflict between its organs, into impasse in which the lower centres drive the higherpitilessly and instruments for the suicide of the whole. devisingmeans shows plainlyto the most stupidlygross imagination, As War of our self-destruction as a speciessaturate our the germs own The probabilitylooms with almost the certaintyof a blood.

ATTITUDES

TOWARD such of
comet

HUMAN

NATURE
to
our

13

deduction,that syllogistic
of thousands the the

will be the outcome

dreds hun-

of years
a

pain
or

upon
gaseous

earth.

In the face of

that, speculations upon

emanations

hitting

or sun growing planet, babyish the is in the discussions about the use possibility pointed clearly of bacterial bombs in the next War containing the bacilli of others! What influenza did plague,dysentery and many cholera, in destroyingmillions, they can repeat a thousand times and ten times. What else the laboratories will bring forth,of thousand which no man dreams, in the way of destructive agents acting at and over long distance, huge masses upon any extent of territory, is presaged in that singleexample. But besides thus willing, by inner necessity, its own an ture annihilation, Life,in the very strucand machinery of its being,seems caught into the entanglements of an inescapablenet, an eternity-long bondage it can never rip,to flee and remake itself into the immortal image that

become cold,

fancies. How

is its God.

by the board the last alleviations of those unbeatable who would soothe their optimists aching souls with at least the drop of comfort: that if man is a mortal species, with the not slightest prospect of a continuing immortality, not to mention a gloriousfuture and destiny,there are others. Man, be simply a bad habit Life will succeed in shaking after all, may off. No philosophy or religion afford to be anthropocentric can merely. It must include all life and all living thingsto which we blood-related. There are other speciesor latent speciesto are take up the torch that burned poor homo sapiens and ascend the heights. The ant and bee may yet mutate along certain lines
And
so

there go

that would But

no

make
matter

them what

the masters

of the universe.

speciesor variety gets the upper hand in the struggle for survival and the implicationsof the power, to victory in conflicts of individual separate qualities necessary piecesof protoplasm will be there. Besides,life is always begotten is life. That of why syntheticprotoplasm is nothing but a is to conceive of something alive, impossible phrase. It possessed of the property of remembering, that is not possessed of a store of past experiences. You think of gettingrid of can no more these unconscious memories of protoplasm than you think can of getting rid of the wetness of water. They are imbedded in the most intimate chemistry of the primeval ameba as well as in our most complex tissues. The memories of the cold lone fish and the hot predatory car-

14

THE

GLANDS
were our

REGULATING

PERSONALITY
haunt
us

nivor who The

begetters, may
woven sooner

to the end

of time. their

the ant, too, have of their cells the instincts that bee and brain

into the woof inextricably

or

later would

send

when evolved to the pitch of perfection, to ganglia,even coveries murdering inventions and diselaboratingthe self-and-species that are apparently destined to slay us. The powers of unconscious and unlearnable technique of reaction to memory experience,once grooved, thus prove the great gift and the of protoplasm. Making it possible eternal curse for it to be and what it is and has,they have also made become it forever impossible for it to be Add
to this
or

become

its own

contradiction. of the past, for of its present needs

unsloughable remembrance
other

better,
every

for worse,

the secretive consciousness

as

with. living thing, againstevery As a peregrinating, limited being,it is separated finite, spatially from all other livingbeings by inorganic, dead masses, and yet driven to contact with them similate impulse to asby a fundamental them into itself, make them itself. That and aspart of in from coarse ingestion similatory activity every urge is present

thing,is obsessed living

as

food to the moral

metabolism
as

of the hermit-saint

who

would

influence others to do

he.

Fate
In effect the

and

Anti-Fate

history of Life resembles the life historyof the the know and the largest, smallest things we of, the electrons, perhaps, as a great suns and stars of space. The electron begins, in the primeval ether, forms colonies, swirl joinsother electrons, cities, empires,elements of an increasingcomplexity, through like lead or gold. Until it reaches stages of a relative stability, that which wills its own the stage of integration disintegration, and reverence have been taught to look upon with proper awe we
as

radium.

And

we

are

told that

nebulae

wander and

until they

collide and birth to

give birth

to

stars,stars wander

collide and

give

begins as a quivering colloid, goes on painfullyto build a brain,which automaticallyrefines itself to of and using the most efficientmethods jthe point of discovering itself. Fate I and by a boomerang effect, destroyingothers, The conceptionof Fate was idea. The classic formula a Greek for tragedy,the struggle and of Man with the sequence of cause effect within him and without,that is so utterlybeyond his grasp and ken, or power with them. to modify, originated But they

nebulae.

Life

ATTITUDES
must

TOWARD

HUMAN

NATURE

15

given the credit for having conceived an idea and now ping slipstarted a process which, at first slowly and gropingly, the dark of the thorns torn and bleeding among and falling, more forest of human motives,presentlygoes on, with a firmer, into the lightas the confident step, to emerge more practiced, this Anti-Fate That idea-process, deliberate Conqueror of Fate.
also be
is Science.

speculators, began with the adventures of free-thinking revolted against religiouscosmogonies and superstitions. who the accepted monopoly Scepticsconcerning the knowledge that was must have existed in the oldest civilization of the priesthood thousand than twenty-five know anything of,more we years ago, that that we it was to the Greeks owe the Aurignacians. But of amalgamation of curiositydelivered of fear, that merger by social systematicresearch and critical thinkinguntrammelled
Science inhibitions
them

which
the

is the

essence

of

modern

science.

Out

of

has

come

great Tree

too, the only Ygdrasil of

successive

Knowledge of our time, which is, Life,undying because it lives upon

of

brain cells. of human generations the pursuitof the real, began with very small things as Science, collections of with very small intentions. Inventories, by men isolated data, something permanent for the mind out of the flux littletracks and foot paths in the jungle of transient sensations, of themselves their goal. With no sense as of phenomena, were the mightiest of master-builders, cultivatinghumility toward their material at any ploughed their little rate, the little men classification the oil of a great generalization or striking fields, or explanationwith no fanfare of trumpets. First as freaks and cranks"then as scholars and pedants,then protected and perhaps stimulated under the competitive royal patronage as societies and academies, they prepared for the oped harvest. Comparing them to pioneerfarmers sowing an undevelFor is reallytotallyinadequate and inaccurate. territory like coral makers, laboriously the most part, they were ing, constructof sustained vision, the whole. with no vision, no certainly the shopkeepers and traders, To the practicalmen of affairs, the and the land-owners ship-owners,the soldiers and sailors, in maneuand politicians, the people who statesmen vering specialized human beings and materials,they were, for this futile devotion to abstract knowledge, marked ridiculous and absurd mands weaklings,mollycoddles,babies,not to be trusted with the deand dangers of public life.

16
But

THE it
so

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY late in

happened remarkably
for industrial up

history that with the

was
a

of coal there discovery of the possibilities the demand

were

great boom
time in

in

machinery. At the
marvelous became
advances

same

there

thrown

the most

physics and
other. New

chemistry. Recurring War

destructive devices out
commandants of the

not the clashes of mercenary at each

were

of whole nations armies,but the catapulting of the laboratories of

course

raised into the science the

history. Then
power,

acquired
new

prestige.
Science
as

King,

science

as

looms

as

great

in practical ship. statesmanthe overshadowing novel factor, figure, Unlike the factor X in the traditional equation,it is the the factor by which the value of all known factor par excellence, the other
As

factors of human

life will be ascertained

and

solved.

it stands as knowledge of the conditions determining all life, David the courageous of the race against the Goliath territory the unknowable. of the uncontrollable and the inevitable, even Science contra Human history resolves itself into the drama: Fate. Quite a change from the vaudeville show of the restless the personalambitions of vindictive fools and greedy scoundrels, mischief and adventures of half-witted geniuses and licensed of the prologue. rogues that have been figures The much That
Wessex

future of science has of

an

become

the future of the

race.

So

inklingof the truth is beginning to be appreciated. that the process by which the taken to mean is ordinarily
man

became

the New

York

and London

man,

the

lation accumu-

of accidental and miracles also be

discoveries and
go

tered inspiredinventions of scatsuccession Not commercial of marvels

to

will individuals,

on,

providinga
any

for the careerist and

his retinue.

only is he

be entertained and served

by them, but

value will

tories exploitedby him. The natural wonders of the laborahave taken the place of the supernaturalabsurdities of the in the medieval mind as a fillip for the imagination of the man Even street. spiritualism apes the technique of the physicist. The credulity of reporters alone concerning developments in surgery, for example, is incredible. There is enough rot published of science. daily for a brief to be made out againstthe idolatry

The Science also

as a

Religion of Science
a

as religion,

faith to bind

men

as together,

substitute for the moribund

old

which mythologies and theologies

18

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY
that The will thrill

and fresh experiences,

or

devices breath-bereaving
course

heal, will follow of

the barbaric

science will infiltrate and action

religionof penetrate permeate by its capillary the ridiculous rites, the unsuperstitions, sanitary
and
our

in their wake.

insanities of
But

with its inherent itself, vices and virtues, its fears and indulgences, audacities and nobilities, jealousies, shames, blunders, incurable likes,cravings and diseases? Can science change the texture of the slave and if they represent the subnormal and the abnormal? careerist, about What the Becky Sharps, the Mark Tapleys, and Tom Pinches,not to speak of the Nicholas Nicklebys and the Hamlets, the Micawbers and the Falstaffs? What future have they as they recur in the generations? Indeed, does not the very fact of their recurrence, of them and temperaments, point the the historian, that in the
no

what

about

social systems. the poor human soul

and

of the

hundreds

of other

types
us:

implacably have philosopher and the biologist

an

to the conclusion

to which

driven

grip of
appear

endless

chain

of pasts the human

soul has

future?
That
may
an an irrelevant,

immaterial, and

an

petent incom-

of business and affairs. Human questionto our men nature, has always looked upon itself fallen angel or ape parvenu, as nature fixed for eternity. "Human never changes, and is as "As a man is built." everywhere and always will be the same." "Bred in the bone." These
are

the axioms

of

our

social and
nature

economic

Euclids.
as

Indeed, Man, assuming that his

the
course

is

as

uncontrollable

into the substance of the

of the stars,has limited his research to a groping for an understanding of freedom conditions of

he set liberty. Thus to delightin himself another of the insoluble problems he seems by neglectingthe most important factor in the equation. Yet the invisible soul of man, ignored,as a variable, varying quantity, age and all schemes of bondhas upset all societies and constitutions,

adequate external

as

well

as

of freedom.

freedom, it becomes obvious as soon as it is clearlystated, is sheer impossibility until the internal conditions of his nature and the way are paved for their control. A simple ascertained, illustration of the working of this principleis supplied by our democracy be poscan a democracies,grosslypretenders. How sible and without a knowledge of the control of the individually socially subnormal,who, since they offer themselves to exploitaFor

ATTITUDES tion

TOWARD

HUMAN

NATURE

19

themselves the weak links in the by the careerists, prove that is the chain of co-operationwith an equal opportunity for all, ideal? In what does the equalityor inequality of men : democratic the qualitiesnecessary consist? Just what for successful are if you of man with his fellow-men, or will, competition, co-living, and and how why do they operate? No freedom, independent of the servile repetitionsof history and heredity,is conceivable Iuntil these inquiries have been elaboratelycarried out toward a

certain working finality.

The There Promises of

Eugenics

are, to be sure, the claims and assertions and negative of the youngest of the sciences, achievements eugenics. They
are

of a the eugenists:it is perhaps a case optimists, Francis Galton, in the preface !virtue born of necessity. Thus on Hereditary Genius, de\to the "Bible of Eugenics," his essays is nothing either in the historyof domestic animals ; clares: "There

invincible

[or in that of evolution

may

to make

us
as

doubt much
as

that

race

of

sane

men

be

formed

who
Modern

shall be

superior,mentally and
European
is to tion. in this declara-

morally, to the

European,
not

the Modern

jthe

lowest of the
But

Negro races."
could

High hopes beat

foreseen

Galton

have

that the

signing of

scrap

of paper by one all the other Modern lowest

of the

of the Modern

Europeans
a

would

let loose of horrors

Europeans
races

in

pandemonium
but
envy
as

the |

Negro

could to be

not

master-

|piece of its kind. accept an excuse j|

f from

It seemed
to slide down

suspiciouslyeasy for him to the dizzy height he had climbed

the African

level.

eugenistswould put their trust in the encouraged breeding of the rest. But what is of the best and the compulsory sterility the best, and who are the best,and where will you find them when It's a long, emulsified with the worst? they are not inextricably to the day of a segregatingout and in of Mendelian long way body unit-characters. Besides,this is a strange world of choices. Nois to be considered worthy of parenthood until he has fallen sion in love properly. Nobody who would permit an outsider's deciThe
as

to when
a

he

was

properly in

love would dilemma

be worth
of the

thirty

cents
"

as

parent. There
which

is the ultimate

eugenist

the

dilemma

destroys forever
of

the dream

of

control of

parenthood from the point of view

merely

psychic values.

20

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING
New

PERSONALITY

Psychology
and outcries the and

There and human

are
"

the

claims

promises of the
of the human

in psychologiststhe specialists
nature.

probing

soul

for a dynamic time, the demand psychologyof process and becoming, psychology with an energy has split them into two schools in it, the emphasizers of instinct and the subconscious, the McDougallians, and the pleaders for and the unconscious,the Freudians. A synthesisbetween sex
our
"

In

these

two

groups

is

since latent, the it whole

their differences
upon

are

those

of

horizon with
two

merely. For
eyes

McDougallians look
and broad
"

the world
see

and

see

the Freudians exclaim

a

telescopea circular field and behold the universe. It is true that they own through
But of the what has either to offer
our

their

that

they

telescope. quest for lighton the future

ciples species? Nothing very much. Thus, to turn to the dis"Human of McDougall. In a recent volume entitled, Ernest Nature and its Remaking," Professor William Hocking contends that Man, all axioms about his nature to of Harvard the contrary,is but a creature of habit,and so the most plastic since habit is self-controlled and self-determined. of living things, By the self-determination of the habits of the race will the new cause be reborn. freedom It sounds old, very old. And patheticbeof our it recognizesoriginaland permanent ingredients composition in the words pugnacity,greed,sex, fear,as elements of civilization. to be accepted in any system of the principles It is the bubble of education all over again. What in our cells ia pugnacity? What in our bones is greed? What in our blood is Until these inquiriesare What in our is fear? sex? nerves stock breeding respected,conscious character building or even and the remain the laughing stock of the smoking rooms must regimental barracks. the aeroplanes to a new To them we owe Come the Freudians. universe. They have opened up for us the geology of the soul. cross-section upon cross-section have been piled Layer upon layer, before
us.

And

what

melodramatic

cinema

of

thrills and

heroines and adventuresses have they villains and heroes, shivers, teenth of the nineEach motive, as the stiffpsychologist not unfolded. categories and pigeor century, with his plaster-of-Paris of th" labelled the teeming creatures holes and classifications, multitudinous a anon a struttingactor upon mind, becomes playhouse. Scenes art stage, and an audience in a crowded

ATTITUDES

TOWARD

HUMAN

NATURE

21

fancy of a Poe or a de Maupassant never the compulsion, could have conjured. The complex, the neurosis, the slip of speech,the trick of manner, the devotion the obsession, the culture of a nation all furnish bits for the of a life-time, mosaic. Attractions and inhibitions, Freudian repulsionsand suppressionsare held up as the ultimate pulling and pushing
enacted
the febrile
forces of human But nature.

is the nature? Does

problem solved?
And
not

Is not

human

nature

primarily
this animal consist of

animal nature?

do

we

so

thoroughly understand
of Freudianism
on

all this material

variations nature?

upon

social burdens

imposed

the

originalhuman

To

made, and with victory for

Freudian

be sure, at every moment choices have to be of life, choice involves the clashingof instincts and motives,
one

or

some,
se
"

and
sex

defeat for the others. material

"

But

the

merely the by-product of a certain state of society? A sane societywould eliminate nearly all of Freudian but stillhave original disease, human its hands. nature upon Why is it that of two individuals will develop a complex, the one exposed to the same situation, other will remain immune? The only soil we know of,the real foundation stones of our the cells we are being and living, are cellular Tell made of. the basis of a complex, and I will grant me that you have arrived at some real knowledge.
per

material

the

is it not

Way
There

for the

Physiologist

Freud,

has grown up, contemporaneously with the teachingsof body of discoveries and knowledge in physiology,concerning these

which is like a long sword of lightilluminating factors, a pitch-black spot in the night. The dark placesin human nature seem the sole monopoly of the Freudians to have become and their psychology. But only seemingly. For all this time the physiologist has been working. Beginning with a candle and he has now holding in his hands the most powerful arc-lights, explored two regions,the sympathetic nervous system and the and has come data which in glands of internal secretion, upon due
course

will render
But

good

many

of the Freudian will be

dicta obsolete.

Not

that the Freudian

fundamentals
to fit into the

they will have

pletely. scrapped comgreat synthesiswhich

must

That

form the basis of any control of the future of human nature. future belongs to the physiologist.Already his ments achieve-

provide the foundations.

I propose

in the

followingchap-

22
ters

THE

GLANDS
the

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

history and outline the elements of this new of the largerhuman tions reacknowledge, and then to glimpse some is not altogether knowledge to it. A good deal of this new
to sketch
new.

number
for

of the
more

isolated than
two

facts have

been

known the

and
newer

talked about

generations. But

lightthey have thrown upon old problems which must or sooner present the opportunityfor a synthesis,
additions,and
the later be made.

The

Chemistry of the Soul

it is time that the secrets of the laboratories stepped Besides, has Imaginative man place, unashamed. out into the market cies with wondrous fairy tales and fanplayed for ages immemorial sciences of physics and achieve. The he would of what chemistryhave made every-day commonplace realities out of his radiant
But

dreams.

One

need

not

repeat the cliches of

our

editors.

analogy is there nevertheless. No control over heat and until physics was possible today our slaves, lightand electricity, soul No control of the human and chemistrytook them in hand. We may until it too will be taken in hand by them. is possible
the
now

look forward
us

to

real future for mankind

because

we

have

The nature. beginningsof a chemistry of human with their influence upon brain and nervous internal secretions, as system as well as every other part of the body corporation, chemical h ave been covered disblood-circulating essentially substances, the real governors and arbiters of instincts and dispositions, emotions and reactions, characters and temperaments, good and bad. A huge complex of evidence,as various,complicated and obscure as human nature itself, supports that fundamental before the law.

chemistry of the soul! Magnificent phrase! It's a long, long way to that goal. The exact formula is as yet far beyond reach. But we have started upon our the long journey and we shall get there. Then will Man truly become the experimental animal of the future,experimenting not only with the externa] conditions of his life, but with the constituents of his very nature and soul. The chemical conditions of his being, including! the internal secretions, the steps of the ladder by whicr are he will climb to those dizzy heights where he will stretch ou1 his hands and find himself a God. " Modern knowledge of thes" chemical substances, in the blood,and affecting circulating even

The

ATTITUDES
cell of the body, dates

TOWARD
back
scarce

HUMAN
half
a

NATURE

23

already of the paths blazed by the pioneers have led to the exploration great countries. The thyroid gland, the pituitarygland, the adrenal glands, the thymus, the pineal,the sex glands, have And have certain great postulates lished. been estabsecrets. yielded normal The life of every or individual, abnormal, his and his psychic traits,are dominated physical appearance, normal largelyby his internal secretions. All normal as well as abinternal classifiable according to the individuals are rule in their make-up. secretions which families, Individuals, show definite internal secretion traits, which nations and races stamp them with the qualityof difference. The internal secretion in the future, constitute his measformula of an individual may, urement which will place him accurately in the social system.
century. But
"More and
more we are

forced

to realize that the

general form

of the human external appearance body depends, to a large the functioning, during the early developmental extent, upon

and

of the endocrine glands. Our stature,the kinds of faces period, and legs, the shape of the pelvis, we have, the lengthof our arms the color and consistencyof the integument, the quantity and location of our subcutaneous and distribution fat,the amount regional of hair on our bodies,the tonicityof our muscles, the sound of the voice,and the size of the larynx,the emotions to exterior gives expression. All are which our to a certain extent of our iconditioned by the productivity tion." glands of internal secre(Llewellys F. Barker, Johns Hopkins University, 1st President of Association for Study of Internal Secretions.) The implicationsfor the statesman, the educator,the vocalonal expert, the student of the neurotic and of genius, of of the excepdeficients and criminals, the explorers elinquents, tional and the commonplace, the understanding of the poeticand

base rinetic,
sts of

and

dull

types, as well

as

of those two

master

inter-

The mystery of mankind, Sex and War, are manifest. he individual, in all his distinct uniqueness,begins to be penerated. in which the individual And so every phase of social life, the final determinant, in the light s at bottom must be reviewed f the new from an be examined knowledge. History may enirely new angle. The biographiesof our Heroes of the Past, in he Carlylean sense, will bear reinspection.Even Utopias will
ave

to be revised.

The

internal secretions constitute

of the individual

and

determine

much

of the

lherited powers

and

their

development. They

24

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING mental

PERSONALITY

growth and all the metabolic processes all the vital of fundamental importance. They dominate functions during the three cyclesof life. They co-operate in an be compared to an interlocking which may intimate relationship sufficie inA derangement of their function,causing an directorate. of them, an excess, or an abnormality, upsets the entire of the body, with transformingeffects upon the mind equilibrium In short, ever they control human and the organs. nature, and whonature. controls them, controls human waits upon our The control of the glands of internal section knowledge of them, the nature and precisecomposition of the substances manufactured by them, and just what they do to the is meagre. cells. Envisaging the future,that knowledJfctoday achievement and Looking back fifty years, it becomes an amaziflg" the accomplished, revelation. It is worth our survey whilejjW For and to trace its general hunrerPsignificance. certain a tangibledegree of knowledge ^plcontrol has been attained and citizen's equipment in dealingwith should be part of the average the everyday problems of his life.
control and physical
.

The Attitude of the

A

Laboratory

certain number

of so-called

tha experimentalphysiologists,

the physiologists of the animal laboratory, who will have nothing is, but syllogistic deductions and quantitativedetermination based upon animal experiments as the data of their science, wi be apt to look askance upon the precedingparagraphs,and th which will follow. To them, any man who relates the inte: secretions to anything, outside of the routineer's paths, puts reputationat stake,if he has any reputation at all to start with. They would have us deliver a Scotch verdict upon all t which arise as soon questions one as attempts to take in tl more general significance of the glands of internal secretion. Thi even though the more general implications concerningthe effec of their products, the relations of them to growth and develoj

ment, nutrition and

ance

energy,

environmental
in

reactions

and

resis

to

disease, as
method For

well

as

the grand
some

a complex of intelligence,

admittedlywell ascertained
The
of absolute
some

directions. in science has

years,
an

measurement of

yield
inc devot
wea

miracles.

thousands
or an

isolated

vidual,here and

there

isolated institution have

own

themselves to the task, struggling not only with their

26

THE

GLANDS
our

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

being. They are the well springsof life, their scent we appear the dynamos of the organism. In trailing the of of our bodies,but chemistry to be upon the track not only host of facts souls. An increasing very of the chemistry of our themselves solidly for that declaration. and studies marshal for the and possibilities to conceive the consequences Endeavor in the field provides even now of the known future. A synthesis of human of understandingand control of the perplexities means
the secrets of
inmost
nature

and

life that

are

like

vista

seen

from

mountain

top

of a fog. lifting The most preciousbit of knowledge we possess today about is that he is the creature of his glands of internal secretion. Man distinctive organism is the product, the byThat product as a is,Man after the

of
of his

number

of cell factories which

make-up. Much as These chemical concern produce the different parts of a car. which manufacture factories consist of cells, specialsubstances, the other cells of the body and so start and determine act upon call Life. Life,body and soul emerge the countless processes we of their silent chemistry from the activities of the magic ooze arises from the chemical reacas a tree of tin crystals tions precisely started in a solution of tin salts by an electric current. Man is regulatedby his Glands of Internal Secretion. At the beginningof the third decade of the twentieth century, after he had struggled, for we know at least fiftythousand years, to define and know that summary be accepted as the himself, may truth about himself. It is a far-reaching but a valid induction, induction, supported by a multitude of detailed facts. Amazingly enough, the incontestable evidence, that first pointed to, and then proved up to the hilt, this answer to the question: What is Man? has been gathered in less than the last Darwin and Huxley, and Spencer,who first opened fifty years. men's eyes to their origins, were ignorant of the very existence of some of them, and had not the faintest notion or suspicion of the real importance or function of any of them.
The

control the parts the different divisions of an automobile

Prejudices of Philosophers

Now, there are certain prejudicesand problems which appear rudely brushed away of the by the dogmatic arrogance lUted principle What, you say, is Man but an affair of his

peculiar gland chemistry?

But

what

of

mind, soul,conscious-

ATTITUDES

TOWARD of these

HUMAN

NATURE

27

one-sided and superficial pathetically machine and simple which would as theories of man a pure of him the most make complicated mechanisms, a marvel of would selfintricate parts, but deprive him of his essence as in universe. the conscious unique Man, thinking man, at any rate,dreads to lose the cherished impregnable conviction that he and therefore infinitely is something apart, inherently, different in the range of his cosmos. from every other phenomenon A thorough dissection of the relation and attitude toward who refuses to psychic material of the consistent physiologist, lead us a little too far. So deal in contradictoryterms, would

ness?

Still another

would

the

reconciliation

between

the

claims

of mind

and

the

concept of the organism as a system of chemical reactions. The most fundamental by the aspects of that herculean task,warned
shall leave to the metaphysicians. The we Trespassing, influence of the glands of internal secretion upon the mind we but at present postpone. Yet the hot-headed must consider, tenders conNo sign, both sides may of certain facts. be reminded We live in the most iconoclastic of ages. There are people alive today going quietly about their business who
on

sane

deny
course

the

very

existence

of consciousness.

These

heretics of

pooh-pooh absolutely the lions of metaphysics. On the other be pointed out to our mechanists who believe in hand, it may if man mechanism be described to the bitter end, that even can transformer of energy, there is no reason as a mere entirely why he cannot also be described as a transformer of energy plus
someone

who

makes The

use

of the transformer

and

transformed.

stone

wall before the honest

of the energy mechanist is the

abolition of purpose, and design,an old insoluble problem upon his premises. Preach, until you are blue in the face,behaviorist in which tropisms,
as man

is pushed and
a

are

iron

in filings
your

ment pulledabout in his environmagnetic field. Think up objective mine become

a

in which physiologies like the concentration reflex when nomenclature

in the to which
you

life and

series of with

catenated con-

influences and

compound
you
mean

reflexes.
mean

Play

words

reflex when

idea,and
But

the symbolic

will

never

most language. rigid your the abolish mystic personal purpose

equation,no
you

matter The

how

descend.

low the step in the animal series declaration that a man is dominated
not

by
aid

certain

glands within his body should

comfort
to

be taken mind

to

give
the

and

those

who

would

banish

from

universe.

CHAPTER

HOW

THE

GLANDS

OF

INTERNAL

SECRETION

WERE

DISCOVERED

Just
we

what

are

the

glands of internal
of

secretion?

And about

how
them

have
we

become A
came

possessed
brief review into the into

whatever the mind idea

information of
a

have?

of how human
a

gland of internal
the contributions i3 worth

tion secre-

and of

of

that while.

have A
are

converged gland is
the units
a

single body
of cells and

knowledge

collection all tissues for be

a

(those viscous
the

globules which
stances sub-

of

organs).
upon

It manufactures

intended
The

particular effect
local
or

body
as a

economy.

effect may
a

either

upon

the in
a

body
the

whole. which
was

Originally,
seen

gland
A

meant

something example
has

body
or a

to of

make
some

something
sort.

else, generally
classical

juice
is the shown cells

ture liquid mix-

salivary glands
us
are

elaborating saliva.
gland
The is
a

The

microscope

that the

every

chemical
of

factory in which gland work

secrete

the

workers. the
sweat

product

the

is its secretion.

Thus

glands of the skin lachrymal

between
Man of management

the
eyes

perspiration
the
tears
as

as

their theirs.

secretion, the
The tivism collecdifference

glands of the
and the and

control
soap
a

is the

only essential
or

them
as
a

modern
as

factory

T.N.T.

plant.
has been
some

carnivor, and
with these
more

consequent

anatomist,
and
was

acquainted
thousands
of the

superficially placed glands for

all this time

of years.

During
of gross
were

during the
believed
some

epoch
the of terior insup-

achievements
of all

anatomy,

it
out

that surface

'ions the

glands
an

poured
surface

upon

body.
1

Either

exterior

like

the

skin,

or

some
was

surface, the

various

mucous

membranes.
passage ways

This

by

the

discovery
the

of canal-like surface

leading
was

from
to'ent, pres-

!:u)(l to act.

particular

where

its secretion

These
for

the secretory or excretory ducts, are corridors, example, in the liver,conducting the bile to the Devices
a

small
parison com-

intestine.
of

of
to

transportation
a

fit

happily

into

gland

chemical and railroads

factory, corresponding
of
our

thus

closely to the tramways

industrial

centers.

HOW

THE than

GLANDS
a

WERE
years

DISCOVERED
ago,

29 observed that

Little

more

hundred

it

was

certain organs, like the thyroidbody in the neck, and the adrenal tion capsulesin the abdomen, hitherto neglectedbecause their func-

obscure,had a glandular structure. As in so hopelessly scientific advance,the discovery or improvement of a new much instrument or method, a fresh tool of research, was responsible, of the microscope was the reason The perfection this time. If one wishes to trace the idea of internal secretion by cells to it is convenient, if not pedantic, to give the credit individual, an to Theophile de Bordeu, a famous physician of Paris in the to Paris as a brilliant procame eighteenth century. Bordeu vincial in his early twenties and by the charm of his manner and daring therapy fought his way exclusive aristoto the most cratic practiceof the court. Naturally a courtier, taking to the of the royal court like a duck to water,making enemies intrigues hand well as friends, and with a fastidious and on as every he yet found time to dabble in the wonders impatient clientele, of the newly perfected microscope and to speculate upon the meaning of the novelties revealed by it in the tissues. He coined the thought of a gland secretion into the blood.
was

It

was

in the
young

year

1749

that

he

came

to

Paris

from

the

Pyrenees,a
fashionable

medical

graduate,destined

to become

the most

of his time. At the age of twenty-three practitioner he was of anatomy at his alma mater, holding the professorship successful physician. At a Montpelier, where his father was elected corresponding member of the Royal twenty-five he was and a Tartarin de Academy of Sciences. A handsome presence Tarascon assured his success from the start. The disposition medical world was then composed of the emulsion of charlatanry

and

science

Moliere

ridiculed.

Success

stimulated

jealousy. One of the richest of the older medical men the job of procuring his scalp. On a trumped-up charge of stealing accusation jewels from a dead patient a favorite, against the doctors of the eighteenth century he had Bordeu's license taken away The good graces of certain women from him. to whom Bordeu had always appealed,and who indeed supplied the funds to get him started in Paris,rammed through two acts of Parliament to reinstate him. Nothing daunted, he returned and was to his quest for a court clientele, rewarded by finally having the moribund Louis XV as a patient. This was the modern with whom ternal the man history of the insecretions begins. Not content with adventures the among
" "

and envy set himself

30

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

desperadoesof the most corrupt court in the most The high corrupt city of the world, he went in for research. he was into vogue when studying, microscope that came power searches revealed vague wonders which he described in a monograph, "Retissues or cellular organs." But what into the mucous is a slender volume on the "Medical makes him interesting sis Analythe the American tion Declaraof in of the Blood," published year and women sexual side of men aroused of Independence. The with observations ardent enthusiasms. Bordeu's most Starting the characters of eunuchs and capons, as well as spayed female on animals,he formulated a conceptionof sexual secretions absorbed the male or female tint of the organism into the blood,settling the destiny of the individual. Thus the seal upon and setting the most modern he must be donated the credit of anticipating doctrine on the subject. The generationafter him witnessed the triumph of the cell as the recognizedunit of structure of the tissues, the brick of the
courtiers and
organs. It
was soon

found

that the cells of the

more

familiar

glands,like the sweat or tear glands,resembled the cells of the the thyroid in the neck, or more mysterious structures named adrenal in the abdomen, of which the function was unknown. What had hitherto prevented classification of the latter as glands the fact that they possessed no visible pathways for the was removal of their secretion. So now set apart as the they were ductless glands,the glands without ducts,as contrasted with the glands normally equipped with ducts. Since, too, they were observed to have an exceedinglyrich supply of blood,the blood presented itself as the only conceivable mode of egress for the secretions packed within the cells. So they were also called the blood or vascular glands. The which became names most those which popular were represented a contrast of the glands with the ducts,conveying their secretion to the exterior, the glands of external as secretion and the glands without the ducts, the secretions of which were kept within the body, absorbed by the blood and lymph to be used by the other cells, the glands of as
internal SECRETION.

How

different

these

two

classes

of

glands are
factories

by imaginingthe existence of great manufacturing food products, which would diffuse

may

be realized

through their walls into the atmosphere, to be absorbed

bodies.
re are

by

our

certain terms

for the glands

of internal secretion

HOW which
are

THE

GLANDS

WERE

DISCOVERED

31

spoken of often as the endocrine producing glands. for it stands for both the gland convenient is most Endocrine erature is employed a good deal in the litand its secretion. Hormone to the internal of the subject. But it appliesspecifically and not to the gland. secretion,
used

interchangeably. They are glands and as the hormone

The

Experimental Pioneer

All this clarification of the secretion occurred

concept of the glands of internal in the first quarter of the nineteenth century.

However, no inkling of their real importance to the body, of which quantitatively a part, was they form so insignificant parently apthe most Not even revealed to anyone. tion daring speculain them work brilliant guess as physiology engaged or that material. Thus Henle, the great anatomist,calmly affirmed be influence on animal life: they may these glands "have no ing or they degeneratewithout sensation or motion sufferextirpated the most celebrated physiologist in the least." Johann Miiller, of his day and contemporary of Henle, wrote in 1844 and coolly stated,"The ductless glands are alike in one particular they circulates either produce a different change in the blood which through them or the lymph which they elaborate plays a special role in the formation of blood or of chyle." In other words, they of no real significance to dismissed as curious nonentities, were the running of the body. Laennec, the French founder of the Art said that nothing about a science of Diagnosis in Medicine, once than the progress of that science itself. He is more interesting than more interesting might have added that nothing either was For while these grand moguls the contradictions in that progress. of their sciences were enunciating their dogmas, pioneers here to explode and there were already settingthe mines that were
"

them.

experimental method, to the value of which biologists destined to be the vehicle were just beginning to awaken, was of it to the mysteries of sex of Time's revenges. An application
The
was more

the immediate
or

occasion. the

Sex and

sex

differences have The

always
volumes

less obsessed

imagination of mankind.
constitute
a

of theories about

them

would

museum. respectable

'fhe effects of loss known. facts,however, were of the body and the of the sex the configuration glands upon predominating constitution in animals and eunuchs have always
Certain
gross

32

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY stories of all nations

are no

attracted attention. The

proverbsand
up
was ever

regarding in 1849,that A. A. Berthold of Gottingen,a quiet, It was i. carried out the pioneer experiment of removing re lecturer, the testes of four roosters and transplantingthem under the Berthold's idea to test whether a gland with a It was ^kin. and a duct through which that secretion definite external secretion, had the which b ut over body as a yet expelled, was powers internal attributed to be an to only whole that were secretion, clean-cut to be could not experiment, possess such shown, by a internal secretion. He succeeded perfectly. For he found an that, though, in thus separatingthe gland from its duct and so the action of the cells manufacturing cuttingoff its external secretion, the general effects upon the that secretion was destroyed,
out

But full of references to them. work controlled experimental

to the nineteenth

century

carried

body
male

were

not

those of castration.
as

The

animals

retained

their

characteristics

regardsvoice, reproductiveinstinct, ing fight-

and wattles. and growth of comb if the Whereas spirit removed, these male traits, glands were entirely peculiarto the were completely lost. The inference was the existence rooster,
of
an

internal

secretion.

belongs the honor of being the firstexperimental demonstrator who proved the reality of a gland with a true internal secretion and the power it exercised through the blood upon the entire organism. Besides,he showed that a typicalgland of external secretion could also have an internal secretion, a possibility
never

To

Berthold

before the
same

considered.

That

two

kinds

of cells could

live within

gland: one set usually recognized as producing the external secretion, the other evolving the internal
an

was secretion,

astounding original conception.

Enter

Claude

Bernard
to the

Science is supposed to be immune

and
new

personal prejudices
a

emotional

habits of the

vulgar. It is the tradition that

knowledge emerging from no matter how the source, should be hailed as a gift from the gods. But the sad truth of the matter is that a new in science finding much requiresas backing as a new project in high finance or
obscure

contribution to

social climbing.
was
a

like Mendel, the Berthold,

founder

of

genetics,
of
nQ

great pioneer. But

no

there

was

consequence, with

by patronage

personage, no person of consequence, anyone

no

34

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING the

PERSONALITY

sugar
5.

to corresponding

The

analysis established for the other add sugar to the blood on its must therefore, liver,
Extraction of the liver then revealed the
Bersugar
was

way

to

the heart.

animal of starch, an presence in it of a form the sugar-maker. The : called glycogen, added
to the blood
on

which starch, originof the

its way
went
on

from

the liver to the heart

glycogen and the sugar and to erect,and derivable as the internal secretions of the liver, then drive home, a theory of internal secretions and their imporin the body economy. o
settled. Bernard
The
case

to hail

he had hitherto

hit upon

was

exquisitely fortunate, as

the

regarded purely a gland of external the bile. Nowadays, glycogen and the blood sugar are secretion, because they are classified as not considered internal secretions, elementary reserve tions food,while the concept of the internal secrehas become narrowed down to substances acting as starters inhibitors of different processes. or Moreover, the process of liberation of sugar from glycogen itselfin the liver, upon demand, is today set down to the action of an internal secretion, adrenalin. Claude Bernard's conception,like a novelist's characters,has
liver had been
turned

its creator,taken on into something he never intended.

upon
Mon
as

life of its own, and He looked upon an

evolved internal

composition of the blood, which bathed alike and treated alike the democracy of cells. Today, the blood is believed merely the transporting medium for the internal secretion, destined for a particular group
of cells.

simply maintaining the normal

Addison's
The

as

the First

English Contribution

red-letter years in the years 1855-56 are plands of internal secretion. They witnessed,not
of Claude

Bernard's

"Lectures of
a

but

also the

appearance

history of the only the publication on Experimental Physiology," monograph by Thomas

the constitutional In this, affected

Addison, an
Mid
he described

English physician, entitled "On

a

local effects of disease of the suprarenal bodies."

fatal disease
! inguid and

ion of

\ of the
ase

during which the individual weak, and developed a dingy or smoky the whole surface of the body, a browning or skin, caused generally by destructive tubercuthe

of

suprarenal
these

or

adrenal

bodies.

Addison

i'tly put down

constitutional

effects of loss of the

HOW

THE

GLANDS

WERE

DISCOVERED

35

stitutional something produced by them of conparticularlystruck by the importance. He was that his own of the skin,so much so change in the pigmentation "bronzed Since then, skin." designationfor the affection was however, the condition has been universallystyled Addison's

adrenal bodies

to loss of

Disease.

There about

is

most

mysterious and picturesque something spectacularly of the malign, insidious effects of the disease which
once

appealed at

to

number

of investigators. The

most

turous, adven-

for daring, the most imbued with enthusiasm the American the experimentalmethod, was Frenchman, Brownknowledge Sequard, who is acknowledged the father of modern of the glands of internal secretion, though to Claude Bernard belong the honors of the grandfather.

the most

Brown-Sequard

the

Great

Brown-Sequard, as the outstandingfigurein the historyof the notice as a persondeserves some glands of internal secretion, ality. for novels and In the words of the note-makers plays, in born He was the island 1817 at Port-Louis, he was on a card. father of Mauritius, off Africa,then French was property. His American Mr. Brown, an Mme. a a sea captain; his mother Early in childhood,the father sailed Sequard, a Frenchwoman.
away
on

one

of his voyages

and

never

came

back.

The

mother

supported herself and her son sewing embroideries. of an At fifteen, Brown-Sequard, with the physical appearance Indian Creole,was posing clerkingin a colonial store by day, and comarid plays by night. The call of Paris poetry, romances in his blood,which was indeed a supersaturated solution of was
thereafter wanderlust. Soon he
was

landed

there to make

his fortune

in

only
to
a

speedilyto be disillusioned. Exhibition of leadingliterary lightmerely evoked curt advice

too
or

literature, manuscripts
to learn
a

trade studied

go

into business.

He

would

have
way

none

of either and

medicine In the than

instead,earning his
he made laboratories,
were

learned. who
more

by teaching as he the acquaintance of people

downs

once

to be his salvation

of his of

career.

In 1848

he

was

one

in the ups and of the secretaries of the Bernard.

Society

Biology,newly by effect upon trouble, perhaps some which then swept Paris, caused him to
founded Claude Some

his health
return to

of cholera

his native

36

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

Mauritius, to encounter an epidemic of cholera. There he slaved struck for him. afterward manfully, for which a gold medal was in 1852 for New York, without a That with, he embarked over

American, learningEnglish on board. This was the first As he often boasted,he crossed the ocean of a series of voyages. sixtytimes, not a bad record for the days when the Mauretania of time. He made a hopeless failure out still in the womb was rics in New of practice York, became so poor as to practiceobstetword
of
at five dollars
a

Then
of

he went

back

case, and to Paris.

married Back

niece of Daniel
next
as

Webster.
Professor

to America

Physiology at the University of Richmond, Virginia,a job only because of his opinions on occupied for a few months anyhow. slavery, ostensibly To Paris then the rollingstone meandered again. So that after he was offered and accepted the charge of a great soon in London. That newly opened hospital for epileptics proved interlude his and in find him back in 1863 land fatheran we merely
(if we
may

hold

France

his motherland)
In

as

Professor

of

Neuropathology

preceded him with a thousand now trumpets, so that on the day of his arrival, he was kept busy seeing patients until night, when he had to
desist because
of exhaustion. But

at Harvard.

New

York

fame

still he did not broke his

prosper.

An

unfortunate
to

Archives him
1878

tempt heart, and an atfound York New medical the a new periodical, and Practical Medicine and of Scientific Surgery, got in

second

marriage almost

into hot water. left vacant

Not

until the death

of Claude the

Bernard

in

College of France, did he find peace and rest. He hastened to Paris,was appointed, and lived, in spite of the most erratic of existences, to the ripe old age of 78, working up to the last minute. Addison's monograph stimulated Brown-Sequard, in the year
the fatal disease experimentally by excisingthe suprarenal capsules in animals. Addison was modest in his very monograph. He stated that the first case of the malady had been reported by his great predecessor at Guy's Hospital,London, Richard Bright, the describer of Bright's Disease. Then he and talks about
an

the chair of

physiologyin

after its

to reproduce printing,

the

"curious

facts"

he

had

"stumbled upon" these suprarenal

organs, "in In
some

refers to
common

"ill-defined impression" that

with the

in bodies,

spleen and

other of the confi-

blood."

other minister to the elaboration or way the preface to his work he had spoken more

HOW

THE

GLANDS

WERE

DISCOVERED

37

Nature, as an experimenter and a vivito a frazzle. Indeed, he begins sector,can beat the physiologist like this: "If Pathology be to disease what Physiology is to it reasonable conclude in to ture that, any given struchealth, appears the laws of the former will be as fixed and significan or organ, those of the latter: and that the peculiar characters as of any structure be as certainlyrecognized in the or organ may in disease the of as phenomena of health. Although phenomena sarily pathology, therefore,as a branch of medical science,is necesfounded nevertheless arise on physiology, questions may regarding the true character of a structure or organ, to which be able to return a more occasionally the pathologist may these than decisive the two and satisfactory reply physiologist branches of medical knowledge being thus found mutually to tions advance and illustrate each other. Indeed, as regards the funcdently of the
fact that
"

of individual of
many
are

organs,

the mutual

aids of these two

branches

knowledge

than more nearly balanced probably much for in estimating them be disposed to admit: we may of our ological apt to forgethow large an amount present physivery the these has functions of knowledge respecting organs
are

been

the

immediate

result

of

casual James

observations

made

on

the

thought expressed the same decades later, when he emphasized that the abnormal was some but the normal exaggerated and magnified, played upon by the and therefore the best teacher and indicator of the limelight,
effects of disease."
exact

William

definition and

limitations

of the normal. London Medical

Addison, speaking before the South

in
was

Society
there

1849, declared
found
a

that

in all of three condition of the

afflicted individuals

suprarenal capsules,and that in spite of the consciousness separable "of the bias and prejudice infrom the hope or vanity of an originaldiscovery he could not help entertaining a very strong impression that the suprarenal capsules may these hitherto mysterious organs in sanguification(the be either directlyor indirectly concerned making of the blood) : and that a diseased condition of them, functional or structural, interfere with the proper tion elaboramay the red of the body of particles more generally, or especially. ," A modern, acquainted with after developments,
. . .
" " ,

diseased

would

say

that Addison
must
on

was

very

withal,though he
advice
to Jenner

have

hot upon the trail indeed. But been well aware of John Hunter's

vaccination,"Don't

think, make

some

ob-

38

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

in the indirect reasoning and deductions his training servations," to a direct of the clinician preventedhim from going right on test experimental This

of his theories.

Brown-Sequard proceeded to do. Removing the adrenal terrible a ghmds in several speciesof animals, he found, meant hours, and death shortly weakness in twenty-four to forty-eight after. If only one removed, there was no change apparent were in the normal animal, but death occurred rapidly upon removal after a long interval. fusion of the other, even Furthermore,transinto one of blood from a normal deprived of its suprafor a long time, indicating that the renals prevented death sary suprarenalsnormally secreted something into the blood necesto life.

The
internal

years

1855-1856

beheld

two

other

important glands of

the gland in the neck astride the the thyroid, secretion, windpipe, and the thymus, in the chest above the heart, make
their debut.

by the great classic monograph of Friedleben on the "Physiology of the Thymus," in which he mentioned the usual forgottenpioneers: Felix Plater, a Swiss physician,who in 1614 had found an enlarged thymus in an infant dying suddenly, and Restelli, who interested an Italian, himself in the effects of removal of the thymus more than ten
The

thymus

was

introduced

years
a

before.

Friedleben

believed

that

in the

young

without

thymus, there occurred a softeningof the bones,and general physical and mental deterioration. He started the ball rolling
for
a

number

of researches.

of Frankfort-on-the-Main, Schiff, showed that excision of the thyroid gland in dogs is invariably fatal. A number of in the first half physicians of the century had reported certain

Moritz

enlargement of the thyroid gland, posthumous writings of b Perry, an eminent physician of Bath, England, recorded eight cases, in which, together with enlargement of the gland, developed enlargement and palpitation of the heart,a disas

remarkable

symptoms

associated with

goitre. In 1825

the collected

protrusion of the eyes from their sockets and an appearance tat ion and distress. SchifT's the first to throw was paper
any
same

lighton
as

subject. But for some reason, probably the in Berthold's forlorn experiments with the sex glands,
of

the

of no importance was a person ignored,or perhaps charitable view is that it was forgotten. Yet the tide of observation kept sweeping in relevant data.

the work
mere

the

HOW
In

THE

GLANDS

WERE

DISCOVERED

39

English pathologist, studying the cretinous idiots of Salzburg,written about centuries before by Paracelsus, discovered that with their defective brain and mentality there associated an absence of the thyroidbody, and accompanying was symmetrical swellingsof fat tissue at the sides of the neck. Gull in 1873 painted the singulardetails of a Then Sir William cretinous condition developing in adult women, condition to a which another Englishman, William Ord, of London, five years title of later donated the myxedema, because of a characteristic
1850, Curling,an thickening and infiltration of the skin that is one of its features. The great Swiss surgeon. Surgery then enters upon the scene.

Kocher, performed the first excision of the thyroia in the same In 1882, beings for goitre, gland in human year. another L. J. of Geneva, noticed that in man Reverdin, surgeon of the thyroid was followed by symptoms complete removal
Theodore identical with those collected under
used the
name

the of

phrase "operativemyxedema"
the connection between them.

to

myxedema, and tion emphasize his convicThen in 1884, Schiff,

of

onstrations back, with an array of demneglectedtwenty-fiveyears, came proving that the various symptoms, tremors, spasms and convulsions, of the thyroid,could be prefollowingremoval vented of under the of the skin, a piece by a previous graft gland under the into vein of thyroid juice the skin, a or or by injection the the of raw or by ingestion thyroidjuiceor thyroid by mouth. of ideas about the true function of the thyroid A crystallization inevitable. In 1884, Sir Victor Horsley produced an was now experimentalmyxedema by removal of the thyroid in monkeys, resembling closely in its symptom-picture the disease as it in human occurs beings. Mobius, a German neurologist, came of ailments could out boldly for the conception that a number be due to qualitative and quantitative changes in the secretion of due and cretinism were the thyroid,and that just as myxedema of the secretion, to be to an insufficiency Parry's disease was ascribed to an excessive outpouring of it. The next steps were In 1888, Sir Felix Semon, as an of a collective outcome easy. all established for time that cretinism, investigation, myxedema and the same. and post-operative one myxedema were that if human bound to someone It was to occur myxedema and animal and the same, were one experimental myxedema Schiff 's procedure of preventionand cure by feedingthyroidgland in the latter could be applied to the former. The idea by mouth occurred to two men, Murray and Howitz, in 1891. Murray's

40

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

and H., was shown before the Northcumberland a Mrs. patient, tion, an English country medical organizaMedical Society, Durham

She was forty-two years old and had in February, 1891. her had begun insidious borne nine children. The illness attacking with a gradualenlargement and thickeningof her face tive sensiShe had become very slow in speech and gait, and hands.
to the point of cold,and languid and depressed in spirit inabilityto go about alone. Murray, employing the glycerin extract of the thyroid gland of a freshlykilled sheep, injected
to

There twice a week. was twenty-four drops hypodermically, continued marvelous and immediate improvement, which an by feeding Murray findingthat it could be maintained steadily, The features and skin returned to the the gland by mouth. able to walk about normal, speech quickened and she became

and
the

live her life without

age

hesitation

or

assistance.

She

lived to

In the twenty-eight dying in 1919. seventy-four, it was always necessary to administer the years, during which nine pints of thyroid,comprising the she consumed over thyroid, glands of 870 sheep. Giants and dwarfs and fat people have always interested people as freaks,departures from the usual and the normal, and have circus and country fair. formed the stock of popular museum, The Titans Every mythology has concerned itself with them. the Greeks, Og, Gog and Magog among the Hebrews, are among examples of the fascination of the superlarge. John Hunter, the founder of experimentalsurgery, spent a fortune in chasing after

of

the skeleton of fascinated the dwarf

of
some
"

famous the

Irish Giant short-limbed

in 1783.

Dwarfs

have

also

witness

satyrs of the Greeks

and

the

gods (Ptah and Bes) of Egypt, as well as the vogue court dwarf-buffoons, of whom Velasquez has left us portraits.Fat people,obesity as a manifestation of personality,
have
aroused wonder and amusement

the world
to

over.

The

Fat

Boy

has

always furnished
or

good sport
or

the

Sam

Wellers.
All these

tall characters,
a

short,fat

lean,are
in the

related to

the

activityof
of its
source

gland

of
a

internal secretion of interest in

which pituitary, Because

was

became

centre

head, the the late eighties.

was

the opinion of situation,

of the
mucus

the ancients
an

that it

the

of the nose,

the greatest anatomist of the Dark the seventeenth century. In other a gland of external secretion.

opinion reinforced by Ages, Galen, and held up to considered simply words, it was Experimental removal of the

42

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING
for ages

PERSONALITY of sexual

as activity has been harped upon. of senility to the decadence a predecessor in connection with sexual as activity, especially Rejuvenation, the of has been one elasticity, will as with tissue and spiritual for as long as we have haunting phantoms of the imagination .Is of articulate humanity. Together with El Dorado, the with the Philosopher's has shared the honors Elixir of Youth idea of employing the chemical materials of the sex The Stone. to bring back youth, to restore the testes or the ovaries, is, who had not, as far as we know, occurred to anyone juvenility, or deed, until 1889. rate put himself on record,by word at any daring hero of the new The departure was the hero of so many experiments,Brown-Sequard. adventures speculative among an aged sage, seventy-two years was At this time the wanderer and resignation for retirement to custom as old, fit, goes, only self himthe fate of all flesh. The old passion of experimentingupon well as upon the guinea-pigs, dogs, cats and monkeys, by as alive and kicking as as which he was always surrounded, was he had been thinking for years concerning some I suppose ever. find him exclaiming, for the resumption of youth,for we method of a great laboratory on Agassiz when the opportunity loomed York: to New of his recurrent flights one on Island,Long Island, that I were "Would thirty!" And other passages in his personal refer again and again to his consciousness of communications being performed by injectgrowing old. The miracles that were ing and in animals acted as thyroid feeding thyroid probably the spark to an inflammable of ideas long smouldering in mass the subcellars of his mind. The effects were reported to the of Society Biology in Paris,one memorable evening,June 1, 1889, in two notes on the results of the hypodermic injection in man of the testis juiceof monkeys and dogs, and certain generalizations deduced therefrom. Such juices, he stated,had a definite he put it,dynamogenic action upon energy-mobilizing or, as the subject himself, stimulatingamazingly his general health, muscular and mental power activity.

have

existed. And

the diminution

These

their nature, experiments,

the

manner

in

which

they

conducted,the character and age of the experimenter,and the results claimed, were ets exquisitely good stuff for ridicule. Carand reporters leaped the theme with the avidity of upon rue-blue interviewer. Paris,where to be ridiculed is to be killedin public with the most ignominious of deaths,reacted as only the French temperament can react. The wits of the salons

HOW

THE

GLANDS

WERE

DISCOVERED

48

the proletariat roared. crackled,the bourgeoisiechortled,

Elixir of Life had But been

The

discovered

and

it

was

unshaken. Brown-Sequard remained of Paris roues running to him, and consequent charges of much How of these unsavory quackery and charlatanism. thets epihim will not to until have be determined reallyapplied we better with his life. intimate A more a acquaintance biography
and

excellent sport. He had all the

collection of his letters is needed.

But

it is certain

that

the

he arrived at, aided as much generalprinciples by the wings of intuition as by the clues of incomplete and trolled incompletely conthe survive of whatever foundations as we experiments, and all our present viewpoints. know about the internal secretions,
He summed "All
means

these up
in tissues,
an

in 1891
our

as

follows:
are

the of
From

view,

modifiers
from them

of the blood

by

internal secretion taken this

we are

blood.

forced to the

by the venous conclusion that, if subcutaneous

these parts are the venous blood supplying from

of the injections

then ineffectual,

we

liquidsdrawn should inject of some

. .

these parts. We admit that each each cell of the organism, secretes on generally,
.

tissue, and,
its
own

more

account,

certain

products or specialferments,which, through this medium (the blood), influence all other cells of the body, a definite all the cells through a being thus established among solidarity
mechanism other than
the
nervous

system.

All
. . .

the tissues

(glands and other organs) have thus a specialinternal secretion, than the waste products and so give to the blood something more The internal secretions, of metabolism. whether by direct favorable whether or influence, through the obstacles they oppose to deleterious processes, seem in maintaining to be of great utility the organism in its normal state." The only part of this statement not conceded today is that of internal secretions by tissues other to the formation relating than those of which the cells are definitely glandular,that is secretory: as can be determined under the microscope. Brownfathered by Sequard added to the concept of internal secretions, Claude a mutual Bernard, the idea of a correlation, influencing of them the of the different of and body through them. organs The nervous system had hitherto been regarded as the sole means of communication between cells, by its telegraphic arrangements of nerve filaments reaching out everywhere, interweaving with each other and the cells. The ferred Brown-Sequard conception inthe existence of a postal system between the blood cells,

44

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING
for travel and

PERSONALITY
transmission of the

post, by the though inference, not to of which the direct experimentalproof was well-founded, be obtained until the researches of Bayliss and Starling. Yet to if not of the originator, Brown-Sequard belongsthe immortal credit, of the idea of using gland rate of the resurrector at any hopes aroused extracts to influence the body. The unwarranted by his enthusiastic reports of rejuvenating miracles have long the whole subject since been dissipated.Moreover, they smeared and unreasonable which clings to certain narrow with a disrepute since has acknowledged, minds to this day. But as every physiologist in the conquest and remains the great path-breaker he was

supplyingthe highway

substances of the chemical the post consisting only an glands. To be sure, the doctrine was

secreted

of the internal secretions.

The The another

Hormones
was now

problem of
angle.
as

the internal secretions

attacked

from called

great Russian

physiologist, Pawlow,
of
a a

attention to the fact that the introduction

dilute mineral constituent of

acid, such
the stomach

the

acid,normally hydrochloric
upper

into the fluid, digestive

part of the intestine,

which is so important for secretion of the pancreas, intestinal digestion. He explained the phenomenon as a reflex,

provoked
a

going from the intestine to the pancreas. His pupil, threw doubt upon an explanation, so easy Popielski, after all reaction could be elicited even by proving that the same the nerve connections between the gut and the spinal cord were severed. If the relation was it would have to be classed a reflex, of those local nerve which are pretty common now as one circuits, the viscera, local call and reply as it were, without a among mediation of the great long distance trunk lines in the spinal cord and the medulla oblongata. The work of Bayliss and Starling, two English physiologists, commenced then to test the hypothesis. They soon found was
matter
nerves

of the

that the experiment could be so devised whatever the part of the nervous on

as

to exclude

any

ence influ-

and yet result tissues,

positively. Thus, if a loop of intestine was so prepared as to be attached to the rest of the body only by means of its blood vessels, all the nerves still acid into it was being cut, putting some followed by a flow of pancreatic juice, than when less marked no
none

of the parts about the

piece of gut had been disturbed. It

HOW

THE

GLANDS

WERE

DISCOVERED

45

was

evident of the the acid

that blood

the

stimulus That shown

to

the the

pancreas

was

carried

by
was

way not
occur

stream.

stimulating
failure
of

substance the reaction

itself, was
the
was

by

the

to

when there and

acid

was

injected
in

directly into
the it
was

the

blood
acid the

stream. in

Since

this acid be in

difference the

effects

between that
in

the

intestine substance
mucous

blood,
material
the

manifest

active

must

some

elaborated
of

the acid.

intestinal So with
were

membrane
some

under

influence the

the

they acid,
warded re-

scraped
and

of the flow their in into

exact

the

lining

of

bowel,
into
the

rubbed blood.
in

it up

injected by
a

filtered
of

mixture

They
amount

pancreatic

juice greater
From solid
a

than

any

obtained

in

other
an

experiments. form,
has
a

the substance

filtered

mixture

they

isolated

impure

which,
To

when

introduced which
gave

the

circulation,

similar is
as

action.
an

this, of they

the the

chemical secretin. its

make-up

yet

unknown,

name

Secretin

and

properties amply
are

they

used

to

generalize
of
an

as

fectly per-

direct secretion.

and

demonstrable
no

example
in

internal than
in to
one

Metaphors They
declared

less the

valuable
internal

physiology

poetry.
them
organ
more

that

secretions

appeared
sent

to to

be

chemical

messengers,

telegraph public
So the is

boys
the

from

another
a

through

the

highways, they
Greek
a

blood

(really
them all
to
a

like

moving
the

platform).
word As It
a

christened verb

hormones,
rouse new
or

deriving
set

from science
up

meaning

in
an

motion.
event.

well-made

language,
brainof since

word and

is
so

sums

details,

economizes The

work internal became

is

cherished has
to

by
advanced

the

intellect.

study
bounds

the
it

secretions convenient work of

by
them

leaps
as

and

speak
and

of

hormones. stands
as

Withal,
the and third the

the

brilliant foundation

Bayliss
the in the

Starling
Claude

great
second of

stone,

first

Bernard's of the

Brown-Sequard's,
the internal

architecture

modern

concepts

secretions.

CHAPTER

II

THE

GLANDS:

THYROID

AND

PITUITARY

The of

glands
I

of internal reviewed

secretion, the history of which,

in the

as

tools
an

thought,

previous
Without their

chapter, have
some

each

interesting evolutionary story.

that

acquaintance perform
upon in the

with
and

story, the

rough

outline
are

of

physical architecture,
to

the
no

particular work
adequate
nature

they

called of

upon

body,
of

understanding
and

their is

influence

types

human

personality

possible.

The This

Thyroid
two
maroon

Gland colored astride

are

gland consists of
the isthmus
a

masses

the

neck, above by
the much
a

windpipe, close
of the

to the

larynx. gland has

These

bridged
one

narrow

same

tissue. The

They

remind

of

flaps of

purse

opened
its

up.

always
the

attracted

attention

because
as

enlargement

constitutes

prominent
and

deformity known
To

goitre. thyroid
was once
a sex

begin with, the simple. In the lowest

of the

gland,
thyroid
organs.

pure

vertebrates

and

in

the

homologous
are

tissues mately inti-

higher invertebrates, the fractions

connected with the ducts
organs,

of the sexual

of

the uterine

They
of
is to

are

indeed
sex

accessory

sexual

glands, satellites
that
to

the

process.

From

Petromyzon
more

upward
more

relationship
head How

lost,the thyroid migrates

become function
with

and
sex

the

region,
alive

the

great link

between

and

brain.

that

still

is, is grossly shown

the
in

by
it is

the and

swelling of the
pregnancy. in

gland

sexual

excitement, menstruation
to

Relative
and

body
the in
to

weight
It scale. side

largest has,
in

the

mammalia,
as

smallest
f"rate

fishes. the and

therefore It

grows

larger

the
in

ascends

fact, developed
the

oportion
of

by
of
an

side

with Of moist

fundamental,
sion posses-

vertebrate differentiating
;i

characteristics.
instead
of
46
a

these, the
or mucus

dry

hairy skin

bearing,
and

chitinous

skin, the

ownership

internal

bony

skeleton

THE

GLANDS:

THYROID

AND

PITUITARY

47

large skull,and a complicated development of brain, are the diagnosticsigns. Thyroid internal secretion has a very definite moiscontrollingrelation to all of them: to skin, its hairiness,
a

ture

and

amount

the especially and the complexity of the convolutions of the brain.^. intelligence in growing animals, is followed Injury to the thyroid,especially arrest of development in skin,-,, or by profound retrogression skeleton and
In

of mucus, to the growth and size of the bones, bones of the extremities and the skull,and to

brain. the

cyclostomes the thyroid is represented small scrubby patches,littlelargerthan the heads only by some of pins, scattered along the aorta, the great blood vessels from the heart,and out a littleway along each gill.It becomes larger and more the amphibians and reptiles, but still compact among and the remains quite small. Large birds and prominent among and the most it is mammalia, largest prominent among primates and man. It is hence permissibleto think of the thyroid as a dictator of evolution, it as the vertebrate gland par to crown and to call the typical vertebrate brand marks ondary secexcellence, in of characteristics the Darwin sense thyroid precisely the horns cattle of as classing secondary sexual characteristics. In such enthusiasm for the thyroid as a determinant of evolution, of cloud by day and column its pillar of fire by night,one should not forgetthe other glands of internal secretion. In them we all, Life,tired of inventingmerely prehensile, may suppose, the happy thought destructive and reproductiveorgans, hit upon chemical factories to speed of contrivances which are in essence up the rate of variation and so of a higher evolution.
Creator of the Land Animal

the fishes and

According to this conceptionthe thyroid played a fundamental mentally, Experipart in the change of sea creatures into land animals. thyroid has been used to transform one into the other. Thus the occasional change of a Mexican a purely aquatic axolotl, into the amblystoma, a terrestrial newt, breathing through gills, of lungs,has salamander, with spottedskin,breathingby means long been known. Feeding the axolotl on thyroid gland produces if the axolotl is kept the metamorphosis very quickly,even in water. In the reptile house at the London ZoologicalGardens black axolotl and the pretty full-grownexamples of the common white variety are exhibited. Some are nearly three inches long.

48

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY of the

amblystoma stage, University and at the gardens by thyroid feeding. A variation of the thyroid in for probably responsible the direction of increased secretion was
Oxford the firstland animals.

Alongsideare shown several examples produced in one of the laboratories of

Thyroxin, Secretion
Under the microscope,as

of the

Thyroid

tube, the thyroidshows Closed spherules lined by a and unique features. remarkable as singlelayer of cells enclosinga gelatinousmaterial known which stains deeply with acid dyes, comprise the units of colloid, it may be pictured as a series of its architecture. Essentially, bubbles secreted by outlyingcells. jelly A relatively high percentage of iodine is the unique distinctive in 1895, the fact in its chemistry. Discovered by Baumann of chemists presence of the element has focused the intelligence demonstration the gland, with the consequent of arsenic upon manifest that the secretion of the gland also in it. It was soon dependent upon the iodine content for its activity. Active was extracts of the thyroid like thyreoglobulinand iodothyrin were and to become inactive when the iodine proven to contain iodine, removed. Efforts to isolate the iodine containing active was in pure form were fruitless until the work of Kendall principle at the Mayo Foundation. He obtained it as a white, finely odorless and tasteless substance, heat stable, and crystalline, analyzable. The free form separates as a sheaf of fine needles. Kendall at first called it the a-iodine compound, then named it thyroxin. There are other internal secretions of the thyroid, with a function ef their own, that have no iodine. But they are secondary, and obscure. Thyroxin is acceptedtoday as the purified internal secretion of the thyroidbecause all the effects of the whole gland be elicited with it. Thyroxin produces results with doses may amazingly minute compared with the quantity of whole gland Moreover, a dose of thyroxin appears to last an necessary. organism in need of it over a period of time; the other has to be
administered
out

in the test

continuously.
thyroxin carried
may
sum

Studies with the whole

my.

on

in recent

years

have

rounded

concept of the business of the thyroid in the body

it up

by saying that the thyroid secretion is the great controller of the The more thyspeed of living.

One

50

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

readings of the rate of oxygen absorptionby the lungs. Plummer, Foundation, has shown that what also connected with the Mayo

grain of the thyroxin would more of energy produced in a unit of time. than double the amount milligram of thyroxin increases the metabolic To be exact, one
would amount
to less than
a

rate
'

two

per

cent.

That

illustrates

some

of the power

of the

internal secretion of the

life.

thyroid and

its

importance

to normal

The But
not

Mobilization

of

Energy

only is the height of pressure of energy in the cells is also controlled by the thyroid. The mobility of that energy controlled. Without rapid and large fluctuations of energy it, mobilization for and flexibility of energy output, and elasticity
any

sudden

mental

or

muscular

act, let alone

an

emergency,

come be-

with myxedema, the condition suffering impossible. A woman described by the English physician Gull as a cretinoid has an insufficient state supervening in the adult life of woman, of thyroxin in her blood and tissues. She is clumsy ""amount and will stumble when and awkward endeavoring to walk upof the range stairs. Any effort is almost paralyzed because fluctuation of energy, the ability pendent to mobilize energy, in turn deto increase the metabolic rate,is limited. upon an ability In slangphrase,she cannot step on it. Her existence is set to go at a rate in the neighborhood of fortyper cent below the normal. By the administration of thyroxin,her metabolic rate can be raised to any desired figure, the spark can be adjusted,so to for speak,to any point we like,and it can be so maintained
years.

animal, to be sure, the internal secretion of the thyroid is not absolutelyessential to life. So it contrasts with the hormone of the minute parathyroidsplaced so closely to minimum dose of which is absolutely it, a for continued a prerequisite
life. The
occur
a

In

the

normal

fundamental

chemical

reactions within

the cells

complete absense of thyroxin. But they go on in relatively fixed, rigidand unvarying way, confined within the limits of a constant figure. Under narrow such conditions, the level of energy production is bound to be low, and to remain low, and the modus of its mobilization slow and unwieldy. With thyroid is introduced the trick of catalysis, the speeding up of or the vital chemical reactions, through the agency of an intermedin

in the

THE
ate which

GLANDS:

THYROID

AND

PITUITARY

51

It is par excellence the great accelerates the process. catalystof energy in the body. (A catalystis an intermediary tween like the trace of water, which will bring about an explosionbeand hydrogen that without it have stayed dry oxygen Thus it supplies inert with the strongest currents of electricity.) not only for quantity output of that subtle reality a mechanism label energy, but also an apparatus for varying the available we in ease and permittingthe maximum range rapidityof its utilization. The thyroid is stillanother device of its life for procuring more and more variation and differentiation, goal,as far as we can peer through the opalescentscreen upon which its manifestations quiver. From another point of view, the thyroid may be looked upon the organ evolved for maintaining the same of iodine amount as in the blood as there is in sea water. Sea water was original our like Venus, we have all come habitat, since, up out of the sea. The more intimate study of the composition of the blood has revealed the most it and the astonishingparallelismbetween The blood is sea water, to which has compounds of sea water. to been added hemoglobin as a pigment for carrying oxygen the cells not in direct contact with the atmosphere, nutrients to take the place of the prey marine ancestors our gobbled up and white cells to act as the first line of frankly and directly, defense. To keep the concentration of iodine in the blood a constant, the thyroid evolved,since there is no iodine in most foods amount of

and it,

for

and

very
a

littlein those which

minimum amount

do

contain

it.

That

health is shown
of the Great

by

to of iodine in the food is necessary the existence of goitreregions. Around some in the United the water States,for instance, of As a result, cases numerous

Lakes

does not will act about about

most

contain

enough iodine.

goitreoccur.
as a or or one

Iodine in the form

of sodium
amount

iodide in small doses

is

prophylactic. The
two

of iodine in the blood

three

and that of the liver is parts to ten millions, four parts to ten millions. Since the liver is the

complex and active chemical factory in the body, its standable. of iodine for itself is underappropriationof a greater amount
When

tinct thyroxin is administered in a singledose,there is a disdose does lag in the absorptionof it by the tissues. A single not generate its maximum effect until the tenth day. This effect for about ten days. Then continues there is a gradual decrease in the intensity of reaction for another ten days. So that the

52

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

in administration of thyroxin functions withlengthof time a single Again we have occasion to the body is about three weeks. device of the protective thyroxinin the tissues determines notice
a

cells.

Since

the

presence

of

the rate if there

at which
were no

they burn
mechanism

themselves up,
for set fire to

it is obvious That

that

and at need varying it, they reallywould retarding its action,

themselves.
of the it was

is to

say,

if the tissues held had

to take

maximum
more

and thyroidinternal secretion, fed out to them

energy

up

and

more

as

the

blood, the pressure of

a

thyroid through by would attain the production

the

safetyvalve. Even if self-destruction of energyof the largest quantities avoided by the ingestion were if not imposbe difficult, rest for the cells would sible. bearing foods,
state of

boiler without

"

thyroxin in the tissues diminishes after a period of great the thyroxin probably being carried back to the thyroid exertion, So it has until further demand. gland and kept there as reserve been discovered that during the winter months, the thyroidglands less iodine than during of beef,sheep and hogs all contain much months. the summer more During the winter months, manifestly, is requiredto maintain body temperature,hence the gland energy surrenders more of its secretion to the tissues and so keeps less of it itself. There must be, too, a certain wearing out of the potency of the iodine with time. Even dead inorganiccatalysts, made of simple elements,wear out after having been used time and time again. patible life is incomThough the thyroid is the supreme energizer, with a certain excess be produced by of it. Death can successive daily injections of its internal secretion. But it has, besides the energizing certain formative and nervous ences influeffect, of there are the cases As illustrations, equallymarvelous. thyroid deprivationin human beings,cretinism and myxedema,
The
as

well

as

those in which

it is believed there

occurs

an

excess

of

the

thyroid secretion in the blood and tissues, the condition of

/it/pcrthyroidism.
Cretinism
that there is any between the phenomena
younger
as

Thyroid Deficiency

Not

difference contrast of startling arresting presented by different species. The

grosser

the

the animal,

the morbid

symptoms

witnessed.

The

animal

fails to grow.

The

bones

and

cartilage, except of

THE
!

GLANDS:
to

THYROID

AND

PITUITARY

53

projectsand becomes atrophy. There is sterility. j, large and flabby. The sex organs Pregnant rabbits abort, hens produce very small eggs or none at all. These are the results of removing the thyroid in animals. dirty, awkward, apparently idiotic, Apathetic, indifferent, cretins. Their skin is rough and coarse, describe the human knarled and creased it is considerably peelingin sheets. In some in the aged, and in others swollen,hard and resistant. The as and tends to hair becomes shaggy and rough, losingall luster, The temperature becomes and fall out. normal subirregularly grow
the

skull,fail

develop. The

abdomen

and

an

anemia

supervenes.

There

is

distinct reduction the

in the resistance to infections and Cretinism in the human is

a

intoxications. in which

burning call Life flickers and smoulders and smokes. Thirty taper we an example of the most hopelessidiocy. Whole years ago it was afflicted with it. But neither man of science, populationswere assured by the Divine Confidence of its meaning nor bigot-fanatic, believed it could be modified an iota. Today, as a visitation, be applied to our that inept word "cure" may of attack power cation, provided it is permitted to attack early enough. Modifiit, upon in the direction of the most surprising is the betterment, miracle that has been wrought. follows: The historyof a cretin runs somewhat A baby is as in all appearances normal. seems born, which Perhaps the nose
condition
is
a

trifle squatter than

may

even

the average

new-born's

flat than

nose.

There

also be abnormal
in the

sleepiness, greater even

that

first month in that there is two or baby the for food. But in most coma no spontaneous awakening from this is down to normal cases or variability, maybe to that put limbo of all a baby's troubles: weakness. After some months, it is noticed that the infant is failing to grow at the normal rate, either physicallyor mentally. Examination at this time reveals the tongue takes a curious thickeningof the dental ridges. Then the centre of the scene, by becoming unusually thick and prominent, to the point of projectingbeyond the mouth at all times, and interfering with breathing, when the infant is in a recumbent position. of the normal More The and
more

of the characteristics of the affection turn

up.

which makes them face of the cretins, pitiful queer, repulsive, all seem brothers or twins,shapes itself. A yellowish, white or

waxy

pallor; rough, dry, scaly, bloated skin; swollen, often wrinkled brow; watery eyes, often almost concealed by the thick-

64 ened

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING
nose

PERSONALITY
with its wide, thick

nostrils; large,erect ears; the wobbly, drooling tongue, stickingout at the hair thin, and like tow in texture in derision; one, yet not rather than human; eyebrows and eyelashesare scant, and often the teeth,very late in absent; the nails short,thin and brittle; be represented by a few sharp points,irregular, coming, may sometimes not succeeded at all by those of the decaying quickly,
the depressed pug eyelids;

second dentition.
Whatever

growth occurs

and is irregular

trunk, though small compared with againstthe background of the diminutive extremities. The back while the abdomen is somewhat humped, arching at the waist-line, protrudeslike a balloon,with a hernia,often,at the navel. covered with The extremities are short,bowed, cold, and livid, out. rolls of the infiltrated skin,rolls which cannot be smoothed and feet are broad, pudgy, and floppy,the fingersstiff, Hands the toes spread apart, like a duck's,by and spade-like, square the collar bones there are frequentlygreat the solid skin. Above bull neck. pads of fat which sometimes encircle the narrow The mental state varies with the degree of deprivationof the it is repulinternal secretion of the thyroid. In the worst cases sively to the higher common vegetable. Even the intelligence animals is wanting. The cretins of the "human plant" kind, as they have been nicknamed, will not recognizemother or father and from an object, or a person any person about them, or even manifest no interest in anything or anybody, not even toys. Hunger and thirst they manifest by grunts and inarticulate sounds, or by screaming. They neither smile,cough, nor laugh, but sit like sphinxes, breathing,but not reacting. There are, of course, all grades and varieties. There are those who recognize dence eviparents and familiar faces,and exhibit some of affection for them, acquire a limited vocabulary, and then cease, no progress possibleeven with the alphabet. They
*

The disproportionate. the head, appears massive

attain the size and

as

age

of two

or

three years
were even

if

permanent
Some

brake

gether, and there stop altoapplied to the wheels of

come

their growth.

nected speak conthough spontaneity, stupid nnd slow and abnormally deliberate, the quired acresembling form of thyroid deprivation or insufficiency, for which Ord invented the name myxedema. I have filledin with some detail this thumbnail sketch of thyroid deprivationas it occurs in infancy to illustrate how wide a

higher types
a

may

to

and exhibit sentences,

certain mild

THE

GLANDS:

THYROID

AND

PITUITARY

55

gland'slariat embraces. Skin,hair,bones,muscle and growth and development, are modified fat,brain and intelligence, the size and shape of certain crystalsare modified as precisely in an apparently homogeneous by the presence or absence of ingredients
sweep

the

solution.
of the
,

thyroid gland

in which fertilized ovum, the predecessor is present, that is to say, in which there is

the seed and that

soil for its

looks sprouting,

the

same

as

one

without

the time for the Yet, when comes internal secretion of the thyroid to put in its oar in the metabolic

formative

material.

game, its presence to the individual. In the middle

:

or

absence

makes

all the difference in the world

of the nineteenth

century, when
"

the concentra-

established as significant, phosphorus in the brain was without phosphorus the cry for the emphasis of that fact was relevantlydeclare no thought is possible. We can much more that without thyroid, no thought, no growth, no distinctive animality is possible. For the epigram about humanity or even bombast, since it can be declaimed with equal phosphorus was truth that without without carbon, without nitrogen, oxygen, tion of without
any

of the food elements

no

composition of brain matter,

r

that go to make up the chemical thought is possible. Indeed, if

set upon the indictment of a singlechemical element as the begetterof consciousness, the prisonerat the bar would have
one were

to be copper.

There
in any

is more other

copper
organ

in the brain

by

considerable

\ degree than

perhaps of ]will be exceedinglyregretted by the patrons of the aristocracy of a depositin the would have it as an emanation I the soul who \brain of silver at least, if not gold. They are like the old lady who would never permit herself to be cured of her ailments except by gold plated pills.Copper, however, is not necessary to intelligence. Without thyroid there can be no complexity of no sponsive reno thought, no learning, education,no habit-formation, for situations, well as no physicalunfolding as energy of faculty and function,and no reproduction of kind, with no sign of adolescence at the expected age, and no exhibition of sex body.
Which tendencies thereafter.

of the

Effects How

of

Feeding Thyroid

subtly the internal secretion affects every phase and aspect of child as well as adult,by doing something to the speed of activities in their cells, is told straightway by the effects of

56

THE

GLANDS
or

REGULATING

PERSONALITY
or

it when

eaten

introduced into the skin

blood

of various

santly incesdwarfish, deformed, hopeless, an idiotic, people. A cretin, to the mother, who looks upon proddingburden of sorrow

bring forth,and beholds a when fed thyroid. transformed becomes terrible gargoyle, and require much In a few days the cretin will get warmer, the improvement in circulation, less wrapping and bed-clothing. With
the

masterpiece she had

labored

to

the color becomes coldness.

In
a

better and

the extremities

lose their

ance at disturband resentment irritability his parents, He will begin to recognizeand know appear. of the is a gradual return to the normal smile and play. There and a resumption of growth. All kinds of facial appearance, be cut in marvelous Twenty teeth may growth effects occur. silken, six months. Coarse,rough dry,shaggy hair becomes fine, and roseate. moist The skin becomes soft, long and curly. month. be added every even Inches in heightmay Bright,active, observer would terms the descriptive an apply are talkative, and soul is A complete remaking of body after a few months. apparently affected. Yet, should the administration of the thyroid cease, an almost evitable reversion to the originalvegetative condition is inimmediate After a few days, reactiveness slows down, the child will speak only when spoken to, will sit quietlyin a chair all day and act semi-anesthetized. Gradually hair and skin return tc the previous cold-blooded animal state, and the whole pic of the cretin is in full bloom. Supplying the internal secre of the gland promptly repeats the transformation. week
or

so,

One

wonders

what

is to be the ultimate

fate of these refor

opening of life to them, once sidered hopeless idiots, is scarce a generationold, we hav" data, as yet, as to the character of their children or gr their adventures in short,their and vicissitudes, children, Those of whom have any record are normal history. we school children or workers, alive to the interests of cl healthy
their occupation and social circles. No one outside 1 knows that they are cretins, family and the most acute obse would be hard put to it to suspect. What for the re a theme tions upon loved! the eminent Victorians appearances
or

cretins.

Since the tale of the

hood

There
may

are

the imagination may possibilities such

a

suppose

with cretin,

all his other under of his

ductless careful

envisage, gl
me"

intact,grown to manhood successfully guidance. No one but himself is aware

ou' affliction,

58

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

but because of a crime, with no inherent flair for criminality, to resist suggestion, lack of independent judgment and inability child and a desire to please friends. He is simply an overgrown becomes who stillloves to play with toys, laughs and cries, angry and for and mamma yells ridiculously, unreasonably afraid, or when thwarted
or

scared.

So much effects of

for what

happens when
and of

there is not tissues. Now

sufficient of the
to consider the

thyroid secretion
an

in the blood

it,the condition called hyperthyroidism, of it is labelled subthyroidism. Too much the insufficiency as vidual, thyroxin can be introduced into the system of a normal indicretin by the simple administration of too a or even large doses or over too long a time. Also a train of symptoms similar to those evoked by an oversecretion of the thyroid may iodine. Great sorrow, be mobilized by the taking of too much sexual equilibrium, joltto the nervous great joy, a sudden severe leave in their excitement,an overwhelming anger or griefmay the wake are a symptoms permanent hyperthyroidism. The There is an over-excitability of cretinism and myxedema. reverse in place of sluggishness, of the nerves of and an over-reactivity the whole organism to its environment. The heart's action is and under the slightest stimulus gets faster to the point too fast, stead of obtruding itselfinto the conscious mind as a palpitation.Inof the lowered temperature and coldness of the cretin, there is a heightenedtemperature, two degreesabove the normal, one or and a feeling of heat. The individual has a high warm color, does not sleepwell, becomes much thin how remains matter or no he or she eats,is abnormally susceptible suffer from sexually, may definite is a insomnia, emotional, and perspiresfreely. Alert, neurotic or high-strung, of magnetic, and imaginative are some the descriptive adjectivesapplicable. The eyes are bright and when prominent,large and beautiful, they have not reached the become stage entitled "pop-eyed." Or they may even so tuberant proand bulging as to develop the expressionof one staring ineffable horror. The latter is the feature of only aghast at some the severest types,when there is an associated goitre, the combination designatedas exopthalmic goitre. There in whom hyperthyroidism and are, too, individuals hypothyroidism are mixed, or rather alternate. At one time they nt the phenomena of the one, at another of the other. They the people who complain of the cyclicquality of their moods are
excess

and

purposes.

Their

mood

will be

heaven

of exaltation

and

THE

GLANDS:

THYROID

AND

PITUITARY

59

into a slough of despond from and then descend exhilaration, inextricable. They are always talking which they feel themselves about and the ups
and

downs

of their mental

states.

Headache

fatigability, dry skin and lack of appetitefor food or exertion on one day or for one week, give way on the next day, or for the next week, to an energeticgayety, and sweaty, flushed skin, a prominent appetite for food and every sort of activity. Driven to be forever on the go, for one period,in the of the day, with no inclinamost next they feel like lying down tion for any life whatever. The stage of depressionmay go as far as a melancholia,the stage of stimulation as far as mania. simulate manic-depressiveor cyclicinsanity. Something They may in a vise in the restrains them, and holds them bound as one cycle. And then they are driven on beyond themselves by
languor and
some

invisiblewhip in the next.

Thyroid
Besides of tissues. the action of the
a

as

Differentiator

and thyroid as energizer, lubricator, remarkable

power
as a

it has growth catalyzer,

differentiator

embryonic etchingsof the different which in their totalitycomprise the unique individual. organs Every multicellular animal must first have existed as a single the impregnated ovum. With the body and personalityof cell, the creature is one and continuous,literally the ovum, something of itself by sub-dividingand differentithe singlecell has made ating. In the process, the cell mass often goes through stages which stand out as individualities in themselves, that appear and the the surface absolutelyunrelated. So the caterpillar on far apart as worm and to the naive as butterfly, child,seem bird. In the case of the frog,the tadpole as a first sketch seems know completely an impossible and wild absurdity. Yet we that there is an orderly progressionof events, a propagation of that forward a cells, going arrangement of chemical reactions, results in expansion and intricate complication of the organism. Just what the forces at work in this most mysterious of all natural
processes are,

It determines

the

has
race

been have

an

intellectual mystery
to

that

the

best

minds

of the

attempted

of Words pangenesis (Darwin). Greek and Latin) origin,as Allen of ignorances. The glands of internal always cover a multitude other dark places, secretion, here,as in so many provide the open

get rid of with words like Black (Mediterranean or has named Upward them,

60
sesame

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

to certain to
us
as

selves long closed doors of biology. They offer themthe first definitely tangible agents which are
process

growth going, and undoubtedly unfolding of tissues and functions, initiate the marvelous organs differentiation. and faculties summed up as development or Thus by the direct feeding of thyroid at particularpoints in historymost curious effects have been elicited. the differentiating ment, If the gland is made part of the nutriment, the bathing environa hastening of its metamorphosis is attained. of the tadpole, The tadpole lives not out its day as a tadpole, but precociously frog, a into a frog. But such a frog! It is a miniature turns end of the dwarf frog, a frog seen by looking through the wrong telescope,a frog not magnified, but micrified. Frogs have been of the created the size of flies. There has occurred a splitting so two reactions which ordinarilygo hand in hand: the reaction of or weight and growth which is just brute increase of total mass volume, and the reaction of differentiation which is the finer The picture is a frog,but a frog the size of a tadpole, process. a frog which has missed its childhood, adolescence and youth, these transition stages into the adult age, as a skipping over pigmy. beard It is all as and if a baby were a suddenly to grow of an moustache, evolve and shed teeth,and acquire the manner earnest citizen, and yet retain the height and weight of a baby. That the spectacle of such a superbaby is not quite the most tastic fanof all improbabilities is shown by the condition of progeria, first recorded by the Briton, Hastings Guilford. A queer tacle specin which child old without a having incontinently grows
known to

keep the

of

lived him

"

in the
see

course

of

few

weeks

or

months.

You

look upon

small scale, but with all its peculiarisenility a on ties: wrinkled skin,apathy, gray hair and all the rest of it. All we can say about it is that it is probably due to a paralysis of all the glands of internal secretion, of their influence a removal the cells. Contrariwise to the feeding of thyroid, removal upon of the thyroid of tadpoles will prevent their development into frogs. If iodine is then fed to them, say mixed with flour, normal metamorphosis will occur. If Body is the tool chest which we about with us, as Samuel Butler said,then to the thyroid carry belongs the name of tool-maker. Another function of

and

thyroid that

must
as

be taken

tion into considera"

is what

has been

spoken

of

its antitoxic function

in

THE

GLANDS:

THYROID

AND

PITUITARY

61

to increase or plainerEnglish, its power to prevent poisoning, ing and other livresistance against poisons,including the bacteria I-

agents which
I

cause

the infectious diseases.

Each

molecule

of

a food, ingested for assimilation into our substance,accumulates and pilgrimages,attachments and transi history of wanderings beside which the gross trampings of a Marco Polo ; formations i become the rambling steps of a seven-league booted giant. In it becomes of its peregrinations, the course a potentialpoison, to allowed to grow in concentration potentialbecause it is never the danger point. The thyroid plays its role of protector like all I the internal secretory machines. In an animal deprived of a thyroid the feeding of meat shortens life a singlesample of how The within. it works to guard against intoxication from feeding of the cells to stand poisons of thyroid will also raise the ability
i
"

introduced

from

without

"

intoxications smaller

of all sorts.

Alcohol

and

subthyroid person the hyperthyroid. As regards the infections, than the normal or of us, the injection of which directly or indirectlykill most thyroid will increase the content in the blood of the protective antibodies which rate, against us, temporarily at any preserve The opsonins,for example, those substances malignant invaders. which butter the bacteria so that the appetite of the white cells is properly roused, are mobilized for them by thyroid feeding or morphine will affect
in much

doses the

injection. Other
bacteria
these
are

substances
also

in the blood The

which

destroy and

solve disforms per-

increased.

thyroid probably

functions

for the responsible

by sending and stimulating them immunity reactions,

its secretion to the cells directly

to

activity.
drous thyroid like the foregoingshows it as the woncontroller of vitalityand growth, and indefatigableprotector it is and intoxicants When sufficiently against injuries. difficult life is it is life is worth when a defective, active, while; it out as the gland of would make That threateningblackness. glands. It is tremendously important, without a doubt, in normal of the than the other members so everyday life. But no more cast. The positionof star it may claim, but in vain. The other glands of internal secretion to be sketched will each, when the marvels of its business in the cell-corporation considered, are tice present itself as candidate for the honors of the president. Jus-

sketch

of the

should

give fair credit to all the

the

organs

which

fabricate

the

and reagents of individuality,

regulatorsof personality.

62

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING
The

PERSONALITY

Pituitary

the pituitaryis a lump of tissue about skull, the size of a pea lying at the base of the brain,a short distance It is of a grayish-yellow color, ^behind the root of the nose. and so enough in appearance, unpretentiousand insignificant boast their the scientists who the to immunity long neglectedby Guesses its date back to of nature the at spectacular. glamor

In the human

Aristotle. Like most

it is
name.

of its colleagues among

the

reallytwo

At

one, two least it consists of two different

glands in

glands of internal secretion, with but a single glands

parts, distinct in their

function and secretions, but juxtaposed and fused history, origin, into what is apparently a homogeneous entity. They are conveniently and anterior of the the as spoken gland posteriorgland. In the embryo, the anterior gland is derived by a proliferation of cells from the mouth The posterior area. gland represents an of the oldest the of it is outgrowth nervous part system. When traced back it is found along the tree of the vertebrate species, to be present in all of them. An ancient invention, its precursor

has been

identified in

worms

and

molluscs

and
same,

even

among

the
to

starfish. "The
man." A

is practically the pituitary

from

myxine

trusted

veteran, therefore, among

can

the

internal

tory secre-

organs,

its

importance

be surmised.

the story of the pituitary, variously acquired bits of information concerning it have been assembled and fitted togetherlike the fragments of a picturepuzzle,as Cushing has well put it. Here and place. The relations of
so

To

understand

there
some

piecesstick out, obviously out of

of them to
one

another

or

to the

whole

design are not at all clear. Parts appear to have been irrevocably or not yet to have turned up. Chance lost, bystanders will select odd figures and articulate them into a new harmony. Yet out of the jumble of fragments, a fairlyrespectable insight
has been gained in less than
The

pituitaryis cradled of the skull which, because of its form, is known the Sella Turcica as or Turkish saddle. So situated, an operative approach to it is overwhelmingly difficult. On the other hand, X-ray studies are favored. "Nature's darling treasure" it might be called, since
Hi. M

half century. in a niche at the base

a

has been

provided

skull within

the skull to shelter it.

the

highly magnifying lenses of three kinds of cells have been distinguished. The

Under

the most

microscope,

anterior

gland

THE

GLANDS:

THYROID of

AND

PITUITARY

63

surrounded cells, by blood poured. spaces into which their secretion is undoubtedly directly A gelatinous material,presumed to be the internal secretion of the cells the gland, has, in fact,been observed emerging from The posteriorlobe,or gland, consists of into the blood spaces. secretingcells producing a glassy substance which finds its way-"" into the spinalfluid that bathes the nervous system. The spinal fluid itselfis a secretion of another gland at the base of the brain, is
a
^

collection of solid columns

the

choroid.
a

Nerves

and

internal

secretion

are

associated

here

symbolic of their general relations. From each portion of the gland (to stick to the accepted nomenclature of speaking of the two glands as one) an active substance American has been isolated. Robertson, an chemist, separated from the anterior lobe a substance soluble in the fat he christened tethelin. like ether and gasoline, which solvents,
with closeness
But P. E. in

Smith
A

has

shown
nor

that
in

the

active

material

is soluble

neither
lobe

boiling water
number
as

boiling alcohol, the

favor

typical
anterior""

fat solvent.

of facts of

the idea

of the

growth of bone and connecting and_^ the posteriorlobe,pituitrin, supporting tissues generally. From has been obtained in solution. believed its internal secretion,
cells stimulants Pituitrin is
a

substance

it controls the tone

of many marvelous functions. o f of the tissues, involuntary or

In general,

smooth of
in-

muscle
the

fibres of the blood

vessels and

the body like the intestines,

the contractile organs bladder and uterus. When

pressure flow of urine

-m

it will jected, for

some

slowly time, and will

of milk
from contraction

raise the blood

increase the

and

keep
from
an

it raised

the kidneys
intense It is also

and

the breasts.
of the bladder

It will also and the blood

cause

continued said
to

the uterus.
upon

control

the

salt content other

of

which

its

propertiesdepend. Normally, there is a certain fixed ratio of the salts in the blood,which keeps them like the ratio in sea- water. Again, we have an example of the curious The atavism of the internal secretions. thyroid, that of of blood the concentration the like iodine remember, keeps the ocean, our original habitat. Pituitrin likewise does its part to what internal environment to maintain near as our as possible
electrical

conductivityand

was

once

the

surrounding medium.
in the skin

substance

somewhat

similar

has been

glands of toads. its The extraordinarily of the pituitary, well protectedposition blood supply, emand its abundant persistencethroughout life, phasize its vital importance. No other gland of internal secretion
found

64
can

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING for it.

PERSONALITY

adequatelysubstitute

death,in two or of gaitand loss

so same

Complete expirationmeans unsteadiness three days,with a peculiar lethargy, of and a fall of appetite, emaciation, temperature,
becomes its temperature cold-blooded, it the

that the animal that of the as

atmosphere

occupies. If
a

anterior lobe is taken away, of the individual. The

of the skin and

there

occurs

only part of the remarkable tion degeneraa

is not degeneration

mucinous
occurs

tration infil-

the internal organs

which

with

with a tendency to but a fatty degeneration, thyroiddeprivation, A singularsomnolence, a dry skin, loss of inversion of sex. and a noticeable cravsometimes epilepsy, ing a dull mentality, hair,
for and

tolerance of sweets

appear.

These

are

but

few of

the observations obtained in

that is, experimental sub-pituitarism, underaction or insufficientsecretion of the pituitary, produced by removing part of the anterior gland. is started in infancy, If such an experimentalsub-pituitarism there is a cessation, marked for instance in puppies, or hindering and slowing of growth. That is, dwarfs are artificially created. have shown that in several true human Apropos, pathologists dwarfs the gland is rudimentary or inadequate. All of which
goes

hand

in hand

with

the evidence of the

that the skeleton

stands

under -directly

the domination

pituitary.

Regulatorof Organic Rhythms

There
are

certain other

of singular by-effects

the

gland

in its

relation to the

tion, periodic phenomena of the organism like hibernaand the criticalsex epochs of both sexes. In hibernation, sleep, winter sleep, the animal in cold weather passes into a or state in which it continues to breathe,more cataleptic deeply' but more slowly than when awake, but shows no other signsof consciousness is a
or

life. A

lowered

blood

pressure

and

marked

to painfuland emotional stimuli go with it. There insensitivity and of fat throughpreliminary storageof starch in the liver, out the fat depots of the body. These are so like what happens after part of the pituitary is removed, that a comparison of the two becomes inevitable. Common to both conditions is a drop in the rate of tissue combustion or metabolism, which can be relieved by injection of an extract of the pituitary, rise of a temperatureoccuringsimultaneously.Moreover,examination of the glands of internal secretion of hibernating like the species, the of ffoodchuck, shows changes in during period hibernation, till of them, but most marked in the pituitary, the shrunken cells

66

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY like tendons

excess

soft
^

and connectingtissues supporting

into If the overaction
or

and

play. that is,before puberty, there results a adolescence, of the bones, so that a giant is the consequence. great elongation Now giantshave always appealed to the imagination of the little
comes

of secretion

ligaments begins in

childhood

or

man,

and

have

had The

all kinds

of wonderful
ogres

abilities ascribed

to

them
are

by him.
favored

giants and
the
most

of folk-lore and

fairytales

extraordinary mental advantages. Direct and analytic acquaintance with the giants of our own in their conduct the has of shown well as a as probing past, day, size free from physical that normal giants persons of exceptional There are people with hypermental deformities are rare. or pituitaris In them is an who exhibit the highestmental powers. of in the posterior lobe association with enincreased activity largement and hyperfunctionof the anterior, not is so overgrowth and lean the the individual is and acute. But marked, mentally there is in whom is one ordinarygiant degenerationof the pituitary
with
" "

after too much

action of the anterior and

or

too

littleof the

posteriorglands. A tumor
often the

disease process

in the

gland is most

responsible.
of the anterior

If the overaction diffuse

happens
not grow

after

puberty,when

longer,a peculiar individual occurs, especially of his hands and feet and head. The nose, ears, lips and eyes get As these people are rather big and tall to largerand coarser. begin with,the effect produced is that of a heavy-jawed, burly, bulkingperson, with bushy overhanging eyebrows, and an aggressive For there is, manner. too, something distinctive about their mentalitywhich has been as often portrayed as those of the pathologic Rabelais' famous giant. most longs Gargantua, becharacter, to the group. We recruit more drum-majors than prime ministers from among these people. They often suffer much from torturing boringheadaches,and a consequent despondency and feelingof hopelessnesswhich colors gray the entire spiritual spectrum. Up to a certain point these sufferers have a remarkable alertness and capacity.When conscious of the malady, they often meet it with a doggedly other optimism, which is ancourageous characteristic, commit although women suicide. occasionally In both the semi-hibernators who remind of cattle, and in one the giant or acromegalic types who remind of the anthropoid one
can

long bones have enlargement

set, and
the

of

",

ape, there

develops a

distinct diminution

of sexual

life. An

normal ab-

process

in the anterior

gland, whether

of oversecretion

THE
or

GLANDS:

THYROID

AND

PITUITARY

67

of undersecretion, may

interfere with

posterior gland, the secretion but also to the sex cells. Thus, young animals to the brain cells, will not, if male, grow spermatozoa, nor deprived of the pituitary in the female. creases Moreover, the feeding of pituitaryinripe ova sexual activity.In the case strated of hens,this has been demonto be about thirty per cent by a pretty experiment. At a and fifty-five time of the year when eggs diminish,six hundred
of the hens

the proper functioning of which is tonic not only

laid two When

number

hundred
of eggs

and
was

seventy-three eggs
added
to

upon

an

ordinary

diet.
the

pituitary
rose

their food and

for four

days,
an

crease fifty-two, inthe fertility of seventy-nine. In addition, of the chicks if both parents born of these eggs was augmented, especially tion had been fed on pituitary. There are other aspects of the relaof the pituitaryto sex, which will be treated in another chapter.

to three hundred

The

Bony

Cradle

of the

Pituitary

it is necessary Always, in attempting to understand the pituitary, that it is tightlypacked in the bony cradle, to remember Saddle or Sella Turcica. Should some the Turkish local, stimulus, the gland to growth, a good deal will in the blood, arouse or to grow depend upon whether it has room in, or it will make room by eroding the bone. With space for the formation of a large anterior and posterior pituitary gland, there will be with a tendency to high blood created the long,lean individual, irri-~ initiative, great mental activity, pressure and sexual trends, An outstanding trait of these favorites tabilityand endurance. food they of fortune is that they remain thin no matter how much and they have the best of appetites. They often are consume, headaches because of intermittent swellingof subject to severe the gland againstthe bone of its container. If the bony container is or becomes too small for its contents, it is interesting that along with the other signsof pituitary ficiency, insufsuch as undersize, and asymmetry, there develobesity, and intellectual inferiority. The unfortunates opes conspicuous moral tions. suffer from compulsions and obsessions and lack inhibiliars with littleor no initiative They are the pathological conscience but instinctively or amoral, not merely theoretically, and unconsciously, of the with all the certitude and perfection unconscious accomplishment.
"

68

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

Thyroid
The anterior
in in

and

Pituitary
often
from

thyroid and gland

and

the the

pituitary have thyroid

arise the
an

been almost

compared.
the
an

The

same

spot

the

embryonic

oesophagus, pituitary growth

control

thyroid outgrowth

being
behind also But

outgrowth
of the
same

front, the

anterior both and

soil.

They
the
mass

marvelously,

the

tion, differentiadiffer
upon in

intricacy of the tissues.

The

they

the
the

site inner

of

their and

control.

thyroid
of the

bears

more

directly skin, the

outer

coverings
mucous

body,

the

skin

glands
the
more

and

the

hair, the
for

membranes,
of

and

the The

irritability and pituitary

and the and
or

preparedness
upon

response

the

nerves.

acts

the

framework and within

movers.

of

the

body,
Bone and

the

skeleton

ical mechantendon
tions secre-

supports
seem

ligament, muscle
The into the secretion fluid and

to

be the

its immediate diffuse

sway.

of
nervous

pituitary

directly
beneficent

bathing aiding
raises
as a

the in

system,

supplying
of harmful

stimulants while the

the

abstraction level
of

waste.

So whole

thyroid
system,
all the

the

energy

of the its

brain, and

the

nervous

product bythe

general

awakening probably

effect stimulates of

upon

cells cells

of

body,
The

the

pituitary
in

the
or

brain cocaine.

more

directly, perhaps
difference
way:

the

manner

caffeine and

between that while

the the
a

thyroid thyroid

the

pituitary might
energy

be

put
and

this
so

increases of

evolution
energy,

makes
up

available cellular in and

greater
the

supply

crude assists

by

speeding
of

processes,

pituitary
and

in

energy

transformation,
the

energy

expenditure
sexual the
as

conversion,
In

especially thyroid
The effort. of the

brain,

of

the

system.

short, the
continued
one

facilitates

energy appears

production,
therefore

pituitary its consumption.

the
to

pituitary
Hence

gland

of

fatigability, an complaints
one
reason

inability
when
or

maintain

effort, is
or an

prominent
of it for of

there

is destruction As
as

insufficiency
with the

another.

such,
the

it contrasts

glands

emergency

effort, known

adrenals.

CHAPTER

in

THE

ADRENAL

GLANDS, pituitary, each

of
two

THE

GONADS, gland
is

AND

THYMUS

Like

the

adrenal

double

gland, that
one

is, consists
say, to

distinct
of
as

portions,
It

united be

together,

might
however,

by speak fact,

the of two

accident each

birth.

would because
one

confusing,
are,
as

two

glands,

there in the

matter of

of

separate
the
the too

adrenal in the

glands,
left.
came

right side
is is
In

the
or

abdomen, duplex.

and How
but

other
two

Each
to

gland
united here.

composite,
a

parts
to

be

long

story,
are

interesting
apart
Each and

long

be

recounted

fishes

they

independent.
is
a

adrenal

cocked

hat of
were

shaped
its

affair, astride
fatty
a

the

kidneys,
Indeed,
status
as

easily recognized
for

because

yellowish
not

color.

centuries but
In

the
were

glands passed

given
of
in

separate
fat

organs,

up

as

part

the
common

ensheathing
with the

the other
in

kidney.

childhood
are

and

youth, larger
age,

glands,
the

they

relatively
at
every

and the

more

prominent
of blood

than

adult. them

Also,

amount to

passing
Their mendous tre-

through

is very

large
in the

compared body

their

size.

importance being
The
so

economy

accounts

for

their

favored.

two

parts
or

of

which

each

gland

is the

composed,
bark)
No and

are

known medulla

as

the
or

cortex

outer

portion

(literally
core).
strands In

the

inner

portion
delimits

(literally the
the

clean-cut

boundary
of tissue opment devel-

sharply
of
one

two,
the

as

and the

peninsulas

portion
in
the
a

penetrate

other. the

history of their
and them. in their

species and sharp

the
sex

individual,
contrasts from

chemistry

and In

function,
the rise
in

difference
cortex organs,

embryo,
to the

is derived

the the

same

patch
and

that
the How

gives
testes

the
as

ovaries the
are

in

female, epithelium.
is

the the fact

male,
two

described
sets of

germinal
connected All

intimately

glands

neatly

pointed
possess

by

this

of

common

ancestor.

vertebrates

70

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

adrenal glands. In the lowest of the vertebrates, Petromyzon, the

the cells of the cortex-to-be are situated in distinct, as projecting the walls of the kidney blood vessels, peninsulasin and past them. The the blood stream, the blood sweeping over medulla-to-be consists of cells accompanying the vegetative the two become reptiles, Among adjacent for the first nerves. birds one part occupiesthe meshes of the other. time, and among with the sexuality The size of the cortex varies directly and the The charging buffalo,for example, pugnacity of the animal. wide adrenal cortex. The fleeing the owns a strikingly on rabbit, other hand, is conspicuous for a narrow strip of cortex in its Human adrenal. beings possess a cortex larger than that of
two

parts are

any

other animal. definite chemical

cortex.

No the
the

substance
a

has

as

yet been

isolated from

problem for the investigatorof But certain observations, especially concerning the relation between the development and behaviour of the so-called those qualities of skin,hair and secondary sex characteristics, fat distribution, physical configurationand mental attitudes, which the sexes, and the condition of the gland, distinguish indicate clearlythat an internal secretion will be isolated, and that it will in its activityfurnish certain predictablefeatures. Three different layers of cells, penetrate that interarranged in strings, to form network a directlybathed by blood, that breaks in upon them from blood vessels,compose the open cortex. Most is this method remarkable of blood supply for it is the exceedinglycommon invertebrates and rare among among
future. the vertebrates.

That

remains

when there glands, especially which are tumors, supply a massive dose of the secretion to the blood presumably, peculiar sex phenomena and anomalies and

In certain disturbances of these

generaldevelopmental If irregularities the disease are produced. be present in the fetus, and so brought taking hold before birth,
into the world
to

there evolves the condition of child, pseudo-hermaphroditism. The individual, if a female, presents
a

with

the

greater
sex.

or

the other the

less extent the external habits and character of So that she is actuallytaken for a although man,
organs
are

primary

sex

ovaries,often
after
an

not

discovered
or

to be

such except when closelysuch an rsion and If the process

examined
occurrence
comes

operation

death.

How
sex

touches

perversion

the upon at once to mind. adrenal

cortex

problems of
attacks

the involving

it after

THE

ADRENAL

GLANDS

71

the symmetrical correspondence and harmony of the pribirth, mary and the secondary sex characters are not affected. sex organs But there follows a curious hastening of the ripening of body summed and mind puberty, a precociouspuberty, up in the word A effects. with the most little girlof 2, 3, or 4 years startling to exhibit the growth and appearance of age perhaps will come of a girlof 14. She begins to menstruate, her breasts swell, she shoots up in height and weight, sprouts the hair distribution of the adult,and the mentality of the adolescent, restless, acquiring, A tot bewitched into puberty ! A boy of six doubting,emerge. of a few weeks seven suddenly, in the course or or months, may little man, rather short and stocky, but mousbecome a robust, of a man tached,with the muscular strength and sexual powers It is all as if into some and thinking as a man. fermentable medium solution little that or a dropped changed yeast were the quiet calm of its surface into a bubbling,effervescing revolution. that maturation, the transformation-^" It suggests at once of the child into the
into the blood like the
one man or

woman,

must
some

be due

to the

pouring
acts
cortex

and

the

body fluids of

substance The

which

yeast in the fermentable

of the

solution.

adrenal

is
.

maturity-producing internal secretions. cortex starts after puberty,phenomena of the same type, but of a different order, exhibit themselves. A woman, becomes thus afflicted. Slowly or say in the thirties, quickly her body will be covered by an abundant growth of hair, less of a beard and moustache the face,her more or appear upon her muscles will harden, voice will become deep and penetrating, and she will show a capacity for hard physical labor. Sexually she appears to be made predominates in over, masculinity now her make-up. Virilism is the name by which the French in particular have popularized the knowledge of the condition. ered Virilists have to shave or be shaved regularlyand are not bothin the least by the cares, responsibilities, jealousiesand" anxieties of personal beauty, for the change in their spirituality The them immune makes to the preoccupationsof the feminine. in a previouslyentirely normal of such a transformation cause
source
"

If trouble in the adrenal

woman

has been
not

found

to be

tumor

of the adrenal

cortex.

of the secondary and the conduct only is sexuality, of the adrenal sex characters,connected with the adventures The cortex. development of the master tissues of the body, the is in some subtle way brain,the pride and darlingof evolution,
But

correlated

with

it.

The

adrenal

cortex

contains

more

of the

72

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING of the

PERSONALITY

general nature of those system than any other gland or nonfound in the central nervous intrauterine life the tissues in the body. During human nervous in the first half of the adrenal glands are large and conspicuous, second month being twice as large as the kidneys. Most of this which happens in the human alone,and not huge size, relatively Should this in other animals,is due to enlargement of the cortex. the medullary portionnot occur of the cortex over preponderance like those of if the proportions remain in the human, that is, an or entirely other animals,the brain fails to develop properly, human is generated. The brain, therefore, brainless monster animal the its superiority over brain,to the adreprobably owes The growth of the brain nal cortex, in development anyhow. and complexity is thus controlled by the their number cells,
substances phosphorus-containing adrenal
"

cortex.

:""
-^

pigment cells of the skin, ration bluntingtheir sensitiveness to light. In degenethe interior which the of the of medulla, destroys gland,
the cortex,the color of the skin is left unmodified. If, the in the is often cortex most as invaded, happens however, but not classical tuberculosis of the adrenals the which
drew

the sex cells and the brain its action upon the internal secretion of the adrenal cortex acts upon Besides

the cells,

the attention of

Englishman Addison to them, then a darkening of the skin, which may an go on to a negroid bronzing,follows. That means increased sensitiveness of the pigment cells of the skin to light.
Skin color control may cortex function. So much the is known interior therefore be looked
upon
as an

adrenal

about the adrenal

cortex.

Upon the medulla,

been lavished
as an a

gland of the gland, there has

the cortex

amount

of attention beside which about

is to be classed

wall-fiower. neglected determined

or an

Nearly everything that possiblycould be

been settled the secretion,
at.

internal secretion has in its case The cells

plausiblyguessed

manufacturing

its exact

its action upon the blood, the function, liver and spleen, the heart and lungs,the brain and nervous tem, syshave been minutely investigated, Its studied and charted.

chemistryand

source

of

food,its fate in the body, its place in the history the individual and the species, its importance as a weapon in the strugglefor and the survival of the fittest have existence, made the subject of an astonishingnumber meo of researches,
scarce

in the

considering the short period of

eive sci.

three decades it.

that inten-

centered its barrage upon

74

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

circulation from the blood lakes of the liver and spleen. There redistribution of the whole blood mass, a good deal of it a the internal viscera,and hurried to the from being withdrawn

^-skeleton muscles

strongly, hears more and the the ear distinctly, clearly, the eye sees more the hair of the rapid. The temperature rises, breathingis more and skin moist the gets -head and the body becomes erect, greasy. normal In its muscle to tone. regain It will help a fatigued the nutritive properties action upon short, it has a reinforcing of the brain the tone of the muscles,and the activity of the blood, nerves. and the vegetative Chemists set themselves the task of discovering just what was the substance possessedof such extraordinary and hitherto unisolated, capable imagined properties.The pure adrenalin was tures. of evoking all the reactions of the impure adrenal extract mixthe preparation of it artificially final triumph was The be syntheits in the laboratory, synthesis.When a substance sized can it means that its composition in the chemist's laboratory, Here at last was has become thoroughly understood. an example the existence of which had of those mysterious internal secretions, indeed been postulatedand proven, but which had never actually To have been inspectedby the eye of mortal man. it in a testin bottles, to be able tube,indeed to possess it in largequantities fear of the co-action of it without to manipulate and examine it with the eye, and to taste it with admixed to see impurities, the tongue, was The miracle aroused at once truly a marvel.
and the brain.
more
scores

The

heart beats

of researches.

The

Gland

of Combat

and
at

Fight
once

is reminded Consideringits effects, one to the expression of a primitiveemotion relation by turninga upside down, it was

of the

like anger or argued that if artificial

similarity fear. So,

adrenalin could produce all these effects of an emotion like fear, the emotion itselfshould produce an increase of the natural adrenalin
in the blood.

This
an

was

found the

to be the

case.

Cannon
as

of

Harvard

has
of

built up

entire

theory of the adrenal

basis of these
as

the
the

gland
And

emergencies upon
I have

effects.

In

facing of crises the adrenal

as indeed, an

functions adrenal it

the

gland of combat.
and
nacious pug-

mentioned, the
more

more

combative

animal, the
weak

has, while the timid and

meek

and

have less.

THE The Glands

of

ADRENAL

GLAttDS

75

Combat, the glands of emergency energy, the glands when glands of preparedness, such are the adrenal viewed from the adrenalin standpoint. A pictureof its activity and survival is something scheme of struggle in the evolutionary the animal is put in danger. like the following:meeting an enemy, flee for its life. In either case, certain conditions It must or fight if the body of the animal be fulfilled, must endangered is to be and to do as much To prevent injury to itself, saved. injury as that becomes and necesits immediate to the foe sity. possible urge Of the two animals, if in one the heart should begin to the blood to flow the blood pressure to rise, beat more strongly, the muscles, more rapidly through the attacking instruments, the teeth and claws,the brain and its eyes, while the other animal of these, the former will be the victor in fight none experiences Adrenalin may be looked upon the invention for the ""-* as or flight. mobilization at a moment's as we or notice, say, after generations of use, by instinct, of all these visceral and blood advantages in the struggle of combat or flight. in The nature of instinct, its relation to the glands of internal is a problem for another chapter. But we note secretion, may emotion of that the James-Lange it a as regards an theory in consciousness the adrenalin of the very organism changes
"

"

*.

causes.

Since

adrenalin

is the starter of the whole

as

since McDougal

has defined emotion

the

process, and feelingaspect of an

be defined as the motor instinct, just as an instinct may aspect of an emotion, the adrenals as emotion-genetic, and instinct-genetic, scious play a part in the most profound processes of the subconand unconscious.

The

Mechanism
a

of

Fear
of fear.
a

We
excess

may

therefore visualize
occurs

mechanism

An

instant it is

of adrenalin

in the blood

of, say,

cat when

by the sightof a dog. In that cat, at the image of its hereditaryenemy, certain brain cells vibrate. A nerve tract,in the line for that particular in a hundred thousand use as message generations of cats,whirrs its yellto the medulla of the adrenal finitesimal gland. Through the tiny, solitaryveins of the glands, an inwith adrenalin responds. And quantity of the reserve what effect! The of life, an the blood, that primary medium must precious fluid that is everything, be sent or all, nearly all, to the firing the battle trenches, the brain and muscles, line, now

alarmed

76

THE

GLANDS
So the blood
from must

REGULATING
is drafted it serves
from

PERSONALITY the non-essential

to

or

never.
"

tries indusheat

from

the skin where

"

normally

regulatethe
and

of the

body

the

digestive organs,
stop
now,

the stomach

tine, intes-

which

forsooth

since if the
"

organism will
from the liver

times, but now moment. of no Besides, should they be wounded, it is better the least chance of bleeding and so run they should be bloodless, tissue there is around, for the more to death, or gettinginfected, the greater the danger of infection. So, like the skin,the liver which usually holds in its great lakes and vessels about a quarter
of At all the the
same

die, their last effort of digestionhas been done factories in normal and spleen,great chemical

blood

in the

body,

is almost

drained

and

blanched.
open content their

time, its great storehouses of sugar sluices and pour into the blood,increasingits sugar
about of
a

by

third -because the combustion free in the

of sugar

gettingenergy
up

cells, sugar
so

is the easiest way being the most quickly

burned

of all the

and

the heart. of

The

the great food of the muscles acid products of the contraction poisons of fatigue,

foods,and
are course

muscles,
in the

antagonized and
of the oxidation

neutralized

stances by sub-

formed

too, is directlyfatigue antagonist.

clot faster than
of the increase enemy, under

nalin, Adreof the sugar. It causes the blood to

animal, and

ordinary circumstances. dilates the pupils of the

all size, of which
are

It erects the hair

eyes.

There

is

an

of the apparent like an Indian's

to intimidate green.

the
It

painting of his face blue and

do? have would

also

"

but what

else does it not His

The Samuel have

story of adrenalin
Butler. "Note

delighted the heart of Books," opulent as they are, would

been the richer in pages and pages with his comments it. on Contending as he did with the pompous, dogmatic mechanism scientific cliqueof his time on the one worship of the new hand, and the superstitions of the old theological the other, caste on he had
to

fightthe hardest kind of guerrilla warfare in defense of the Purpose of Life. of a gland Adrenalin,that weapon tracing its ancestry back to the begetter of the brain itself, for brain and adrenal gland both have evolved from the small nerve
"i

of the

would invertebrates, he had

have

backed
on

his argument, which

of

to elaborate

up to the hilt the indirect grounds

analogy
an

and

induction.
in which

Essential

for

defense,and for protection,"

organ

of retreat,or

the offensives of

everything necessary for the stratagems attack, are supplied ad libitum,

THE

ADRENAL

GLANDS
matter
more

77 of
fect per-

everything non-essential or detrimental to the arrested and suppressed no is inhibited, the moment sample of the design with which Life is drenched imagined by the most closeted of passionateidealists.
while
"

could

be

Failure
As the

of

the

Adrenals

the adrenals in modern strain, life are called upon to function more heavily and frequentlythan of the life of the beast of jungle the matter in past. As a fact, well as of savage and barbarian, is just as full of and field, as or emergencies and shocks as that of the average city man In the of the case however, inhibitions, latter, woman. education, and the conditions of modern living,improper food, sedentary have undoubtedly indoor confinement,and universal rack and noise, the adrenal made glands. greater and greater demands upon have studies that shown Chemical quantitative by repeated the exhausted adrenal be of their reserve glands may stimulation, which returns only insufficiently if not enough supply of secretion, time is given for recuperation. There results a condition of ficient supposedly an insuftemporary or chronic adrenal insufficiency, functioningof the gland as a whole. In persons so afflicted sensitiveness to cold, cold hands there appears a fatigability, a loss of apand feet, which sometimes mottled a are bluish-red, petite characterized and zest in life, and a mental instability by and a tendency to worry, a weepishness upon the an indecision, provocation. slightest

gland of

acute

stress and

certain

number

of the
seem

temporary

breakdowns
more a common

or or

nervous

which prostrations,
may

to be

growing
to

able, fashion-

deficiencyof normal to the needs of everyday conflict by the adrenal gland. response mental and physical elasticity In some, are totally lost,and much exertion in either field often causes the slightest so even and exhaustion weariness to be prohibited. Depression and as melancholia associated with the fear of not being able even are hitherto easy and enjoyed. Sometimes to accomplish good work they are obsessed with the thought that they have lost their nerve the most^ completely,and so dread to commit themselves in even
_

be

sometimes

traced

such

trivial of situations. at

The
arouse

vacillatingframe
of
of

of mind suicide.

is

so

ing distress-

times
concur

as

to

symptoms

in

thoughts whom the type personality

When

thes^g.

I shall describe

78
as

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

explaining

there is evidence for the unstable adrenal-centered individual, of secretion the process as the effect of an insufficiency

by the adrenal gland. normal heart failure and sudden death followingabShock, collapse, emotion,like an attack of rage, or the terrors of a railroad accident,or bad news, or excessive exertion like running a long in poor general health, when climbing a high mountain or race phrase goes, or in the terminal stages of infections like have been put down to an epidemic influenza or Asiatic cholera, of the adrenal gland. A lowered temperature, acute insufficiency
as

the

exhibited in tests of the pressure, and blood vessel tone, are present in all of these and of the skin to stroking, response blood

point the

same

moral.

half of the 19th century, an American physician, Beard, described Neurasthenia,a generaldisturbance of the body
In the second

mind, not properly classifiable as a disease,but serious at least greatlylimit the sufferer. The or enough to incapacitate taking neurasthenic is to be recognizedby the fact that the most painsobjectiveexamination of his organs reveals nothing the with them. matter Yet, according to his complaint,everything He cannot sleepwhen he lies down, he is the matter with him. cannot keep awake when he stands up. He cannot concentrate, irritant worried about his life. The slightest but stillhe is pitifully
and him to go off the handle. his hysterical state as a reaction to a
causes

As he works

himself up into
or

disagreeable person
on

lem, proberally, Gen-

blotches irregular his hands and

may
are

appear

his face and

neck.

his face is clammy and perspiring, the eyes are worried or starey, unwonted abnormally flushed or pallid, the of this area body, wandering sensations involvingnow feet
or

now

that obsess him.

As

the blood

pressure

is too

low

for

the age, the circulation is nearly always inadequate and palpitation of the heart is a frequent complaint. So frequent,that attention is often centered disease is made, and
over

upon

the

heart,a diagnosisof
is doomed
over

heart

the unfortunate

for life
"

to brood

horrible

The possibilities.
one

brooding
as

themselves

and
plex. com-

their troubles is
individual
ome a

of the distinctive features of the whole

Neurasthenia may
with
a

masquerade
a

any

organic disease.
reaction
to stone

An

soil for when

neurasthenic

life will

neurasthenic

confronted

by
once

any

ing wall,includ-

serious ailment within himself. Beard's Neurasthenia leaped at

was

into the
as a

seized upon

and

applauded in Europe

limelight. It good new name

THE for

ADRENAL

GLANDS

79

observed particularly in Americans abroad condition, of the get-rich-quick to rest from the fatigues of industrial games the name In fact, of the American Disease was given speculators. to it. Various theories about the effects of climate, sunlightper inch and unit of time, oxygen of the air,and so content square offered up upon the altar of scientific explanation. Sir on, were Arbuthnot Lane, famous protagonistof Lane's intestinal kink,
an

old

said that all Americans

one

were

neurasthenic.

Neurasthenia

became

popular of diagnoses,and remains so today. Neurasthenia, regarded as a reaction of people to the stress doubt has without and The strain of life, increased. most a casual of observers will tell you that the generationof the Great is a neurasthenic War generation. It takes its pleasures too its troubles too flippantly. But its pains too seriously, intensely, Beard himself regarded it as a chronic what is neurasthenia? and loss of tone of the nervous tion fatigue system, a literalinterpretaThat of his term. far as it goes, is valid the conception, as is proved by the fact that it is the neurasthenics who furnish the majority of the clientele of the cujt^the Christian Scientists, chirnoracfet" the osteopaths and the and who the subjects are
of the because faith and

of the most

miracle

cures,

like those

of Lourdes.

That

is

what appears to them to be or particular disease, their very disease and ments own they certainlycherish their ailis but an expressionof, a compensation for, indeed a consolation riority. infeof insufficiency or for,the underlying feelings Were there no moral code, were there no social system,
" "

their

nor

the

consequent inculcated
be
no

conscience

to

be

responsible to,

the disease which as disguising symptom the consciousness. The of insufficiency would preoccupies feeling be there, and would be recognizedas in itself the disease. To the and the psychologist, the feeling is of insufficiency physiologist the disease, how spectacular the overlayingphenomena matter no blind and speechless. Shell a crippleon crutches or a man shock is now acknowledged to belong to this group. Now of the outstanding effects of disease of the adrenal one of muscular and mental inefficiency. And glands is the feelings of observations conspirefor of fact,a good number as a matter the idea that a certain number of neurasthenics are sufferingfrom insufficiency of the adrenal gland. The chronic state of theacute phenomenon, known the nervous as breakdown, reallyrepresents in them breakdown of the reserves of the adrenals, a and an elimination of their factor of safety. In the lightof that
"

there would

such

80

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING
disease
and the
"

PERSONALITY dementia American

upon

the great American conception,

is
seen

americana that

"

to be adrenal

disease
too

"

life to be the
and life,

adrenal
so

often making life,

great demands

breaking down

with it.

Adrenal The
converse

Excess

that of adrenal excess, insufficiency, "a high blood also exists. In certain types of the middle-aged, for work, has been pressure, accompanied by a great capacity shown to be associated with hypertrophy of the cortex. In women, the adrenal in women there is a degree of masculinity, makes as less the specifically for masculinity, more or nine femineutralising of adrenal
influences
women

of the internal
a

secretions

of

the

ovary.

Such

vigor and energy above the normal, and command in society, not only among their own responsible positions men. They are the ones who, in the present sex, but also among of the traditional sex overturn the will become relationships, professionalpoliticians, and directors bankers, captains of industry, of affairsin general.
possess

The

Gonads
or

Puberty (Sexual,
" -

Interstitial

Glands)

__

gonads is the name applied to the generative or reproductive In the male, they are the glands considered collectively. in the female,the ovaries. They testes; sometimes are, therefore, called the sexual glands. As they possess definite canals for the removal of their gross secretion, the specific reproductivecells, ova or spermatozoa,to a surface of the body, they are firstof all glands of external secretion. But they have been also found to hold secretory cells not concerned with the making of the reproductive corpuscles, but, as all the evidence indicates, with the
manufacture secretion of
an

The

internal secretion. These

A

interstitialcells form

the interstitialgland.

classic example of a gland of internal lodged in the intersticesof a gland of external secretion is thus furnished by the gonads.

Origin of Sex
of sex goes history of the ameba immortality

Traits of life. The

WW

back
was

far in the scheme

at
one

time

one

of the

indisput-

82

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING
sex

PERSONALITY

all been

evolved in the

struggle.These expressionof the influence of the internal secretion an are of the gonads,or the interstitial glands. Some call them pubertyglands,because their ripeninginitiates puberty. that these interstitial glands,to stick to that name, know We of the puberty glands,since they serve than to the name (rather maturity) are the not only to induce puberty but to maintain actual primary dictators of the process by which male and female Castration was if not created. probably the distinguished, are first surgicaloperation carried out for experimental purposes, concerningits effects. Trepanning suggestedno doubt by a curiosity done record the even by of the skull, indicates, geologic wa^ castration But the cave experimental operation, as an man. to hold the primary position in the annals of surgery. seems of the lower human Its effects noted, the satisfaction of one popularisedit. From the days of Semiramis, instincts, jealousy, of the East, their function eunuchs have been commonplace figures of the powerful. The definite: to guard the harems age of
in that

tive survivingbecause most effecstruggle, istics so-called secondary sexual character-

Abdul

Hamid

witnessed
are

no

diminution
for the

of the barbaric

tortures

by which
credit of has been
the

children abolished.

prepared
in But

England that

profession. It is to the in the Orient the practice its dominions it goes on even today. According to
out

best

four authorities,

of five of these instinct die and infection. horror.

victims

at the
or

auto-da-fe
after from ancient

of

vicious human due to

immediately
Not The

soon

exhaustion

pain
the

all of the Hebrews

nations

countenanced
an

brutal

placarded castration

trate unpardonable sin, making it a sin to casanimals. Nor mutilated even was man so permitted any to worship in the house of the Lord 11). (Deuteronomy xxiii, Yet we have evidence that the latter Jewish kings employed portant foreigneunuchs in their harems, who often held the most imministers of the court. positions as Besides the eunuchs, another group of people have presented material for the study of the interstitial glands. These are the Skoptzi of Russia and the Lipowaner of Roumania. Among them castration is a religious ritual. Mankind has always been most

brutal to itselfin the name of the ideal. because in the eighteenthcentury an

and

These

sects of

were

founded

antipode
were

Joseph Smith
xix, 12.
from
were

Brigham Young discovered this

there
are some

passage

in Matthew
so

"For mother's

eunuchs
are

which
some

born which

their made

womb, and there

eunuchs

THE

ADRENAL

GLANDS which have sake. made

He

83

eunuchs

of

men:

and

there be eunuchs

selves themthat
is

kingdom of heaven's for let him receive it." able to receive it,
eunuchs
He

the

tration. inspiredto spread the gospel of casfounded the A sect was who thought that surgery was to enter the gates of Paradise, and they multiplied easiest way of the most esting interand fructified. The sect exists today, and some studies of the internal secretion of the interstitial glands

decided

that

he

was

have

been

made
to

among

them. is the condition born of

from

Related

acquired eunuchism
which
were so

of eunuchoidism, womb. their

the eunuchs
Baron first

their mother's

Larey, the great

surgeon

Napoleon's armies,was

only altruist Bonaparte said he had of soldiers with pecuin his life. He portrayed a group met ever liarly and and hairless smooth skins, high-pitched voices, A somewhat similar picture is atrophied generative organs. of the pituitarygland. evolved in certain types of insufficiency exhibited with disturbances of the Features of the picture are other internal secretory glands also,like the thymus. But a host of experiments and data prove the interstitialglands* the to be the direct controllers of elementary sexuality and traits of male and female. sex Beginning with Berthold specific painter.
He
was

the

back

in the

first half of the nineteenth

century, who

studied the

fowl,a number of observations have been made on the effects of of these glands. translocation and transplantation excision, The results of the experiments and observations can be summed up as follows: if the male individual is castrated before puberty^ that is, before the advent of the sexual life, secondary sex qualities do not grow, do not develop. In males, the generative organs hair on the face does not appear, hair elsewhere on the body remains the continues the voice as as high-pitched generally scanty, and mental muscle less there is weakness, obesity, more or child's, sluggishness. In other words, we have an effeminate man, tech-" In the castrated female, the pelvis does notnicallya eunuch. the breasts do not swell as they feminine size, to the normal grow the voice is lowout on the face, less hair comes or should,more pitched,and tends to be rather husky, the legs are longer,and again, the mentality is dulled. That is,a masculine sort of. is produced. woman In short, the castrated male takes on a feminine type, and the castrated female, a male type. In either case there is also an a lack of traits, a retention of the infantile mental infantilism,

84

THE

GLANDS
of the

REGULATING adult mental

PERSONALITY attitudes and reactions.

Now, is transplanted an ovary, the positive if in the castrated male characteristicsof the female are evoked, such as enlarged mammary glands,and a tendency to secretion of milk. Experiments also placed in such have also been reportedin which a uterus was of entry, and pregnancy If in followed. animal,with a means an traits the castrated female a testicle is planted, the masculine marked and striking. A direct exchange of much become more development
the male

and female
cannot

roles

can

thus be achieved.

Castration

after

modify profoundly structures like the skeleton which are already completed. Yet it may unquestionably bring in the ters: about definite retrogressive changes secondary sex characdiminution of facial and body reduction or loss of virility, or hastening of senility. hair,and a generalpresenility How remarkably these interstitial cells influence the entire of the organism is indicated by these facts. structure and vitality sexual excitement, much How they have to do with sexual impulses, what the Freudians have popularized as and sexual desire, and how subtlythey act upon the coming and duration the libido, of adolescence and maturity, as well as sexual precocityand peshall consider in a later chapter. But it is enough we versions, that these interstitial glands are the primary to remember now In any and flair of the individual. dictators of the genital sense of men and women, the quality and attempt at measurement quantity of the internal secretion of the interstitialcells must be consideration. The womanly woman respectedas a fundamental which crumand the manly man, those ideals of the Victorians, bled vians before the attack of the Ibsenites, Strindbergiansand Shain the nineties, but which must be recognizedas quitevalid the masterpiecesof these interstitial cells when are biologically, in their perfection.They are such solelybecause of the right puberty
concentration
in the

blood

of the substances

manufactured

not

but by all the glands of internal secretion. only by these cells, For it cannot be repeated and emphasized too often that the interstitialcells of the sex glands are most sensitive to all kinds of other influences, the other internal secretory and, in particular, scale index or They may indeed be watched as an organs. barometer
of the

general tone of the whole

offer
a

Sex variations

internal secretion tem. systurbances disvariety of clues to variations,

predominances and abnormalities in all the components of the ductless gland association. To take a singleinstance,the development of the long bones

THE

ADRENAL

GLANDS

85

handling of food lime by the body. Eunuchs insufficient internal and eunuchoids, that is, individuals with have longer bones and more secretion of the interstitial cells, Vice versa, those with an excess bones than the normal. fragile
is dependentupon of the secretion have
onset

the

shorter and

thicker bones.

The

earlier the

menstruation, which means puberty, the shorter the the action of the internal secretion of the ovaries as extremities, closes the story of the growth of the long bones. most The ovaries are a important factor in the regulationof the power of the organism to keep lime in the bones. If they overwhich cannot be taken care of by the other secrete in an excess the body loses lime, a softeningand glands of internal secretion,
of

curving of the bones

and
some

occurs,

and

the most
out of the

horrible deformities the ovaries has cured

tortures

for the sufferer. others.

Taking
An

of the afflicted. Administration has

antagonizinggland

Italian,Bossi, in 1907, used helped adrenal gland curatively. More recently,a British student of Blair Bell, the subject, was given the direction of the treatment, at in India, the land of chronic of cases long range, of a number
extracts pregnancy

with

insufficient food, and

consequent oversecretion

of

the

with the typicalsofteningof the bones. At his sugovaries, gestion used was successfully. pituitary of the glands of internal secretion act as accelerators to Some the sex glands. Others act as retardingantagonists.Among the most

importantof the latter is

The

Thymus

It apthymus is the gland which dominates childhood. pears to do so by inhibiting the activity of the testes or ovaries. Castration a causes persistent growth and retarded atrophy of the thymus. Removal of the thymus hastens the development of the gonads. Situated in the chest, astride the windpipe, it descends and the upper portion of the heart,overlapping the great covers over vessels at the base of the heart. when
cut

The

It is

brownish
a

presents the spongy

view
of

effect of

red mass, which The sweetbread. more

powers

intimate

detail revealed

by the higher

of

the

microscope shows conglomerationsof the white cells of the blood known as lymphocytes. But scattered through the substance of the gland,between these lymphocytes, like the interstitial cells of the sex are glands rJlaced between the sex cells, peculiarly

86

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

in the more stainingcells in whorls. Of which there are many known after their thymus of embryonic and early postnatal life, to discoverer as Hassal's Corpuscles. They are believed by some secretion of the thymus. Present internal elaborate the specific
to be more vertebrates,there seems than in the herbivora, like the thyroid. in all of it in the carnivora

good The latest opinion about the results of extirpation deal at sea. is that they are nil. Yet there and growing animals in young even for proclaiming the thymus the gland is a certain justification times of childhood,the gland which keeps children childish and someThere is a quantity of children out of grown-ups. makes of rise of data for that proposition. In the first place,the curve the hood, to coincide with period of childgrowth of the gland seems and of its decline with the period of adolescence the curve that In the past, it was the rise of the sex accepted, glands. with puberty the thymus atrophied and was replaced by some it cells is held that secretion sort of fatty tissue. Nowadays, is too the extent of this persistence throughout life. When persist great, the gland being from five to ten times as large as the of other features become normal, a number prominent to make amid the status lymphaticus, who the extraordinaryindividual, He will the hazards of life will react in an extraordinary way. Concerning the
exact
we
are a

function

of the

thymus,

be

taken

up

in

the consideration

of internal

secretion

alities. person-

Then

there

are

the

varied

and

remarkable

phenomena

of

thymus enlargement and hyperactivityin childhood itself. When an enlarged thymus is present in an infant, the initiation of t breathing in the new-born, the introduction of the newcomer the oxygen of the air, be an exceedinglyprolonged,difficult, may matter. Such a baby is said to be born blue, and the breathing be stridorous for days, becoming normal for a time, to be may followed later by spellsof trouble in breathing,breathlessness times or breathlessness with blueness, and threatened extinction. Somethese spells out of a clear sky in an apparently healthy come child. That of the oversecretion some poison, probably an thymus, is responsible is shown by the relief obtainable by X-ray shrinkage of the gland, or the surgicalremoval of a part of it. Moreover, the gland is influenced by and influences the factors of body weight and and readiness extreme growth with an
Deficient general lability.
undernutrition leads to

rapid decline

THE in its

ADRENAL in 1858, the

that

GLANDS

87
of the of the

weight. Back
to be

pioneer student
condition
of the

Friedleben, declared
an

the size and

of nutrition it to and
one

index four to

the

state

body.

thymus, thymus is Underfeeding

normal. It

for
seems

weeks
act
as

will reduce
a

thirtieth the
organ,

storage
the

reserve

affording some
lack
of food

protection against material. In exhausting

gland sinks
instances inches in much have

limitation
or

of

growth

by

wasting disease,the weight of the more quickly than other glands. Scattered been reported of children growing, putting on

fed expanding mentally, when thymus was other measure to them, in whom previously tried had every failed. A French four hundred idiotic children study of over with normal three fourths had thyroids reported that over no thymus at all. Everything points to the most direct and close relation

height and

between

the gland and

our

nutrition

and

growth, but with

of the

nothing tangibly definite like

the

knowledge

thyroid and

pituitary.
is evidence

thymus is involved in the health and of muscle cells and muscularity. Certain tumors of the efficiency of destructive the thymus, presumably gland substance proper, and thus cutting off its secretion, are accompanied by a singular and atrophy of the muscle weakness muscle cells, entirelyout of
proportion to the general damage
suffered by the other cells of the

There

that the

body when affected by the poison of a malignant growth. Also, the thymus has been discovered diseased in certain mysterious of progressive muscular fatigability wastings. A remarkable after the slightest is a feature. muscles, which appears exertion, The which apparfeeding of thymus has caused muscle cramps ently increased the muscle o f nerve depends upon an excitability endings. animal of the lower* creatures of tlie Feeding of thymus to some kingdom will completely hold up differentiation. Take the unfolding
the specializedtissues and organs which transform tadpole into the frog and the chrysalis into the butterfly. A tadpole kept supplied with enough thymus in a nutrient medium
of the

extraordinarygiant tadpole,but will not change into a frog. Recently, this experiment has been contradicted. Yet this effect corresponds to the conception of its importance in childhood retardant of precocity, physical and mental. as a Clinical observations emphasize that in childhood it is the chief brake upon the other glands of internal secretion which would
an

will swell into

88

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

hasten
for
a

checking them perhaps development and differentiation, growth. given time and so profoundly influencing

The

Pineal

gland which has been credited with similar abilities and a like holding-the-reins-tight-in-childhoo the cells. Like the thymus, it has been supposed function among
The

pineal is

another

and of childhood to die with it. distinctive organs of anatomists Generations solemnly asserted,repeating each declare other's mistakes with the aplomb of the historians who
one

of the

that the pineal body was a useless, history repeats itself, of ture. a once important strucwastefullyspace consuming vestige in that century of grandly inaccurate That the view was Not that they relegatedit with that the nineteenth. assertions, to the limbo of the dull and the uninteresting.Quite statement it a distinguished the contrary. They conferred upon romance it as the last heir and vestigial and mystery by identifying remnant of a third eye, situated in the back of the head, which may still be observed in certain reptiles.Imagine it! Somewhere, in a cranny of the floor of your head and mine, is stuck away this descendant of an organ that once sparkled and shone,wept is and eagles, and now and glared, took in the stars and hawks
that

condemned

to

eternal
not

darkness

and

an

ineffectual of its

sandiness.
we

Today,
know
a

we

have

discarded

that view

but history,

regarding its composition and function. and where is the romantic What object? It is a cone-shaped bit of tissue hidden away at the base of the brain in a tiny cave behind and above its largercolleague, the pituitary.Microscopic reveals that it is made cells containing scrutiny up in part of nerve
a

littlemore

pigment similar to that present in the cells of the retina,

the argument for its ancient function as an eye. clinching But the outstanding and specifically glandular cells are large which too reach back to the tidewater days of secreting affairs, vertebrate ancestors, our when Eurypterus and other Crustaceans were engrossed with the fundamental problems of brain versus which belly. Besides these,there are the singularmasses upon has been fastened the unnecessarily opprobious epithetof brain sand. from the earliest times, These, noted and commented upon consist of collections of crystals of lime salts, sometimes small, about in discrete irregular lying and sometimes grouped masses,

thus

90

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

adrenal cortex, it is premature masculinity that is stimulated. be classed as a gland of masculinity. adrenal cortex must The
The acts pinealpossibly
soon
an as a

brake

upon

the adrenal

cortex.

Very
York.

after

the

report of Von
on

Hochwart's

research experimental
of

the

pinealwas

prodigy appeared, New in begun

bullocks were of young a pineal glands overaction of to see whether an obtained and used for feeding, pigs,kittens the internal secretion could be produced. Guinea The used. experiments covered about two and rabbits were the subjects outgrew small kittens, Of a dozen years in time. and resistance the controls rapidly in activity, intelligence, size, the controls weighed disease. Of ten small rabbits, to intercurrent which were strikingly about a third less than the subjects, clean, fat and salacious. active, class of Feeding of the gland was then extended to a particular children with well-shapedheads, normal defective children, eyes, symmetrically functioning limbs, excellent digestion, strong muscles and generally^ normal, sometimes rapid growth. It is to mental normality has progressedup to when them, particularly the eighth,tenth or twelfth year and stopped, that the term longing has been applied. They have been a hopelesslot,be"moron" of the incurables. to the limbo phatically Moreover, they, emanother the physically normal one ones, differ from enormously in the extent to which mental operationsare possible. definite classification and As all transitions and degrees exist, no The subdivision
once

number

of them
upon
as

has
an

been

made.

Yet

ever

since the cretin,

formed transwas eternallydamned defective, by thyroidfeedinginto an apparently normal being,there kind has been no dearth of effort to find the '"ight of internal secretion to fit their desperatesituations, In defectives but in vain. with definitely, result of no organicallydamaged brains, class over to be expected. In those of any course was fifteen, has no been elicited by feeding pineal gland. In the response others the results have been contradictory. A set of observations have related the pineal to muscle tion, funcis a invitingcomparison of it with the thymus. There muscle singular as shrinking and deforming disease, known muscular unsolved progressive hitherto a complete and dystrophy, Newer studies of the pineal in this disease during life mystery. of the X-ray have shown by means buried in it calcified, that is, lime salts, which signifies Recently thus put out of business.

looked

another

hint

as

to its function

has

been

ferreted out.

THE

ADRENAL

GLANDS

91

ent tadpole as a reagent to test out the growth effects of differsecretion has also been employed for the glands of internal pineal. Ten-day-old tadpoles fed on pineal present a marked translucency of the skin due to a retraction of the skin pigment without a doubt a number of as yet unknown cells. Now growth of the body to the complete and metabolic effects follow exposure The interesting suggestion follows that the gamut of lightrays. pineal influences the body by varying the degree of light ray The reaction.

pineal,the ghost of a once important third eye at the back of our heads, stillharks back in its function to a regulation and its effect upon and brain. to light, of our sex susceptibility of the significant So it becomes one regulatorsof development, with an indirect hasteningor retardation of puberty and maturity according as it works in excess, or too indolently. It appears
The thus the blood brother of the adrenal the skin
cortex

which

also influences

of the organism to light, pigment and so susceptibility that Descartes, brain growth and sex ripening. It is interesting in 1628; considered the pinealthe seat of the soul.

The

Parathyroids
the substance of the

Sometimes

imbedded

within

placed directlybehind it upon neck, sometimes four tiny glands, each about the size of are the parathyroids. For long they were swamped in the nearness of their great neighbor,and considered merely a variable part of who contend that even it. There are today. But it has some been proven that they are separate, individual glands, with a and function of their own, and a definite importance structure to the body economy. On the animal early, contemporaneously family tree they appear the In with the thyroids. embryo they develop from alike about the same sites. And very often they look very much in certain under the cells are when the microscope, especially quiescent stage of secretion. Yet they are wholly independent in and business. nature, activity of the thyroid First experimentersupon the effects of removal confused by contradictory findings with different animals were because in some they would take out the parathyroids at the time without same knowing it,and in others they would not. That possibility careful dissectors accomplished more suggested,

thyroid in the the windpipe, wheat a seed,

92

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

the

the thyroid while leavingthe parathyroids job of extirpating vice

versa.

intact and

In consequence

some

definite information

about

the than

is available, even parathyroids

never

though their internal

as

secretion has
more an

been

its existence established or isolated,

inference.

parathyroids are removed, an astounding increase follow. It is as if the animal of the nerves in the excitability stimulus thoroughly poisoned with strychnine. The slightest were When the him jump, or throw him into a spasm. will make is measured of the nerves by an electrical instrument excitability thousand to one it is found augmented by from five hundred per those automatic responses of brain and spinal cent. The reflexes, become tive, cord to certain stimuli and situations, enormously sensithe lightinto a darkened will that merely letting room so sions. the subject of the experiment go into a series of convulmake
When the On
be

the chemical in

side,an
a

explanation for these

Lime in the blood
In

nervous

nomena phe-

has been advanced.

to necessary

and

cells appears

making of bone in the keeping of fluid in the coagulationof the blood, and teeth, within the blood vessels,and in maintaining the tone of the the parathyroids, all nerves, it plays a major role. Now among to act as the prime regulathe glands of internal secretion, seem tors
of the amount when the of lime held within the blood and cells. For
cised, exparathyroidshave been completely and aseptically without injuringany other organ, immediately the body begins to lose lime. Something has gone out of it that helped it to bind lime, and without that essential something,the internal secretion presumably of the parathyroids, the lime departs.As a the teeth fail to develop properly, conspicuous consequence to their enamel, for which as lime is an essential particularly constituent. Hair is lost, there is a general wasting, the nails and the bones soften, get brittle, and the animal dies. Supplying lime directly, into the blood,will by direct injection particularly

number

of ways.

the

relieve the symptoms. In man, condition a described

or as

of
occurs

nervous

has over-excitability

been

tetany. It

vomiting malady to the phenomena succeeding parathyroic and they are deprivation, looked upon now as aspects of it Individuals havo been reportedsuffering from an insufficiency o: the internal secretion of parathyroids, dewith a sudden extreme
related the

in

often in the young, the pregnant, after operations. All sorts of tests have
most

THE

ADRENAL

GLANDS

93

and restlessness, to sleep or an inability pression,nervousness Such tremulous and sit still, a handwriting. reports round out for the importance of the parathyroids in an the evidence as understanding of the factors which control growth, especially for lime lime utilization, without properly handled no regards building of cells is possible.Also the parathyroids are necessary
to
a

steadiness of muscle

and

nerve.

The The business of the

Pancreas

the keeping of lime parathyroids concerns in the body. Another or gland, the pancreas sweetbreads,this time within the abdomen, a close neighbor of the solar plexus, alias the abdominal brain,is occupied with holding and hoard'ng in the body, particularly in the liver, the great sugar warehouse. sugar This matter and controlling its output of retaining sugar for growth and metabolism, the is one of the utmost significance resistance to infections, the response to emergency and situations, in general to the mobilization of energy for physical and mental for the cells, For without sugar sufficiently at hand purposes. muscle work or no nerve work, the essentials of the strugglefor are possible. existence,, The
pancreas

is

an

organ

with

both

an

internal and

external

secretion, long known, evolved by the major portion of the gland, is poured into $ie small intestine to play the star in digestion. Scattered here and there among the definitely glandular cell groups tion creatingthe external secreof smaller collections the of cells, called islets are Langerwhich have elaborate been demonstrated the internal to hans,
secretion.

secretion.

The

external

There

are

about

million

of these

islands in each

of has been called insuline. Unlike most gland. The hormone the glands with a double secretion in which the internal is absolutely independent,and so to speak, unconscious of the external, these two of the pancreas often disturbed together, are perhaps because trouble easilyhits them both together. disease due to disturbed internal Quite the most well-known

secretory function
amount
as a

of the been

pancreas

is diabetes. the various

An

enormous

of work

has

spent upon

aspects of it

mystery.

the

subjectare

in a dozen languages upon of papers in existence. In a nutshell, they have established

Hundreds

pretty well that diabetes is

of sugar in the blood

disease in which of
an

there is

an

excess

and urine because

insufficient amount

94

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING
islands makes
as

PERSONALITY

of the secretion of the

of

Removal
unable
energy.

of the pancreas to retain sugar,

Langerhans in the pancreas. the body, essentially the liver,

unable
to to
a

well

as

burn

up

sugar

for its

The

situation

is

comparable

locomotive

with

coal bins
or

some

of slate leaking,and the coal itself acting as if made or only partially combustible equally uncombustible

material.
The control
as

of sugar

mobilization
animal

from

the

liver,where

it

is stored
pancreas

the starch,is divided between the pancreas and the adrenals, acting as the brake,the

glycogen or

adrenals
are

as

the accelerator of the mechanism.

Adrenal

and

creas pan-

therefore direct

represents sugar

the pans of the scale which antagonists, be equilibrium in the organism. Diabetes may of the

regarded
assisted

as

disturbance

adrenal-pancreas balance,

like great by events which produce adrenal overwork or prolonged emotion, or by strain of the pancreas, effected by over-eating for example. There are other minor glands of internal secretions. But those considered are by far the most important and the -most recently them as follows: would classify explored. In a summary, one Name Secretion Function

1.

Thyroid

Thyroxin

Gland

of energy of

duction pro-

Controller of

growth gans specialized orand tissuessex

brain and

2.

Pituitary-

Gland

of energy utilization

sumption con-

and
"

tinued con-

effort anterior Unknown Growth and of skeleton

sues supporting tiscell and untary involand

posterior

Pituitrin

Nerve

muscle

cell, brain
sex

tone

CHAPTER

IV

THE

GLANDS

AS

AN

INTERLOCKING

DIRECTORATE

Now

in

considering each
commit and the

gland of internal
certain sin of usual the

secretion
and

as

arate sep-

entity, and
we

labelling it with
isolation
every

properties
intellect: crime This

actions,
sin of

of

course

the of

abstraction
the its

of its material.

analysis
Before
a

intellect

commits
seems

day in the
to

search

for truth. article in

dissection,it
and bottle

to have
a

dip the elusive

of

tive, fixa-

it in
in

vacuum.
more a

Yet in

nothing

reality is
and secretion
to

changing
And the

flux of

than all

the

body
the to

all of its

parts

tissues

and

organs.

these,

glands

of internal Made

stand stimuli

out of

as

most

susceptible exchanges
the
same

change.

to react

offense

and
energy

taneously defense, instanand

or

responsive
protective
alone. other the
with in

to situations
are never

involving
for
any

reflexes,they
never

minute Each be

They
a

function

separately.
Let
one

influences

the all

communicating
will feel the

chain.

disturbed, and
and

others it. break

impact

of

the

disturbance

vibrate

Any
will

in the
a

somatic

or

psychic equilibrium, a blow

seen,
or a

or

an

infection, or
start
a

startling thing going.

somehow

worrisome wind final

up

thought
when

felt,
every
established. re-

process

This

will

only
a

gland
turn

has

been The

touched,

and

equilibrium
then

the

thyroid, maybe, was adrenals, with a boomerang

at

first

excited, and

in

reinforcing effect
upon

upon

the

thyroid, and

the

same

time

stimulating effect
and of the

the

pituitary. Each
and

gland is thus complex

Endocrine

influenced

influencing, agent organism.

reagent in the

adjustments

Co-operations
Not

The
for

body-mind
to which

is

perfect corporation.
little it will succumb. in the 96 co-ordination

quite perfect,
and
in the

continually there
its

arise

insurgencies,inadequacies
Yet,
of the

frictions of

in time

efficiency
needs and

co-operations,and

98

THE

GLANDS
or

REGULATING
the Soul.
terms

PERSONALITY

Ego, the Psyche

ancient man's and

Lately, a competitor with these

has
come

honorable
In

upon

the

scene

as

the

Subconscious.
a

that darkened
The

No

Man's

Land

is determined
out
as

destiny.

endocrine

association

stands

at

least the most

important physical determinant

of the states and

subconscious. processes of the

Antagonisms and Co-operations

influences corporationthere are factions and cliques, that always work together,and forces that are always torate direcwithin the interlocking so pullingin oppositedirections, tions, of the ductless glands there are antagonisms and inhibiand compensations. One gland will assist co-operations As within
a

the action of another's secretion with stimulated

to secrete

out its secretion by it. Another in order to neutralize the effects produced. Or its own activity will be depressedor completely inhibited by it. Thus the pituitary the the interstitial glands and vice versa, whereas arouses and the thyroid are mutually inhibitory.Indeed, whole pancreas systems of glands may work in unison,or be pittedagainsteach jected when the organism is subother in certain situations, especially to conflicting impulses with the clash of opposing instincts, In general there is reciprocity and team like fear and anger.

its own, will throw

or

will in turn

be

work
A

among

the internal secretions.

amount

certain minimum

of each lines. above

must

be

present if life
there is ,to be
or a

is to continue
an

along the normal

any
one

Whether this

excess

of

secretion

minimum,

ficiency de-

below of deficiency
to make
an

decides the fate of the individual. it,

one, the other members

If there is

of the directorate
to carry

attempt

on by to substitute. Or, released from the discipline of effort, the deficient member, or the necessityfor antagonizingit,they be released from its stimulus to secrete, and produce less of may their own secretion. A generalreaction all along the line specific will accompany of one overaction, oversecretion, gland. Due to stimulations consequent and depressionsof other glands, some be excited the event to overwork m:iy by to assist some to act antidote for others, as the excess while still secretion, relieved of a burden,do not have to supply as much others, of under the circumstances and so shut down, or limit quota

up

for what

has been

and lost,

its work

extra

"

"

"

their output.

GLANDS
It is

AS

AN
to

INTERLOCKING

DIRECTORATE

99

tions get clearlyin mind these subtle inter-reacductless the different be antagonistic of glands. They may because of the effects in their end opposed functions of the nerves

important

or

organs

stimulated.
a

There will send

are a

are

inhibitions and

restraints produced

gland,others will endeavour,by manufacturing of their for the to loss. own more secretion, compensate mutual There when are co-operations, partnerships, a gland will in assist another to which is oversecrete to another,or response There losses of balance, so that when also oversecreting. are another will simultaneouslyor soon secreting, one gland ceases oversecretion undersecretion after. Normal or are secretion, thus adjusted,but leave a train of after effects. of the thyroid, there may be So with loss or insufficiency act as vicar pituitaryovergrowth, because the pituitary may for the thyroid. The thyroid and thymus are for antagonistic, the thyroid hastens differentiation, puberty and the coming of sexual maturity, while the thymus delays and retards them and prolongs the period of childhood. The thyroid and the pancreas the thyroid has been excised,the for when are antagonists, no longer necessary to act as a break upon the pancreas appear
mechanism
The

gland gland secreting. There of insufficiency of

when

its secretions to stop another cause compensations resultingwhen beout

liberation into the blood from the liver. of sugar thyroid stimulates the interstitial glands,for menstruation
are

impossiblewith no thyroid or an insufficient of the pituitarymakes the thymus shrink thyroid. Removal influence of the latter is no longerneeded. because the restraining In But there is an enlargement of the thyroid to compensate.
and
pregnancy castrates

there is

an

increase in the size and

number

of the cells

of the anterior effect. The

again a compensation or substitution pituitary, ant, and the adrenal cortex are mutually assistpituitary
the tone of the brain and
sex

alike in their influence upon cells.

The So there
or or

Kinetic of

System

are

combinations
a an

to

control

glands to assist or restrain others, body function,or to determine the domination

instinct. One such has been named the kinetic demand
comes

abeyance of
because

system

it

into

play
or

in situations which
a

prompt

adaptation without

hesitancy, and

diate consequent imme-

transformation

of static

stored energy

into kinetic

or

100

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

active

According to this conception the brain, the the thyroid and the muscles together constitute adrenals,the liver,
energy.
a

machine

very

much

like

an

automobile.

The

self-

starter of the machine

is the brain,with

posed storage battery (com-

The ignitioncombined. thing seen without, or the idea felt within, act as the initial permit the freer sparks,while the adrenals,as the carburetors, flow of fuel,sugar, from the liver. The thyroid works as the muscles the originalimpulse finallylanding upon accelerator, be it keyed up and supplied with food to meet the situation, (attack) or that of removing a poison, removing an aggressor himself When is individual (running away). one removing the intoxication or infection, exhausted by exertion and emotion,injury, the of the kinetic system, the brain, it is these members which exhausted. Exhaustion are adrenals,thyroid and liver, the activity of the brain is diminished diminishes when by when is abolished it and cured by sleep. anesthetics, be called Gland the of Emergency adrenal the If gland may of Council of energy, the Kinetic System is entitled to the name Emergency Defense for the organism. The Kinetic Drive is the It is that has been given to the whole system at work. name of the best examples we have of inter-glandular one co-operations and reactions in reply to the threat of danger or the hint of pleasure.

of stored

past memories)

and

The Another instance

Check of the

and

Drive

System

complexity of these inter-glandular reactions is furnished by the thyroid and the adrenals. The thyroid and the adrenals are mutually stimulating when the Yet thyroid oversecretes,the adrenal dittos,and vice versa. because they have directly opposed effects upon the economy they act upon antagonistic portionsof the involuntary or vege tative nervous system, the system which is independent of the will. Before proceedingfurther, it is worth while sketchingthis
" "

division of the

nervous

system.
a

point of view oi the" every moment, the first thought of mechanic is an adequate brake and an efficientregulator of speed instruments antagonistic, but necessary to work simultaneously or The involuntary alternately. or vegetativenervous system is! built upon the same principle.It suppliesevery organ in the
motor
car

In the construction of absolute control of it at

from

the

GLANDS

AS

AN

INTERLOCKING
control of the will which

DIRECTORATE

101

body beyond the

with
group

two

sets of filaments in

(that is to say, the brain) have opposing functions. One

or

of filaments
organ

general increases

activates the function The other

group

of

the

to

which

it is distributed.

of

inhibits or tingling, filaments,when prohibits that function. They are like the two buttons on the wall which regulatethe to incandescent supply of electricity bulbs,one switchingon the the other switchingit off. It has been agreed to call the current, stimulative or activating drive system. portion the autonomic or To its antagonist has been left the older name of the sympathetic It is because they do not both act upon check system. these or two components of the vegetative nervous system, but only upon though in themselves complementary, one, that the thyroid and adrenal For the internal to exert oppositeeffects. come tion secrethe ol for the autonomic thyroid has a selective affinity or activatingsystem, while that of the adrenals has a selective for the sympathetic or inhibiting affinity system. In the stomach, for instance, extracts of the adrenal glands have been proved to intensify the function of the sympathetic or check system in different degrees, of that there is a lessening so the amount and acidityof the gastric fluid. On the other hand, or thyroid extracts will intensifythe action of the autonomic drive system, so that the amount and acidity of the digestive juiceis increased. The be regarded as a test-reagent stomach cell may, therefore, for the different internal secretions, as they affect the check and drive systems. These constitute automatic device for ties the activiregulating

an

One

Three factors enter into the mechanism. of every organ. of the circulating internal secretions. Another is the amount

filaments organic and functional integrityof the nerve comprising the check and drive systems. The third consists limitations of the terminal reand of the number and vitality ceiving which in their cells acted upon filaments, by the nerve turn have been acted upon by the internal secretions. Upon including the mind, through the brain, a stimulus every organ, ence to influfrom without or within will act according to its ability is the
one or

others of these factors.

are

Normally, the check and drive systems

But under stress
may

and

strain the balance

as a

properly balanced. is upset. Indeed, the

contrived
for in the

Kinetic
course

Drive

be defined
as

mechanism

of evolution

the

normal, healthy mode

meeting

102

THE

GLANDS
strain.
The

REGULATING
Kinetic chain

PERSONALITY
of organs,

stress and

brain,adrenals,

muscles,began working together in desperate Successful in helping him situations for their possessor ages ago. to survive, they have survived as a functional unit. It was probably evolved in the Post-TertiaryEra, about twenty million years ago, when the coming of the carnivores introduced and their concomitants, a quick direct body-to-body conflicts, and versatile nervous system. During the Tertiary epoch the earth basked in the heat of a tropical sun nearly everywhere on flourished its surface. The luxuriant vegetationof the torrid zone what it is today and swarmed, for the temperature all over was the animals,creatures at the equator. Giganticvegetarians were like the dinosaurs,enormous, credibl gargoylean monsters, of an insize and strength, but clumsy and grotesque, with small brains and littleintelligence. For what need was there for brain and intelligence when food lay about so abundantly at hand for them to gorge themselves. As there was no competitionfor food, thyroid and liver,
there
were as no

enemies. and
grew

the ancestors

cooler, vegetationfailed, of the present carnivora appeared, the fathers of the wolf and tiger, lithe and pugnacious,with senses acute light, and ferocious weapons of attack,who set out to destroy everybody. They destroyed pretty nearly all of the huge leaf-eating and only the more species, plasticand smaller ones, who were
keen-sensed horse and
ox

Then

the earth evolved

more

and
are

swift- footed the

(of whom

the deer and The

lope, ante-

escaped. descendants),

smallest

either took to the air to become the bat, or, like the forerunners of the squirrel and ape, took to the trees. It was the coming of the carnivores, that accelerated therefore, the

development

created

started the process which in the millions and millions of years of conman. flicts, instincts grew into being that sank deep into bone and But The
most

of brain

matter, and

marrow.

fundamental
were danger,

to irritation or the

those immediate sponses rereflexes, laid down, and among them

check system. When the animal had decided to its fight or forced to fight, determined was to prey, enemy or then was the time for the drive system to do its utmost to speed

drive and

everything that would help in the fight,while the check into play to hinder system came interfere whatever would burden in the fray. First the drive mechanism or have must
up hit upon,

and

then

the value

of the

check

devices

must

have

been

found

in fear and

and especially in hiding and flight,

GLANDS simulation

AS
of

AN

INTERLOCKING

DIRECTORATE

103

death, when even breathinghad to be inhibited. for there Until finally developed, everyday use, a complete check for and drive nerve machinery every organ, to be used according of the moment, with the thyroid as the primary to the exigencies
stimulant
as

and

controller of the
over

drive

system

and

the

adrenal

the

primary dictator
The

the check

system.
Hormones

Harmony

of

the

with a distribution of glands,in fact,work in unison, that diplomatists the balance of power In the comight envy. ordinating synchronism, the vegetative nervous system plays the All the

part of
which

an

agent that acts

of the

as

well

interaction

internal

is acted upon. secretions is not the

as

The

chemical
way

only

in

they influence each other. For, as the case of the thyroid and the adrenal so well shows, secretions which, when directly when are interacting, mutually reinforcing, affecting nerves, may become clashing opponents. The Kinetic Chain is about as good a case as there is of the glands of internal secretion co-operating. The Check and Drive systems, with the adrenals and thyroid opposed, are one of the best instances of their antagonisms. Besides, there are a number of other relationships between them that might be cited. They all bear with more less pressure, positiveor negative,upon or the sex glands which will be considered in its place. If one wished to consider all the glands in their pro and anti relations, would be required. a separate volume
The The combination

Vegetative Apparatus
the

of the internal secretions and

vegetative
ratus. appanervous

system has been spoken of as the vegetativeor autonomic The vegetativeapparatus is the oldest part of the
system.
And
some

to any nature. For

sary acquaintance with its constitution is necesof control of human understanding of the possibilities

regard the brain as the organ of mind of which at all,but as unit of a complex synthesis, one mind is the product, and the vegetativeapparatus is the major of the last current superThat involves the blasting component. stition of the traditional psychology, the dogma that the brain
modern

thought does

not

is the exclusive seat of mind.

104

THE
an

GLANDS
animal is
a

REGULATING
vast
concourse

PERSONALITY
of cells is is not
so

That

one

of the

cepted ac-

fundamentals
into

of

biology.
the

What

generallytaken

by the of millions of years, and composed agglutinations some of parts of different ages and pedigrees, exceedinglyancient and recent. and hoary, some new middle-aged,and some relatively who date further back in the historyof In the invertebrates, the nervous the planet than any vertebrate, system consists of the ganglions composing the discrete patches of nerve cells, nervous ganglionic system of which the vegetativeor autonomic and representative. is the direct descendant The system of man later acquisitions, brain and central nervous system are definitely the original stratum of the check and drive imposed upon
that it is hence chassis of the mechanism, so to speak, is the soprimitive called vegetativenervous system. Grouped with that system the primeval breathing, are feeding and reproducing inventions, The the viscera both boxed
up

consideration is that

assemblage

is formed

machine.

in the

chest

and

abdomen.

The
act upon

third the

which partner is the glands of internal secretion,

viscera

and indirectly directly through the check and drive the vegetativenerves. effect upon The glands are like tuning be tightkeys, by which certain stringsin the instrument may ened, that its vibratory activityis increased,or they may so be loosened, the vibrations decreased, the activity lessened. is a constant in the organism. Tuning up the motors process at the base of the Finally,there are the large nerve masses brain known the basal ganglia, which contain the nerve as
centers

for the co-ordination constitute the oldest

of the other three.

All these together

Beside
are

them,

the brain

family of the corporate organism. and the face and the prehensileorgans

mere

parvenus.

The

Oldest

Part

of the

Mind

Granted, then, that this vegetative apparatus is the most deeply rooted core of our being. What warrant is there for the of the phrase: the Oldest part of the Mind? grandiloquence There is,indeed,room for rhetoric, even poetry, here. For all the evidence points to it as the rightful occupant of the throne which Shelleyplaced his Brownie as the Soul of the Soul. upon Or to put it in another think and feel primarily with we way, the vegetative the involapparatus,with our muscles, especially

106 tonus.

THE
Tonus

GLANDS
can

REGULATING
be

PERSONALITY and measured.

watched experimentally

Thus found

hunger, the most

to be simultaneous

primitiveof
with

the

wish-

has been feelings,

certain characteristic contractions

of the stomach. The

and you Stop those contractions,

stop the hunger.

contractions
occurs
a

them

in

of begin slowly and weakly, and no awareness As they grow the mind. stronger,consciousness rather like
an

becomes

sensation and

itch somewhere

by a sense accompanied sometimes The vegetativeactivity going on as a current almost weakness. has swelled and warmed, of feeling the outside of the stream on of speaking,into the center of in a manner and so forced itself, the rest of the stream has to arrange Or if you will, the stream.
abdomen,
itselfaround
of the it
as

in the upper of general

the center.
of the

similar mechanism

for the tonus how

other members consciousness that when

vegetative system, and

is understandable. and
tone

they
It has

determine
been
are

and behaviour the bladder

shown
of
a

the intestinal tone

measurable has the desire to empty one size, definitely The same them. appliesto the sex glands. The pressure within of the amount the ratio between viscus is dependent upon a contraction of the involuntary muscle in its walls,the external contents,the internal pressure, and the quantity of its distending divided The resultant quotient,the internal pressure pressure. the intravisceral pressure. by the external pressure, measures The primitive wish-feelingsare the direct expressionsof the The primitive soul is various intravisceral pressures, or tones. of themselves of the fused primitivewish-feelings an awareness as a whole, and of the strugglebetween them for recognition, isolation, and, as we say, satisfaction. This satisfaction consists in a degradation of the highest intravisceral pressure to a point at which other intravisceral pressure becomes some higher and therefore predominant.

Physics of the Wish

then be portrayed as Mind, consciousness, may of mobile current layers,complexes built
awareness an ocean prised com-

up

around

the

archy hierof different intravisceral pressures. A shifting of such pressures ness form the points of focusingof consciousthat result in conduct. Behaviour be defined as the may of the

resultant
counter

organism's pressure
until there is
a

pressure

against the environment's sufficient reduction of the specifically

Just
as

intravisceral pressure. exciting

water

flows to its

GLANDS
own

AS

AN

INTERLOCKING flow to reduce

DIRECTORATE

107

so level,

will conduct
A

to

its

own a

which
Not

physics of the mathematical analysis will

in terms of
some common

level.

intravisceral pressure soul comes into prospect, in

state the
process

tatively quanti-

unit

of pressure.

because it is past conduct only conduct, but also character, and fixed,will be so statable. For repeated, associated, is not simply or only an acute or intravisceral tonus or pressure the or passing affair. There is for it a persistent figure, average for it,below which so-called normal above which the acute or situation will bring it. Character is a matter then of standards in the vegetativesystem. Character, indeed,is an alloy of the different standard intravisceral pressures of the organism, a fusion created stacles by the resistance or counter pressure of the obin the environment. in Character, short,is the grand intravisceral barometer of a personality. Thus the comfortable,healthy,happy, well-balanced, sive, progresvirile personalityis one in whom there is a constructive, reduction of the intravisceral pressures continuouslyharmonious in the environment called society. For in a gregariouscreature, like man, fellow beings are of the most powerful determinants Not so well rounded negative and positive vegetativepressures. other types existing of the because of inferiorities or excesses are Standard visceral tone. There is,for instance, the sexuallycold vironment by creating for itself an anaphrodisiac entype, comfortable composed of pressures that can be fitted into its own. in the of standard be an Or there may insufficiency pressure ing, mal-nourished,strivalimentary tract,and we have the ascetic, uplifting type. Different types will be made by the permutations and combinations the
of factors

that

determine

the

visceral intra-

or

and pressure counter pressures. Internal Now Secretions

environmental, i. e., social

resistances

Determinants

of

Vegetative Pressures
determine the tones,that
tative vege-

of all the different factors which

is to say, the internal pressures, of the various apparatus (includingall structures not will in the

parts of the
controlled

by

the

are by term), the internal secretions or hormones them is conferred far the most upon important. This significance that these because it is by their activities primarily pressures lowered and heightened; in short,controlled. are produced, regulated, the thyroid and adrenal hold the how have seen We

108

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

reins of the drive or check systems in the vegetativeapparatus. Together with the other ductless glands,they decide the advance charge, tension or relaxation, charge and disor halt,forward or retreat, of the visceral which
the directorate.
"

involuntary muscle
core

"

blood

vessel

bination comas

is at the

of life. Here

again they

emerge

who probably knows more Carlson,the Chicago physiologist, other the than on man about being hungry planet, once any of the blood, of two the that demonstrated -or injection an ounce the internal secretion mixture, of a starvinganimal, which means companying into one not starvingincreased the signs of hunger and the acbe There can hunger contractions of the stomach. centration condoubt that hunger is the expressionof a certain specific no of internal secretion
the
or

secretions in the blood.

When

quantity, in the cycles of metabolism, becomes

sufficiently

which in a way to contract great, it stimulates the stomach augments the pressure within it to a point at which the feeling of hungriness,and the wish to satisfyit,or to get rid of it, becomes Without

imperative,and
doubt
an

the dominant

of consciousness. likewise
so

the sexual

cravings are

determined.

a definite expressionof a certain concentration, tured of the substance manufacamount peculiar to the individual, in the blood. It arouses by the interstitialcells, circulating its effects probably by (1) increasing the amount of reproductive material in the sex glands in a direct chemically stimulating effect upon the germinative cells, and so raisingthe internal within them, (2) stimulatingthe involuntary muscles pressure within the walls and the canals of the sex glands, and so, by the total intraaugmenting the tenseness of the muscles,elevating visceral pressure, (3) by a direct chemical and indirect nervous effect upon the brain, the muscles, the heart, as well as the other glands of internal secretion stimulatingthe organism as a whole. Though the isolation in pure form of the substance or substances involved has never been scientifically achieved,their inference is entirelyjustified.It is indeed the only comprehensible

Sex libido is

mechanism about the matter.

conceivable And
even

that will fit all the known

facts

though the assertions of Brownit is were only exaggerationsof a semi-charlatan, certain that some stance, future the particularsubday in the near that he claimed he had discovered, about will be handed in bottles for the inspection of the curious. Besides thyroxin, and the libido-producing secreadrenalin, Sequard
the

GLANDS

AS

AN

INTERLOCKING

DIRECTORATE

109

the substance tion of the interstitial cells, situated behind glandlets, the

produced by the paired thyroid,the parathyroids,have a

profound influence
nervous

upon

system.
that lime

the vegetative apparatus and the vegetative These direct the lime exchanges within

cells. It has organisms, including the nerve been shown a sedative to cells. It raises is,relatively, the threshold or strengthof stimulus necessary to evoke a reaction. Removing the parathyroids means removing the lime for with their deficiency there is a change in, and then barrier, the blood, of the lime,by way of the kidneys. an escape, from increase in the excitability The result is sometimes an enormous of the vegetativeapparatus. What and especially of all the cells, for the individual whose comfort that means a depends upon of the intravisceral tones and pressures may be readily stability imagined. likewise acts as a sedative to the vegetative The pancreas this appliesto the sugar mechanism in apparatus. In particular, the discipline of the check and drive organizathe liver under tion. the direct The adrenal and the pancreas are antagonists Removal of the adrenals in the struggle for control of sugar. of sugar in the blood,while decrease in the amount will cause a increase. will produce an Excess of removal of the pancreas with changes of in the blood may thus be concomitant sugar character considered incorrigible. In different locales of the vegetativeapparatus, as indeed of to the directorate seems to be handed the body in general, over ing workmade up of two members of control, generally a committee in the genin opposing directions. Such a division of power eral directorate is analogous to the small holding corporations which divide functions in, for example, the United States Steel in these smaller relative ratios of tonus Corporation. The as of the utmost internal secretion balances significance are of differences in the vegetative apparatus, which are the causes the basis of differences in structure,power, and character between

cells of the

individuals.

The Our

General

Laws

of the Directorate

at

locking knowledge of the glands of internal secretions as an interall the functions of the organism directorate presidingover be to knocking As yet, we seem is stillexceedinglymeagre. There are the portalsof the chemistry of the imponderable.

110

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

tances disdoors,and we glimpse the unfathomable do see something, and we of unexplored regions. But we do glimpse a beginning. Already the outlines of a differential different physiology and and differential psya a anatomy, chology, which will explain to us the unique in the constitution, It is the temperament and character of an individual, emerge. valuable to a worth while, before proceeding to the details, so to summarize the general societywhich would become rational, of the ductless emerging,expressingthe directing principles powers be regarded as the glands over the individual. They may science of the whys and wherefores of a new present postulates those separatingand settingapart, as so recognizably distinct, holes in the bronze chemical peregrinating
1.

mixtures:

men

and

women.,

The

That is, largelyby they, as a and director internal control system, complex messenger organ The orderliness of human conduct and character. and function, march of its episodes, in the sequential and successes crises, life, depends, to a large extent, upon their interactions with failures, each
2.

in every life of every individual, his glands of internal secretion.

stage, is dominated

other and One

or

with several

the environment. of the

or controlling superior influence above that of the others in the physiology of the individual and so becomes the central gland of his life, its dominant, indeed,so far as it casts a deciding vote or veto, in its everyday existence and incidents as well as in its high the climaxes and emergencies. points, 3. These glandular preponderances are at the basis of personality, creating genius and dullard, weakling and giant, Cavalier and Puritan. All human traits may be analyzed in because they are expressions of them. terms of them 4. be directlyassociated Specifictypes of personalitymay with particularglandular prominences, so that we the have thyroid-centered types, the pituitary-centered types, the adrenalcentered types, etc. These are the classic Three, the prototypes in their purity most easilydescribed and recognized. 5. Combinations of these,as well as of other glands with the majority of and indeed form joint predominance occur populations. The phenomena of varieties in species are thus explained. 6. Internal secretion traits are and variations in inherited, of the resultant heredity are essentially the structural representation of a parallelogram of forces exerted by each of the

glands

possesses

"

"

GLANDS

AS

AN

INTERLOCKING
If

DIRECTORATE
are

111

parentalprepotent glands.
may

they

of the

same

type, they

reinforce
come

will
7.
upon

other: if not, inhibitions and compensations into play. Mendelian laws may apply.
process of

each

the play of natural selection as evolution, b ecomes these variations, point. standcomprehensible from a new

The

and disease tendencies, both acute and diseases, well as traits of temperament and character, as constitutional, and predetermined reactions to certain recurring situations in rooted in the glandular soils that compose the stuff of are life,
8.

Certain

the individual.

subconscious,of which the vegetative apparatus is the physical basis,leads back to the internal secretions for the profoundest springs of its secrets. We shall see how and why. Given the internal secretory composition,so to speak, of 10.
9.
an

The

individual
one

"

his endocrine
may

formula

"

and

so

his intravisceral

within limits, his physicaland psychic predict, crasies diseases, tastes,idiosynmake-up, the general lines of his life,
pressures,

and
11.

habits.

if the previous history of an individual is limits, be approximately described, may known, his physicalappearance Within and his future outlined.
12. of
an

Conversely, given the physical and psychic composition ternal deduce the inone and his past history, may individual, secretion type to which he belongs. 'Bright eyes
Good clean teeth flushed skin attitude

Examples:

Symmetrical features
Moist
A.

One

Type Thyroid-centered

has

Temperamental
toward
life to

Tendency
disease

testinal heart, innervous

and

Abnormally
small Musical B. One
"

large
sense

or

size
acute of

Type Pituitary-centered

rhythm Asymmetrical features to cyclic or Tendency periodicdiseases

112

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

Hairy
Dark C. One

Adrenal-centered

Type

Masculinity Tendency
and
to

marked

diphtheria

hernia

These

are

some

of the the

master

types.
of the

They

have

their variants

depending
interstitial

upon

influences
sex

other

glands, especially the

cells of the

glands.

Ante-Natal their

Development
secretion
of the
may

In

ensemble,
influence

the

glands of internal
the his

wield

termining de-

upon If

development
powers to
cease

individual be conceived the

from

his
as

very
an

inception.

various be said
to

of
very

orchestra, they
From

may

conduct

it from

beginning of its movements,

the the
moment
ovum,

and

only with

its termination. and

when the fate

the

spermatozoon
future

penetrates
with

fecundates their

of the

being is settled

by

disposition. The

seal

of his

destiny is soaked

their

substance.

Post-Natal

Development
every

Every
ovum

particle of protoplasm,
carries
As
a

granule of the
of

nated impregno

the

representatives they
the

the

parental ductless
and confer

glands.

consequence,

transmit

chemically, with familial, racial

figure of
national
upon
as

speech
characters child
a

involved,
from
number

peculiar
to

progenitors
of the features

offspring. They

the

properties commonly
which from

recognized
from Jew

inherited.

All

those

distinguish Caucasian

from
are

Mongolian,
determined

Scandinavian

Italian, Italian
relation that

by them.
every

In

short, at

in every step of his life,

inner

and control

ciation, asso-

being,

in every the normal

expression of the
individual
see

forces

his

is influenced

by his internal

tions. secre-

Let

us

now

how.

114

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

normal

In every emerit holds the balance of power. gency function, its its weakness. It thus it stands out by strengthor by

creates

its own

type of

man

or

woman,

with

attributes and

acteristic char-

seen,

are

have peculiar to itself. These pure types, as we and the adrenalmainly the thyroid,the pituitary, with the

centered. Each

signs peculiar to it
in the street. that

can

the faces that pass one themselves among

means

And

identified among edly they differ so marka

be

they provide

new

and

accurate

the races varieties among of the species: classifying from the adrenal type as The thyroid type differs as much man. does a greyhound from a bull-dog. The greyhound has a certain size,form, character and capacity. The bull-dog has similar which is built for a are yet quite different. Each qualities beings,the pure thyroid type career. Among human particular from the pure adrenal type, and both of is easilydistinguished is stamped with a these from the pure pituitarytype. Each figure,height, skin, hair, temperament, ambition, significant
of

social reactions and

to certain diseases, predisposition

The

Mixed

Types

Among the mixed types, the lines of distinction are less clear, difficultto classify.The mixed types may and so they are more ternal be said to be hyphenated. In them, two or even three of the insecretoryglands conflict for predominance. The combined action makes for a resultant modification in the primary glandular markings and effects, A hyphenated classification thus becomes inevitable. Especiallyis this so if the two glands are mutually and inhibitory.A compromise effect is then necesantagonistic sitated. Or an individual may be dominated by one gland at one period of his life and by another at a later period. One of the for example, will show, by the traces it has glands,the thyroid, left upon the earliest developing features, in control that it was at the very earliest dates of his history, while other signs will disclose the more recent influence of the adrenal or of the pituitary. The combination becomes classifiable as the thyroidpituitarytype,or as the thyroid-adrenaltype.
That human the external features
as

well

as

the chronic

diseases of

beings are controlled by some factor has long common been suspected. Inquiries tary into morbid phenomena with a hereditrend yielded information that has paved the way for the

HOW

GLANDS

INFLUENCE

THE

NORMAL

BODY

115

that certain theory. It has long been known diseases effect only certain individuals of a definite constitution. Apoplexy, diabetes,arteriosclerosis, Bright's disease,are met in what the older clinicians talked about with almost exclusively On the other hand, they said,anemias, as the apopleptictype. the tuberculosis, hemophilias, scrofulas occurred more among tional lymphatic type. But they had no idea whatever of the true func-

internal secretion

types. The truth as we of today it is that these two view types represent different textures of human beings,fabricated of different internal secretions. They
are

basis of the two

different

really two
materials

different breeds resistance to

of

the

species Homo
and feel of

Sapiens.
them
is

The

the being different,

wear

color
and

and the different,

tear is different.

Endocrine The modes broad

and

Analysis glimpsed
are

of classification
and But

at

are

ingly certainlyexceed-

sweeping.
beneath

It is well

classes. of

them

enough to establish types sheltered the infinite possibilities

permutations and combinations, which explain the countless variety and complexity of form and function. Every have the vertebrates, for example, must individual born among and certain definite amount a percentage of pituitary gland, anterior and posterior,pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, to state it in Now if, adrenal,pancreas, interstitial and so on. of percentages, for the sake of argument, the pituitaryis terms 25, the pineal 10, the thyroid 36, the parathyroids 15, the thymus
29, the adrenals 49, the interstitials 72 (the gland when acting maximally to be graded as 100), we see at who has, be from one how different such an individual must once 60, the pancreas
say,

pituitary84, pineal 39, thyroid 26, parathyroid 42, adrenals

22

96, pancreas
the contrasts

and

interstitials 89.

One

obtains

at

once

from

As possibilities. difference count to produce some each point plus or minus must manifest. in the individual, the results are Varying within the limits imposed by genus, numerical variety and family species, of the for the persistence (which limits are probably responsible comes particular genus, species, variety, or family) the individual beof such

figures some

idea

of the

an

individual in his blood

because
and

of the

relative values

of the

centages per-

tissues of these different internal

tions. secre-

We

thus

begin to gain an
women

ing into the patterns accordinsight animals

are

to which

men,

and

woven.

116

THE
are,

GLANDS
as

REGULATING
an

PERSONALITY endocrine

Wo and and

yet, far from

we

exact

individual. But
a nutrition,

know

that the endocrines which

vast

dominion

By enhancing or stricted. changes, the growth of the organ or tissue is favored or reThe size and shape of an individual, as a whole, as well cell masses of the specialized as composing him, as hands and and ears, and so on, are therefore controlled by feet,the nose Whether lean or corputhem. an organism is to be tall or short, lent, their is decided interactions. graceful or awkward, by with like human the different reactions of These, covenants, vary the partiesto the contract. And so a great deal depends upon whether and they work harmoniously or discordantly, upon
every

tissue.

analysis of the rule over growth incorporatesevery organ retarding the nutritional

which

does the most

work

and

which

the least.

Undersecretion It is when
a

and
in the

Oversecretion
course

gland,either

of the influence of

cause development, or beshock, injury,poisoning or starvation, of

that its effects begins to undersecrete or oversecrete infection, grosslymanifest. A veritable upon growth and nutrition become of the individual may transfiguration occur, the black magic of which may perplex him for a lifetime. A man, made eunuchoid will observe in himself astonishing by an accident or by mumps, changes in his constitutional make-up, mentality and sexuality. He would the be
more

astounded

to learn that beneath

are

the appearances,

tions profound alterain the rate at which he is taking in oxygen, burning up carbon dioxide and accumulating sugar, excreting waste product bythe which them. for through are kidneys, responsible The differences between the normal and abnormal are only a of degree. And matter differences between so, to be sure, are But it is hard to realize that the strikingdistinctions types. between the thyroid type and the pituitary, comparable, as said, to the differences between pendent a greyhound and a bull-dog,are desolelyupon quantitative variations in the general and

changes,so alarming him, there

local speeds of

metabolism,among
Division
of

the cells.

Labor

Besides the
are

certain

between them, there antagonisms and co-operations lines along which the glands,in their effects, special-

HOW ize.

GLANDS The

INFLUENCE

THE

NORMAL

BODY

117

is concerned thyroid, for instance, with the specially the of shape, form and finish of an organ. The pituiregulation tary shines at the periods of developmental crises, determining It exerts the greatest influence upon and modifying them. them both the temporary and the the time of eruption of the teeth, of menstruation permanent, the onset of puberty, the recurrence
in women,

and

the time

of

occurrence

of labor.

The

interstitial

and limitations of masglands distribute the basis of the powers culinity and of these glands also femininity. Abnormalities in all of his aspects. So affect the individual all along the line, affected he may apparently change into a wholly different being. in the shape of his head, feet and hands, He may change in size, well as in his habits,aptitudesand dispositions. So he may as to purchase an find it necessary entirelydifferent size of hat, commodious more clothes,and newly fitting gloves and shoes. At the same discover that time, his family,relatives and friends, has the erstwhile generous, frank, neat and punctual and liked, become stingy and suspiciousand slovenly and hated. And all because a gland has begun to undersecrete or to oversecrete. will be slight The transformation or marked, depending entirely of the gland the extent of impairment, positive or negative, upon

involved.
But it is not

only in the shaping of the normal

the

individual's Over that

architecture subtle

that

internal

secretions

dominate.

in all languages as vitality, something known expressive in reactions and of the intensityof feeling, thought they cells, the and perament temrule supreme. Gay vivacity grim determination, the soul of a Cromwell, are the Louis and of a XIV, substances of these chemical acting upon the crystallizations brain.

Internal There is
no

Secretion
of

Varieties

the influence of the illustrating internal secretions upon than the analysis of the the normal variation of traits with variations in glandular predominances. The his skeletal type, the progeneral build of an individual, portion well and his that of between the size of his arms as legs, whether he that between his trunk and his lower extremities, as is to be tall, or short,squat and dumpy, are lanky and loutish, of the expressions facial types are to be considered. Different underlying endocrine differences. The head and skull offer a better
way

118

THE
of

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY and the

number
tissues.

clues to the the the

secretions in the blood controlling is to be broad of the

or

Whether between

forehead
eyes,

narrow,

eyebrows, the the mould of the eyes themselves, shape and size and appearance all so of the teeth, and jaws and the peculiarities are of the nose tribution determined. The skin, in its color, texture,the quantity and disother constituents, of its fatty and eruptions and Also the mucous is influenced. weather membranes, reactions, of the hair, as well as its the color and lustre and structure general distribution and development, are hieroglyphicsof the
distance the endocrine massive
processes
or

character

below

the surface.

Whether

the muscles

are

atrophied or hypertrophied, soft or hard, or not, bespeak conditions in the glandular chain. easilyfatigable must In short, cated we regard the individual as an immensely complithe primary as pattern of designs traced by the hormones that be admitted etchers of his development. Though it must
sparse,

the number still

of unknown

and unsolved

enormously great, enough has possible a rough working analysis of the particular,unique Mr. Smith, Mrs. as organism placed before us for examination Jones,or Miss Smith-Jones.
What
Is the

relations in the pattern are been established to make

Normal?

Anthropologists,from the beginning of anthropology, have inclusive definition, battled in vain for a satisfactory or, at least, With the introduction of the biometric of the normal. description method, the goal at last appeared within sight. A cocked hat curve expressingthe distribution and range of the normal looks formidable. The attainable turned out a mirage, for the curves of traits of a population only construe table by the measurement tions proved the truth of the old axiom that all transitions and variabetween seemed law
more

extremes

exist.
ever.

The And
was

Problem

of

the

Normal

elusive than

the best that could be done

to

for the elucidation

of its mystery,

apply and observe the

for this becomes

of averages. From the endocrine

standpoint,the
method

reason

clear.

The

biometric

concerned chemical

itself with

externals,
but
the

with, as
internal

it were, symptoms. manifestations of the inner secretions

are

Since these external

signs are

reactions,of which

permutations and

determining reagents, or factors,with the combinations possible in all directions,

the

HOW

GLANDS

INFLUENCE

THE

NORMAL

BODY

119

of each individual and his traits stands and variability diversity The normal, as the perfect or explained and understandable. nearly perfect balance of forces in the organism, at any given

moment,
which the

emerges

as

more

definite and
a

real

concept than

that

would

abstract

it from

curve

of variations.

organism are the normal becomes definable as their secretions, harmonious balancing or equilibrium, a state which tends not to undo does) but to prolong itself. (as the abnormal and The potentialcombinations antagonisms compensations, attainable within the endocrine glands as an and counteractions, for the elusive quality interlockingdirectorate, point the cause
internal of the normal. Tall
men

since the directive forces within

the

Moreover, pre-eminently

and

short

men,

blonde

women

and

lanky hatchet-faced dumpy women, people, stout moon-faced people, Falstaff and Queen Elizabeth,George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, Disraeli and Walt Whitman, Caesar and within Alexander, as well as Mr. Smith and Miss Jones come
the and
range

of the
men

normal. and
women,

There and
an

are

all kinds and the

and number

conditions
ditions con-

sorts of

all kinds between

sorts and

of the

normal, because

incalculable

monious of harare

relations and

interactions

endocrines

The standard of the normal and do actually occur. possible, ards, must obviously not be a singlestandard, but a series of standdepending upon which glands predominate, and how the others adapt themselves to its predominance. Adrenal-centered types, thymustypes,thyroid-centered types, pituitary-centered centered types, as well as hyphenated compounds of these,such the pituitary-adrenal They can be as types, exist as normals. conceived of as normal types because they exist as normal types. Skeletal
as

The Now
men,

Types

for

as

long

we

thoughts and classifications and to first think of one another, to classifyand size one another logical tall or short,slender or broad, thin or corpulent. The bioas animal to relate necessity, indeed, instinct of the one his surin roundings, the other animal to aggressiveor harmless agencies these all of course, for accounts for this. Relatively, of modes of description imply offensive or defensive possibilities
the stimulus in stature is for the recorder
in relation to himself.

knowledge of their any have been accustomed attitudes,

have

The
most

interest

in the fundamental, and has persisted

civilized

120

THE

GLANDS The

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

of height and weight,as well as of relationship have formed the length and breadth, to other physical traits, the classification subject of scientific study. There is,for instance, of Bean, who divided mankind generallyinto two types, those of a medium size, stocky long legs and arms, large hands short trunk, and face large in comparison to the head and feet, either tall and (the meso-onto-morphs) and those who were with the smaller face,eyes close small and delicate, or slender, long,high, narrow together, nose, and trunk longer as compared with the extremities (the hyper-onto-morphs) Bean showed, short word to contrast with the too, that the hypers (to use a nations.
.

mesos)
in
a

were

present to the extent

nervous

of almost

hundred
cent in

per
a

cent

series of

and about ninety per tuberculosis,

series

of central

system disease.
of statures.

All of which
no

is

exceedingly
the underlying

but throws and suggestive, interesting

lightupon

mechanisms

Stature Stature is

and

Growth

determined essentially by the growth of the long bones. They are the pace-makers, and the muscles and soft tissues follow the pace they set. Now ithe primary determinant, catalyst or sensitizer of the growth of the long bones is the nized anterior pituitary. All statures should therefore be first scrutifrom the point of view of the pituitary. Individuals over six feet tall
as

or

under

five feet five inches should This the

be looked
may

upon

having
due

trend. pituitary
own

pituitarytrend
or sex

be

mary, pribe in

to its

undergrowth

due

to lack

of inhibition from

overgrowth, or glands such as

or

it may
occurs

eunuchs
from

and
as

eunuchoids,or
happens

excessive

premature

inhibition

them

in certain

salacious dwarfs.

The
proper

long bones grow at a point of junction between the bone and an known as or cartilage, overlying layer of gristle
of ossification. It is upon

the

zone

this

zone

of ossification that and

concentrate

the various their has been

growth influences appear

to

focus

them the internal secretions. After growth efforts, among cation after adolescence, that is, of ossifithese zones finished, close,so that growth is no longer possibleunless they become reactivated. act the of ossification must Upon the zone and the thyroid, the interstitial cells, the pituitary, indirectly thymus and the adrenals. Individuals oversized or undersized either belong to the pituitarytype, or if hyphenated, have the

122

THE

GLANDS discribed the eunuchoid

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

has been

face, the face, the

hyperpituitary face,and the hyperthyroid face, the adrenal subthyroid face and the subpituitary
face
and

the

ovarian

face

and

also the

thymic. immediate To bring to mind an thyroid complete image of the hyperthink of The oval shape of it, Shelley. face,one should the wide, high with the delicate modeling of all the features, brow, the large,vivacious,prominent eyes with the glint of a cal divine fire in them and the sensitive lipsall belong to the classithe cheek-bones, there is picture. Generally flushed over undoubtedly a certain effeminate effect associated with it. At it is the least animal and brutish of the faces of man. least, On the other hand, the subthyroid face is that of the cretin in a mild degree. So characteristic that we and cretinoid idiot, in the descriptions of Pliny in early Roman the portrait recognize ness, dulltimes and of Marco Polo in his Asiatic travels. Coarseness, tendency to pudginess are its keynotes. Irregular features, wide separation of the eyes and pug nose, sallow,puffy complexion, lustre lackand thickened nose eyelids, deep-set, listless, waxy thick the and catalogue eyebrows, prominent lipscomprise of the physiognomy. On the whole, the sort of face one passes number But in the street as stupid and common. there are a of of fascinating and marvelous varieties the stupid and common.
The be adrenal face is most often dark
or one

freckled. brow

It tends

to

broadish. It is hairy, irregularly There is a low hair line, which makes low, and there is a good deal of hair over adrenal The

is struck
appear

forcibly.
rather The

the

the cheek

bones.

type is round
face of the

headed.

and pretty sharply hyperpituitaryis striking defined. It is long and narrow, with a tendency to prominence of the bony parts. Square, protrudingjaw, high,thin,straight cheek-bones,comprise nose, emphasized eyebrows, and marked the leading points in its composition. On the other hand, the is subpituitary
more

rounded

and

trends
are

toward

the full

moon

the chin recedes, the cheek-bones effect,

nose

spreads
a

more

and

is flatter. In its

the fat, there general expression,

buried under

is

which for is often mistaken tranquillity and often actuallyis dullness. sleepiness, The eunuchoid face is usually fat with puffy eyelids. The skin is smooth and cool, marble-like often,poor in pigment and color. Sometimes it is sallow, in his wrinkled and senile in a man early twenties. At others, it is distinctly feminine in its hair-

complacence and

HOW

GLANDS

INFLUENCE the delicate texture the

sex

THE
of the

NORMAL

BODY

123

and lessness, clean-cut

The

patterning of

features. inversion

skin, as well as in the Every gradient between

and premature senility

is encountered.

thymic face frequentlystamps its possessor at sight. Its has a smooth, soft skin,with little or no hair,and a dead owner white or "peaches-and-cream" complexion. One wonders, when unacquainted with the type, who the man's barber is,or where he learned to shave himself so well. It may be curiously velvety to the touch and swept by a faint sheen. Among children occur the most exquisite samples of the kind designated as the angelic and beautifully child. The face is finelymoulded proportioned, blue with brown features c hiselled, or artistically long eyes with cheeks in ing, colorv ariations transparent rapid,fleeting lashes, and oval chin. In the adult,the chin is receding, thin lips, and the mouth underdeveloped in one variety. seems
The As bones is Teeth the
are

closely connected
of the face
and

with

internal secretions the teeth. Tooth

as

are

the

the skull

formation

And the bones of modified bone formation. as a essentially the teeth influenced. But as each the face are influenced, so are tooth is a miniature organ, inspectable by the eye as a unit,the action of the ductless glands is more obviously reflected for the observer to read. By their teeth shall ye know them. Upon the whole historyof the evolution of each tooth,in the growth of the dental follicle and its walls, the fruition of the dentinal germ, the making of the enamel organ, the dental pulp, the cementum and the peridental membrane, the endocrines leave their mark. the teeth and the about There are certain general statements internal secretions that can The teeth of the thyroid be made. small and regular;in other words, types are pearly,glistening, The pituitary the teeth to which poets have devoted sonnets. with types have teeth that are large and square and irregular, and a marked prominence of the middle incisors, separationor interstitial types have small irregular The crowding of them. teeth, with turned, stumpy or missing lateral incisors. upper The thymus types have youthful, milky white teeth that are thin and translucent, and scallopedor crescentic at the grinding tend edge. The teeth of the adrenal type are all well-developed, with a reddish tinge to the grinding to have a yellowish color, surfaces.

124 The

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

of development of the middle upper degree and regularity from the grindingmolars, cutting,bitingteeth,as distinguished the middle and lateral and incisors, constitution the canines offer further

analysis. The size of the to be directly central incisors seems proportionalto the degree of pituitarypredominance. On the other hand, the size and proportional to the regularity of the lateral incisors seem guides to the endocrine
influence of the interstitial cells. When these
are are

inferior in the

make-up of
distorted. adrenal

an

the lateral incisors individual, size of the canines

appears

nearly always
a

The

to be

measure

of

wellactivity. Long sharply pointed canines mean functioningadrenal gland equipment to start in with,inherited from a bellicose progenitor. accidental. of the teeth are Just No individual peculiarities
as

the absence
a

of hair stand

on

the face in
some

man

or

moustache
or

effect in the

in

woman

for

definite stress internal

strain

likewise so secretions, to the time of eruption of the do variations in dentition, as their position and quality, and their resistance to decay. teeth, Proper balance between the thymus and pituitarywill permit the eruptionof the teeth within the normal time limits, both the there is equilibrium milk teeth and the permanent teeth. When between the pituitaryand the gonads, the teeth will be regular in shape and position. Carious teeth, in children and adults, times someance indicate endocrine imbalance. Thyroid and adrenal baldetermines the resistance to decay of the molars. Early of of insufficiency decay of the molars in children is significant the thyroid. When the first permanent molar, which should in the upper arch in its usual positionbetween the sixth appear or eighth years, does not, there has been a prenatal disturbance of the pituitary, according to Chayes and others. Rapid decay of the teeth in childhood should always call attention to the parathyroids. of disturbance because In pregnancy, the teeth suffer particularly of the endocrines. The saying, "A tooth for every child,"is said to have its equivalent in every language. The bicuspidsand second permanent molars erupt around puberty, the glands of when profound readjustments are going on among ties internal secretion. They consequentlysuffer with their abnormalior divergencesfrom type. The teeth thus furnish a good deal of information concerningthe distribution of the balance of
power among

mechanics

of interaction

of the

the hormones.

HOW

GLANDS

INFLUENCE
The

THE
Skin

NORMAL

BODY

125

fat content

color, moisture,hairiness, texture, the The endocrines. vulnerability by for it is probably the exquestion of color is very interesting, pression of the blending action of the different internal secretions. American the student of heredity and Davenport,
and disease shown that neither white
nor

The

skin is influenced

in its

has eugenics,

black

skins

are

either

perfectlywhite or perfectlyblack,but are mixtures in various proportions of black, yellow, red and white. The exact percentages of the pigments in each particularskin, can be determined of a rotatingdisc. Thus by means a white person's skin have the followingcomposition: may
Black Yellow The
sh.

"t.
.

8%

Red White
of
a

9%
68% 2%

50% 33%
black negro
may

composition of the skin

:._,.

very

be:

Black Yellow Now

are

Red White disease in which

the

26% 7%
adrenals

the fact that in Addison's

coincident increase in the black in a destroyed there occurs the skin, and other evidence pointing to adrenal implicationin dark complexioned white people, as well as in those possessing to indicate the adrenals as controllers of pigmented spots, seems the black and white factors. Davenport has concluded that there two double factors for black pigmentation in the full-blooded are which of The determinants are separately inheritable. negro the red and yellow have stillto be worked out. The moistness of the skin, as perspiration, depends upon the and number activityof the sweat glands. It varies with the water of the body, the state of the vegetativenervous content system, and the body temperature. Thus the skin of the hyperthyroid and the subadrenal is soft and moist, because of their The subthe sympathetic system. antagonisticeffects upon thyroid and the hyperadrenal have dry and harsh skins for the other glands intervene. same However, in both of reason, if no the latter, if there is a persistent thymus, the skin will retain the bland quality of adolescence. There is
a

curious

variation

among

the different internal

to

tion secre-

the stroking. When the breasts and the the shoulders, the skin over skin,especially the blood vessels blunt object, abdomen, is stroked with some react either by a greater filling up or emptying of themselves.

types in the reaction

of the skin

126 The

THE
latter

GLANDS
occurs

REGULATING
most

PERSONALITY

regularly in the subadrenal

forms

types, the
run

former

in the

hyperthyroid.Both
or

of reaction

parallel

vegetativeapparatus. With too much thyroid, there is the drive,that is, too much flushing reaction;with too little check, that is,with too little plain adrenal,there is the whitening. These differences probably exthe emotional reactions of the face. In anger, for example, people become a dead white,others a fieryred. Whether some will do one or the other may depend upon the relative preone dominance individual. adrenal in the of the of thyroid or In the distribution of fat beneath and throughout the skin all The typically to have a voice. of the endocrine glands appear hyperthyroid and hyperpituitary individuals tend to be thin, well also as those who have well-functioning or excessively as
to the different check

drive effects of the

functional
of the

interstitial cells. In

all of these the administration

internal secretions increases the burning up of respective material in the body, and all of them have a higher rate of tissue their confreres,with a subthyroid or subthan combustion terstit pituitarykeynote in their cell chemistry,or with insufficient incell action. Generally the latter have a very dry skin, the former a moist skin. With delayed involution of the pineal, obesityresults. The elasticity of the skin is another quality that varies with

the concentration
of the

in the blood

of the internal secretions.

ticity Elas-

skin, its recoil

be taken
as a

band,

may

glands. For, as can of the hand, the older a man the the less elastic becomes grows, skin. In older people,raising the skin upon the back of the hand will cause it to stand up as a ridge for a few seconds and then slowly to return to the level of the surrounding skin. Whereas in a youthful person it will quickly snap back into place. This in it of of the skin is due to the presence quality of elasticity the so-called yellow elastic fibres, cell products,with a resilience of the The preservation greater than anything devised by man. resilience is a function of the internal secretions. Thus, after loss of the thyroid,the ridging effect characteristic of senility be produced in one It can measured as by his years. young has been said that a man and also is as old as his arteries, that as he is as old as his skin. It might better be said that he is as old as his elastic tissue, old when he is rich in it, young
when
poor

endocrine

being stretched like a rubber of the activityof all the measure be noticed especially upon the back
upon

and

it. losing

And

as

elastic tissue and internal

secre-

HOW

GLANDS

INFLUENCE

THE

NORMAL and

BODY
at

127

tions stand

in the relation of created

preservers,
a man as

creators,or
as

least

preserved and
is
as

may

be said to be

old, that

young,

fresh and

active

his ductless

glands.

The

Hair

body, except perhaps teeth,more and quality,texture, amount distribution than the hair. And again, each of the glands of internal secretion plays a part, but most importantly the thyroid, the suprarenal cortex and the interstitial sex glands. All contribute their specific and the blend, the sum of the additions effect, and subtractions constituting their influences, as a appears trait of the individual, trait so significant a specific to be as used by the professionals absorbed in the study of man, the as a criterion of racial classifications. anthropologists, Some acquaintance with the history of the normal growth of hair is necessary to its understanding. There develops during the life of the fetus within the womb a curious sort of wooly hair everywhere over the entire body (exceptingthe palms and soles which remain hairless throughout life) remarkably soft and flutof intra-uterine tery the lanugo. At about the eighth month to be replaced on the a good deal of this lanugo is lost, existence, head and eyebrows by a crop of thick, pigmented real coarse, hair. So it happens that at birth the infant's hair is a queerly growth, a mixture of what is left of the general lanugo irregular hair. human development, and the localized patches of the more Until puberty this children's hair remains the same, although at after dentition, and after infectious diseases times, particularly which undoubtedly alter the relations of the internal secretions, Then, with sexual ripening, changes of color and texture occur. the there appear the so-called terminal in males hairs, over cheeks and lipsand chin,and, in both sexes, in the folds under the shoulders and over the lower abdomen, the hair which might be distinguished the sex hair in contradistinction to the juvenile as hair of the head, the extremities and the back.
no

There

is

characteristic of the human influenced

in its

the

"

Now the

the smoothness

of the face

in children

is connected

with

individuals of the thymus and pinealglands. Among activity in whom after puberty, no growth the juvenilethymus persists tion of hair occurs the face, and in precocious involution or destrucon of the pineal, hair appears on the face and in other terminal classical in the child a symptom regionsin children of six or less,

128

THE

GLANDS
a

REGULATING
tumor

PERSONALITY and pineal, discussed tality immor-

who

suffered from
with his

of the
It

probable that these thymus indirect through their action upon the sex and pinealeffects are juvenilethymus there glands. For in the types with persistent a maldevelopment of the sex glands,while in those with occurs early pineal recession the sex glands bloom simultanously with physicians.
the appearance of sexual

is

of adolescent hair
a

hair and mental of the adrenal

traits. The

ing hastenalso be
cells.

by

tumors

gland

may

put down
There

to
are

release from

restraint of the interstitial sex

spheres in the hair geography of the body, be said to rule or to possess which particularglands may over The hair of the head seems to be primarily under mandate. a the control of the thyroid. Thus in cretins reconstructed by thyroid rather lustrous the animal hair becomes straight, feeding, and of adults, silken and fine, curly. In the thyroid deficiency out of the hair in a prominent phenomenon often is the falling is frequently associated with a progressive handfuls. Baldness of thyroid in the blood. At the decrease of the concentration same time,there tends to be a thinningof the eyebrows,especially
certain of the outer The third.

males, and the other terminal hairs in both males and females,is regulatedby the sex glands primarily. In the female, the ovary, that is to say, the interstitial cells of tive the ovary, inhibit the growth of hair upon the face. In destrucdisease of the ovaries,as well as in other affections of it,
hair of the face in
hair in the form

of
is

moustache,beard
in
women

and whiskers
the

may

appear

in

female. the life, because

That

why

after

in hair often grows menopause, of loss of the inhibiting influence

grand sex change of the typically male regions

of the ovarian internal
same

secretion upon them. result. Removal may

After

castration
sex

of the

the ovaries,

glands,or disturbances of them, will interfere with the proper development of the normal facial hair. Of the hair of the chest, the abdomen and the back,
of the male

the also

adrenals

seem

to

be

the

controllers.
on

Adrenal
in females.

types have

hairychests
a

in

males, and hair

upon deal

the back with the

They have
hair
on

pituitary. People with hair upon and legs, or alone,are generallypituitary, hands,arms have a striking streak in their make-up. pituitary When the adrenals increase in size in childhood, a remarkable triad follows general hairiness, adiposityand sexual precocity.
"

good deal of hair extremities varies a good

the abdomen.

The

the

One

fact should be noted.

When

the adrenals

evoke

precocity

130

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY
The
not

muscles. tary types have largewell-developed

has
some

chemistry pinealhas been completely Thus, comitant destroyed prematurely by lime deposits in it, there is conis in places. This waste a wasting of muscles sometimes replaced by fat. Pictures and images in wood and stone of these muscle freaks dating from the fifteenth, sixteenth,
it has been shown

definite relation to muscle that when

pinealgland yet probed.

the

and seventeenth

century

are

in existence.

Then

there is the extraordinary

in the thymus of the muscles which occurs fatigability nevertheless have large well-rounded muscles, a types, who paradox of contradiction between anatomy and physiology. Such be picked out by a football coach for a type, for instance, may an simply on the tremendous important positionin a line-up, impressivenessof the muscle make-up, only to see him bowled and out in the first scrimmage. The tone of muscles, the over firmness or yieldingsoftness, is essentially quality of resisting determined in time of stress by the adrenal glands, especially and strain.
was

Brown-Sequard
could increase

the firstto show

that extracts

of

sex

glands

Whether this capacity for muscular work. direct effect upon the muscles, or indirect through the was a other endocrines, or riage nerves no one can Certainly the carsay. of an individual, of the inner tonus among outer symptom his muscles and tendons, may be said to be as distinctively an endocrine variations and affair
as

the

the color of his skin.

And

like its

variations,

of their tone, development, reactivity, fatigability, endurance be of overacstates traced to corresponding may
of the them mones. different hormanner

tion,or underaction,and odd combinations

Much remains Such
to be learned
an

about

and the

dependent upon a flatfoot, perfectly healthy and ligaments in one who seems lead the analyst back to a thymus-centered personstrong,may ality. That is but one example. tions muscle tensions and muscle relaxaSince, too,muscle attitudes, play so largea part in the productionof fundamental mental states: the attitudes, and will reactions,the moods, memories
affliction as

of their control.

laxityof the

vegetative apparatus enters,to play its part

as

determinant.

Sex
Over
no

domain

of the
over

mandatory

than

body have the endocrines a more that of the whole complex of sex.

lute absoBoth

HOW

GLANDS

INFLUENCE

THE

NORMAL

BODY

131

as

regards
the
as

the
character

primary
of

reproductive
their

organs,

their

size

and and

shape,
alies, anom-

and

implantation,
and mental

malformations traits

well

as

the

physical

lumped
voice

as

the

secondary
and
are

sexual, trends,
at

puberty, virility
every

maturity,
and

and

senility,
the internal

changes
secretions that

erotic dictators

femininity,
So

step.
the

significant
and

are

these,
in

even

rough

summary
some

of

discoveries of the

the

outlook

the

field

involves

consideration

details.

CHAPTER

VI

THE

MECHANICS

OF

THE

MASCULINE

AND

THE

FEMININE

It needs

poet to chant
minds of the

the

epic
it

of

sex.

The

mystery

of As

it
a

puzzled
source

the of

earliest

Sumerian the

thinkers.
most

deepest

excitement,
customs,
race.

generated
and of

revolting hensible incompreas

ceremonies, bizarre
have of

astounding
Men business

cruelties
women,

and
as

stupiditiesof the
done with their

soon

they
free

usual

keeping
of all

themselves

disagreeable sensations, hunger, cold, fear

to

enemies, betake
the the world.
sex

themselves
most

it

as

primary

interest

over

The

advanced the

psychologists of the
and of

day

link

impulse
But
at

with
Yet at

windings
Homer the

twistings of all human

sex

activity.
is still to and the
come.

the

through
evoked their
ever

the

ages

all

times

mystery
upon

speculation
theories the
as

attempt
nature

explanation.
function

Acting
men

to

and

of sex,

have,
them.
to

since

passing of the primeval worshipped

ancient
to

matriarchates, them,
national
most
or

segregated
the

women,

equalized them,
have
women

enslaved

Opinions
effect that of
women

varied have
no

from souls

aphorisms
between

the ferences diftwo

ultramodern

utterances
men

biologist-publiciststhat
are

the

and other
nature

the
vast

differences

between

species. There
extant

are

epigrams,
of sex,

sweeping
therefore

generalities,
certain been and
ments, docu-

concerning the
of the

and and

women

particularly. All
own
a

partake
based

complexity
as
a

of truth
matter

validity. Still,since
upon

of

fact, these
colored

items

have

superficial observations
of

by the tradition
more as as

verbiage
as

the

milieu, they
for
to

are

valuable

human

material

the stand

psychologist, than unblinking

before

scientifically
rays

obtained critical

data,

able

the

of

the

searchlights.
Science
vs.

Art needs The

to be thrown love

Not

that

all the vast into

accumulation

pell-mell,

higgledy-piggledy

the

discard.
132

lyrics of the poet,

MECHANICS the

OF

THE

MASCULINE
of

AND

FEMININE

133

magic of the emotions

music
and

their marvelous
us

and Poe, for instance, Shelley with of exquisite furnish intonings feeling,

with

important information.

They

are

the

facts of the

sex

the song of the nightingale, much as as life, the mocking or laughter of the cuckoo pursued by its mate. So Sappho and Elizabeth Browning, to take only two samples, have contributed
some

of the

feminine

reaction.

The

erotic motive

in literature

the erotic motive in life, with all of its vagaparalleled ries, ecstasies and delusions, confusions, suffering. have We had concerning sex not knowledge, but a series of the attitude of virtue,the attitude of pruriency,the attitudes, attitude of good taste, the attitude of the theoretic libertine, the attitude of the satyr's All these poses, of course, have vulgarity. suppliednot an iota to an understanding of the foundations of the considered. problems of sex, biologically Thus, a masculine has coined that immortal master phrase, the Eternal Feminine. And in a matriarchate should undoubtedly hear of the Eternal we Masculine. leaves one Each as unenlightened as the other. A rough and ready code of life attributes certain grosslycharacteristic and of mind This is supqualities body to each sex. posed to be enough for common that the sense. Beyond mystery has been wrapped in cotton wool. That perhaps explains the enormous popularityof contemporary pornographic and so-called
sex

has but

literature. There
are

and sex knowledge many feeling tutions, customs, beliefs and habits, legalstatutes and social instimany in the complex that is called sentiment, science to which looms as the sacrilegious devours Without romance. ogre who tainly cerspending space upon the ravages of the sentimental idealist, ist, human disaster as the brutal realfor as much responsible
up
sex

bound

with

it

is manifest

that
as

revolution
as

in

sex

standards

and

relations is inevitable
as

soon

the

new common

doctrines

filter down

matters

of fact to the levels of the

be wished

And intelligence.

surely,nothing else could

all of us, the world ruled

for in the world

desired by will.

and intelligent good by intelligence,

Sex
A

Chemistry

generalstatements may be put down outrightas material to go upon before we proceed to details. 1. Femininity and masculinity have a definite chemical basis in the reactions of the internal secretions of which they are the
few

134

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

expression. That
is formed

when

is to say, that throws some one

and

just as

of chalk precipitate of soda

to be

carbonate
are

into lime
upon

water,
as

so

the masculine

the feminine

looked

of a long series of linked crystallizations nal chemical reactions in the fluids of the body, in which the intersecretions play a determining part. play 2. Femininity and masculinity are expressionsof the interof all the internal secretions. It used to be said by smart cats and accepted by the tabby cats, that a woman was a woman of her ovaries alone. It is being said by some because great because of his testes is a man discoverers of the day that man There are individuals of these dogmas is true. alone. Neither

and precipitates

with there

ovaries
are

deviation from the feminine and every individuals with testes who exhibit every variation from who show The other endocrine

the masculine. There

glands
or

are

of

equal importance.
The

3.

is

no

absolute masculine and the

absolute Woman

feminine.
were

ideals of the
line drawn

Manly Man

Womanly
indeed

erected

by the blind ignorance of the nineteenth

a

and century illusionists, there exists biologically and the feminine. The ferent dif-

to cleave them.

But

every

transition between

the masculine
sex

explanation of these
admixtures actual. When
we

different the

types consists in the

secretions
we

of

internal

possible and

mean are

the prereallymean dominantly the feminine. of And when masculine,we we speak the mainly masculine. Between, all sorts of transitions and occur. possible

speak of the feminine

Man
in Let What

in relation to the internal secretions To

we

have

considered later.

reviewing the interstitial cells.

us

him,

we

shall return

turn

now

to that

fascinatingsubject of the ages, Woman.

the Feminine?

produces and maintains

The

Cause

of Sex

simplest of livingthings, the beginning of the human, starts bisexual, double sexed, both masculine and feminine,or perhaps neither within masculine form feminine. Then nor a develops. Then that form a patch of cells arise which the microscopistrecognizes the forerunners of the male or the female as reproductive is cells. Then at birth, sex some more development. And definitely settled, as far as the reproductive organs are concerned.
To that inscrutable

all appearances, fertilized ovum,

MECHANICS Our

OF

THE

MASCULINE

AND

FEMININE

135

knowledge here,as everywhere,is

reviews
seem

still fragmentary. Statistical of

to show
are
no

that in times than further

stress, war, famine,

that is neither Monoare some

more pestilence,

boys

born

girls. But
the

here

nor

there.
a

It sheds

lighton

subject.
as

sexualityis

distinction

of the

human

species: the

sexes

pretty clearly differentiated. In some animals, such there is of the individual. There are a bisexuality worms,
the

present
some

reproductiveorgans
individuals
as

of both
as

sexes, capable of impregnating

other

well

of

being impregnated.
This
of

In

of

self-impregnation these,even occur. may of hermaphroditism. But the higher up one goes in the scale
becomes the distinction between becomes
a rare

is the condition

the

sexes.

the greater evolution, Anatomic ditism hermaphroto have

anomaly.

Life appears

perfected

this trick of separate sexes, sex specialization, in short,for the sake of the efficiency which goes with specialization. When cell divides, its nuclear material a breaks up into germ

segments known

as case

chromosomes.
of the
common

Now

it has

been

found, for

squash bug, anasa tristis, that there are 22 chromosomes in the female,and 21 in the male. In the female two of these are visiblydifferent from the rest, while in the male there is one odd one, the remaining 20 being like the corresponding 20 of the female. Before the germ cell
becomes
of

example

in the

fit to mix

with

germ

cell of
one

opposite sex, in the

of these.
same or

process

it must fertilization, for the

lose

half

So

the number
This the some chromo-

of chromosomes is the process

is kept the species

constant.

of maturation.

In the process,

when

number
mature
egg.
as

is halved
But among

among

the

females, 11
odd

go

into

each

the

males, the
can

known
the

the X-chromosome,

perforce go

chromosome, also only into half of

are

sperm

cells, leaving the others without

equal numbers
take
of 10 and

it. So the sperm

formed When the

in

11 chromosomes

respectively.

fertilization occurs, and

the eleven chromosome
or

the sperm
ten

followingmay

place: (1) a
(2)
an

cell fuses with the egg, chromosome sperm may

unite with

egg,

and

produce
a

twenty-one
sperm may

chromosome
unite with
an

individual
eleven

eleven
egg

chromosome

chromosome It has

producing
that
a

twenty-two

chromosome chromosome

individual. individual
a

been

found

the

twenty-two

developsinto invariably

twenty-one into

male.

dependent
ness
an

upon of absence

Therefore, femaleness the action of the X-chromosome,

female,and the is a positive ity, qualand

male-

femaleness,due

to

lack

of the

extra, odd

136

THE

GLANDS
In man, The

REGULATING
two

PERSONALITY
have

chromosome.

X-chromosomes

been

half the sperm 10 chromosomes. The remains

man,

containing12, and
number
in the male is the to and

the other half

discovered, containingonly
in human cells

of chromosomes

consequentlyis 22
X-chromosome the work feminists

24 in the female.

bearer
on

of

sex

destiny. There
control
For

still

be

done the

the actual

of

sex

by

apart from

its natural

determination.
fact

the time

being,

let the

chromosomes
can

be

no

they have two more to each cell than their opponents. Certainly there of women. talk here of a natural inferiority glory
in

that

The Yet of the the matter

Secondary

or

Endocrine
so

Sex

Traits make it

is after all not

can

simple as this would

out to be.

All that

be

safelylaid down

is that the character

somes. reproductiveorgans is determined by the extra chromoAnd though these reproductiveorgans have a good deal feminine qualityof the organism as a to do with the masculine or they are not alone. All whole, through their internal secretions, the other internal secretions have

determining what may leaving inherent the

become
of

their say in the final outcome, be called the dominant sex quality,but soil of the
in its

latent

other

sex.

This

may

active and

dominant

turn, under
among

certain

conditions
upon
a

stimulation, abnormality, or
of status and

disease,dependent
the

arrangement re-

influence

ductless

glands.

and Bisexualitypreceded monosexuality in the animal pedigree, co-exists with it even at the highestpoints of the genealogical
tree.

the criterion of the standpoint of the species, classification of its members will depend upon their capacity sex be to fertilize or to be fertilized, a quality that may, therefore, of other traits a number spoken of as the primary sex character, have been evolved by sexual selection, the secondary sex traits. far to be just as important,to the individual, as They have come While
from

the

as

his

or

her consciousness The

terms

of

sex

attitudes and

reactions to it are
sex

concerned.

primary and

secondary

tics, characteriscause be-

be allowed to stand. must though inapt, These sex-servingtraits undoubtedly survived accessory
of

their usefulness the

in external

adornment

for

attracting
sex bat com-

attention in and
young,

in the metabolic courtship,

sex

requirementsof
and

act, and

in

the necessities of rooster's comb

caring for the

spurs, the male

until

well-grown. The

138

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

and

their secretions will remain

or

infantile, causing

persistent

infantilism

delay

of

puberty.

ascribed to the ovaries, in a lump and was Formerly absolute despotism over without qualification, the specifically an functions of menstruation,gestation, feminine and parturition, lactation. Nowadays, we see its domain as a limited monarchy, if not indeed as one a member sovereignstate of a republic, equal but not superiorto the others of a board of directors. Its true business comes down to two particular roles: first, the production of ova, and, second, the secretion of a hormone hormones. or the other functions once Over supposed its monopoly, all the ductless glands rule. there What One
concerns

us

now as

is its internal secretion lutein and The

it has
never

or

secretions.

of them

is known

been

chemically

like the existence lutein, of electricity, is an inference, something we are sure is there in a remarkable because of its effects. It originates part of the Besides,there are the products of the ovary, the corpus luteum. interstitial cells, the creations of a speciallayer of cells around the membrana the ovum, granulosa. They produce a substance tonic to the uterus.

isolated in its pure

form.

existence of

atrophy of the womb muscle, due to loss of this tonic substance. This atrophy, uterine contraction, accompanied by an abolition of the normal periodic
When the ovaries
are

removed, there

occurs

an

makes claimed

conditions unfavorable

to pregnancy.

It has been for

that the secretion of the corpus luteum the complete progress of a pregnancy. Cases are of ovaries without Castration is taken
out
soon

is necessary
on

ever, record,howof pregnancy,

after the

onset

interference with the

gestation.
in every
way

the menopause the time of cessation of sexual life, or a process that might be called self-castration. It produces certain general constitutional

comparable

with

Adiposity often develops,undoubtedly associated with underfunction of the thyroid and pituitaryglands.yThe woman
breathes less oxygen per minute and burns up less f"$d and tissue. There is some disturbance of the lime balance with an increased
of the vegetative excitability nervous

effects.

system. Concomitant

is the

release of that
women a

some

brake

family tendency
are

the blood pressure mechanisms, so upon to high blood pressure will flare up. Some

by the process, others are completely transformed,and stillothers adapt themselves,with little or no to the new discomfort, situation. The response to the revolution

rendered unstable

MECHANICS
in the

OF

THE

MASCULINE
castrate

AND

FEMININE

139

of the cell-republic and thyroid,the pituitary, to be. For

by the other endocrines, the

which

the

determines adrenals,

'it is

normally, with feminine puberty,there is an increased activityof the thyroid,the posterior pituitaryand the adrenal medulla. These changes indeed constitute the formula of normal In the male, the ripeningof the testes is accomfeminization. panied or perhaps preceded by augmented function of the adrenal cortex and the anterior pituitary. This difference in biochemistry
accounts for the contrast

between

the

sexes

in the

skin,

(voice) and bone changes. Ovary and adrenal hair,fat, cartilage and posterior medulla pituitaryand thyroid predominance constitute
the anterior feminine formula, Testis
and adrenal cortex

and

pituitary predominance comprise the masculine

endocrine

directorate.

The
many influences exerted

Reactions other

of the

Other

Glands the various

As

in

so

aspects, the
endocrine

facts about

system
been
But

are

by the complicated

let in upon a the gross effects are the

ovary

glands upon the reproductive and disjointed. A chink of light has dark cave, and slowly the chink will widen.
clear.
the

Around the

and

uterus, the endocrines

The of
ovary

gyrate

as

planets around the sun. preservationand maturation which the body is built but
heirloom.
concern

is the hand

organ

for the
treasure
a

the

germ

plasm,
on

that
as

to cherish and egg

sacred

The

ova,

the

female

are cells,

the fundamental

keep

of the ovary. the rest of the with

to it secretes its messengers Secondarily, the other endocrines, body, and particularly

in touch

the necessities of the adventures

to bend every

of these

ova.

It is to

thus enabled

force and

power

at its command

the service of the In

reproductiveinstinct.

the of evolution, learningtheir role so well in the course sable indispenthyroid,the pituitaryand the suprarenalhave become to to the individual), stimulants (in various degrees peculiar to hold As a consequence, the primary function of the ovary. others, the sex stimulatingglands in check, there had to appear the are them and so preventingsex precocity. These restraining cient thymus and pineal. So closelyare they all related that insufficause action of the thyroid, pituitary or adrenals may atrophy of the ovaries and uterus, with abolition of genital

140

THE

GLANDS
If the
sex

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

glands themselves fail, as occurs usually in in the forties, sometime most women the thyroid-pituitary-adrenal association must readjust itself to the new development. The adaptation evokes the phenomena of the transition to a new life,
the climacteric.

function.

The

Significanceof Puberty

"

Tracing the development of sex life there is a certain order of events in a normal history. Before puberty, the ova have lain with puberty they state. Now asleep,as it were, in a cocoon awaken. And with them all those profound mechanisms ventions and inthat have to do with their nutrition up to ripening. Then revolve the cyclesthat are translated as menstruation,the fertilization and implantationof the ova in the uterus, propulsion, the full development of the fetus, its birth, and feeding after birth all of which are ductless gland controlled.
" "

Samuel "All
are life, our

Butler limbs
an

once

noted

that:
our fact,

but

sensual organs, in accretion round and a

and

whole

body and
tozoa. sperma-

of the fostering man's

They are eyes, ears, tongue, and but and tools that arms are so many organs nose, legs and minister to the protection, education,increased intelligence whole life is in of the spermatozoa, so that our multiplication series of complex efforts in respect of these,conscious a reality or unconscious They accordingto their comparative commonness. fact the the which central in towards are our existence, point
all effort is directed."

the

real "He."

Nothing could be said more truly of Woman, and the ova she carries. All that transpires during pubescence is symptomatic of the underlyingtidal stir in the cells. The uterus becomes gorged with blood periodically, to provide an enriched soil for the perhaps be to fertilized ovum to plant itself. The breasts grow, and fat is deposited in particular material for the making placesas reserve of milk. The qualities which are to appeal to the eye and ear and even pendence nostrils of the male appear. Instincts dawn, an indeof spirit germinates,emulsified with a curious shyness and coyness and a desperateloneliness and secrecy. And all because there have been let loose in the blood from the glands of internal secretion the chemical substances that set going the clockwork of sequentialincidents elaborated and repeatedthrough
countless
aeons

of time.

MECHANICS

OF

THE

MASCULINE

AND

FEMININE

141

Feminine

Precocity

Ordinarily,in the north

about the
of In

fourteenth

year,

temperate climate, puberty begins but may begin anywhere from the
and
as a

tenth to the sixteenth.

state this.

Feeding

environment whole

the indirectly,

the internal secretions those definite girls,

determine directly,

menstruation and the growth signs, before the of breasts, ten, mean age premature awakening of the ovaries and a concomitant co-reaction of the other endothe ensemble of creating crines, maturity.
of the the primary stimulus, the initialspark of femininity, females, in the ovary. must There are other forms of precocity originate in the female,dependent upon stimulations of other glands,but In

these

forms
and

are a

a masculinisms,

masculinization

of the

ality, person-

awakening of the feminine constitution. So must distinguish tion one sharply between a precocityby masculinizaand precocityof premature feminization. The latter always wand the sleepingovaries. impliesthe touch of the fairy's upon Sexual precocityin boys may be produced by a premature overactivity the not only of the specific testes, reproductiveorgans: but also by an early excess of secretion on the part of the cortex of the adrenal gland or the pituitarygland, or by a too early involution of the pineal or thymus. When such abnormalities of it is the masculine adrenal,pituitary, thymus or pinealoccur in girls, manifest. streak in the hastening of growth that is made All this emphasizes the relative bisexuality of every normal, no how matter viewed, his or her pronounced, when superficially form the right conditions of predominating sex may be. Under marked recession of the most or femininity becomes virility and occurs. conceivable,
not true

The Masculinization

Secret

of the

Masculine well
is
can

having entered upon the scene, one ask: what truly (which means chemically) lies behind male and female? differences and divergencesbetween
the secret of the variable internal secretion admixtures?
tell
us

may

all these What

You

that the

are recipes as a

the the ingredients different, different,

pudding is from, say, a rice of the process? Since pudding. But what is the inner mechanism of certain but expressions the masculine and the feminine are
results different Nesselrode

142

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

and potentialities, must some singleprinciple capacities run through the making of both. the qualifications inherent in so broad a Recognizing of course is: the handling of the lime salts. Life orthe answer statement iginated, for in lived and worked at least water. or sea long ages to play a During these eras the salts of the sea have come role in its being. The lime salts, because of their dominant of dissolving themselves or cording acpeculiarproperties precipitating relative
to electrical conditions occupy
a

in their

medium,
of

have

come

to

central
sex
as a

and described

lism growth, metabodifferentiation. So it is that masculinity may be constant state in the organism of lime salts, stable,
processes
as

positionin all the

and the feminine male skeleton and heavier

an

variable unstable, with the female

state of lime salts. The

contrasts

because it is an straighter store and keep lime in the system. Women capacity to utilize, throughout their reproductive period are liable to rapid and fluctuations pendulum-like of their lime content.

the stronger,larger, expressionof a greater

as

all draw upon the stores lactation, Menstruation, pregnancy, of lime, sometimes depletingthem to the point of softeningof the bones and wrecking the whole skeleton. The endocrines control the transport, and course, combinations and permutations in the historyof lime's progress among the cells, and are in turn themselves affected by it. Man is relatively free of these liabilities, and so remains man by his freedom from the recurrent crises the lime salt reserve which constitute the essence of the involving life story of woman.

The
It follows from
to size the

Sex

Index that when

a man or

these considerations
sex

it becomes
woman,
as a

essary necurement meas-

composition of

becomes index. To

establishable which

may

be

spoken of

the

sex

be able to say of Mr. Llewylln Jones that he is sixty and fortyper cent feminine, of Mrs. Worthor per cent masculine ington that she is seventy per cent feminine and thirtyper cent masculine of would be of the utmost blood value under
we

all kinds

of circumstanc

figures fancy) chemistry (yet in its most infantile ina direct indexing of the sort is impossible. But it is certainly conceivable, along the lines of measurement suggested that a scale of evaluation of the by the Binet tests and others,
an

lacking as Unfortunately,

do the exact

advanced

MECHANICS

OF

THE

MASCULINE

AND

FEMININE

143

secondary sex traits may be elaborated, which would turn out as valuable in understanding the frictions of the individual, and that of it more concretely, to which aspect of the pathologists mind much are needless misery and suffering: tracingso maladjusted sexuality, expressed and suppressed. Nothing will contribute to harmonious more adjustment for these sufferers than recognition of the fact that we are all,more or less,partial

hermaphrodites.
The The Functional total the

Hermaphrodite
define is such
as

complete
who

or

possesses

hermaphrodite we reproductiveorgans
ovaries. So
rare

the individual
and the

of the male
a

female, both
in
man

testes and
a

combination

long time its occurrence was doubted, descriptions of it regarded as myth. cases are However, undoubted on record, examined of ovoby the most careful of observers, testis or mixed reproductive organs. tory Strangely enough, the hisof these cases, shows that at one time the masculine set,and at another the feminine set, will hold sway over the sex traits and functions. Blending does not happen.
Rare

that for

maphrodit though the true hermaphrodite may be, the partialheris relatively frequent. The mixed ensemble of the of testes with directly contrasting type, such as the concomitance feminine secondary sex traits, of ovaries with masculine or sex have been described from time immemorial freaks. traits, as Occurring even more frequently is the mixed sex ensemble, in which the type of reproductive organs and of secondary sex traits run emulsified with certain traits of the roughly parallel, opposite sex. Physical features of one sex, instincts and mental attitudes of the other co-exist in the
of
an same

individual

by
a

reason

excess

in

one

direction
The

or

in another deficiency trend in

of the
woman

internal secretions.
is
a

degree of masculine

crude

measure

of adrenal
man

domination, the degree of feminine

of roughly proportionalto the amount influences in his make-up. pituitary Whether the other sex tendency will dominate one or depends the the hormone divergence from upon quantity of sex
in
a

deviation

is

ideal normal.

But

also determinant

are

the environment
from

stimuli the other Or-

provoking excessive or deficient secretoryreactions endocrines involved, nervous through the vegetative
are especially

system. Such

the

associates

of the mixed

sex

individual.

144

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING male
and

PERSONALITY female
are

hair, fat and bone structure. male is built as a fighting The combative machine, the submissive female as an organism of attractive grace and beauty for impregnation and parturition.When the fragile one sees woman sive, aggresthe masculinoid
of
woman one submissive,

the combative dinarily by contrasts

the submissive

entiated differ-

of skin

and

may

infer

an

tion educa-

experiencethat has brought the usually recessive glands into the foreground,and by their hyperactivity imposed a bisexuality of function upon a unisexual anatomic structure. A man be ruled by apparently as formidable as a tyrannosaurus, may his wife for the same These combinations of a single reason. based organic sexuality with a functional bisexuality, upon internal secretion disturbances, and merit the are frequent, name of functional hermaphrodites mixed or sex types.
Mixed The Sex and the

Family

psychology
worked
are

of the

traits of its members

out
as

family in its relation to the endocrine is something that stillremains to be thoroughly ticularly a problem of tremendous importance. Parsex

the reactions of the mixed

types to be carefully

considered.

tion, family is fundamentally a sex institudevised to satisfy the sex needs, all the way from companionship to parenthood, it is apparent that the mixed sex types will be tried the hardest by its inexorable conditions. It is in relation to the mother the father next, and other (or nurse) first, associates in proportion to their proximity, that the primary endocrine-vegetative mechanisms, the germs of the growing soul, become established. These are superimposed upon the hereditary instinct apparatus. Fear, rage and love reactions

For, since

the

develop first in association with the suckling reflex, and the accompaniments, the mother's smile and voice,the color of her hair,eyes and skin,her breasts and Each odors. time the babe reacts to a pleasant or unpleasant there is an outpouring of certain internal secretions, stimulus, a cessation of others, of certain and a tingling vegetativenerves of others. The ensemble of reactions tends a hushing organs, to be repeated around the same until the whole becomes stimulus,
automatic. animals. One Offer
a

may

observe

the
to
a

same

Ring

bell before
a

piece of meat the offering

while the
mere

times, and after

dog of meat. Repeat this a number without the ringingof the bell,

in the lower process and his mouth waters.

146

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY the

these curiosities evoke automatic visceral reactions,

repressive

and father especially. associates,the mother These repressive influences may be and often are the effects of ality, homosexuignorance, prudishness, vulgarity, or sadism and the sex or as perversionsthat are known But masochism. by the necessities of the case, the sex wishes become overlayed by reflexes associated with the mother and the father and close associates as love. This might be termed oligocene. As the circle of acquaintance widens, other loved objectsusher in the miocene phases of the development. With various hates and detestations, ately deliberthese become interspersed cultivated and acceptedby the consciousness. So we have in the first five or six years of cross-slice of the personality a

imperatives

of

the

childhood. subtle a dentition, change begins in the endocrine equations of the body. The second dentition itselfis an expression of a certain internal secretion increase of action of some wave an passingthrough the cells; hormones, a decrease of others. And a consciousness of physical hitherto mere sexualityappears, while the outlines of character, lines. That tracings,become firmer,heavier, quasi-indelible there is some activityon the part of the internal secretions of the sex glands,the ovaries and testes,can be demonstrated by accurately charting the behaviour of a boy or girl after this time. It will be found that there is a cyclicvariation of health and conduct,more in each case. A cold less marked of course or at the end of each month, an increase of periodically may appear and waywardness may be observed,or, on the contrary, irritability of the regularrestless playfulness. The a decrease ghost of sex begins to haunt the sceneQ all kinds of possibilities of conflict emerge. The child is Now still a bisexual, growing into a mixed sex type, depending upon
But
now,

with

the

onset

of the

second

the nature

and

amount

of its internal secretions.

The

influencing

family,the most important of the external factors encouraging or depressingthe tendencies of the child, possesses a fairlyfixed ideal of monosexuality which he or she,generally it. A doting feminine seeks to impose upon quite unconsciously, mother will make her son as much if like her husband: as possible she dislikes her husband, as much like her father or as possible
grandfather. A masculinized
out of the son,
on

adult of the

mother

will tend to make

sex

ject ob-

however, which means the internal secretion side, the boy may

his feminization. be

But,

masculine. definitely

MECHANICS That

OF

THE

MASCULINE

AND

FEMININE

147

is,after adolescence he would be stronglymasculine,if the mechanisms vegetative-endocrine created by the mother's personality had not slipped into the inside track, so to speak. As a consequence,
continual
sex

subconscious
or

conflict between

the two

sets of

reaction So

will,sooner
may

later, disturb, perhaps disrupt and

a

ruin his life.

an

infant

start life with of

a

equipment,
and
or

with

its wake

normal end
as

infections) and
himself
as one

yet he may , failure directly because

sort of
sex sex

fairlybalanced endocrine life (barring accidents an inal, criminferior, insane,

of conflict between

of establishment

of

another

sort

of

mixed

associates type, and his obligatory type. This applies also to the

tionship. relaand the father-daughter mother-daughter, the father-son,

Male the

and

female Male

created
and

He

them, is

bald misstatement

of

facts.

endocrine Often
the

final by-products of as emerge treatment and heredity, environmental adaptation.

female

male-female,the female-male,persist or anatomically, forced the to persist are constructed upon functionally.Society, Biblical dogmas of man and absolute sex, is reas a fallen angel, sponsible for much meted tional out to the funcmisery and suffering shall see later in an analysisof the as we hermaphrodite, endocrine The privileges of and powers character of Oscar Wilde. sex relationship, marriage and parenthood,should be safeguarded
for the mixed
sex

type, the
are no

man

or

woman

with the variable

sex

index.
in which

For
an

there

in life more tragedies

than those pitiful

masculinelybuilt type is forced to assume aggressive role and vice versa, the feminine a submissive, receptive, passive, associates. because of wrong tragedy of compelled homosexuality,
Masochism The the
on

and

Sadism
us, too, to understand sadism, to a certain extent,

functional

hermaphrodite enables
and masculine

phenomena
the chemical

of masochism side. The

the personality,

combination

masculine, e.g., adrenal cortex and gonad internal secretion predominance, is built for aggression.The feminine personality, is structed the union of feminine, e.g. thyroid and ovarian superiority, conconfuse them, the possibilities, or for submission. Reverse come in the functional hermaphrodite,and the attitudes beas occurs reversed or perverted. So a masculinoid personalityin in a man for sadism, a feminoid personality will make woman
of

148

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

for

masochism. often
two

Variants be found
in

and the

refinements

of

these

perversions
who
must

will

functional
streams of

hermaphrodite
visceral
pressure

satisfy
himself.

doubly
Persistence of the

flowing
of

within tends
to
a

the

thymus
and child

or

pineal
types,

gland
that will

prolongation advantage
of.

infantile

be

taken

CHAPTER

VII

THE

RHYTHMS

OF

SEX

If

one

permits
swirls and

drop
whirls

of

ink

to

fall into and

amazing
the blue
forces

figures and
and

shapes, bizarre through

and

glass of water, chameleon, are born as

a

the

resisting medium.
set up
a

Unseen and

currents, tides
wraith created
in the

pressures,

seething
A

flowing, pulling and

a

twisting of the drop of ink until

out water.

it becomes

strange

of

the

molecules,

temporary
of the
woman

individuality lives
So likewise the

forces and

of sex,

essentially the forces

mould
"

nal interout

secretions, mould
of the years

sculpt and
Adolescence labor of
"

again the
"

the

flesh
"

and

blood.
"

puberty
the

menstruation:

maid,
of
or

pregnancy

lactation:
processes

matron,
the

thirty
idea of
sex,
some

ups

and

downs

these
an

around

of

love
sort
"

suppressed
and All
are

love, against
loss
of

aesthetic
stress and

background
strain
woman,

finally the
the erected

the of

of

the
their

menopause.

landmarks and

the

life of

in

entirety,
the secretions Marvelous

dominated and

by the
which

tides

and

currents,
internal

phases

of concentration
in the
are

dilution, of the
is the of the
was

different

endocrine all the that

mixture

blood.
sity. necesa

manifestations

reproductive
first

Considering
of
as

reproduction
kind
escape
awe.

at

merely

form
sex

growth,
a

discontinuous
means a sense as

of

growth, that baby

him is born
as

seized

upon

splendid
arouse

to

death, the
A
or

chemical with color

methods

evolved

of fixed

her of the

or

his
eyes.

glands practically Thymus

at and and
a a

for her him

a

the

pineal keep
new

puberty,
behold!

current

Then child, keep him unsexed. is added to the calmly flowing river,
or

turmoil. calm into the

Ovaries

testes

actively functioning ovaries, the

after

erupt upon

the

spectacle,and
the
corpus

the
After

girl is transfigured into the

the
corpus

maid,
luteum:

the

boy

youth.
luteum,

after the

the that
the

placenta:
the chain

the

centa, pla-

mammary
are

glands:
exhausted of

after

cycle begins again

is broken. in

until

the

ovaries

and

Besides,
fluc-

all the

other

glands

internal
149

secretion

beat

rhythm,

150 tuate dam

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING divide

PERSONALITY

in their them

activities, may completely.

varieties and

prematurely the tides

of

or

tion acinterglandular supply us with the limitless types of adolescent girls.Some that make endocrine cooperatives will one girlstable and settled, Alicia may be hyperthyothers unstable and unsettled. make and subjectto palpitation and so excitable, roid, nervous, restless, Bettina may have too much of heart and sleeplessness. postand so will menstruate early,tend to be short,blush pituitary, easily, be sentimentally suggestive and sexually accessible.

Innumerable

combinations

Christina
courageous,

may

be

adrenal

cortex in her

centred

and

so

masculinoid: her

sporty, mannish
Dorothea
may

toward tastes,aggressive
a

thyroid and lead the class as good-looking, so studious, bright, and mature. thyroid than Florence,who has rather more serene but her pituitarycan balance, will be bright but flighty, gay and so on. but not as persevering. And so on moody, energetic, education serve only Environment, habit-formation, training, to to bring out the internal secretion make-up of the girl, or her. Adolescence will be peaceful, suppress and distort and so spoil sive obsesand or disturbing, revolutionary calm, semi-conscious, according to the reaction of the other endocrines to the rise of the ovaries. Harmony, and so continued happiness of the mind into the fold. that they have been welcomed and body, means that they mean Disharmony, ailments,unhappiness, difficulties, The or are are acting as marauders. being treated as intruders, after life, sexually the period of maturity, barring accidents, and shocks,will bear the same character. The kind of diseases, adolescence provides the clue to the kind of maturity, for both companions. pituitaryand
have balanced
are

effects of the

same

endocrine

factors.

The

Sex

Gland

Chain

involve a Furthermore, the activities of a normal woman sex glands. Since there function,in addition to the the glands of the uterus,the breasts or mammary ovaries, glands, and the placentalgland (the secreting cells of the tissue which out as the after-birth).Each of these contributes directly comes series of
to the
sex

reproductive life of the individual.

to confer upon

To

call the

ova

the

glands is
a

them

name

which

reallybelongs

to

chain of

glands.
of the
sex

All of the members

chain, includingthose of the

THE

RHYTHMS

OF

SEX

151

the adrenal and the pituitary, thyroid, to the funcare tions necessary of menstruation, settlement of fertilizedovum impregnation,
in the wall of the
one

uterus, labor and

lactation.
all

disturbance
the and line,

of
a

of them

resonance

will set up of distress or

an

disturbances

along
the

compensation upon
over

part of all of
functions
So what

them.
of

As

directorate interlocking
are

the sexual
the

the

female,they
hurts one,

members

one

of

other.

helps or

helps or hurts all.

The

Cycle

of Menstruation

the ovary is a collection of follicles, Essentially, nests of cells, actingas safe depositvaults for the ova that are to become candidates for fertilization. At there are birth, some 30,000 to of of which hood 200,000 these, a good many atrophy during childso

that there

are

no

more

than

about

30,000 left

at

puberty.

Of
ages
one

the

the between 30,000, only an elite 400 actually mature fifteen of and forty-five. About every twenty-eight days, filled with there to

of the folliclesswells, becomes to the surface of the

pushes liquid, rupture and

or

is

pushed

ovary,

expel

The rest of the cavity the tiny ripe ovum. into a peculiaryellowish body, itself over torn follicle makes the true corpus luteum, should pregnancy If pregnancy occur. and the consequent placenta do not occur, it shrinks and turns

into the abdominal

into

scar, the It

resembles reactions.

false corpus luteum. closelythe adrenal cortex

seems as

corpus in make-up and

The

true

luteum

staining

been once if, itself makes the feminine organism adrenalizes itself, achieved, masculine and less feminine, more inhibitingthe posterior pitui" tary and the adrenal medulla, as well as the ovaries. Besides, the corpus luteum stimulates the thyroidto prepare for the heavy

successful impregnation has

demands
Before

to be made

upon

it

during pregnancy.

menstruation, there is a stage of preparation,a stir rents Curand twittering the premenstrual state. of the endocrines, the different glands,mesof communication sages flow between these are and properly replies pass to and fro. When of the the consciousness woman that all so balanced, goes well, In some will be disturbed by no women knowledge of them.
abnormal
or

sensations

appear,

sense

of fullness in the breasts,

The or pain in the head. weight in the back or pelvis, last is probably due to swelling of the pituitarybeyond the nervous capacityof its bony container. In a good many women, of

152

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

phenomena herald the expected menstruation because of a complete upset of the balance between the internal secretions, with resulting disturbance of the nervous bility, system. Irritaness, restlessdepression, melancholia,exaltations, excitability, loss of self-control, marked mental or even more hysteria, aberrations may Following them, and roughly paralleling appear. various of abnormalities menstruation self. itcome them, may The and extent duration of these furnish us the character, best clues to the endocrine of the particuor stability instability lar feminine organism. Menstruation is simply the uterus saying: well,not this time. As the destined ovum within its nest,the follicle, grows, its fluid affects the interstitial cells to send their specific stuff into the hits this gland and that, blood. There it circulates, makes some others transforms the of the more active, chemistry less, cells,
and mental
and
nose

the mucous engorges and of the uterus.

membranes,

most

of all those the mature

ovum

of the
and

It is all to welcome

site for its landing a possible impregnation, to prepare and settlement, blood and food for its nutrition, safety for its development. But it is not to be. No sperm at hand, or effective Love's labour's lost. enough to penetrate that wandering ovum. All must return to the so-called normal, reallythe intermenstrual must state. The womb surrender some of that blood,the glands return to their routine, and a sex diastole of the whole organism succeeds. Until again,another follicleswells, another ovum tures, maand the premenstrual state of sex high tide cyclesback. Seven to ten days before menstruation that sex high know we tide is

its

beginningfor

that

is when

the blood

pressure

goes

up.

As this rise of blood pressure

we pituitary,

is probably controlled
reason

by
the

the posterior

have

clue to the

for

rhythmic

variations in the rate of

production of its secretion by the ovary. For, since menstruation is so closelyconnected with the phases of the moon and the tides,the rhythmicity of the posterior be traced to the days when the pineal was pituitarymay an in direct relation with the at the top of the head, and eye pituitary.
Menstruation that
nature
as

has been
as

said to be miniature
nature is

miniature

labor.
It is
an

It is not effort of

much

it is
But

abortion.

quite used to its disappointments and returns placidlyto the daily grind. The four phases of a woman's twenty-eightday cycle succeed each other as the the menstrual, the postmenstrual and the interpremenstrual,

still-born.

154

THE not

GLANDS
know

REGULATING
to

PERSONALITY

concentrate cannot on herself, become occupation or any single activity, conversation, may d to the point of mania. or Hot, tremulous, sleepless, badly,she has a much harder time of it than her pituitary sleeping

does

what

do

with

sistt

samples of premenstrual internal secretion reaction are and variety of types. There are of a vast number the extremes in an unstable quasi-premenstrualstate for the greater women infectious disease or a psychic an part of their lives. Sometimes into this class. The significance of these blow will put a woman cyclicchanges has been tremendously increased by the recent in public activities of women to participation formal admission a plane of equalitywith on men.r exists that in man, Evidence too, there is some cyclic in his which fluctuation of sets his endocrines, rhythmicity np a The curves of these variations physical and mental efficiency. and will doubtless contribute no little have still to be plotted, nature. One unexto our knowledge of the control of human mechanism of woman purgated fact stands out: the reproductive
These

has

rendered

her

whole

internal

secretion

system,

and

so

her

nervous
more

and sharply system, all her organs, her mind, definitely tidal in their currents, more zigzag in their phases, more

angular in their ups and downs

reliable and

of

and function,

so

less predictable,

dependable.
The Masculinoid
as a

Woman

The first as
ne

masculinoid
a

woman,

functional
an

hermaphrodite,I
distribution of
en-

congenitalentity,with predominances that make

inborn for
m

There BCUlinity.

are

also

numerous

acquired forms.

The

in:

of childhood,

and measles,scarlet fever, diphtheria, an damage the hormone syst

U mump inversion of

lows.
ronni-

H"
d
more

ive and

depr
effect*of environment

significant. The
an

odtiemgchangesin
re: responsive

iogist
mstam

of int glands
.

made clima'
an

npi

by chi
a i more

*.

So

cold

voluminous bail
of the

og for

animal, will evoke

other Secondarily

effects app"

ad

THE tion. The adrenal

RHYTHMS makes for

OF

SEX

155

pugnacity,temper, animal and anger reactions. So a hairy animal will, irritability courage, in to defeat the primary in general (unlessother endocrines come irritable and combative. pugnacious,courageous, effect) be more An environment which tends to The applies to woman. same the masculine traits in her, to arouse repeatedly her encourage decisions in the more rapid give and pugnacity and combative of the masculine the adrenal cortex to take world, will rouse make and her face hirsute,her attitudes so greater activity, and perhaps render her sterile. Concomitantly there aggressive,
cortex
,

may

be

disturbance
or

of menstruation. of

The

presence
say

absence

natural sterility,

or

enforced, always

all must appearing after the birth of one child, be donated a prominent place in studying the endocrine make-up the When there is not enough ovarian secretion, of a woman. not be able to burst through the ovary, a necessity ovum may before it may begin its travels to the uterus. Next, the propulsive be insufficient because of action of the genitalducts may

present, or

defective

corpus

luteum.

Or

the uterus

may

not

have

received

enough posterior pituitaryor thyroid to make it fit soil for the be too much of these, to plant itself in. Or there may ovum which the uterus to massage itself dailyby gentlecontractions cause
and
so

keep it well-toned.
All these
are

Excessive

massage

will throw

the

ovum

out.

factors in the

sterility problem, with

its psychicresonances

the maternal instinct. affecting

The There have been created

Maternal

Instinct
to
an

god, sensuous of love,apostrophesand addresses to every human lyrics passion. But no poet, to my knowledge, has risen to the heights of the maternal instinct. Some contemporary clap-trap about sentimentalism will perhaps decry and ridicule the demand for an who and apotheosis of it. There are some deny its existence, assert that maternity is forced upon Reduced to woman. every its elements, such nonsense of the turns out the absurd pose theorist desperate to epater le bourgeois or to cover up hidden defects in his or her make-up. without the hope of immortality the maternal Without instinct, should all, who were we posterity, through somatic or spiritual ism. ourselves to the futilitiesof hedonsane enough, have to condemn condemned to roll a huge So that the criminal who was
"

high odes

unknown

156

THE
up his
a

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

boulder thank

hill, only to see it roll down again,would have to lucky stars for his lighter punishment The future,
the

tomorrow,

Kingdom of

Heaven

on

Earth,or

to all of us what publicof Supermen, means The cynicalepicureancareerists and careeristto the madonna. tion inas,and the depraved degenerates of a comfort-lustingcivilizahave suffered an absolute atrophy and castration of that may instinct. But they are pathologicspecimens,and we are not for

if you will, the the child means

moment

concerned have

with
set up

them.
a

The have
sex

Freudians
m

great hullaballoo about

sex

creative

sublimations

the libido. That it, male

to

or as instinct, they would the confusion of the is their obsession, sex

of the

the instinct for instinct,

lifeand satisfaction in the relation

the

of the

the

female, with
the
same

maternal

instinct.

The

1 instinct bears

breasts of the male

do to

maternal,as the those of the female,i.e., functional a

relation to the

hermaphrodite trait. The maternal instinct is the instinct to provide and care for offspring. be, mortality The mother expresses the deep craving of protoplasm for imWhat drives her is the instinct of Life
to preserve

If unto
it

sharply

eternityin infinite space and time. That separates from the temporary needs of the sex instinct. The
of science
or

artist,the
creates

of every

the statesman, craftsman letters, instinct. He sort is instigated by the maternal for his own But it is in its essence to be sure. pleasure,
man

of the bird It is necessary,

making its nest.

the
sex

between to distinguish therefore,

for responsible them. A

inset

I instinct. For different glands of internal

tion have
in the in

been

found

distinct difference

qualityand

amount

of the two

instiii*
instinct

tfafl lame
in and
d

penon.
-ion.

strong maternal
a

may

he
no

l
sex

again to dominate
Numerous

woman

phj
with normal
"

With but little or id women

succej-

ried liv"
m"
n. or I
:

':

m life,

e no

"ill tea

th Kndiffi i
While
tl

These

nd
det*
..

:d mcdull.-i,is the cl
if

pituit;

be

DTI

d
of tht

chief hormone

of the maternal

instinct. The

interactions

THE two

RHYTHMS and the

OF

SEX

157

modified by posterior pituitary, determine the relative intensity of the two influences, accessory be said to be antagonistic instincts. In a sense, the two glands may and yet one stimulates and complements the other. the glands,
ovary

The

Transfigurationsof Child-Bearing

Though what happens at puberty, what happens all through life through the agencies of the endocrines is amazing enough, the is pernaps what occurs during the period of child-bearing is the time, most amazing of all. As emphasized, pregnancy the internal secretions, of a great uprooting and stirring, among intimate of fundamental and cataclysmicchanges in the most inspiredby his chemistry of the cells. It is as if a dictator, to were country's danger, its enemies at the gates of its capitol,
draft and and child from everymobilize everyone, man woman day activities to the necessities of defense. Or rather it is as if

there appeared within

purpose

the heart
so

of

our

civilization

common

and

now intelligence,

which palpably lacking,

of individual

tized magne-

and

drew

to itselfall the streams

effort. life and

Imagine

that

and how possibility

self-aggrandizing it would change

the face of the earth and

the entire basic constitution of human

society. So do the profound tides of the hormones, in the womb, creature being made centeringaround the new the face and constitution of the child-bearing woman. transfigure of every structure During pregnancy, in consequence, the integrity A stern,relentless accountant of the body is tested. goes counts up their reserves, establishes a balance, the cells, over of the growing credits and debits according to the demands Follow changes in the skin,the bones, parasitewithin them. all the glands, subtle the nervous system and the mind. That is, recorders, transmitters, producers of the vibrations of change
are as

influenced.
the most

But

the most

influential
a

are

the most

affected,
are

dominant
a

in personalities

community

most

disturbed
In

by

revolution. "Main

the best novel ever made Street," the heroine, about America Carol Kennias a nation of villagers, about maternity. has this to say to someone sentimentalizing cott, "I do not look lovely, Mrs. Bogar. My complexion is rotten, and my hair is coming out, and I look like a potato bag, and I and the whole business is a think my arches are falling, confounded nuisance of a biological process." The exploration of the internal secretions has brought us an Sinclair Lewis'
....

158

THE

GLANDS
an

REGULATING

PERSONALITY
of

explanationand
nuisance.

understanding
now

why

We
rotten ad"

know
and

that

if C

became
was

not

her hair fell out, it was of pregnancy, o the demands

her

is a child-bearing anicott's complexion because her thyroid

and

that if her

arches

were

and falling,

a potato bag dumpifigureacquiring

her pituitary was

she
was a

insufficient.

In all

bility proba-

thymus-centercd type, which

that goes
to make react

accounts

for much

of the material

up

the novel.
the

Different endocrine

types

toward characteristically

The adrenal type may situations of pregnancy. not be able to enlargement of its cortex which is respond with the necessary

gestation.So pigmentations, darkenings the of tional and decolorations of the skin,especially face,the tradibecome chloasma develops. The hyperthyroid type may and psychosis. almost to the point of mania rply exaggerated, and pass on, The subthyroidwill suffer an emphasis of her defect, because of pregnancy, to the truly diseased state of myxedema, the state of dull, semi-idiocy. The slow, stupid,semi-animal masculinized. The face becomes pituitarytype becomes more and coarser, the chin and cheek-bones mor" more triangular nounced, proand there is a growth of all the bones,so that she is seen in heightand breadth,and in the size of the hands to grow visibly matured and feet. Concomitantly, there is a changed, a more
normal for the needs of and
In

steadier outlook

upon

all due to stimulation of the life,

terior and

controller of pituitary,

growth, physicaland

mental.

the the major endocrines, the pituitary, general,

adn

unction thyroid should hypertrophy and hyperf ".rnancy. Should they not, should adverse mechanical

the

during
stances circum-

or

chemical
with

malfunction

dir" prevent, in
a

woman

shut up the closed-in type of pituitary, will suffer the Ua turcica,

sm

will become

will frequently abort fat,

t!

an-

rise to

(like typhoid or measles) which be poisonedby i may

injured her thyroidi

1 by

the growing fetus, a

to render innocuous

xoellenci
these

poisons. Of adrenal insuffii

v

lily, little
of

of the ad
i-

in j sufficiently

kDOWn.

Po

ibly the

corpus

lutcuin, the endocrine remabl

formed

in

this respect. F" l"lebetween I corpus

the

luteum, some

THE

RHYTHMS

OF

SEX

159

The The
an placenta,

Placental and

Gland

gland of internal secretion newly in the uterus, when formed the fertilized ovum imbeds successfully must in any analysisof the itself within it, be considered of child-bearing. its Born with the pregnancy, transfigurations life is terminated for it is expelled in labor with the pregnancy, the after-birth. Its importance and function as a gland of as internal secretion has become known only recently. Many still the and accordance doubt of that rank to it. But feeding question in various endocrine disturbances in experiments with it, have proved its rightto the title. human beings, The placenta is created by the fusion of the topmost enlarged
organ

cells of the uterine

surface

and

the most
and

advanced

cells

stituting con-

the
These them front to make

vanguard
a new

of the

growing
serves

multiplying ovum.
with

line invaders

interact

with the cells in contact

as

organ

which

kidney
oxygen,

for the

embryo,

since

it is the

lung, stomach and of exchange of medium

products between the blood of the mother and the blood of the embryo. Ultimately it acts,too, as a gland of internal secretion, influencingthe internal secretions of the mother, and also those of the embryo.
waste

foodstuffs and

Settlement
the system in male
causes new

of the fertilized
new secretions, ovum

ovum

in the womb

introduces
are

into

substances

which

partly male
of the

since the origin,

sperm
a

contains

within it the substance masculine between

which

has the

penetrated it. This

power

element the
en-

rearrangement of the balance of

towards side of

docrines

masculinity. They push down the pan of the scale to inhibit the post-pituitary. So menstruation, the menstrual which follows the increasing tide of wave is postponed. For ten lunar months, not post-pituitary secretion, another breaks through the covering of the ovary, and ovum The placentalsecretion plays a the uterus is left undisturbed. most the most important role as brake upon the post-pituitary, active of the feminizinguterus-disturbing endocrines. Until at last something happens that puts the placenta out of commission in this function of restraint, and the long bottled up postpituitarysecretion explodes the crisis apparent as the process
of labor. often occurs in pregnancy, with self-poisoning from mild notes like nausea and vomsymptoms orchestrating iting to the high keys of convulsions and insanities. They represent what happens when unbalanced endocrine system is an A

condition of

160

THE
ked
"ion

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY
in the internal

by the placenta. Depending upon where chain the weak point, the Achilles1 bed
nature

spot, will be
even

found,

the

of

the

reaction

will much
an

vary.

And
mania

after

labor, after the

B may

so explosivecrisis, consumed, that

of the actual
or

endocrine
a

chronic

come

in its wake,
must

the

placental secretion
evil in its

not

be looked

upon

as

thing some-

Without potentialities. enough of it the postto hold the uterus stimulatingendocrines,particularly pituitary,in check, still-birth results. If there is enough, and of it, not too much the woman will not feel ill at all,or perhaps but will be possessed of a curious feelingof only transiently, drowsy content and passive, relaxed happiness. Let there be of it,too littleof the other glands, and the too much relatively and ailments of the child-bearing transfigurations grosser period

wholly

follow.

The Once
from pregnancy

Mammary

Glands

the

body

as

by labor,the placenta is expelled the after-birth. The placenta remo\

of power
among
appears

is terminated

arrangement
the

of the balance But

a

the endocrines

comes be-

necessary. up
new-comer

new-comer

function

left vacant
of

by the
the
a

the upon absent placenta. This breasts, the

the
inam-

is the secretion

activated

for glands. They make the endocrim equilibriumamong The

I I

persistence of
1

state

of

ry

arc glandfl

during pregnan of external typical glandfl

it out of the

They

ie milk

and

pour

breasts evid

throughlittle
that bion,
r

the mouth
to conclude

of the
i

suckling.

Yet

thai bl

glandsof
not

inter!

the

loss of that of the What

Beams

placenta but

qu pus hit*u

to

happen in fact, is this; rmani cells of the mammary

latent until
t;

gland
We

daring puberty, but

of

lutcum

will

""phy

the hrcasts.
mens*

'1

roduced

regularlyduring
,

the

"f the

breasts.

with

the

tivity

162

THE

GLANDS
some
as

REGULATING
women
are

PERSONALITY afflicted with and the before

the
sex

esthesia
It is

meno-

if the
a

ovaries
sort

accessory

internal
ex-

secretions erupt into

So

of final geyser before they are the captain,ever finds her, and dis" faithful,
a

to his horror that she is

thousand
men.

times

more

like other of his

women

been of the

like other

Because

underlying chemical

basis for the

ignorance transfiguration, tragedy

follows.

who Critics may cackle about a sex starved woman, and hail the play as a bution contripressed her natural desires,
to

study of

fact, it is a with endocrine variation, libido variation, at two stages

the

Freudian

clinics.

As

matter

of

of the inner

chemical

life of

woman.

the acme and then ebb The chain of events at the menopause, be summed of the sex tide, up something like this: may
ber important memof the endocrine board of directors thus drops out, and so a sary. a new regime, becomes necesngement of gland activities, If a balance of power is established quickly and equitably, little happens. Quickly the woman to the next on very passes endocrine proves recalcitrant, plane of her existence. But if some and takes advantage of the situation to make itself dominant, terior Antrouble and maladjustment, and their psychic echoes, come. with control will mean a relative masculinization, pituitary hair on the face and aggressiveattitudes. Post-pituitary most 1 its ambition refuses to settle down, and expressing as extreme m cause obesity and hysteria, may monious Sooner or later,if the harand unhappiness to its possessor. equilibriumof the normal life is to be revived,all the .Is. thyroid, pituitary the thyroid type will h the waning of the ovarian function,

producing their eggs when it dries up. storage battery atrophies

The ovaries
cease

and An

so

shrivel

as

flare. particular
woman

If there

is

excess thyroid

the

will be excitable and

the thyroid dv\] irritable,

be

and dull, the thyroid depressed

excess

tween

will ha-

ind down
trail to

alternation
will have
a

of

blood big))
a

inferior will have

"

pres low blood

f

masrulinoid

pn
ID

and

"

is individually
."

itninfttfag

Pfomfa hai atrophied, and

w ben the ion o! the woman. the breasts have shrunk, the typical

THE tan

RHYTHMS the

OF

SEX

163

angular masculinoid figure,face and has been completed. and the transfiguration psyche follow,

complexion,and
has
The enters

Man
woman.

his critical age

age upon

of

sex

cell deterioration
and forty-five of external

as

well

as

period swings between

the
scene

fifty-five.
internal
sex

Here

that

organ

and

the prostate, the most secretion,

growing glands in the male. upon it to have the same differentiating tadpoles have demonstrated the poisoning effects. Furthereffects as thyroid,but without more, the microscope reveals cyclicchanges in its cells comparable of Indeed it is the to the menstrual uterus. phenomena of the uterus. accepted as the homologue or male representative Small and undeveloped during childhood,its growth at puberty Its secretion has that of the other reproductiveorgans. parallels cells. of the sperm to the vitality been shown to be necessary of the prostate,its retirement from the field of sex The regression companyi competition,is the central episode of the male climacteric. Acits shrinking are prominent an irritable weakness, at any time despondency, and melancholia, which may emerge
if there is disease man's
or

important of the Experiments with its extract

accessory

disturbance mental
to

of it.

The

influence

of the
to

prostate upon
the
sex

index,stillremains

condition,and its contribution in detail. be investigated

Crises

Sex At the

when a wave periods of interstitial cell hyperactivity, the other of radicalism in the blood sweeps through the tissues, is and their latent stability endocrines are tested, or instability before puberty, Even made manifest. cyclicvariations of health which undoubtedly and conduct may be observed in boys and girls the internal secretions. Children, currents depend upon among who, in the best of circumstances, habituallyare attacked by a from wanderlust and run home, or suffer from fits of away naughtiness,are samples of such endocrine lability. Children have found that at about the end of the second year specialists In a certain percentage, sex their charges begin to individuate. is that it traits appear pretty early. But the fact of the matter ditional who is rather the minority of girls spontaneously exhibit the trakeeping housestigmata of the natural girl. The doll-cherishing,
imitator At

of mother

is another

story.

puberty arise the

upon hormonic

pendent of life crisis deexquisitecases irritable crisis. The boy becomes restless, most

164

III I: GLANDS

REGULATING his

PERSONALITY

thyroid and adrenals respond to If they do not, he will become formed dull, heavy, lazy and listless. The girlcorrespondinglyis transinto a vivacious, and apprehensivebutterfly, gay, nervous moth. It is in' a sedate,dreamy, bashful, or or even morose is not established estingto note that poise,mental equilibrium, until physical growth ceases, marked by a cessation of growth ossification of the epiphyses. Poise of the long bones known as The growth of the to be controlled by the ante-pituitary. seems by the ante-pituitary.It would long bones is also dominated its secretion dedicated to the one could not as function, if, seem So it happens that those in whom be available for the other. early (probably because of an earlier and more growth ceases invasion of the internal secretion system by the internal "rous cell product),develop mental maturity more rapidly and of it than those in whom growth continues. 1 possess more and salacity of certain dwarfs is proverbial. The puberty acumen phenomena teach that sex crises of every sort are dependent of the sex fundamentally upon fluctuations, periodicor aperiodic,
and the call of the interstitial cells.

quick-tempered when

index,as

we

have

defined

it.

The The material

Determining Factors
summarized
in the

of Sex

Life

preceding paragraphs fui some slightinkling of the vast dominion of Sex, in all r the glands of internal which over tions,somatic and spiritual, founder of modern secretions rule. The pathology, Yirehow,
said that
that
woman woman

is
a

woman

because the sort of

of her
woman

ovaries.
she

is
of
"

woman,

specifically
dec; Ti
man woman.

:iuse

tor internal secretions.

line of
it is

But
man

no

divine and

laid down
are woman.

cleavage between
true

fundamental But

constitutional

difierci.

just as
the
"

that

man

is

man

because

of

internal secretions. have

seen a

that
curve

of Man

and

the

of end-points

variations Including

of
a
sex

construction of
well
fr

in

Ithough
day, year to ye. brought to bear upon H
/lirceplanes of

rtl ! the influences thi orine,

thai M""

THE

RHYTHMS

OF

SEX

165

The
sex,

endocrine
the that internal

is

concerned

with which
energy

the

fundamental the
sex

chemistry
chemical
tions reac-

of

secretions,
the
occur

determine for the

provide plane
in

free

process.

Upon
and

the
laxations, re-

vegetative

those which

transformations,
are

tensions,
in of

the
in

viscera,
part

controlled the

part
individual

by

the
as

endocrines

and

by

the

experiences

registered planes
the from
appear

in

his the

subconscious. echoes
as

Upon
reflections
as

the of the

psychic,
occurrences

conscious
upon

and well

other the

two

planes,
of the

reactions

arising
as a

in

the to

brain isolated
as a

necessity Accompanying

organism
is
are a

reacting

whole the

episodes.
unit.
raised

self-awareness
not

of

organism
of

The above

three the

planes other,
into The milieu
and

like

separate
idea

plates
of
and

glass

one

the each

usual

picture influencing

planes. being

They
enced influ-

are

nebulae,

swirling

other,

continually.
of
sex

reactions
for

among

these
and

three

complexes
of

create

the

the

variations which is

aberrations

tendency,
upon

character individual. of
sex

conduct Sex morale

stamp
likewise
so

his

unique
influenced.

quality
The ance accord-

the

fundamentals

ethics

will,

in

due

time,

be

revised

in

with

these

conceptions.

CHAPTER

VIII

HOW

THE

GLANDS

INFLUENCE

THE

MIND

It is

to impossible

review

here in detail all the facts

lated accumu-

concerningthe influence of the internal secretions upon all A volume of mind, intellectual and emotional. the processes inwould not suffice for their adequate consideration. Reflexes, ts,habits,tendencies and emotions are involved in functioning of the machinery. The development and normal Kant controlled by called it,are the pure reason as intellect, without enough of them them. Brain, without them in solution, in that wonderful the blood,sleepsor remains dormant solution, The who has not enough like the butterfly in the cocoon. cretin, thyroid or no thyroid,is an imbecile because of his deficiency. Supply him with thyroid from outside sources, feed him animal thyroid,be it of the sheep, the pig, or the goat, and behold a miracle! he is restored to the level of at least the relatively norintelli":cnce.
Acuteness

perception, memory, emotional or expression ption,

are

of

logicalthought, imagination,
inhibition

and the entire

ii.

tent con-

of consciousness

influenced

by the

ions.

most

nit r !ls and

of the molecul bivities

nen

dominated sndthust
I

The

speed of
Of tie
trons
as ma'
""

their

chemistry and

th

Iodine ity of the brain flythrough it. The

shown

to in

that

will

the amount
Us at
a

tin n thyroid may of Iodine brought to |

the

particular moo*
of the ductivity
.

Adrenalin Kncrea* flow

In
in

brain.

more

"ini"klvthroughiod
we

situations dangerOUl
| in*
"/"'"
mi

think
th"

more

rapidly and
with
extra

keenly,for
th\ roid

the
r"

blood Hon. I

brain

and

adrenal

-lions.

HOW

THE

GLANDS

INFLUENCE

THE

MIND

167

The

Body-Mind

Complex

tinct Mind, still regarded by most of mankind as something disand apart from the body, is thus exhibited as but part and parcelof it. A deaf,dumb, and blind animal,deprived of tongue, and olfactorymucous membrane, without sensations from the outside world can of intelligence. no mind, in the sense grow The of the body mediate the primary mind stuff. sense organs internal secretions and a vegetativesystem there could Without be no soul,in the sense of complex emotion. Nor those combinations of thought and emotion which synthesizeattitudes, sentiments
and

character. mediate

The the

internal secretions and

system

primary

soul

stuff.

the tive vegetaMind is thus

body as a matter of cold literal fact. The soul when once mind was a subtlety of metaphysics. Now appears in matter soaked saturated with chemicals like the hormones, therefore woven out of material threads,the independent entity created out of intangible flies like a ghost at dawn. spirit View the outlook. becomes Mind, the slipperyphantom, now controllable for the purposes of everyday life, because we can put our fingersupon, touch, handle and change these material
factors, the
internal
we

emulsified with

secretions

and

the

vegetative system.

affect the very qualityof the nerve tissue. The future of the race, the future of human nature, depends upon the knowledge to be born of the researches into the vast possibilities
may

Through them

Man, the Adventurer, the prey of Chance and Luck, will then become, indeed now becomes, the Captain of Fate and Destiny. It is,of itself, in the intellect, stincts to conceive of ina revolution and and emotions, suggestibility contra-suggestibility, initiative and imitation, volitions and inhibitions as chemical In all their relations, matters. mutually reacting effects and and deficiencies, the internal secretions set up excesses defects, and their equilibmorbid psychic echoes and reflections. When rium and have dislocated, we even phobias neuroses. may A man's nature is essentially his endocrine nature. Primarily, when he is born, he represents a particular inherited combination of different glands of internal secretion. They, constituting the wards, inventory of his vital stock in trade, start him in life. Afterthe accidents of experifood,the routine of his existence, ence, education,disease and misfortune,in short,environment, modify him because they modify his ductless glands and his

of this idea.

168

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

apparatus, as well as his brain, vegetative depressing some parts, and M the In and stimulating others, i^ing system. ticular parwill he be transformed the is affected which is the as gland
B

of the system to which the others adapt and The inertia of the system is \ "" s.

accommodate

lute, abso-

If he has children, he hands on always tends to return. in spiteof mishaps, not at all or his constellation of endocrines, transformed. Sometimes, however, the experiential only slightly formation has been sufficiently deep, and shaken the very constitution of his germ-plasm. So family dispositions and national and racial temperaments, are propagated, maintained

and

and

varied.

The Hormone
as reactions, we

Sex

Instincts

forces, processes
founder

and

seen, initiate the complicated of the The dictum expressionsof sex.

have

in effect was pathology,Virchow, that Woman has long been taken to apply to her an appendix to the ovaries, psychic traits as well as somatic. Her mind, like her skin,her hair and her pelvis, is a product of the ovarian endocrines. But her monopoly. M these determinations are by no means likewise
a

of modern

creation

of the

chemical

wheels

within

wheels

and

springswithin springsthat are his glands of internal secretion. That he is not so obviously an appendix to his testes is due to have not the ii two reasons. First,the male sex hormones nor bility cyclicrhythmicity of the female. Secondly, and perhaps have instincts become his sex consequently, overlap with other more labile instincts, with habits and oust
necessities that appear
the
to oust

the

sex

instinct into

an

alto-

decentralized position.Moreover, it is the function

"

of the female

in

sex

aware

of the
1 and

fact,sees

pro to it t!

thoroughly -cious,
instinct stands

starkly

dominating in her life. moods of love, like the more Hi Sex, are di pendi-nt upon a proper
If the teste-

manifesto! stereotyped

supply to the blood

the

oi

the

organs, reproductive

act. gonadal en-

ed from
"

is found

that

isp-reflex, symptom
i

days, the
'
"

testi

injected into the

in

Qg this sex

reflex is present

(he testesonly during

the

170 Lv

THE
the

GLANDS

REGULATING adrenal
of coyness

PERSONALITY

compound
emulsions

and

various

and

The female's gonad endocrines. display are motivated b\

in alliance. pituitaryand gonad hormones It is a dogma to state that the internal secretions of sex do not begin to function until after puberty. Some children mai exhibitionism with a certain independence of environment. fore Beadolescence a good many girlsact like tom-boys, and are imishable externallyfrom boys only by their clothes. But othen display signs of sex differentiation that are to be t: to an awakening interstitial gonad action. Some boys have

terior

no

interest whatever

in

sex.

Others

will show

an

intense

cur

which perhaps may spontaneously,a curiosity .1 precocity,dependent upon the minimum production by the gonads. Close observation of somatic and psychic development in extreme
children

be

explaind
of
sex

hormone

of the correlation

examples
Hutchinson

of has scribed detheir

corroborates full-busted

this view.

Jonathan

children

of London

already boasting of

affect the body Indeed, as education and environment (in so far as they influence it as a whole) by exciting or inhibitingthe glands of internal secretion, sex-arousing si
affairs.

from

without

must

be considered

to evoke

their effects

as

lants stimu-

puberty glands. At puberty, when the sex glands bloom, and the complex of the sex instincts is activated, exhibitionism manifests itself in a host of guises and disguises. Femininity in a woman 1 indeed the eternal feminine,may or womanly woman, by the degree of somatic and psychic exhibitionism she pn A has a delicate skin, lovely complexion, who woman
formed
d

of the latent

breasts feminine

and

menstrual'
on

found to bai

outlook
in

life,aspirations and
our

Mimuli, which,
-

spite of the protests of

':""feminine

do feminists,

con-

mind.

arc

the well-epringfl of hex lifeand

woman
w

On personality.

(he

id, the

d, fiat-bi
will also be often
and
m pioneering,

poorly or not at all ii lines, angular in her outily built,

She tl
const;

masculinoid. short,

II what

she
I

is

because

QflSOSSOS
"

small, shrivelled, poorly functioning

two

"se

P sorts

of

ffding
i mm

as

the Other endocrines

no

participate in the

But

of better examples could be given,off-hand,

HOW

THE

GLANDS internal

INFLUENCE secretions

THE

MIND

171

ing stamp
conduct.

of the

upon

mind, character

and

Instinct The
sex

and

Behaviour

instinct, analyzed as an endocrine mechanism, provides the the clue to understanding of all instinct and behaviour. then its If the post-pituitaryregulates the maternal instinct, must correlates: sympathy, social impulses,and religious feeling, and is furnished another be also influenced, so example of a of chemical control of instinctive behaviour. McDougall, once of Harvard, introduced into psychology the idea Oxford, now of the simple instinct as a unit of behaviour, regarding the most as a complex conduct compounding of instincts. The instinct tion, stimulus-sensaitself he analyzed into three elements: a specific of emotion an following,all ending in a particularcourse into endocrine muscular reaction. Translated pens terms, what hapbe pictured as a series of chemical events. may certain When the activity of a ductless gland rises above a in the blood sensitize, as a photographic minimum, its hormones of brain cells, to respond to a message a group plate is sensitized, There from the outside world, with a definite line of conduct. is a registration by the brain cells of the presence of the specific stimulus. Then there is communication docrine by them with the enof them to further As a result, some s*re moved organs. In consequence and others are paralyzed or weakened. secretion, of changes of concentration in the blood of the various internal and tumescences, as well as removements laxations, secretions, tensions,
inhibitions
and

detumescences,

occur

throughout the

vegetativesystem

and the nerves the viscera, vessels, of the change in it. the muscles. Each wires to the brain news excited or depressed In addition,the brain cells themselves are the In their final fusion, hormones by the new bathing them. commingling vegetative sensations constitute the emotion evolved in the functioningof the instinct. To lower the new tensions throughout the vegetative system
"

the blood

to the normal

range,

the instinctive action

is carried

out.

This

of the instinct. As is regarded as the essence a superficially the resultant of fact,it is only the endpoint of a process, matter of a drive to restore equilibrium within the organism. It may all happen in less time than it takes to tell about it.

172

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING
may
one

PERSONALITY therefore be

play of an instinct They succeed processes.

The

analyzed into four

"

another the

as

sensation
"

endocrine conduct and

to

stimulation

"

tension The

within dash

relieve tension.

vegetative system is the symbol of a cause

effect

relationship. based upon This equation for an instinct, an analysisof the is the model for the analysisof all working of the sex instinct, and therefore of all the compounded instincts th instincts, behaviour may be resolved into. Conduct, that fascinator human and of the common gossip and the great novelist alike,normal in all their complexities, unto even abnormal, social and asocial, the third and fourth generation, the Freudian complexes, is governed therefore by the same laws that determine the movements of the stars and the eruptionsof volcanoes. The most interesting factor in the instinct equation is the endocrine, because that
is the
one

that is most

purelychemical.
Charging of Wishes

Endocrine

It is the distinction of modern the wish

psychology that

it has

lished estab-

libido) as the moving force (craving, need, desire, in any psychic process. The positionof the wish in psychology the force within and behind the instinct may be compared as to that of energy in physics,when it was elevated to a a position in the explanation of physical processes in the nineh century. The concept of the charged wish has illumi:
all the hidden
recesses

and

rendered

audible all the subdued

in the content wish That is of tin

mur-

The truly novel murings is the recognition the of fact that the could
could power
never never

of the mind.

charged. Now
that
brain
a

it

h
be born

d in
in the

vacuum.

meant)

wish

brain

alone.
it
can

For

the

h
t:

to

charge itself with energy"

potentialenergy
must

only

store and

thai must
That
source

be transformed
is bl

into

it kinetic,

have abdomen

source.

system.
viscera

Wit]
in the and

ive syftem, the

chest, blood and its v" and nerves, the brain would remain bu nes, muscles ! storage plant of memories, associations of experiences. It WOOld need no chanirc and initiate no I
But when the
wi

upon

the

scene,
new

it is

as

if a

storage batteryhas been

refreshed with

current,
am-

hillions of electrons there is a stir and

HOW mind.
But

THE

GLANDS

INFLUENCE

THE

MIND

173

ancient possessionof the dynamo is the more what must animal, the vegetativeapparatus. In short, always be that wish is never remembered is but always suba cerebral, i n its origins. visceral, cerebral, the
The

sub-cerebral the

makes brain

the cerebral. and

Activities in the

nervous

the vegetative system, especially it its function of the active verb. It has to be, to do, force upon and to suffer, and then to manipulate the environment to satiate insatiable because the insatiable viscera, the local chemistry is the other of them. or continuallyraising the tension of one behaviour becomes A physics of human possiblewith the aid of these concepts of endocrine regulationof intra-visceral pressure, and an and intervisceral equilibrium, intramuscular an pressure intermuscular with the brain as the shifting fulcrum equilibrium, of the The

system below

system.
sensation of

hunger,as

we

have

seen,

serves

as

is exemplar as any creasing preceded and accompanied by contractions of the stomach of inintensity. Those contractions must be brought about endings in the wall of by a substance acting upon the nerve the stomach. As it closes down waves itself, pass up and upon of this mechanism
down. amount of
a

of the

wish.

good Hunger

an

With

each

wave,

of the pressure

the pressure within it rises. The be accurately measured by may

and

exact
means

small balloon rises above

a

swallowed certain

then inflated.

the sensation figure, We attain

to

the sure presof hunger breaks certain

When

into the
sensory

consciousness

of the individual.
up

infer that
a

impulses
of

sent

the

brain

strength that
sation sen-

finallyforces itself into the conscious field of feeling. The

hunger varies from

in the reaction
it is Let
a

individual

to

individual

because

of variation

throughout the vegetative system.

or a

Most

often

sense

of movement
cause

abdomen.
of
pressure

some

produce
"

itch in the upper weakening or cessation of

even an

the movements within

of the stomach it. As of the

the

as

fear and

anger

"

and

the

sation sen-

with hunger disappears coincidently the mathematicians

pressure,
pressure.

the

drop
say,

in the

would

the wish of

is

function have

and

so

of the

concentration

substance We

behind in

hunger the wish reduced to the lowest terms, the most primitiveform of it. Yet we may resolve all wishes,even As the vegetativesysthe most idealistic, terms. into the same tem becomes habituated by repeated experienceto react in the same permutations and combinations of stimulus, way to the same

174 wishes

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING
at

PERSONALITY

become

possibleuntil

length the
man are

inscrutable

ties complexiWe have

to

of the

behaviour

of civilized

evolved.

thank
e

for Bechterew, the greatest of Russian physiologists, fundamental so principles, ling important for the un

Von

of the control The

of human

life and

conduct.

aboriginalancestor of the involved train reflex, and of associations that constitute the highest thought, conduct character,is the unit of the system. Recall the classic example to a dog, his mouth is shown waters. cited. If a piece of meat If now proceed to ring a bell before offeringthe meat, his you he sees or smells the meat. ever, mouth will water only when If, howthe ringingof the bell precedes the meat a sufficient number when of reactions, comes a time merely the sound of the bell will without the presence So it is with of the meat. m salivation,
associated the associated reactions of the internal secretions.
may, A

stimulus

indifferent originally

the by association, laws of which are many, to act like a spark to the endocrinecome instinct mechanism. Hence for the subtle play account we can of instinct throughout all thinking. excitant of an Even instinct objects resembling the specific mechani"m in start its some one only remotely, or quality,may and
a

to the endocrines

host of associations
may

bound

up

with

it. Thus

the maternal

instinct

baby
a
"""

is small

toy, a -aling. The

t

by the sight of a baby. But because a and delicate, a tiny book, anything small and fine, it. The object is then said to be miniature,may arouse
doctrine of association
us

be excited

of instinctive

and
"

so

of

endocrine
at any

reactions
moment

enables

to

understand

the

feeling

tone

pervades consciousness as well as its i Choices, the psychology of selection of food, color, fr; also become mates, amusements explicable rationally.
licts among
are

i tem sys-

the different components

and inevitable. If

of the

the veg

continuous
1" her

pi

ithin

viscus has

ifl and pereiste, thai is, not ghtened,

associated
to

disturbed

factor
was

or

instinct, oondui
before
the

wli.it it

instigator of
fcher

tension associated
-sure

1.

But if another in
c" '""

factor within

stream

of energy

play, another fa the is created, with another system vegetative endingan out Bowing to tlfe
a

iat of instincts, i of the brain, is vegetative system competing for the possession

HOW
common

THE

GLANDS
process
so we

INFLUENCE
in

THE

MIND will win

175
means

everyday
will will. will win
that And

conduct.
an

Which

which

have
to

energetic basis for volition.

Which endocrines

depend primarily upon the kind of predominate in the make-up of the individual,
appears

secondarilywith his
And if
one

education.

For
a

it is the endocrines
two

that

are

really in conflict when

endocrine

there is

strugglebetween

instincts.

it must be either because conquers, it is inherentlystronger,its secretion potential, that is, the amount

system

of secretion it can the term it to

put forth as a maximum, is greater (so explaining because dominant) or a ditioned past experience has con"

respond, although the opposing endocrine system Fear and anger, respectively does not. bound up with the activities of the adrenal medulla and cortex, we shall see, provide as good exemplars as any of this process. The of the ductless glands to situations varies with response their congenitalcapacity, and acquired susceptibility. Capacity is a question of internal chemistry,modifiable by injury,disease, the accident, shock, exhaustion. Susceptibilitydepends upon be summed play of the forces focusing upon them that may up In the ability of one endocrine associations. as system to inhibit
another
we

have

the germ

of the unconscious.

Hence

the

modus

compensations and operandi of the repressionsand suppressions, grate, unite to integrate or refuse to intewhich dissociations, may and deteriorate a personality. and so disintegrate As the personality develops, the vegetative system becomes associates of family, school,church susceptibleto the manifold and last but not least and society,art, science and religion, of personality are All the different nuances sex. expressionsof a particularrelationship, transitory or permanent, between the endocrines and the viscera and muscles. Conversely, behaviour shows what docrine a actually is chemically; that is,what enperson factors predominate in his make-up. and vegetative
Fear, Anger, and
Fear
the anger instincts. An

Courage
so

and

are

the oldest and

the

most

deep-rooted of

pleasant unameba, contracting at the touch of some feels fear in its most primitiveform. And anger, object, the destructive passion,must the scene have appeared early upon instincts were of life. Certainly these two developed definitely

and

fixed

in

the

cells before

sex

differentiation

and

the

sex

176

THE
were

GLANDS born

REGULATING
at all. It is

PERSONALITY
to interesting note

instincts

this for

our

rabid Freudians. Fear that two area? adrenal. and

anger

involve
so

the

adrenal

gland.
should

How

comes

it
same

states

of mind

contrasted

involve

the

The

answer

lies in

the

bipartiteconstruction
of

of

the

All the evidence

which

of the substance
to its cortex When
as

points to its medulla as makes for the phenomena

the secretor

fear,and

dominant

adrenalin

in the reactions of anger. under the skin in sufficient quanis injected tity,

it will

twitchingof the lips all the classic manifestations immediate effects of fear because they
"

produce paleness,trembling, erection of the hair, the limbs, twitching of quick or gasping breathing,
of fear.
are

These

are

the

the immediate

effects

of the

excess

adrenalin The

in the blood

upon

the

vegetativeviscera and

of these perception by associative memory effects of adrenalin, the sensations arising from the organs constitute the emotion of fear. Flight follows by muscle affected, for the disturbance of the inter-muscular prepared for flight, and equilibriumtenses the flexor muscles, the muscles of flight, relaxes the extensor muscles, the muscles of attack. muscles.

If,it would

seem,

the cortex
overcome

secretion

enough

to

more

than

pours into the blood, the effects of the medulla tion, secrenow

equilibriumis disturbed in the opposite for fightrather than flight, results. Or if and anger direction, the cortical secretion pours in an of its overwhelming amount
secretion from
anger

the inter-muscular

the first into the blood

there will be
and

no

fear, but
animals

immediately.Habitually charging
the bison,bull,ti":cr, lion have or
a

fearless

lar. relatively fearful

\

in their

adrenals.
a

and Habitually fleeing

have rabbit,

small

cortex

and

animals, like lulla in

action of einforcing nal medulla the adrenal c

Some
p.

the

thyroid is impoa
or

reinforced by the th\

thyroidi ilyfrightened, otl

fury. ulily
d nature.

id still other
! o

medulla
a

And

tl

oli is

p
even

good

measure

of the
f

ratio.

These formulation
ral. Bui
fi

rly to

in

individual
"

in whom

n"(

complexes,dati] childhood. dulls overtopped cortex,especially

ar

178

THE

GLANDS of

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

winners of the Congressional Medal of thirty-four with Germany. Of for extraordinarybravery in the War Honor twenty-three exhibited the somatic criteria or hormonic signs of the ante-pituitarytype. A prerequisitefor adequate ante-pituitaryfunction is a normal secretion of the interstitial cells of the reproductiveglands. Cowardice is said to be a feature obtainable of eunuchs.

The
We

Pituitary and

Instinct

than any other gland or tissue of the that,more instincts the maternal-sexual body, the post-pituitarygoverns A great the social and creative instincts. and their sublimations, deal of evidence is in our possessionconcerning the disturbances of emotion trollable accompanying disturbances of this gland, and conby its control. It might be said to energizedeeply the should tender emotions, and instead of saying soft-hearted we (as opposed say much-pituitarized. For all the basic sentiments the intellectualized self-protective heartedness, to sentimentalism), tenderinterlocked with are sympathy and suggestibility its functions. Its secretion must the great basal ganglia, act upon cells and fibres at the base of the brain,which contain the nerve have
seen

that

are

the centers

of emotional 1""ui

control

and

co-ordination. the

The

has ante-pituitary

depicted as
of

lity (to use

we mean

that

term

for lack of the

gland of intclality better). By intellectuto control its environment frontal

the

capacity
and

mind

by concepts
brain

abstract

ideas.

The

lobes of the cells and

are

'nil offices for

higher thought. Their

numerous

the most
II

fibres.

complex, They
contact

have

the most

branches

asso-

store the fruits of abstract

matics, thinking,mathe-

for example.
OO

The
with

anterior them.

pituitary is in tl
is tonic
to

and

Its secretion

them.

Now

I let of
with curiosity,

forerunner of intellectual
its emotion
and

of

wonder, and

if

proesionjg the various

Studies of intellectual
a

constructive and

acquisitr
with

men,

of those

curiosityand
ante- 1
of

construct

ive-acqu:
to
some

od

pi*

to

be

extract ante-pituitary ;ty and self-control.

defectives increases intellectual

future of intell:
ns

The

xpect
of the

HOW
Two most

THE

GLANDS

INFLUENCE

THE

MIND
in the of the

179
plexity" com-

which therefore, important instincts, have

created
most

of their sublimations
of

tions institu-

the maternal and the intellectual, connected are society, with a proper function of the pituitaryendocrines. So directly it happens that disturbances of these instincts, reaching far into and intellectual spheres of the mind, are the normal definitely connected with disturbances of the pituitary. As we shall note in reviewing the essentials of the pituitary-centered or pituitocentric personality, the personalitygoverned by the fluctuations of activity diseased within the pituitary, or people with injured, of of the limited (because the smallness mechanically pituitaries bony case enclosing them) exhibit defects and perversions of attributable conduct and intelligence to affections of the directly Children with very instincts and functions the pituitary governs. lie and steal, bedare small, mechanically cramped pituitaries themselves,and a low learning wetters, have poor control over capacity.

The
The

Thyroid

and

Instinct
sex

chemical

mechanism

of the instincts described:

libido,

passion and
anger relation to and

jealousy in relation to
to the

the ovaries

and and

testes,_fear

in curiosity sympathy adrenals, the pituitaries, suggests that a similar explanation will hold for the dynamics of the other instincts. In the closest to relation to the thyroid appear the instincts first isolated, so and selfspeak, by McDougall as the instincts of self-display effacement, accompanied by emotions of pride and shame respectively. there is an In certain states of excessive thyroid activity which extra stimulation of the instinctive display of the person On the other and exhibitionism. mania may go on to boasting, depressionis produced, hand, in states of thyroid insufficiency, to be alone,to hide, which may go on to melancholia, a desire in relation

tendency to accuse sit apart and even a crimes and sins. In the form uncommitted
to known
as

the self of various

of

cyclic insanity
alternates

the

wholly in turn as depression, by one or the other of these two instincts of the ego. There is a good deal of evidence that behind them is a corresponding the thyroid secretes into the blood. fluctuation in the amount the self gyrate the thyroid-centeredattitudes toward Among than in any other type. Egomania and megalomania occur more often in thyroid unstable individuals. most

mania manic-depressivepsychosis, dominated if the personality were

with

180

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

Energy
In

and

Sensitivity

Faculty, Francis Galton fundamental considerations laid down some concerning energy he defined mental and traits. the as as sensitivity Energy ness of the fullcapacity for labor,and declared it to be the measure Statistical study by him of men of life or vitality. of genius showed and their ancestors them with a large to be endowed of energy. amount It has been said to be the absolute prerequisite of genius. Now if there is a singlefact that has been well established it is of the internal by investigations secretions,
the energy quantum of an individual is a function of and determined by his thyroid. The more thyroid he has, the more
that and the will he be the less thyroid the less energetic, energetic of the excess lazier. The thyroid-centered individual, thyroid food and produces more heat than type, actuallyburns up more the ordinary organism. He burns himself up faster in general. When the thyroid sends more secretion into the blood, more thyroxin, it accelerates all the functions and activities of the Tea and coffee produce loquacity because they stimulate organs. the thyroid. People with thyroid dominant constitutions talk fluently, rapidly, and continuously. Their energy ma] them doers,actors rather than spectators. They get up early in the morning, are the go all day without surcease on or fatigue, and often suffer from insomnia. go to bed late, the opposit however, are definitely Thyroid deficients, of energy at their comare quite conscious of the limited reserve DCL Also that they need plenty of refreshing sleep. Early to for of health bed and late to rise remains the leading maxim In addition they find it necessary them to sleep during the in the afternoon makes a good deal of Forty winks or more
" .

his classic

Inquiriesinto Human

difference to them. etives enemies.

All

Taciturn, maiticulat"

appliedto them
because
to

by

their friends

as

Blow,til well as by
i

t:

of

an

insufficientor

inefficientsupply of
iodine in it. The
are

roid's iodine

their cells. The

mobility

organism
lO'llIl..

is

measure
ins

of

the amount

of active

for

"energetic and

lazy"

"well-

the abihl 8ensitivity,

rption is anothi
Just He
as

id

quali
be

Qm

thyroid p

feels

thingsmore,

HOW arrives
nerve more

THE

GLANDS

INFLUENCE

THE

MIND

181

quickly at the stage when the stimulus damages his of his skin is greater, apparatus. The electric conductivity
a

sometimes the
ton has

hundred

times

greater,than the average.

a

Conversely
heat and
of the
moan

thyroid deficient type has

recorded that

low discriminative

faculty. Galsome

that idiots hardly

sense

between distinguish
so

cold and
more

their

of

pain is

obtuse

that

idiotic
never

seem

hardly

to know

what

it is. Cretins may

but

shed tears.
an

in Energy and sensitivity to the

individual

should

direct attention

thyroid element predominatingin his composition. Lack and insensitivity to the degree of thyroid insufficiency of energy in their make-up. Memory,
In between
comes a

Judgment,
energy,

and

Poise and the

tion, reac-

and sensitivity
passage

the sensation

of the

stimulus

through

the

gauntlet of

as experienceof the individual known memory. by philosophers,psyMany hypotheses have been advanced chologists and physiologiststo explain the phenomenona of of memory materially at all one must ^To conceive memory. trace as the basis for the persistence admit sort of memory some of of memory. This memory deposit facilitates the occurrence reaction the memory the chemical along the same constituting path the next time. Forgettingthen consists in a disappearance traces or deposits. Forgetting is greatest in of these memorythan half of the memory the first hour after remembering, more of forgetting, trace being lost in that time.xComparison of the curve from of a colloid like gelatine and the curve of diffusion them to be exits solution, into a surrounding medium, shows ceedingly such be explained by some similar. Forgetting may loss of the memory trace or deposit into the blood continually flowingby it.

the stored past

^The

internal

secretions influence the amount Cretins the have

and

duration

of

the memory

deposits. The thyroid appears

of the 'memory trace.

to be essential to the
poor

laying down

memories of

and so cannot "3tt_J""--*eten4ien~-"i4e thyroid insufficients is wretched^- In

memory

learn.

The

memory

extreme

grades, the

and that

who

completely lost. Iodine thyroid increase the electric conductivity of the brain, so be deposited more the memory trace must easily in those Removal of the thyroid proof thyroidy have an excess duces and cells and their processes, a degeneration of nerve
for recent
occurrences

becomes

182

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING becomes difficult or

PERSONALITY

associative memory
from cell to

duction impossiblebecause concell is interfered with. If sufficient thyroid

is fed in excess, brain conduction be may result upon slight irritation. may epilepsy On the other

so

facilitated that

hand, the pituitary seems

In deposit/

to be related to preservation

of the memory loss of memory pituitary,

As
a

conditions

of disease of the

regards recent
sort

marked. experiencesis more experiences, they are better held,although in recoverable when the condition manner, But the greatest difference between the

for past

of subconscious

improves or is cured. exists as regards thyroid and pituitary effects upon memory material: the thyroid memory to perception appliesparticularly and percepts, the pituitary to conception (reading,studying, thinking) and concepts. tween Judgment is another mental process that often intervenes besensation and the energy-reaction. It involves memory and association of experiences.Behind it is an attitude as much there is in an emotion or the arousing of an instinct. Beliefs as and reasoningsare complex judgments. They form the units of
the intellectual process. There is an element of

speed in judgment on reasoning as in And as in the latter, the thyroid determines perceptionand memory. call it,means the velocity. Quick thinking,as we good The deficient thyroid action. and slow fhinking_ thyroid action, is influenced by the anteother element in judgment, accuracy, there is physical growth which pituitary. During adolescence After of the secretion of the ante-pituitary. most consumes when after the early twenties, physical growth baa adolescence, secretion sensitizes the cells of the ceased, the ante-pituitary brain to mental growth. The reaction potentialof the latent ability that is its inherent, to supply a D pituitary,
mum

of its endocrine best-known

for

for the

nerve

cells of the
of

the

chemical and

determinant

frontal lobes,is It of intellect*] is.

ezper
one

th information, tastes And curiously, not

material:
lmuM

't co-ordination

problems into
cause

Ufl

whole

only does it
fin;

fusion
ft

of

intell. material.

of

such

expect to

dinarily well-dcwln;
rs

and

in

and

we

do.

Adequate
wi
1
D

'it is

present throughout

of normals

progress

through

pnenl u tly ripei and to profit by experience, ability

HOW
to make
more

THE and

GLANDS
more

INFLUENCE
accurate

THE

MIND

183

judgments as one grows older of it. This maturation is efficiency implies at least a maximum after middle Even not at all universal. age, after forty and fifty individuals retain the juvenilemind of some years of reasoning, their youth. Like the Bourbons, they have learned nothing and forgotten nothing. Their ante-pituitary insufficiencyoften coupled with a post-pituitary excess, and other instabilities and in the endocrine immature disequilibriums system, render them compared with what might be expected of them for their morons, They are the people who are old enough to know better. years.
For

the

same

reasons,

inhibition and

emotional

control

are

poor

in them. in the evolution of judgment, and ante-pituitary, due stress must the judgment faculty, be laid upon the influence of the internal secretion of the testes or ovaries, the product of the interstitial cells. Although the probability is that the effects the fact are through a stimulation of the ante-pituitary, indirect, remains that,in a child, and judgment be marvelous memory may in is possiblypurely thyroid its determination) (such memory poor With the advent of the gonads upon the scene, judgments become the centre of the play'splot undoubtedly. The gence intelliof eunuchs and eunuchoids is in general low. The skull and brain of castrates,animal and human, is smaller than the who ing Gall, the physiologist popularized ideas concernaverage. the meaning of the protuberances and depressions of the head in relation to facultyand character, early in the nineteenth

Besides

the

century, type,
were

was

the first to prove

a

eunuchs, not

is known.

historic castrates, of the creative singleexample of great intellect, On the contrary, the native giftsof the mind

this.

Among

tion destroyed. Thus Abelard, who was punished with castraby his uncle for his love affair with Heloise,never composed of poetry thereafter. verse

Imagination
That

as

an

Endocrine of

Gift

bringsus

to the consideration

imagination as influenced

The physical conditions of exercise of the by the endocrines. been not investigated. sufficiently imaginative faculty have
Alcohol has

long been

known

to

act

as

an

evocant
are

images. The
obtained

hallucinations

of delirium
A

tremens

of strange the results

flow

in extreme the

intoxication.

strangely imaged
also be

of

imaginative state, may

evoked

by

184

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING indica. There in the

is

PERSONALITY
no

morphine and cannabis

be made cells may associations that
are

doubt

that

the brain
unfamiliar

to combine

fresh, novel, and

recognized as unr :icis Galton, pioneer student of the conditioningsof hi study of the visualising capacity, so faculty,left an interesting Two of his far as it could be attacked by the statistical method. is One worth conclusions are repeating for our purposes. the power of s" "; to imagine is poor in philosophersand men than in the mate. other that it is higher in the female sex The intellectual mind, that the philosophic, have seen We scientific, of abstractions, is the capacity to abstract,and think in terms dependent upon proper secretion by the ante-pituitary. definitely the is generallypredominant over In woman, the post-pituitary ante-pituitary.Though we are in need of a series of studies of with high endowed the endocrine traits and composition of men at a loss, have indications and so are we imaginative qualities, of an endocrine control of the state of consciousness we speak of the imaginative. as
Most
treatment

of

the

evidence

accumulated

in

the

examination
a

of morbid

conditions

characterized

by

incoordinate restless,

of the postactivityof the brain cells points to excess pituitarysecretion as the cause, or as one of the most important also exert The causes. thyroid and the adrenal medulla to be the post-pituitary. the strongest appears influence. But obsess the mind, anxiety neuroses, Phobias, fears which all expressionsof delusions, nervousness, picions,hallucinations, what we technicallyas the imaginative state of sum may up and occur mind, occur frequently,associated with other symptoms in v of posterior pituitary overactivity. Persons of their liable to imagine disturbances make-up it ru! exhibit well-developed imaginative lb a mentality, or such as i of tl Norm activity in in
some some
women

during
"

lal period and

'"

pr
i

ami
.

of their

lb]
a

einl

ptibility
-pituitary
it

of t},.

R lidlicr tl
io

I lead

stimulation of the tend

quietingthe

try

by

various

iculty,
ictive

and

PaycholoRiKt

imagination

CHAPTER

IX

THE

BACKGROUNDS

OF

PERSONALITY

The the

question of moods
of

and

sublimations
of
neuroses,

once nervous

raised

introduces
out withto
ex

problem
an

the

relation

disorders

organic
system.
ductless

disease

basis, and

mental

abnormalities,
influences function and
the

the

endocrine

Obviously, glands
and
must

in view every

of all the
organ

by

the

upon

of
nervous

the

body
of

and

mind,
ation

their

intermediary,
Observations
in
to

vegetative

exist.

accumulated, chapters,
deduction.
disordt prove

which

have

been

referred

the

preceding
of

the

complete, though

complex, reality
toward
of
nerve

such
and

The
a

history of attitudes
illustration The of
to

mental of

remarkable words.

the

vicissitudes
and

ignorance
as

playing
were

with

Greeks, swayed
which fooled
in

dazzled

they

by

the

magic

words be

they discovered, yet by

the
as a

never

pern for the

themselves

them.

As

an

explanation
mental

phenomena
the of

of

hysteria
had

women,

that of

benign
a

disorder about
an

xcellence, they
womb
in

theory
cause. as

wandering provided
that
naive

of

the

organism

That
an

image
the had with

something
be

material

happening
after its (he

explanation.
theory
their held

With
view
sway,

phflof anatomy
to
l

Renaissance,
humoral and Hut half of

1.

In

place the

its

good humors
-us

and

its bad

humors,

bilious, lymphatic,
cental

and
flesh.

admixtures. Dm
:irst

tfa
the

of

all

nineteenth

of mediparaphrased by practitioner!

the these
into I the
Mae
common

effii
e\

indeed consciousness.

today

have

filtered

of

the

in
ob

rht, food
frith neuroticfield
weeds
was

and

condu
I1-!--.
"

"

!"

:l\

the

sexual.

rich

created

tor

We

have

seen

hon

periodi the American, B"

uted
"

inspired bj
ISO

loss

of

toi

THE

BACKGROUNDS and

OF

PERSONALITY

187

weakness flabbiness, neurasthenia. the

nerve

Nerve

softness of the nerves, exhaustion he believed Weir

to coin the word

was

the

cause

of

weakness.
cure

the rest
for it.

duced Mitchell,another American, introcombined with overfeeding as a treatment

French neurologist, fied analytical Charcot, was not to be satisderivation. the by words of Latin-Greek Insistingupon of the individual mental workings of each case, he significance and his pupil Janet began to unravel a tangle which has led to in psychology. For the present revolution Freud, Jung and
An

Adler took
Janet

the story where Janet left off. elaborated the ideas of a subconscious
up

and

an

scious, uncona

splitting amnesia, and somnambulism, hypnotism, anesthesia,obsession hysteria into the grand group of mental dissociations and disintegrations, he achieved a unification never considered possiblebefore him. Suggestionas a mode of cure was also emphasized and elaborated by him to an undreamed-of degree. Freud, in 1895, studying a case of hysteriawith Breuer, had attempted cure by the method of free association, attempting to to pour out her mental life. Not succeeding, and get the hysteric his interest aroused by her continual references to her dreams, he could tap the he discovered that by means of those dreams
subconscious
For in the

of the mind, and a dissociation of the components of the personality. Lumping the phenomena of

and

unconscious

in regions hitherto
and

inaccessible.

experiences appeared that From that finding the stage of the conscious. never came upon he developed the concept of repression, of a i. e., the relegation painful experience into the unconscious, and kept imprisoned there by the censor. there it became Also how the complex, never which, like a stage manager, appeared before the footlights of the conscious, but determined its content just the same by
inhibition
upon A But
or

dreams, ideas,persons,

stimulation

of any

character

or

scene

to be enacted

it. of Freudianism complete critique

in relation to the in health and cannot
as

be

attempted here.
nerve

endocrine

system
valid

controllers of

can disease,a technicalities its and explanations, jargon, Some them are metaphors. as regard justifiable descriptions may of mental But be urged againstthem it certainly can processes. that they provide us with no idea concerning what is happening in the cells of the body and brain as explanation for the event,

function

criticism

be made.

the Freudian Firstly,

188

THE
or

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

tion abnormal, supposedly explained. Words like sublimat: or figures of speech and nothing else. Secondly,they ignoretotallythe powers of the vegetativeappamuscles and secretingglands together,as and determiners of the wish and its adventures. originators How from the point of view of the physiutterlydifferent, ologist, the two explanationsare be seen from a as can pictures, to the Freudian, means singleexample. The idea of repression, the pushing down into the subconscious of some experience. Pushing down is a process controlled by the laws of physics: it involves the concepts of matter and force. Hence, the expression, of a psychic episode,is a metaphor pure and a as description simple. From the standpoint of the process of repression as tured picthe student the of the term by vegetative apparatus, real of the For a signifies bottling means repression up energy. actual compression of muscle, the muscle contained in the viscera. And the repression the release of a real interference with means which remains bound up, tugging for room for expression energy, much In the production coiled in a box. as a as spring tightly normal
.,

of that tension
nature

an

endocrine

has

often been
may

decisive. whether
a

The

docrine en-

of the individual
or

decide

scious, subcon-

is to come into being, vegetativetension, live or die,in the face of a given situation. If thereby,a permanent disturbance of the equilibrium between the componci brought about, a neurosis, expressionof an unsatisfied vegetative tension,follows. It has been hailed as a brand new ing discovery by those followthe latest in psychology that the subconscious and the unconscious constitute a more essential component of the personality than the conscious. As a matter of fact,common pn if not the mechanism and its ugnifii recognizedthe fact, it is how It is not what people say or do they say it: ages. is how the true reactions of personalityare rccogniz* vcly even by animals. Tone and gesture (when not acted or posed) are accepted as symbols and wympi
"

i. e., visceral

nmost

sancta

sanctorum

t hat

words

and

wi

r
r.

give

riseand

block.

Tone
or

and gestureas
I

tions of the IniMT-Me, the True-Me so potent because

:rlof
a

I n*

will, arc

ressions of the
an
"

the lip, nnined

flicker of

Ihe (witch
the increased
oi

of

f!
.

Bipedin
by increased

outflow

THE

BACKGROUNDS

OF

PERSONALITY

189

docrine secretion.

signsas

messages

the little Wittingly or unwittinglywe interpret from the deepestself, which they trulyare.

Nervous In civil life, the

as

Breakdowns

and

Shell

Shock

complex of symptoms
associated

Beard
a

neurasthenia, when
the
one

with

loss of duties

that the sufferer is has become

to be It is the last

for the incapacitated "nervous

jumbled together self-control, so of everyday life,

sanitarium
pears ap-

popular

breakdown.'

of the necessary components act,the climax of "nerves."

War

of the

condition.

1914-1918,thousands of cases of functional disorders of the nervous to be grouped under "Shell Shock." came The psychic phenomena in the wake of concussion of the brain due to explosivessuggested the term, and its applicationto affections of self-control, dissociations of the personality, with or loss of hearing and so on. paralysis, blindness,speechlessness, The War neurosis (including those arisingin home service) is still a topical subject because of mentally disabled thousands
soldiers
In
are

During the

of

alive. of what has number been

view

mechanism be

of the instincts and

a

concerning the endocrine the vegetativeapparatus, it could

said
nerve

casualties of peace would be caused by an upset of the equilibriumbetween and war the glands of internal secretion. A study of war neuroses by the

predicted that

of these

great Italian student

of

the

endocrines, Pende, confirms

this

ing assumption. As emphasized, the internal secretions are like tunkeys, and tighten or loosen the stringsof the organismthe civilian comfor the soldier, the nerves. War instrument, or batant and with them the glands sets the stringsvibrating, as well, controlled by them. Excessive stimulation or depressionof an endocrine will disturb the whole chain of hormones, and the vegetative nervous system, and their echoes in the psyche. The disorders of war that have been lumped as shell shock or war shock may be looked upon as uncompensated jarringsof the endocrine vegetative mechanism, as dislocations of parts and processes that are reflected outwardly as ailment or disease.

An

Endocrine
an

Neurosis that is neurosis,

upon
an a

An

exquisite example of
of
nerves

endocrine

order disthe

and

brain

dependent

upset

of

190

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING the internal

PERSONALITY secretions due

to
a

equilibrium between
was

trying e\"
naval
*
.

furnished
snow

recentlyby
wilds ol
a

the reactions
i

of three

officers lost in the

ture.

through
as

balloon
the

The

cases

aroused

.Is were

good reported by the

deal of interest
newspapers

at

time, and
were

if

they

the

episodesof
The away

serial mystery story. three officer I out late

a

one

Air Station

in

balloon

for

evening from Rockpracticetrip. Atmospheric

lust in the wilderness. years

fine

conditions

suddenly changed, they became

in the Canadian crew,

clouds, and
The
mander com-

landed somewhere finally of the balloon

the old, was youngest of the three; the oldest,Lieut. B., being 45, and the in the thirties, third man Lieut. C. According to the testimony given at the Court of Inquiry held the balloon and afterwards, two hours after they abandoned B. became tired and comstarted strugglingthrough the snow, plained and two days later of his fatigue. B.'s fatigueincreased,

Lieut.

A., 23

became
a

so

great that the party had

to

stop for

an

hour

and

build

However, an hour proved and fainting. too little:and in another half hour he was falling Letters written by C. to his wife and gotten hold of by reporters declared that B. at this juncture passed into a semi-sane of sins, and volunteered state,in which he accused himself of a number not be to commit suicide,so that the others would burdened Also, that they might use his body by his weakness. of A. discussed with C. the advisability themselves. to fortify takingB.'s knife away from him. Living on their carrier pigeons, niued on, moved one. someby a desperate hope of iinjjing several after B. had faintingspells drinking water traced tracks. by moose Indian who Luck favored them, and they encountered an
fire in order to

permit him

to rest.

thflO to

place called Moose

!i reached

Factory.
wives

Here

(heir
i

and
A

they wrote the daily press

bcfoK cry
was

raised

by
and
a

great hue and about their plight Newspaper

!i other

civilisation.
for (he

honor

of

hcin

t them
1 at

get th Kr Stoa
]
.

collectionof houses named

and
found

A. and
not

iln ad
to

them
"

to talk.

full of

ideate B., who eras io a shack srith the the story of the letfc B. tfed and struck C. PI

THE

BACKGROUNDS
were

OF and

PERSONALITY the three returned

191

Differences
to New York. four

patched

There

up, the medical

together

examination

of the three showed

had left its deepest effects days the physique and mind of B. In a few days he developed upon with fever, attack of tonsillitis, disturbance and a mental scribed dean officer as exhaustion by the medical psychosis. He believed this condition to be the result of severe exhaustion, longed proExtreme ness restlessanxiety,worry, and extreme exposure. and irritability, confusion of thought and an undefined perplexity, all the prominent symptoms of exhaustion psychosis, making him hyperactive and inclined to acts of violence, were in evidence. The

that

the

in the wilderness

physique, character
us

and

reactions

of Lieut. B.

are

what

interest
structure traits

in the of his

case.

The

point to
see

face skull, his being an adrenal-centered

as

picturesof him published,and the and teeth, his hair and other physical

variety,so far
we

type, of the unstable his internal secretion make-up is concerned. As

next

shall

in the

chapter

on

the

different kinds

of. endocrine

the personalities,
name

unstable

for the class) is characterized under conditions

The of stress

(convenient because by rapid exhaustibility

strain,the
noted
reserve

adrenocentric

and

of the

gland is consumed.
chapter, are
tone in

adrenal

glands,we

in

preceding
and
nerve

concerned

with the maintenance

of muscle

emergencies. They are the glands which, during crises control the production and supply of energy to the especially,
various
in organs and
as fail, they do readily in emergencies. these labile adrenocentrics, it is as if the adrenals were cut out of the body. And it has been repeatedly shown that extirpation of the adrenals is immediately followed by degeneration and

tissues called upon When the adrenals

to function

to the utmost

breakdown
These
upon

of the brain cells.

facts

explain the reactions of Lieut. B. The acute call his adrenals made by his dangerous situation probably soon
them
of

exhausted

their content him talk

that

of

reserve

secretions.
The

whelming Over-

with loss of muscle fatigue

in the

tone
as

followed. did
in the

changes
fire

brain
to

caused

to

he

wilderness. under

Returned because the

of

safety,the

news

his

reputationwas
adrenal

of C.'s letter brought out

another

characteristic:

excessive

instinct of

emotion
as a

of anger

pugnacity, easily stimulated,with its and the tendency to violence. What is spoken

York,

quick temper is an adrenocentric trait. Returned to New attacked him. Infections in an tonsillitis, infection,

192

THE

GLANDS
DM

REGULATING
up

PERSONALITY
of the

adrenocentrics

the content

adrenals

as

rapidly M
in
an-

which te tonsillitis,

by

type of individual would have been and the adrenals so passed by

combatted
mere sore

continuously throat,predisturbance

high temperature,
ibed

and

the brain

with by the medical officer as exhaustion-psychosis, again a tendency to violence. In short,the history of his adunder stress and strain. It ire is the historyof his adrenals of a typicalendocrine neurosis. illustrates the mechanism

The

Unconscious

and

the

Viscera

locking glands of internal secretion as an intercertain generalities stated as the laws were directorate, in association of the government of the organism's life by them mental with the vegetativeapparatus. It was put forward as a fundation of the limitarevision of the theory, hitherto accepted,
In the

chapter on

the

of mind the and and

to the brain
our

cells. We endocrine

think and
our viscera,

feel not alone with

but with brain, last but not feel with

muscles,our
our

least

organs.

vegetative nerves, In short, think we

of
sciousness, con-

Among
to start

part of ourselves. every these pristine factors determining the content

each and the endocrines
are

most

important,because they alone

with, of all the other factors,are different in each and individual. They are what render him unique at birth, every even though he looks the counterpart of millions of other babies born at the same time. They constitute his inner destiny. A he grows, the external factors,social experiences, climate,acciand eomand disease modify and condition tl ions
.

of
MM

the
are

endocrine

system.
t

As

these

modificat
final el
its

of the greatest
the

import for
hoy do

the

of

the

personality, comp*
connrv
'

tin

of

the

i"ciou8 which
or

uniquestamp
is worth

subnormal, it
conscious and

most

"

mining laws.
both
m

of normal, abnormal, while now to n M nomenon phewith mechania th

comes

possiblefor
;L" onscious
I

us, by their aid,to with and the unconscious

analyze the conscious, the terms long cu

h
it is

analysesof physics.
i

is

an

energy
a

losing energy

as

constantly consists of parts constantlyaccumulate

194

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY of each

the endocrine
to secrete at
a

that is the latent power part of it, minimum

or a

gland

maximum,

and

the balance

between

them.

Education
3.

of

the

Vegetative System

Training or education involves,beside other effects, a training of the endocrines,and hence of the entire vegetative to a particular lus. stimuapparatus, to respond in a particular way Experience is like the introduction of new push-buttons, and wheels into the mechanism. All levers, learningwhich calls out or arrests the functioning of an instinct, must, from what we have learned of the chemical dynamics of instincts as reactions between and viscera, affect the vegetativesyshormones, nerves tem.
When between
may

there

is

conflict between

two

or

more

instincts,

there flowing in different directions, pressures of energy be compromise and normality, and or a grindingof the gears

abnormality.
Where does the brain
come

in,in all this?

To call it the master
be

As

the servant
tissue

of

the vegetative apparatus. absurd, when it can monarch

central

festly is mani-

only

the

of the system. It can, in station for associative memory,

diplomatic constitutional fact,act only as the great as only one of the factors

implicatedin education. The most powerful educative agents of the vegetative apparatus humans the other of a human around him. And being are of ts powerful of the they comprise the most The of and education training education,for better,for worse.
ndocrine-ve":et
1 social rules system is the b:t Law, Conscience). An unresolved rn. Convention, the parts of the \ conflictamong continued

alive

discord,a

system, in spite of such happiness of the acute

rotic and
the

education, is the
or

foundation and

of the

un-

chronic

misfits

maladjusted, the

psychotic.
Physical Basis of the Unconscious
"

The 4.

oOSCioUS the

and

iv imp* tin- in
"

"

that u\

i
n-ult-nl
m

ant of
Inhaviour
ive

is

"s

and

nerve

cells

ratus, appa-

nerves

to the leading

viscera

and

the end*

ted

by stimuli of

THE

BACKGROUNDS
arouse

OF

PERSONALITY

195

metaphoricallanguage of the old psychology, the threshold value, that is the strength itself felt or heard, is loudness of stimulus sufficient to make or less for the vegetative apparatus than for the brain. So we begin emotion to glimpse why an to be experienced before the seems visceral changes that reallypreceded it,but pressed their way into consciousness later. This gives us a clue to the unconscious the more sensitive and deeper part of the mind. as More than that, it suppliesus with a physical basis for the unconscious which will explain much of the observed laws of its for the apparent swiftness, workings. It provides a reason spontaneity,
and it may and

those which

the brain cells. In the

unreasonableness
us a

of what

is called intuition.

And

show
dream

source

for

good
and

deal of the material

of dreams alone with

states.

We
the

have

said that

we

think

we

remember,

not

brain,but with the muscles, the viscera and the endocrines. So do we forgetnot alone with the brain,but with the muscles, the viscera, the endocrines and their nerves. The utmost tance imporof muscle attitudes in remembering has been established in the experimental laboratory. It is one of the great services Freud rendered to psychology for the acceptance of (and one, by the way, largelyresponsible his doctrines by the disinterested intelligence) that he showed that but active and* purposeis nothing casual, a speciesof forgetting ful,
a

manifestation

of the

life of the

unconscious.

However,

of the though his description

occur

in

vacuum.

As

correct,he left it to process was consists of fact this forgetting matter

the
as

in the inhibition of associative memory

apparatus,
which
The
among

so

as

to maintain

by a process in the vegetative equilibriumwithin itself

is reflected in consciousness

comfort.

unconscious, in short,consists of the buried associations the parts of the vegetativeapparatus and the brain cells.
to be much
nearer

We

seem

to it

graspingthe
as a

nature

of the

scious, uncona pound com-

when
or

we

look upon

historical
various

continuum,

emulsion
and

of different and

states of intravisceral

pressure

the balance

tone, in the vegetativeapparatus, dependent upon between the endocrines, as well as upon ences past experi-

of stimulation or of the viscera in the way in the forget that which is held down, literally,

depression. We
vegetative apparatus.

tells, forgetting too, why the forgotten tinually system) con(stored in the sub-brain,the endocrine-vegetative with interferes the regular flow projectsitself into and
This explanationof

196

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING
g., in

PERSONALITY
the

of

e. consciousness, so

of slips

and tends

on:

because

to

erupt

the energy into the consciousness

tongue, mistakes of spelling, bottled in the vegetative system

into which it would

flow. ordinarily vices mind, there have been elaborated deness, to protect it against the vegetativeapparatus. Consciousbe accepted as a fundamental, primal must or awareness, and protoplasm may 1ike protoplasm. Consciousness be the the truth,the coin. Whatever complementary sides of the same ness fact stands out that the oldest, deepest,most potent consciousis that of the traditionally despisedlowest organs, the vegetative and stomach the the heart and intestines, lungs, organs, and so on, their nerves, e. g., the solar kidneys and the liver, plexus,and the glands of internal secretion. They invented and lution elaborated muscle, bone and brain to carry out their will. Evohas been in the direction of a greater perfectionof the methods of carryingout their will. Their consciousness, working what brain and h as the created multiplying growing cells, upon
In

the evolution

of the

we

call self-conscious mind.

Mind, reactingupon

its creator,has, in become the

sense,

come

nate to domi-

meeting ground of all the seethingand bubbling in the organism, and so energy-influences developed into the organ of handling them as a whole, their and all the time, the But Integrating-Executive. just the same underlying consciousness of the viscera and their accessories stand as the powers behind the throne,but as what we have now learned to speak of,in relation to the Mind, as the Unconscious. Psychopathology of Everyday
To
sum

them, because

it has

Life

up

these relations of the viscera,the endocrine-^.

nd the

be stated as a far-reaching mind, it may life: that ehai generalityfor the understanding of human and the conduct
aj

ng

in

veget and birth,

pparatus,primarily andoera
secondarily
a

the

org
dt of

has learned to

whole,

as

eon

nefa

reaction
SO as

as
n

whole

tends to belai

liatarban
aiilibriuin,or
n

energy,

to

sense

of

harmony

and
t

disapj
of the
psyin

lynth
the students

the behaviourists, chanalyste, and

of the

THE

BACKGROUNDS

OF

PERSONALITY

197

(Freud, Jung, Adler, Sherrington, Watson, Von the Bechterew, Kempf, Crile,Cannon, Cushing, Fraenkel are of the movement) of the details, Most and all of great names of the law stillremain the quantitative to be worked applications But a statement like the followingof Cushing, the eminent out. of the endocrines, that "it is quiteprobable that surgeon-student the psychopathology of everyday life hinges largely upon the effect of ductless gland discharges upon the nervous system," shows which way the wind is blowing. In the face of these conceptions the position of the psychanalyst becomes and the causes a of as practicaltherapeutist clearer, his failure when he fails. In the firstplace, he deals with psychic results as processes, and ignores the physiology of their production. Since a true cure is of the neurosis, what he is after, impossiblewithout a removal of the cause, a disturbance in the automatic succeed where vegetative apparatus, he cannot an the viscera does not follow his probings and adjustment among of the unconscious. In the second place,he disregards ferretings the existence of a soil for the planting of the malign complexes in the individual in whom they grow and flourish. That soil is composed in part of the endocrine relations within the vegetative
.

secretions

apparatus. And
and

as

we

can

often attack that soil more

effectively

radicallyfrom the endocrine end than from the experience end (e. g., repressedepisodes) we the soil and transform may it barren rock for morbid make complexes, at any rate. The concept of the endocrine-vegetative apparatus as the determinant of normal turbances and abnormal behaviour,emotional reactions and disof power of

should

in time

cause

even

the most basis

fanatic
of the

the

mental

psychanalysts to recognize the functional acrostics they are so fond of dissecting.

Natural

Ability

Another
the

achievement

of the

of psychanalystsis the recognition

vidual organic and functional inferiorities of the indithe historyof his personality.Gross organ inferiorities upon those which definite handicaps in the strugglefor are are ever, in society, such as heart disease. Such handicaps, howsuccess few of a population. The limited to relatively raison are

influence of

d'etre of the greater number

of minor

mental

inefficiencies the

psychanalyst puts down to handicaps in the unconscious. Again he mistakes figurative imagery for explanations. The concep-

198

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

tion of endocrine

diversity in the make-up suppliesus with the rationale of the vast majority of organic and functional defects
and in short,subnormalities inferiorities, of any group,

large or

small.

psychanalyst explain the occurrence and and influence of organic and functional superiorities live in ndous influence upon the individual and society? We has acquired a flair for the pathologic. Undoubtedl a generationwhich it is a soul-sick generation, and its interest in whatever of the mind is only natural. adv: Just the same, a number improvements, progress, have been made (and certainly of the changes in his environment, external and internal,must be admitted to be changes for the better) have been made, not by is the physnatural but by natural ability. What iology disability, of natural ability? The finest study of natural ability that has as yet been composed It also remains is Francis Galton's on Hereditary Genius. the best study of the natural conditions of success. He showed
he classed as "illustrious" there occurred that of the type of man about in a million, and of the type "eminent" about one two in a million. Of the qualities which determine hundred and fifty

Moreover, how

would

the

abilityof this kind, he selected inherent capacity,zeal, he bI and perseverance the three prerequisites. And as "If a man is gifted with vast intellectual ability,eagerness to. of working, I cannot work, and power comprehend how such a
natural
man

should

be su{

!."

"Such

men

(those who

have and

show great reputations) biographies

an
. .

to be haunted

driven

instinctive craving incessant,

work
. ...

for intellectual work."

gained by "They
hould

to

satisfya
to
own

natural

craving

for

brain

v.

"It is very

unlikelythat any
stimulus
"

of conjunction

oircum
with what

supply

brain
const

work

commensurate

in their

itut ions."

this inherent cravingfor br

"eal?
And
v.

rkT and

What

is this

of endurance

mina?

How

are

they

to

be

d interpret

in terms

of

ns?

studies llectuality,
'I

ante-pituit:ir of intellectually
and pituitaries,
i

of the

functionn
i

number

of

eases

small limited

pitu
as

it in

star ""f inher

dJ the ante-pituitary. The

factor of

ithusiasm
.

THE

BACKGROUNDS

OF

PERSONALITY

199

points to the thyroid. Markedly enthusiastic types are thyroid dominant types. Vigor as a third factor,the abilityto stand strain of continued stress and effort is dependent upon good
adrenal and and
interstitial cell function.

So

we

may

say

that

ing crav-

capacity for brain work plus ardor plus perseverance in of natural ability, its pursuit,the triplicate the reflections are
in conduct and character
of

balanced

and

sufficient antein the

thyroid, and pituitary,

chemical
personages

adrenal-interstitial contributions

formula

that

some

personality. In the chapter on historic analyzed from the endocrine viewpoint,we shall see of the most eminent and illustrious people of history

of the

have been pituitary-centered.

Mental Natural

Deficiency

ability kind, grows in an endocrine soil of a particular affected internal much secretions natural soil perhaps by the as is by fertilizers like phosphates or nitrates. Increased tion producfollows increased fertilization. Natural disability must vary similarlywith a perversion or improper mixture, deficiencyor of the hormones that combine in natural ability. absence
It is assumed
as a

matter
out
our

of

course

that

the

brain

itself is soil

which, to there,
or nerve

carry

analogy, means

that the crude

earth

is there.

tissue must

Sufficient quantity and adequate quality of be regarded as prerequisite.If the brain has

been

in any way if it has during development or birth, if it has failed to evolve the been smashed or way, up in any influence minimum of healthy nerve number the endocrine cells,

damaged

becomes
door

negligible.It is like attempting to insert

has
no

key into

which

lock.

specimens of normality of the brain cells that look for our deficiency. we examples of endocrine mental may Included are all sorts of examples of feeble-mindedness varying arrested and life. from imbecile brain the moron to the idiot, cretin is the classic type of mental The docrine deficiencydue to encurable or improvable by the proper insufficiency, handling. be caused Insanity, degenerationof the normal brain life, may by an upset of the endocrine balance. Among the commonest and excitements manifestations of insanity are depressions, delusions and obsessions, all apathies and manias, hallucinations, of which conditions of internal are reproducibleunder known
It is among

the

200

THE

GLANDS
excess
or

REGULATING failure.

PERSONALITY

Alternatingstates of mania and deinstances by extreme iflOare caused in some hyperth\ when The critical periods of life, ism. a profound revolution is and puberty, pregnancy, overturning the endocrine equilibrium, the periods of most of the menopause, are frequent occurrence mental when reveals endocrine instability instability insanity, neurosis). (Dementia precox, psychosis,menopause pregnancy Actual insanityneed not be the only manifestation. By far the
secretion
"r

number

of mental
never

disturbances
see
an

due
or

to
a

aberrations doctor.

of the
live

internal
more or

secretions

asylum
of

They

have

insanity as persons who eccentricities and peculiarities, tics or just spells, hysteria,
less close to the borderline two-thirds of mental
It

"nervousness." About about one-third that is admixture with another factors in

acquired.
as
a

deficiencyis definitely inherited, is the opinion of a number of psychologists

as

it is inherited

what will be

the

Mendelians

call

that is recessive,

trait which defective.

overshadowed,if there
crop up

of normal mental

mentality,but will
What
we

by breeding

know

of the endocrine

heredity leads us to suppose that it is the mating of with another marked endocrine that is often one insufficiency and responsiblefor the inherited tendency to feeble-mindedness insanity. The effect of the hormone system upon the vegetative
apparatus may
insanities. brain The
create

the

more

obscure

insanities and

quasi-

direct action of the internal

cells, producing a sort of hair the explosivedischargesfrom them which them, may cause The conduct. pear as overpowering impulses or uncontrollable of feelingwhich docrine waves precede them are unquestionably endetermined. The
wave

the secretions upon trigger situation within

of fear
indeed

cat

i xj
an

upon in*

seeing
of the
as

dog

is in

accompanied
of adrenalin
a

and

amount

in the blood.

preceded by The pictureof fright,

observed

so-called normal
"

person,

staring eyes, trembling

the

adfl to hands, dry lips and mouth, in hyperthyroidism. [np" appearance ble
the impulses,

portrait of
in

the

Dieted with
may

hormones inhibiting

not

be

present

in sufficient quantity.

Phehle mlndedness, to ranging from stupidity imbecility, also be a dirt loerine supply I sells. \ of the thyi ooogfa
s

blood,
thickened, so
that
a

brain !""
gross
to the passage

cloggedand

of

CHAPTER

THE

TYPES

OF

PERSONALITY

The

Endocrine dominate

Personality
the life

If

single gland possible

life

can

history of

an

individual

it becomes

to

speak of endocrine

types, the result of the

endocrine traits of

endocrine

analysis of the individual. reactions, disease

one
an

Studying

physique,
and

tendencies, hereditary
an

history
of

blood
or

chemistry,
of is

may

gain

insight into the composition

The
endocrine in the

constitution
a

individual. of

type

an

individual is also
a

summary

these, his behaviour

in

past, and
as a

prediction of his reactions

formula outlines substance
as

the

future, much
to

chemical
of
a

what

we

believe from
as

be

the

skeleton
under

compound
is but

deducible

its

properties
the

varying
label whereas

conditions.

Only,
formula remains
we

admittedly,
most
essence

yet
of

endocrine

roughly
chemical the
fact

qualitative and
is the that
are

crudely quantitative,
the
exact. upon the

the

However,
first rungs

though
upon
a

we

are

only
The of

of the

ladder,

the
new

ladder.
way

horizon
upon

undoubtedly humanity,
a

broadens. fresh

We

possess

looking
strange
that
the

transforming
Of the
most

light

upon

those of
was

phe-

ourselves.

ugly achievements
illuminating
we
are

dreadful

century, the nineteenth, the

If
as

discovery
it said
survival.

the ape-parvenu.
set
no

Yes,
in

all animals
game

now,

If,and
But there
was

its

teeth

the

cut-throat in
that evil

of

understanding
The
ape-pan

motto

of

dis-

illusic has
.

irt.

tely
himself.

lonely

and

still to

understand
can.

Let

us

\"

we

There

is

perhaps

in

the phrase,the
not

endoerh
it it is

certain tion presumpmbitious, and perhaps

it

wiD

fulfill its pro:

1. As

useful because
never

points
of

Wilhefan shorthand

Ostwald record

tii

dr,

HaO
of the

is

complete

f""r

the bundle

I that
t task
BS

mind, synthesis.
internal
set

It is the

highest bj
certain combinations

of the
of

of

that
n

THE

TYPES

OF

PERSONALITY

203

them, permutations and blendings of them, are responsiblefor of the universe, those unique wonders personalities. the track of its ! Are we at last upon The riddle of personality That elusive mystery, which uncovering? philosophers have wrapped in the thousand veils of Greek and Latin words, and fourth the third and unto even generation of psychologists, Freudians,have floundered about in,moles before a dazzling sun, of the human for our is it to be unwound inspection? Think ! is its true reality chameleon soul. What an invisible, intangible to uncurl and expand and you see something that seems Watch it, like a feather with exultation and delight and joy, to contract shrewd caution and stiffen into a billiard ball with fear and pride, and vigilant ning malevolence,to rear back and spark fire like lightand with slither with anger and temper, and to crawl tion abjecThis needs and it to. multiplex smirking slyness,when it into its Thing-Behind-Life, are we really about to dissect
elements?

Personality embraces
attributes. Rather
It is not

much

more

than

merely

the

psychic
of
docrine en-

the least important of the analysis that there is no soul, and no

lessons

body, either.

soul-body, or body-soul, or the patterns of the living The flame. closer tracking of the internal secretions leads us and how it lives, into the secrets of the livingflame,why it lives,
a

the

strange diversities of its colorings and

in its energy,

music

and

the

odd

it flickers, and longevity. Why vitality burns hard or soft, why it flares and glares,spurts, flutters, orange-blue or yellow. about names as who fought as fiercely The medieval scholiasts, into the sanguine, the divided men nations about territories, It was a the lymphatic and the nervous. pretty crude bilious,

variations

criteria, into the adrenal centered, exact and concrete, divide them more the pituitary centered, the thymus centered, the thyroid centered,
classification of different constitutions.
The

endocrine

the

and their combinations. gonad centered,

The hn adrenal

Adrenal

Personalities

dominated by the ups and personality is one of his life of his adrenal gland. In the large, the curve downs of secretion by this gland, both of its Cortex and is the curve is entirely normal, within medulla. Such an adrenal personality the definition of the normal something not threatening the as

204

THE
of

GLANDS
nor life,

REGULATING comfortable No

PERSONALITY

duration normal

adaptation
can

to

it.

So

are

the the

ndulai types.
and

sharp line
in any

be drawn the

between

the abnormal
many.
one

case,

borderland

is wide,

the transitions The

The skin is

of the chief clues to the adrenal the adrenal and the

personality.
way

relation

between

slcin dates

back

for adrenalin has been isolated directly evolutionaryscale, from pigment deposits in the epidermis of frogs. Skin pigment bears a direct relation to the reaction of the organism to light, especially the ultraviolet rays, to the radiation of heat, and hence to the fundamental productions and consumptions of energy by the cells. So the gland of energy for emergencies writes its the skin. signaturealways all over In an adrenal personality,the epidermis is always slightly, somewhat, or deeply pigmented. The pigmentation is due to a dark brown the skin. deposit lightlyor thickly scattered over the general diffuse pigmentation or darkening there are With often the black spots, the pigmented birth marks, or the lighter of freckles. The latter signify some tory ones permanent or transiadrenal inadequacy in the past, ante-natal or post-: of the individual,and presage These the same in his future. spots have been frequentlyobserved to appear after an attack of tuberculosis to be more diphtheria or influenza. There seems
among
say

in the

those that

who

have

them

than

those

who

do not.

We

fore there-

influenza and tuberculosis stand out as diphtheria, have a greater power which to kill, adrenal-attackingdiseases, cripple or hurt those with defective adrenal constitutions than others. The hair of the adrenal

type

is characteristic:

ubiquitous,

the cl thick,coarSe and dry. It is prominent over Of' lor i^ n" and back, and has a tendency to kink. ted: an Italian's will be yellow, a Norwegian's jet black.

It

has been
Such

stated

that

most

red-haired
low

persons

"

persons

also have

well-marked
a
;i

canine

teeth

which

adr" When
t!

it

They

also have

hair lin

pituitary oo-operating property

v

\vroid, he posses
he combination,
winr

and

pi

into develops

diving |
u

fabricated

treU-oocnpei]
n"

al

type.

fag

is

closelyassociated with, if

THE

TYPES

OF

PERSONALITY

205

pendent
and brain adrenal

tissue of the cortex. Brain fag,particularly upon, adrenal human and a normal adrenal cortex tissue are near relatives,
never

The adrenal cortex. normal a develops without hypertrophied adrenal cortex is always type with an

efficient. the adrenal type is:.. always masculinoid. women, due to adequate feminine reactions on physically feminine

Among

If the

"

part of the other endocrines

of
a

"

she will at least show

a

the

qualities
had
of
to

psychic virilism.
her

generation ago, such

and

woman

repress

inherent

trends

instincts in the

face

opinion and law, and so suffered from a feelingof are stridingforward and will attain a Nowadays, these women of the masculine heights,commanding responsible good many and high salaries. An adrenal type will probexecutive positions ably be the first woman presidentof the United States. normal of action of the a However, that presupposes range Let there be some other endocrines. quirk or weakness elsewhere in the chain of hormones, and instead of the successful woman, behold the spinsters, the maiden aunts,the prudes and cranks who never satisfactorily adapt themselves in society. To them must These be given a good deal of credit for the suffrage revolution. sowed the seeds, call them, once unadapted adrenals,as we may in the struggles of the pioneers' expending their masculinism quate adethe more martyrdoms, preparing the harvest their sisters, The unadapted adrenals of adrenal types, will now reap. today will
So much
have for to look for
new

public inferiority.

worlds

to conquer.

compensated adrenal types. They are the of the driven the kinetic successes good workers, the efficients, cause world. They make, at a certain level,good slave drivers bethey feel within themselves a driving force. But suppose quate uncompensated, or perhaps is inadethe adrenal type becomes
the
to the

demands
The

of life to start with.

Then

the

comes story beor

different.

in the morning, begins to profession That is when he tires. In he begins to lag in the afternoon. vacations sleep,recreational trips, the evening he is all in. More whereas previously they had slip into the rank of necessities, minute or large moles emerge been laughed at as luxuries. More if the individual is of a fair type. If a in the skin,especially to give the adrenals an opportunity effort is not made strenuous of the other the part glands to recuperate, or if adjustment on

perfect efficient superman lag. Though he is himself

of business

20G

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING of intermittent

PERSONALITY
and of

does not

occur, this stage

remittent

adrenal

iuacy

gives

way

in turn

to the state

permanent

adrenal

insufficiency.
The adrenal insufficient is

important because

he is to be

lines as the adrenal along the same and apt to be taken for him, he differs and contrasts vividlybelow him the surface. One may sum up by saying that he is one variety of neurasthenic,perhaps the most frequent Cold hands and feet plague him, cold feet psychically as w cally, for a chronic and obsessive indecision is one of his that goes with a luw most prominent complaints.A fatigability, blood pressure, lowered body temperature and a disturbed ability

where.

Built

to

utilize sugar for fuel purposes, is another of his chief complaints. The skin often presents an instability of the bloo" !
now

that they so sels,

strokingwith a blanched in of a reddened effect. Irritability, to go off the handle a liability tion at the slightest provocation,and a consequent complete exhausthat, after an outburst,sends him to bed, is conspicuous. Dismissed sometimes contemptuously as weaklings,tin of laziness, cused craziness,and haziness. In their psychic attempts to compensate, they land into all kinds of hot v
react to from

which

relatives friends,

or

luck extricate them

sometimes.

The

they go to the wall. The congenitaladrenal deficient is a specialproblem. If the one history of such an individual is followed from bfrtn7 gets is Nervous a pretty typical story. The genealogy is nervous. of many a word meanings. But when parents confess them mental and emotional it generallymeans instability a nervous,
of In
some

other times

sort.

Sometimes

the i
of the

moufia"

A\ strung.

the

feedingnarrative
or
( ;

child,on
difficulty rouble,
or

nts tures.

flcr the

first year

(wo,

the nutritional chr

ctory. Lack
childhood.
in.
.

of app ad

ck
the

of

en

ck of

motif children
'it and

It

'

below Chronically

hi

ihool lif"
OpOfl
iv in which the
l

etupidit;

oding.

If

the

THE teachers alone

are

TYPES

OF

PERSONALITY

207

the child or duty-obsessed, perhaps sadistic, endures the agonies of repeated admonitions, demotions, and indifference may punishments. However, a certain thick-skinned develop to protect the sufferer. If the parents are in addition ambitious, or proud, or competitive,
then
woe

betide the victim.

and

With
are

their

nervous

dispositions,
if not the

it is "he school child. From

the tutor
to

who

to be

blamed,
to

school

school, from

system

novelty to fad, from doctor to doctor, from in search of from pillarto post, they wander Educational cults by the dozen have sprouted
around The these unfortunates. chief defect
of

system, from fakir to charlatan,

an

education.
grown

and

fat
is

the

congenitaladrenal

inadequate
an we

an

That means insufficiently developed adrenal cortex. system. For developed brain and nervous these~arelrelated in development. all seeifhow closely
r

ficiently insufhave cation eduhave

Now
we no

can

never

be the education
a

of

vacuum.

And
are

to

deal here with there

can

relative_yacuum. Whenjbhere
no

tialities, poten-

be
must

education.

Where

education limited^
quate is defined in
cannot

be limited: The

are potentialities inadeadrenal congenital

the

and mental physical

led,but no and waste farther. He should not be expected to go to a college, docrine of some unlucky, but whose enone financially the opportunity generously endowed. system is more Not that the outlook is absolutelyhopeless. Puberty, with its when one tremendous changes in the glands of internal secretion, almost hear the clicks and the whirring of the wheels in the can The unfathomed ties possibiliinternal machinery, may^ transform. the general still to be probed. But of gland therapy are
drive him.

Up

to

energy. certain point he

Hence
can

educators

be

rule remains.

The The

Reactions

to

Modernism
must

adrenal

in personalities

all their variations

after in the
a

jind carefullylooked
of modern

strained
sense,

^safeguarded complexities
the adrenal
der won-

In l^t-^lTunTcivilization.

type is the Atlas of the twentieth

that he and adrenals his descendants

century world, and small

the burden.

stagger beneath

The

the mobilization of energy. physical_and are_organs_for for emergencies. They are the_ghnd_swliich meet shocks m^entaT7

alaTlolfutralize the

effects of shock.

In

the

animal, the solitary

208

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING
are

PERSONALITY

everyday producers of shock

ins
"

pain, fright and

to encounter

wounds.

The

oversecrete

period of rest and with the growth of his imagination and the fa and density of his surrounding herd,has become
a

is

enemy, recuperation. Man, how

ED

the

and

number
b
an

the

subji
tive effec-

imulation.
almost

In

universal

dominance

the past, this was balanced of some belief, religious as

all-guiding an opiate. Concepts like Fate, Predestination, and all-wise Providence, relieved and shielded the adrenals, and of normality. acted as valuable adjuvants for the preservation The nineteenth century witnessed the birth and expansion of
a

great number

of

new

stimulant

reagents, the disc

physics and chemistry,which, with the climax of the World War for a more less complete deliquescence of 1914-1918, have made or faith of accepted religion.For the great majority there was no and post-war shocks have conto take its place. War, pre-war, tinued with their incessant pounding upon the reserves of energy.
Under suffer. these The conditions other the bound are adrenaljpersonalities
to

endocrine

ently. types suffer, too, but quite differ-

ideas are epidemic. Of Today, anti-adrenal,anti-religious these, first prize belongs to a cult of egotism fathered by the Napoleonic Idea,consciouslyassertive and self-conscious in Mai of Stirner's "The Ego and His Own," which engender* rm all incorrigible imitators and beings are plagiarists.Human But social and reli furtive or frank. or less, egoistsmore codes curbed the most narcissistic of kings and

in

Napoleon, all of them vowed of the Lord ion to some sort of deity,cot : The their hearts. But the ideas of Napoleon flouted all that. ipulous predatory who put effectual scheming for the
above plainly
every

fore Beconquerors. soballegiance and expressed

self

other consideration

and

rode

rougfa

aU his fellows appealed powerfully to the latent animality of the adrenal types. T ever capital and labor of themselves as classes fiercelyopposed forin the

policy of cut-thn
and
the

is

cut-throat.

The

labor

commercial

companies and
for

cor]
S like

himself and
and the the nineteenth
oen-

Facte"

of
o

of phrasei

tury that assisted. Finally

rwmiaa

revelation "-f

210

THE and

GLANDS
even

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

pigment-spotted fair people. Historians have civilization to the doingsof a brunette people, traced the Sumerians,the first to build cities m the Kuphrates-Tigris born. fore Christ was than five thousand region more j would Irenalizcd people one expect to be the first to 1 of their energy advantage of possibilities capacity. The
persons, earliest Sumerian
i

carvings of warriors exhibit an undercompared with the large head, broad face,a low
stone
nose

hair line and

prominent

that

would

fit into the ensemble

of

the adrenal

type. Certain other historicalaspects of the adrenal have yet to be worked out. personality
The

Pituitary Personalities
elements antagonistic
in the
one

gland the most abstract analysis of complicates any attempt at even dominated composed by that gland. The pituitary, a personality of an anterior lobe and posteriorlobe,suppliestwo fairly_unuline I described best as ponding types, compl type. The masculine type, and the feminine pituitary determined by the rule of the an type is one pituitary and brain tone good representing pituitary, superlative
presence of two

The

aH-around

growth
m.

and

harmoniou
feminine
to susceptibility

ral function, the

ideal
i

The

pituitarytype
the

has

an
i

of

with post-pituitary,
rid

tender

sentin

emotionalism, Feminine

structural

lines.

m dominance in a male reinforces Che general Ante-pituitary -pituitary while the post-pituitary d"; linity

in

worn

r natural

trend, ante-pituitarytending
ry
ovav

it.

In

other

w"

are

COnjUQCth

pituitary and
re

disjunct!
testis
are

opponents,

and ante-pituitary

nical circumstance involved in the pituil ntire life hi be t) I in (he pituitar

"

"

small

ill. The

size
i

of

this

bony

Id to the various
} h-pell for th" itra

able.

All

inique

THE have rendered

TYPES

OF
a

PERSONALITY direct view

may

211

available almost

of the sella turcica. small to

In the first place,the start in with. both pituitary, That

means

bony
a

box small

be definitely too

inadequate jmd sqjDptentially

posterior, potentially inadequate in iLio and impossible.Ior produce extra grow secretion upon unfortunate the demand.. Handicapped thus, so born is doomed to inferiority and very littlecan be done for him. He will not develop satisfactorily. He small ^genital possesses which will in evolve if they not or properly adolescence, organs will not stand still, tend to revert to the oppositesex type. Then he tends to be dwarfed, fatigable, adipose. Among these types included subjects of obsessions and compulsions who are dull are and apathetic, and so, withcannot learn or maintain out inhibitions, evolve into moral and .intellectual degenerates, initiative, liable to epilepsyand the most remarkable aberrations. All sex about the size of a thimble,is not because a cranny of the skull, large enough for their dominating gland. If the bone of the cavity of the pituitary is softer and yielding, of that some so enlargement of the gland is possible, especially the anterior, there appear rapid growth with a tendency to high associated with frequent and blood pressure, great mental, activity of headaches severe (often of the migraine type), a combination initiative and irritability and a marked ination sexuality.X-ray examthat it will become
of the

anterior and

sella turcica shows

the

what

is called erosion

of the

bone The
room

as

it

yieldsto
the

ideal

pressure of the sella turcica for the ideal

growing gland.

and gland may grow and so its maximum without needing to exert pressure function, hind to the side of it or beor destroy and erode bone in front of it, it. The distinctive masculine_ and feminine types,_dassed Sometimes, the bone in normal^ belong to ^is_ group. asj/he_ while the one in the rear will not, front of the pituitary will yield, and

in which

pituitarytype is a large reach its maximunTsize

sometimes

the conditions

are

reversed.

Thus

we

may

have

with post-pituitaryinsufficiency, or ante-pituitarysufficiency with post-pituitary plexes comsufficiency, ante-pituitary insufficiency functional which contribute to create the grosser rodite hermaph-

types of mixed
In

sex.

the

average

feminine pituitarytype of personality, postIn

a woman

dominates. pituitary
the

and to

lesser degree in

man,

a^irather delicate. The slight general_buildjs

a

moist, and
with

the face is the doll or ; Dresden hairless, roseate or complexion,flushing easily, creamy eyes

skin is soft, China sort,

large

212

THE

GLANDS The

REGULATING mouth shows

a

PERSONALITY

high arched palate and teeth rather long. The voice is high-pitched. One crowded ognizes recthe traditional womanly petite and chic, who woman, dren, always marries the hero in ston lly fond of chileasily moved, has a good libido, and the traditional feminine traits. When less unstable,the post -pituitary type is restand hyperactive,craves excitement, and continual chajQgf interest and scene, a new A good many pleasure every moment. of the women of today, who 1 have fiftyyears ago would nice sedate girlsbecause of their excellent post-pituitary con have been irritated the tution, by atmosphere of post-1914 into the excess never-satiated post-pituitarystate, the adventurous avid pleasure hunter,in whom the craving for stimulation will at stop nothing. F. Scott Fitzgeraldportrayed an exquisite men speciof the kind in his short story 'The Jellybean,"with a quasiheroine of a good Southern family,built to be a high standard wife and mother, who drinks, marries swears, gambles, and finally
on a

and

prominent.

dare.

Modern
cannot

woman ppst^pituitary

is excitement the resultant

mad

and

thrill

chasing. The
s

worst

of it is that
as

personal
The

be

dismissed

transient

inevitables.

heredity of the internal secretions determines that the offspring of tl bound to be pituitary unstable, tl i are
desirable
of

endocrine
Even

instabilities because
from the

of the

concomitant

ital effects.

adpoint of
beware
of

purely selfish point of view, the the post-pituitary enlightenedselfishness, type must
For disturbances
of

excesses.

states of suspicion and fears, anxieties,

menstruation, psychic various obsession, pains

effect of d
pregThe
a

penalties. A period of post -pituitary excess the rapid life, be ICJT, or may
among
as deficiency woman a

the

as

an

followed

by post-pituit

result of exhaustion
,"1 suffers
a

of the
from

gland.
1

girlor
fair,

then and

becom*

(the

forty type) yet retains

So she contrasts with
moi

certain

which enables her to continue

eeted.

gay,

capacity lor enjoyment kind, in' happy and gentle,

gets
i

the

thyroiddeficient who
man

IfO dull,stupid,even
CUline pjtujj
anterior

(he QQaJity,

with

dominant

pit
of

with

leu the growth

social pi

the

Kong1""
a

plenty of lly tall rly by a

ofthete8tes) with

well-

THE

TYPES

OF

PERSONALITY

213

proportionately sized hands and feet. The head is of the marked dolichocephalic type, flattened at the with thick eyebrows, eyes rather or sides,face is oval more less, prominent, nose broadish and long, lower jaw prominent and firm. Prominent bony^points like the cheek bones, the elbows and the joints of the hands and feet. The teethjire knees, tKeTnuckle the upper middle incisors, and they are especially large, usually The spaced. ^arejhairy. High grade brains,the arms_and_legs tojearn, and the ability_jto_control, ability^ self-mastery in the of domination of jthe sense LJgwer instincts and the automatic reactions of the vegetative nervous vidual system, the rule by the indi_

large firm muscles, and

of himself him. The

and

his environment

are

at their maximum

in

ante-pituitary personalityis educable for intelligence, and even provided the proper educational stimulus is jntellect, supplied. Men of brains, practicaland theoretical, philosophers, creators of new tlimEers, thoughts and new goods, belong to this
group.

The which

distinction between could embrace

a

men

of theoretical

whose genius,

universe,and yet fail to manage their own of and the men successfully personal everyday lives, who can achieve and execute, the great engineers, practical genius, and industrial men lies in the balance between the ante-pituitary and the adrenal cortex primarily. Men like Abraham Lincoln and George Bernard Shaw belong to this antej-pituitary group. The feminine pituitarypersonality, in whom there is predominance of the post-pituitaryover in the ante-pituitary, occurs The type is short, rounded and stout. men. They have heads that seem too large for their bodies,the general hair distribution the trunk and extremities is poor, although that of the scalp on and face is plentiful, and they acquire an abdominal paunch exhibit the feminine to early. They tendency periodicityof function,their moods, activities, reminding efficiency are cyclic, the of menstrual variations the female. This of one rhythmicity their personalities, almost saturates that and music so poetry A number of the great poets and morbidly appeal to them. musicians to be classified as of the feminine pituitaryspecies. are Last, but not least, they are the hen-pecked lovers and husbands. Sex difficultiesare frequent in their history. The determination the preof endocrine type and tendencies, diction of the future personality, during childhood is one of the developments confidentlyto be looked for,as our knowledge of The the internal secretions will grow. of control possibilities

minds

211

THE

GLANDS
one

REGULATING

PERSONALITY Yet

loom the

as

of the most

magnificent promises of science.

tomorrow

depressour respect of today. In the case of the pituitary, for for the achievements instance,a hint as to the method of approach is furnished by the tabulation of the traits of pituitarydominance and pituitaryinferiori
in children.

for high expectations

should not

Pituitarysufficient and dominant: Large, spare, bony frame Eyes wide apart
Broad
face

unspaced Teeth, broad, large, Square,protruding chin and jaws

Large feet and hands

Early hair growth on body Thick skin,largesex organs self-contained calculating, Aggressive,precocious, Pituitary inferior: Small, sometimes delicate skeleton Rather adipose, weak muscles Upper jaw prognathous Dry, flabby skin
Small hands and feet Abnormal Subnormal
Poor

desire for sweets

temperature, blood pressure

and

pulse

control of lower

vegetativefunctions
.

backward dull, apathetic, Mentally sluggish, cries easily, Loses self-control quickly, discouragedpromptly, psychic stamina insufficient The
of the

personalityin childhood produced by limitation pituitary its bony box is com; size of the gland, because
"its

typical hall-marks.
court juvenile
tl

Se suppli"

ond

and third offenders in the

of !

linquenl

childhood,
moral
of

and

tfland
\ elderly

"

Pol futility
is hut needed,

all around.

Not

utili

QQ

or

fut ilitarianism

nism.

The
B

of pituitary gland bo feeding

unfortun:!' do
more

aou^h
ten

than

with the most patrician board o! directors complete. organisations,

THE

TYPES
The

OF

PERSONALITY

215

Thyroid Personalities
thyroid gland in the neck,the ease of definite effects following its removal, and of the feeding of thyroid have marvels of endocrine of attack by the largest army
the

of accessibility approach, the surgical

The

then

the

miraculous
it the centre

rendered

about the thyroid in know As a result we more investigators. about adult life and the than old age childhood, adolescence, other glands. the cretinoid In childhood, the subthyroid or thyroid deficient, The common. type, the type resemblingthe cretin, is "fairly" and the tough skin, coarse peasant'sface, with the broad nose straighthair,the undergrowth, physical and mental, a persistent babyishness and a retardation of self-control development, make of sleep, needs sleeps heavily, up the picture. He needs an excess in the morning still feels sleep during the day, when awakened dresses and has to be coaxed and rather dull restless, slowly, tired, forced to dress, gets to school late nearly every morning, does or ing badly at the school,reaction time, learningtime and remembertime being prolonged as compared with the average, and is after exertion, even lazy at home lessons. He perspires little, yet to is subject tonsillitis, frequent colds, fatigueseasily, adenoids, of and acquires disease childhood that happens along. every Adolescence,the coming of menstruation,the first blooming of youth is delayed in the sub-thyroid. The secondary sex traits as they develop tend to be incomplete and to mimic those of the

opposite

sex.

Yet

in

adolescence

too

there

may

be

sudden

change and reversal of the whole process, a jump from the au5thyroid to the hyperthyroid state. So a girlwho has been dull witlf ho "complexion and anar_Iackadaisical, prospect of every evolution into a brightinto a wall flower, be transformed may and eyed woman, generallynervous restless, high colored,and of a craving for continual activity and excitement. Skin, possessed of the thyroid dominant hair and teeth become type. The heart under the slightest almost anstimulus, she perspires palpitates noyingly,heat and emotion are prostrating.If such a transfiguration does not occur, the effect of the reconstructions of puberty is to create with about the followingcharacteristics. a person
1. 2. 3. 4.

Height below the average Tendency to obesity (toward midddle Complexion sallow Hair dry hair line high
"

age)

216 5. 6.
7.

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING
as a

PERSONALITY whole
i
us or

Eyebrows scanty, either Eyeballs ck 1 Teeth irregular,

Extremities Circulation cold and
poor.

in outer

half

narrowed

slits

early

8. 9.

bluish

Subject to chilblains
vary

enormously, depending upon will enlargeto compensate far the defiwhich of the other glands ciency of the thyroid. If the growth of the skull has left a roomy be Ua turcica for the pituitaryto grow in, the intellect may normal even or though energy is below par. If tie superior, and the adrenals have to predominate, a lower, i not possible animal and less self-controlled type of mentality is produe In direct contrast to the sub-thyroidtypes is he who originally childhood he is quite healthy, thin, s hyperthyroid. During but striking generallyfair-complexioned robust,active, energetic, with nose straight and high bridged, eyes rather "poppy," regular,firm, white with a pearly translucent xcellent, enamel. These children ave always on the go, never get tired, the classical ehildr require little sleep. Seldom will one of diseases strike them, measles perhaps, but no other. Adolescence for them, however, is more ment adjustapt to be stormy and episodic, world of people and thingsis much to the new difficult, more All an expression is acute. of cells keyed up, charged wanderlust with energy that must flow somewhere or explode. The ruddy live-wire, recognizedeverywhere as bubbling with the life of any the magnetic personalitymay, vitality, group, like the death of a seismic event however, be shocked by some ambition. cherished A r or mother, or the ruin of some in the balance of the other glands follows quickly and
.

these people Intellectually,

at

and

which invalidism, .onary,

or

descend

to the worst

forms

of th

icy.

During maturity, the type are

chara"
uj r

lean

body,

or

tenda
1

clean cut

and

to become thin idly thick hair,

rhave early, thick regular and well

keen large,frank, brilliant, eyebrow.-,

eyes,

developed teeth and

and
mi

mouth.

Noticeable c.-|,tii,lt..

Sexually tiny arc well differentiated emotivity, a rapidityoF perception

ad
a

tender
less.
in"\-

of expreesion
1
"

ii

hi.!'

a.

rev

makes

them

perpetual doers
bout

and

workers, who

all

218

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY
even

eliminated
INI

by tuberculosis, meningitisor puberty, when

concert

one

of the

common

of childhood.

It is after out

the
as

thymus should
a

shrink the
more

and

pass

of the endocrine of
or

power,

that

complex
and

reactions
refuses to

personality emerge
cannot

when

the

thym

persistent thymus always t over" "the entire personality. To what ex! that shadow the strength of the other spreads depends upon internal of their ability glands to compensate to si secretion, or Whether inhibited. not the pituitarywill be able to enlarge or in its bony cradle seems to be the most mining important factor deterthrows

retire.

The

its shadow

these variations.
rate

normally, the
will have

If there is space individual pass may

for it to grow, at any for normal, although

may
never

he

difficulties

throughout life he
If the

under-

pituitaryis limi partially or completely, the thymus predominance is more and the abnormalities become prominent and fixed, obvious, both thymo-centric personality fairly typical. The reversion in type of the reproductive formed organs, the slender waist,the gracefully body, the rounded limbs,the long chest and the feminine pelvisstrike one at the first glance. The texture of the skin is smooth a as baby's,and BOI
is times
or a

in sexual directions. ;id,particularly

of person and conduct. The anatomic architecture

of the latter

velvety to

the touch.

Its color

in
""

to
are

faintlycreamy, or there may be an effect of a filmy sheen florid complexion. Little or no hair on the face contribi. the general feminine aspect in the more extreme t\ often double flat knot k-kneed. footed, jointedsomewhere,
In
v.

eternal manifestations
be limited
to

of

thym*
ched

sonality may
nan scai;
.

thin

thighsand
Or
I

with
.

bi

id delayi

'mat

ion.

tl

if with juvenility,
one
i

then
other.
i

of the

pituit
In
t;

tion for

reason

or
;.

the

probl*
distinctly

psychi

everyday

lif"

tiscular
.ok

ably fragile ble 61

"

eponding to an they
,

emere in

handicapped.

In

for DO

THE

TYPES
at

OF

PERSONALITY

219

because of some all, or slightexcitement like that attending some slight mild illness. operation, a fall, a or During the run-about epoch they are unable to cope with the active child's existence in playing with necessities of an other children. Puberty and adolescence are specially perilous to them endeavour to compensate for an for they may inner feelingof by going in strenuously for athletics and physical inferiority sports,and so risking a sudden hemorrhage in the brain,producible the of blood if constructed of a tive defecby tearing as vessel, rubber. from time to Reports published in the newspapers itime of children or young men instantlykilled by a tap on the other trivial injuries doubtIjaw in a boxing contest,or some are I less samples of such reactions in thymo-centric people. As illustration of the conduct aberrations of the thymoan centric personalityduring adult life, the following extracts from a report of a suicide are worth quoting. newspaper "An autopsy made yesterday by Dr. Benjamin Schwartz,first assistant to Dr. Charles Norris, Chief Medical moved Examiner, redeath that surrounded the on mystery Saturday any night by pistolbullets of Dr. Jose A. Arenas and the wounding Jackson' and Ignatio Marti. of 'Miss Ruth

ascertainable

cause

"Dr.

Schwartz him

said that his post-mortem beyond doubt that the dead after he whom had
tried to

examination

had

vinced con-

had physician-dentist the

life of the young
was

killed himself
woman

take

with

he had

lived and

of the

youth

who

his

successful rival.
"

'Besides
a

that/ Dr. Schwartz

that Dr.
came

include
had

statement

said,'my report to the policewill that she always to me from the young woman
Arenas had killed
some one

understood

in

Havana,
a

Cuba, before he
"

to New
no

York. that Dr. Arenas

was

'The

autopsy left

doubt

case

of
a topsy. au-

status most

lymphaticus (thymus-centered personality). I made complete report because of the scientific value of the
my

"

'This confirmed

first deductions

after

seeing the body

on

room with alcove bedSaturday night in the doctor's furnished room I had seen that as soon as adjoining. You will remember him I revealed that he was wearing corsets. " 'These cases of status lymphaticus are intenselyinteresting. In them the blood vessels are small, and the lymphatic very element is greatly in excess. They die suddenly,from ruptures

220

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING
of them
are are

PERSONALITY

of blood vessels.
are

Many
found
a

degenerate. Most
crimes of

of them

criminals. them
"

All of them

liable to commit

passion.

Among

are

'Miss

Jackson,in the
man was

largepa confirmed hospital,

normal. She

of drug addicts.
my

scientifictheory
frank in perfectly

that the dead

not

was

her statement.
an

automobile
to New

She said she had left her husband, Elmer salesman in Toledo, several months ago York. She said she had

Schultz,
and
had

come
some
"

lived with the doctor for

time. 'About ten

days

normal
those them

lad. Before
with

ago she lefthim to live with Marti, a healthy, she destroyed she went from the doctor's room
were

colored collars that scissors. But

found
was

beside the

body. She

cut

she states, the doctor so after, them. had destroyedstockings of hers by cutting 'She told me in the hospital today,and with every appearance of truth,that she had met Arenas in the subway at the station on Seventy-second Street and Broadway on Friday night and that
"

that she had asked him He

"

when

she could

come

and get her clothes. but

with

said, accordingto her story:

'Come
to

the

house

tomorrow

afternoon
went

"

come

Marti.'
"

'She said that she and

Marti

there

according to this
collars and She couldn't

invitation: that first the doctor showed told her that she would and that the next remember
"

her the cut

condition, get her clothes back in perfect

she had been shot. Marti have told

thingshe knew
after that. both

much

'I believe that forward itzht

she and

perf"

story and

"

'There

were

the autopsy is proof of it. to six bullets in the doctor's pistol

still was cartridge, undischarged One struck

for. That

One,

in

an

leaves

five.

Ml

toon"

in

in the weapon. the right i

"

squarely in front,and
gone

the penetrated
"

pierced a through, right

that "IA
bul
more

flesh about one inch. If all behind the missile it would b and the In: d I hemorrhage,
would
have (lied,

kson"
:ti in

four

"'One bounced

the

left

u;

".

It

passed
nd then
a

o\

le in

front.

It

was

most

bounding bullet
I xaininintfits 0OC
"

was

partiouli
I
was

BU

IS

of

told

by

Marti

and

"Miss

Jackson."

No

know

they ai

THE 'But anyone the missiles from

the doctor used.
"

TYPES

OF

PERSONALITY

221 queer antics of manufacture that

"

might have been puzzledby the

the

pistolof South
had
any

American

If it had

penetrating power
any

or

rather

if the bullets that

it sent

out, had
"Miss

real kick

behind Marti

them

"

the chances dead

"

are

that both

Jackson"

and

would

be

now.

it will be remembered, entered the doctor's left bullets, quiteclose together.Well, one nicked the heart and lodged chest, between the lung and the heart. It didn't cause more any than bite. a mosquito damage 'The second bullet went through the soft flesh of the chest, but it struck a rib and bounded back out again. That bullet was picked up beside the body. 'After these vain attempts to send a bullet through his body to a fatal spot,the doctor apparently shifted the weapon to his and for the fifth time. Then the righttemple pulledthe trigger fifth bullet, driven likewise by a very weak charge of powder, thin and tore into his piercedthe skull at a point where it was brain. Its lack of power, however, is shown by the fact that I found it this morning in the brain tissue. 'In all my I have never seen anything so queer. It experience sounds almost like a dream a man trying to kill with a pistol soft flesh or that shoots bullets that either stop after striking bound out of the body into which they are fired. But it is true;
'Two
" " "
"

I have
"

had all of the bullets in my 'They are all accounted for. is

no
an reason

hand.
same

There
weapon,
"

to doubt

They are all of the all from that they are

manufacturer's
name,

sort.
same

the and

instrument

without

of

design that the police say is unfamiliar to them. end 'The dead doctor was a distinct type, and his tragic
one

was

who has any knowledge of surprise anyone The courtroom such cases. thronged with friends of the dead was who not only is reportedto be of a wealthy physician-dentist, is credited with many family of Bogota, Colombia, but generally charitable works in the uptown Spanish colony here.' that should
not
"

distinct type to which the first assistant to the chief medical examiner of the cityreferred is the thymo-centric ality persontechnical for another is name we it), (statuslymphaticus The have been the

considering. The
makes for
an

of the thymus persistence

or

after

adolescence

arrest of masculinization

tion, feminiza-

end-pointarrived at by the processes of puberty. That is,a partialcastration takes place. Now, as the experiments of ovaries into males deof Steinach upon the transplantation

222

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

of prived ovaries of
one

their testes and

of testes into females

removal of the

deprived of

their

have
sex

the demonstrated,

interstitial cells

that

have
to

enormously in arousing the oppositesex traits been latent, dencies tenhomosexuality. In a thyino-centric, homosexuality and masochism appear. And so all the
after-effects

remarkable have
so

of those the father

processes

that

the

Freudians

complex in men, the inferiority complex, and the feminoid complex in general. feminoid complex introduces again the character of the The functional hermaphrodite,the mixed male- female. The sex index will certainly in time as a measurement of sexuality. But come until then some available classification of sex tendency is more divide sex types one Including sex intergrades, may necessary. into six classes: male, mate-female,male-female,female,fcmalethe four hyphenated The sex intergrades, male, and female-mate. degree of persistent thymus. If its classes, nearly all have some influence is partial, the emphasis is before the hyphen, upon the ostensible. If its influence is unchecked, the emphasis is after The sex difficulties the hyphen upon the apparently latent sex. produced in these people by the conflict between their conscious
""

traced: lovingly

and

their sub-conscious twins

sex,

the

sex

duel in the

same

mind,

Siamese tions.

pulling in diametricallyopposite directions, comprehensible only from the viewpoint of the internal i

form or another, frank or eoncc Homosexuality, in one his life. The persisteir haunts the thymo-centric and spoils
mus,

like

vindictive

Elo
viiilit

Iks the

footstepsof its victim,

I

its possessor. condition

and

He

wishes to

accordingto live, mus thyfemininity

and

for lessly rigidexpectations, forces him

also to live for

mi

That homosexuality is not purely B

as introversion,

the

ould haof its d(

at io

proved by ol
bai
of

is with
mental.
'

internal
b m

cquiredI

large goitrous swelling

I

in the neck, with a rapid the thyroid of di and fat and the nervousness eyes, the lossol fli

by]
been

id
Obn

condition

homosexual.
have
is coram-

the primatesal"
In

lines

made.

hyperth goitrous
sex

What

complicateshis

and makes difficulties,

social adjust-

THE ment

TYPES

OF

PERSONALITY

223

is that his impossible or completely impossible, cannot assist react to him. frequently pituitary Often,as emphasized, it is bound in by bone on all sides and neither ante-pituitary can nor post-pituitary adequately secrete for his needs. So social the abilityto control instinct and the capacity for inhibition, As a child it is himself conceptuallyand somatically, are poor. difficultto train him along the lines of the elementary habits and
customs.

almost

He

is into late childhood realizes

and bed-wetter,

steals and

lies quasi-unconsciously. His mother

sense soon

that he cannot into the

be made
or

to

acquire a
She of his

of

either for himself responsibility afraid

take to let him
go

for

others.

becomes

street

because

to inability

care

of

to acquire the right attitude himself,

toward
to take

street cars,

in short, autos,strangers, danger. She dreads

no sooner

they be out of them, than she would discover that he had taken something that He did not belong to him, quite as of course. will matter a fabricate stories with no motive, fabricate them out of whole cloth for the pure fun of it. In a word, moral irresponsibility of is the keynote the volitional traits of the thymo-centricpersonality
to

him

places because

would

from With
so

childhood

up.

mental fects, deagainstthem, physicalinferiorities, moral it is little wonder that the thymolacks of every sort, of flu Infections hit them badly. The cases centrics die young. minant off in twenty-four hours belonged to the type. Fulthat went meningitis,pneumonia, diphtheria,scarlet fever, the varieties that are supposed to kill in twenty-four to forty-eight hours because of the terrible virulence of the attackingmicrobe, are probably so malignant only because the organism attacked is a thymus subject. in In the alcohol and drug habitue wards of hospitals as well as of degenerates, and other criminals, medicolegal cases gunmen the characteristic conformation and diagnosticstigmata of the Life treats them thymo-centric are often encountered. badly. Misunderstood and misjudged, they are the hopeless misfits of pensate society. If the pituitaryand the thyroid can enlarge to comfor their defects, become the queer brilliants, they may the eccentric geniusesof the arts and sciences. Should they not, mental and delinquency are their portion. Epilepsy, deficiency then, is sometimes their mode of escape from the terrors of an Should utterly foreign world. they survive all other hazards,

much

suicide may

still be their most

frequentfate. A study

of 122

224

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

by one observer showed that the status lymphaand often pronounced. constant practically 18 was Certain of them, after a stormy life in the twenties, become adapted to their surroundingsin the thirties because the pituitary dominant and becomes in their personalities. gradually emerges They are then recessive thymocentrics. An increase in size,a and tranquillity broadening, together with a greater mental the adaptation. Historically, the thymocentrics stability, accompany who combined and brilliancy instability played a great and restless experimenadventurers of the famous talists. part as some
cases

of suicide

The

Sex

Gland

Centered

or

Gonado-Centric

Personalities

(The Eunuchoid

Personality)

is dominated by their Among the individuals whose personality sex glands the physiognomy, physique and life reactions are so distinctive that no better examples exist of our main thesis: that life of man is controlled primarily by his internal the whole secretions. These gonado-centrictypes are not all necessarily eunuchoid implies. They m sex gland deficient, as the term of the rather gonad unstable with a corresponding instability entire endocrine About the

system.

face of the eunuchoid

absent hair or thirty irregular, incomplete, it is chubby and ruddy, and rather childish in its texture; after the skin is yellowthere is an effect of premature senility: ish, thirty, the faces of old wrinkled and are as women leathery, and vertical traversed the upper wrinkled: by wrinkles, lip is wrinkles
come

strikingfeature development. Below

the

is the

around
Qf

corners
! plaint

of the mouth.

Tin

ion is

Invariably the voice is higher pitchedthan

tones. It may nt and

the usual

masculine

be

gentleand

subdued,

like
a

rasping.Occasionally

it is

high pleasant

'

Adam's
is
never

for the thyroidcartilage, apple,poeticpopular name it should be in nut is ossified, as prominent, b

mi

the normal
1 and and

undersized. the muscles or slender, generally

a

are

soft

flabbyas

The

hands

and

f"

Viewed
I may

the lines of the bodj in profile,

ret

lieof the female's

THE

GLANDS
or

REGULATING feminoid

PERSONALITY

personalityis also found often One must 4s. the two I carefullydistinguish emble of characteristics of the one easilystimu: may the other. Yet fundamentally they are as far apart as the poles. The infantiloid type never rises above the sub-normal, which is its habitat,while the feminoid type (or masculinoid, in woman) often produces an abnormal personalitywhich rises above the
normal.
of

The

eunuchoid

The

infantiloids become

the slaves and

the weaklings

Tapleys, and the Tom Pinches, while the eunuchoids have created splendid literature and immortal mn The life reactions,and especiallythe sex reactions of the gonado-centric,are as complex and difficult as those of the oid thymo-centric. Straightforwardhomosexuality and the eunuchconstitution have always been intimate. The homosexuality of the thymo-centric is more subtle and disguised, often bur under the stronger masculine component of the personality. Homosexuality as a cult has appeared correlated with the ing creatproduction of the functional hermaphrodite by artificially the eunuchoid type of constitution. Among the Aztecs,homolals were produced in quantity for religious by a purposes deliberate fostering of the eunuchoid constitution. They called the Mujerados. Their method consisted in making m a ride horseback until an irritable weakIthyman constantly, potence I of the reproductive organs ensued, and a paralytic imfollowed. The then atrophy, exhausted would testes I the voice ring falsetto, muscular diminish, tone and energy inclinations and habits become feminine. The Mujerado lost his ttioo in societyas a man, assumed female clothing manners
id to
woman.

the Mark society,

all intents
were

and

purposes

Their
ir

largebreasts
wai

said to

be capableof lactation,

only
tes.

reward

the

high honor

paid them

as

religious
ted
to

og

the

Phoenicians then
Known

illi, they
i

were

men

who

Ives into the

At,

all times

they

were

p
lions

itli of the

in idleness
kill in

as

and
Their
in-

rituaL

During the revels oi jj) by certain

traditional

BOngfl and

DQ

uld

THE be

TYPES
a

OF

PERSONALITY

227

run frenzy, amuck, throw off every garment, and, snatchingup swords,deliberately placed in convenient spots, In a wilder hysteria, blow. castrate themselves at one screaming loudly,the self-made eunuchs would then run through the streets At last, holding the severed organs high above their heads. faint through loss of blood, they brought their madness to its in their hands climax into the nearest by hurling the organs to take them in,and provide them houses, so forcingthe owners ments accoutrewith female wearing apparel, and the other feminine of dress was of war. not to be Henceforth, this manner The hair of the face changed. The physical changes followed. was high-pitched, lost,the breasts enlarged,the voice became and the other type-characters of the eunuchoid complex appeared. be either congenitalor acquired. constitutions thus may These Individuals apparently normal during childhood and adolescence to the reproductiveglands,somebe transformed. times Injuries may lead to atrophy, and a change the slightest bruises, may achieve follows in less than six weeks. Mumps of personality may of the gonads that results because of the inflammation the same

hypnotisedinto

may

accompany

or

follow it.
races

Whole eunuchoid

family and

may

show

some

of the

signs of the

generations. According to Darwin ness (Descent of Man) "the development of the beard and the hairiof distinct races, of the body differ remarkably in the men On and families of the same race. in different tribes, and even the European-Asiatic continent,beards prevail,until we pass often of natives the with Ceylon they are beyond India,although beards Eastward of India absent. disappear, as with the out Siamese, Kalmuks, Malays, Chinese, and Japanese. Throughconstitution
for
. . .

the great American beardless: but in almost

appear
on

continent all tribes

the
a

men

may

be

said to be
are

few

short hairs
. .

." Hair an in old age. face, especially it is to be inferred that hairless families adrenal cortex trait, and races more eunuchoid, and possess less of the adrenal are cortex secretion than the more hairy. the exceptions and there have been eunuch generals Whatever who beat the Goths of Justinian, in history Marces, Chancellor the Turkish commanded at Nocera, and Ali the Gallant who the
" "

apt being

to

Army

after

the

invasion

of

Hungary

in

1856

"

the

eunuchoid
He

generallyruns to type in his mentality and his sexuality. his personalityis shut in, he isolates himself an introvert,
the world.

is

from

228

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING
exhibit
a

PERSONALITY

child-like personality. curiously all their joys communicating to all comers Naively confiding, for confirmation of their statements, and sorrows, they ask diffidently and they pass quickly from tears to laughter. About sexual matters they are extremely timid. A moral innocence Usually they have no true pervades their speech and conduct. conception of crimes of jealousy or passion. The occupations from crowds they go in for are those without responsibility away such as ship cooks,stewards,and so on. or observation, They sexual to find a home, without the object of establishing marry relations. When they are asked whether they think their w; in the same and be will be pleased to look at the matter light, such conditions, contented to live with a man they are upon about if they had never as thought seriously puzzled or perplexed, has even the matter before. Their simplicity extended to pro; other m from some ing to their wives to seek gratification and Naturally,such an arrangement often proves unsatisfactory, The lower eunuchoids desertion follows. the offspring of Concerning the children sometimes unions,scepticismas to the identityof the father is decidedly the best of evidence exists that cases permissible. Still in some of the children then is subnormal The vitality occurs. fertility and the mortality rate high. The eunuchoid tendency i
*

mitted.
among

Variations the undersexed

and

transitions

of

every

kind

are

found
upon

eunuchoid

depending personalities,

the

qualityand degree of the secretions lacking. When there is an of these sex secretions, a excess turbulent, tempestuous,sexuallysensitive temperament, that may go on to shown that or satyriasis nymphomania, is created. It fa
doves
can

be rendered

overfeininine ovarian exist

as

in their behaviour material.

well
as

and

ci

eristics by

of injections

0\

types

of

thereforemay personality

and

Combinations
pes

and

Permutations
1
"

of

persona'
e

the

thyr.

(he
.

thyme
wl

lly do-

proto
to which

Individuals c hall marks iftniflcatkuLTl whirh include I minority I

,

the

Butthemaj"

THE which
are

TYPES

OF

PERSONALITY

229

and varieties of the greater classes. nations Combispecies and variations of control among the adrenals and thyroid, or pituitary thymus, and so on, occur, with effects that are sometimes additive, reinforcing a particular trait of the person, and at others conflicting, and neutralizing. tions Quantitative variaof the same secretion may i n the occur periodically same which the and individual, explains multiplicity complexity,the and contradictions of conduct in inconsistency a man or woman at the different episodesand crises of life, to a certain extent. There

the

should

be

stable balance

between
in what
a

the various
we are

endothe

the stability crines, expressingitself call the normal. There should

pleased to
between

also be

balance

elements in the same the pituiantagonistic gland; for instance, tary. The built of two distinct portions, the anterior pituitary, and the posterior, is in equilibriumwhen the two are nicelyadjusted. But the accidents and vicissitudes of life (pregnancy for example) will upset the balance. And so there will result changes of physique, conduct and character. Like possibilities apply to all the other glands of internal secretion. In our abilityto exercise a control over of these disturbances oped balance,to be develin the future,lies one the of great hopes for a chemical of human life and nature. perfectability

Nature's

Experiments

vs.

Man's

as personality described, prototypes and variants and the fundamental facts supportingthe view that they are the reaction types of the human beings we meet in everyday life, represent simply a beginning of the work to be done. Putting into our hands that penetrates the new a powerful searchlight the complicated interiors of body and soul, a fresh attitude toward The normal and in societygrows imminent. problems of Man

The

kinds of

the abnormal
were

become
to

illuminated

with

an

effect

as

if

our

retinas

get sensitive to the ultraviolet rays to which blind. An apparatus is put in our hands which shows we are now not only a static condition at a given moment, but the whole us life process normal of an individual, or abnormal, his past and

suddenly

his future. the the struggle for existence, Upon that fetich of the biologists, and satisfactions, the strugglefor possessions strugglefor survival, for happiness, in short, for success, as victory and virility, is measured success a searching spectroscope by the biologists,

230

THE

GLA

LATINO

PERSONALITY

can

play,
will

with
stand

yield

for

our

understanding
the astronomer's and of the

and

control

of of
of
to

life,
the the the in

that

comparison
the
to process

with of

analysis adaptation,
individual

Toward environment

adjustment
as

the

individual,
will

well from

as

environment,
the inevitable

attitudes
to

change

hopeless of

acquiescence
the

complete
adventures his
career,

self -determination
of his the the

self
strung

and

its

surroundings.
as

The
of

personality,
and
sex

along
his

the

episodes
and

friendships
fate
or

reactions,
that
ovei

mishaps him,
to

diseases, normal,

and

final

fortune
or

be

he

subnormal,
and

supernormal,
hence

abnormal,

begin

become

comprehensible,

controllable.

CHAPTER

XI

SOME

HISTORIC

PERSONAGES

The

Internal

Secretions

in

History concerning human

internal

According personality,

to
as a

the

views, facts
in

and

guesses

body-mind
interaction

secretions,outlined history as the interpretation essentials,is

we us so

complex dominated by the the preceding pages, biography, and

of

human of
its
tem sys-

biographies, become
If human of the internal

capable life,in

from

new

standpoint. product

much
as

the the
of

messenger

speak of
a

endocrines,then
illustrations
of
as a

biography
their
power

should
and

present
influence. tion introduclike
a

with

number evidence
economy

What

is the

that,
of

Huxley
molecular

anticipated, "the
mechanism find
cause

into

the

which,
to
some

cunningly

contrived
of

torpedo, shall
and

its way
an

ticular paramong

group

living elements,
rest

explosion
for

them, leaving cunningly

the

untouched,"
chemical

and
were

the

multiplication
with whose

of such

contrived

mechanisms,
concerned?

responsible

those

sonalities, per-

magnificent
historians
are

compounds,

tures adven-

The

Case

of

Napoleon Bonaparte
of the
race.

As
must

unique will and

classed called
as one

intelligence, Napoleon
of
career

the First
H.

be

the

Betelegeuses
"raid
a new

G.

Wells
across

has
the

his

the
of

of

an

intolerable
"The

egotist

disordered
and

beginning

time."

adventurer dazzled
ness

wrecker."

"This

saturnine

figure of an egotist." "Are men

the
mere

simply by the scale of his flounderings,by

his

vast-

of

notoriety?"

"This

dark

little archaic imitative

Man of and

personage,

hard, compact,
There
are

capable, unscrupulous, other opinions. The Napoleona

has

neatly Destiny was today.

gar." vulshipped wor-

by millions.
in

bring fortunes
the

Interest And in its

the

man no

as one

a can

man

multiplied with

every

year.

certainly
most

deny

him

quality of individuality

exaggerated

form.
231

232 In

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY
the moderns.
had

the second have left

place he belongs among

of observation have conscious

Modern
at

science and methods and

a

their chance

him,
was

record of their results.

Napoleon

of his time,and was watched figure by trained medical and after his death. Protocols of the examination eyes during his life, and Napoleonic specimens,preof his body are accessible, served stillbe viewed the Museum of at the by fixing agents,may Royal College of Surgeons,England. Dr. Leonard Guthrie has in a report which he presented at hand worked up the material cine, to the historical section of the International Congress of MediI in in London 1913. to relate his findings to some propose other facts and the general principles roughly sketched in this the central book. There
for
our

are

number

of word

of Napoleon portraits

extant.

But

certain of the notable features of his face and purposes physique are to be considered. The firstcharacteristic that struck
everyone

about

him

was

the matter

of his

height.

He

was

nitely defi-

sub-average,at death being about five feet six inches in or cess exheight. As has been emphasized several times,deficiency of growth will always direct attention to the pituitary. I lis sharply outlined features and a powerful lower jaw, combined with oddly small plump hands, long straight black hair,and dark with a secondary adrenal complexion, all point to the pituitary, effect. His pulse was his per slow, according to Corvisart, His s^ial his physician,rarely above 50 to the minute. life, abnormal. in their appearance was libido, Curiously explosive and manifestations were his sexual impulses. They "beset him on occasions which were sometimes and a peculiarity inconvenient, about them was if not that they subsided with equal suddcnm m if meanwhile or something occurred to disimmediately gratified,
^e

his attention.
than in

All

women

were

to him
women

'lilies de him."

1 rather

social attractions

in

app

He

was

never

love,never

possessedof |

for any This oi ex woman. periodicity 1 life, "with a tendency to compression of it to the m mark of some " al," is another pitn
rness

aliticfl.
nicna

that

throughout I persisted
Motion.

Qn
i Irritability

thlOW tth his

him

aa

long as

"

told Autumn. OOUM

unounccd

that he could not

sleepfor

more

than

few hours

234

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

lution Napoleon had, and the character of the Revoand have the conditions was out we plunged, which his career of emerged as inevitable. it That his pituitarywhich first failed him, rather than was the thyroid or adrenal,which might have, is demonstrated by a of considerations. number Before he made himself Emperor, it noticed that he was A was becoming fat,a pituitarysymptom. comparison of portraitsat different stages of his rise and fall shows abdominal an increasing paunch, and a laying down i in the pituitaryareas, around the hips,the legs and so on. The in to exhibit soon beginning of weakness in judgment that he was
into which

education military

he

the invasion keen

of Russia

manifested

itself at the

same

time.

His

attained the peak of its curve at Austerability calculating Jena and Friedland. litz, Thereafter, the descent begins. A his projects,and rash, grandiose, speculative quality enters the elaborate That indicated his coordination
energy

divorces

of

means

and
not

end

from

his is

thyroid

capacity did

fail him

by the fact that at St. Albans he would ride for three hours at the end of the day to tire himself sufficiently for sleep. That his adrenals were not affected is indicated by the brutality
which
The

remained

characteristic to the end

of his life.

after death confirm the view of him as an um findings who succumbed toward to pituitary insufficiency pituitocentric the latter half of his life. We possess

the account

of tin

mortem

of

the

where of
an

by Dr. Henry, who performed it. "The whole surface Over with fat. the sternum, body was deeply covered the fat was generallythe bone is very superficial, up inch deep, and an the inch and a half or two inches on
There
was

abdomen.
of the

was

scarcely
to exhibit

any

hair The

on

tinwhole
cause

body,
g for (!

and

that

head

thin, fine and

ml the

silky.
a

small) seemed
char:
iraa

physical
had

which chastity

1" The

hit iring

noticed U"b"
Indeed much the whole
t1

me

and

delicate

as

wire

tin

and
i

aflllf.

bod;.
in
women. now

pubis

resembled

muscles

of tl."
in

and of the He
new

other

feminization the typical vrorda,

liiici. nry
was

i
i

found.

cancer

of th(

i.

Bui I
""""

mental

ed

d"

SOME
were

HISTORIC

PERSONAGES

235

impressed his associates at St. Helena. The deterioration of his mentality was also exemplified in his literary sions, diverthe "Siege of Troy" and the "Essay on The Suicide." these of well as of his conduct,a sulking as puerility productions, before his captors, and the decline of his physicalenergy, once a bottomless conclusion. well,all point to the same The rise and fall of Napoleon followed the rise and fall of his gland. No better illustration exists of the fundamental pituitary determination of a personalityand its career by an endocrine, aside from other factors of education, environment, accident and the sort of endocrine equipment he was opportunity. Without born with,however, none of the other factors would have found the material to work of a posterior Born, say, with more upon. him pituitarythan he had, which would have rendered more sensitive to the sufferings of his fellow-creatures, if nothing else, and the forces of the Revolution probably would have swamped
him when
from

what

the very first moment of his emergence at Toulon, the whiff of grape-shot, merciless symptom of an inexorable,

the road that led to the will,started him upon Napoleonic Era. Destiny is always ironic. For the deficiency of the internal secretions which made for glory was him eligible well as for his downfall. as responsible

intellect and

Epilepsy
In the annals of

and

Migraine
occur

in

Genius of instances of

genius,there
attacks

number
been
was an

those

who
or

suffered from

that

have

lepsy diagnosed epiassociated attention that with

that

their

their migraine. Because extraordinary ability, they itself not liable to

at all with

ailment attracted

concerned also and and that to

the circumstance

measles, scarlet fever, and in people of no occur rngraine certainly often in degeneratesand subnormals. Yet
these affections of the
nervous

been

genius has so on. Epilepsy supernormal gifts,

the fact remains

system,

so

terrible to feel and

behold,have afflicted the finest brains of the race. About fortyyears ago the idea established itself that epilepsy, and migraine, form itself in one another as "fits," or exhibiting the severe festations interconvertible maniperiodic sick headache,were of the same underlying morbid process in the brain. rial Nothing in the way of a concrete cause, attackable on the mateThen the investigations elicited by this generalization. side,was of the pituitary in the last decade produced evidence of

236

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY
in sufferers from
..

and migraine-like symptoms epilepsy-like

or

mors tu-

of epicases lepsy enlargements of it. for evidences of involvement and migraine began to be examined of the pituitary in their troubles. These accumi: rapidly. The physiognomy and physique of the pituito-centric The phenomena noted in Napoleon's discovered in them. were and often present: lowering of the pulse,chilliness, were case the attack In women of the bladder. increased irritability an often coincides with the menstrual period, a typical time of of the sella endocrine unbalance. Finally X-ray examinations the bony lodging of the pituitary, clinched the matter: turcica, it often appeared small, or enlarged,with erosions of the bone, a signifying desperate attempt of the gland to grow, and meet the needs of the organism. The complex of appearances called of becomes understandable. There are a number migraine now food like such as fatigue, intense cold, or high sugar factors, which will cause an chocolate, engorgement of the gland with tense Inblood and swellingof it. But they do not concern us now. the popular term has mental occupation,concentration as it,acts as a patent excitor of the attack. Brain work drives more blood into the brain and the gland. Besides, mental activityis accompanied by increased function if if intellectual, of the post-pituitary of the ante-pituitary, or emotional. Brain work then causes a temporary enlargement of the gland. If, now, the bone container of the endocrine is too small to permit of much the bone will be pressedagainst swelling, he into. This means on or even worn troing re, easily to the kind

other

known

as

sick-headache. The

nerves

which

move

the eyes them

in various

directions lie next

to the pituitary. If, in its

it may various
press eye upon,

expansion,it moves
or

outward, sufficiently
I

tate irri-

paraly/.'
a

evolve No
of
i

disturb
rate

in association with
of from As
out

the headache. number

this

ception con-

for migraine,

men

of

genius have suffered

One has to rule
!"rain.

sick-h"

symptoms.
who
OS

for

the prol epilepsy, Of

our

first those

field: genu.

intact

brain.

Of basis. At

"

number

may

be into
their

upon

an

crine endo-

least

they will, in
l;
to

p]

my,

phj bandingo!

biefatiny
b is necessary
for them

bs helped. Oi

y seen

SOME is the fact

HISTORIC

PERSONAGES

237 latter

with thymo-centric,
occurrence

small enclosed sella turcica. The

of the

epilepsy. Periodic variations in the secretory tides of the other endocrines, the ovaries, the and so on, may determine the onset of the attack of "fits." thyroid, The point is that when epilepsyplays a constant part in the life of genius,we in assuming a disare turbed history of a man justified balance among his hormones, and so a reasoned picture of the foundations for the erratic in his behaviour or his perhaps

explainsthe

productions.
The The fin de siecle
up in which to

Neurasthenic

Genius

quite stirred
were

of the nineteenth intelligentsia Nordau by a publicationof Max

a

century were on eration," "Degen-

number

of revered
as

artists and

intellighents
was

help up So wrought up
to compose
a

public scorn

degenerates and
Bernard

neurasthenics. moved

were

that they,in fact, entitled "The

Shaw

In spite Sanity of Art." of the Great Vegetarian'sdialectics, it remains to be explained with has been combined why a certain speciesof creative ability of the fatigability, and general wretched variability irritability every organ and tissue in the body which taught them that they sensitive souls imprisoned in the flesh. Going from doctor were to doctor as from pillar to post, from this medical creed to that hygieniccult,lucky to escape the worst, often landing upon the bosom of New We have noted in previous Thought for succor. chapters the relation of neurasthenia to the glands of internal in particular. secretion in general,and to adrenal insufficiency A closer examination of neurasthenic genius will show it to consist for one of a pituitocentric in whom reason or essentially of the thymus) or acquired another,congenital (the persistence nals, diseases) there has been failure of the adre(shocks,accidents, about in the order of their thyroid or the interstitial cells,
occurrence.

defense

The Friedrich record of

a

Case is about

of Nietzsche
as

Nietzsche

and originality genius blasted force of his mind, as well as the articulate music of an imaginative the philosophicelect of the poet, places Nietzsche among of a unstable pituitary-centered an race. Showing that he was his malady, as well as upon certain type will throw lightupon his life and work.

good a case by migraine. The

as

there

is

on

238 In

THE
a

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

set of of
men

volumes, entitled Biographic Clinics, Dr. George

contended Philadelphia and
women

M.

Gould
of
to

that the
In

ill health

of

number
due

of eye

genius of the nineteenth

useful asked

century
to

uncorrected

troubles.

attempting to b
the

up his thesis he has collected biographicmaterial of personality.He never student to have appears what
was

himself the

behind

the

eye

trouble.

The

evidence
from

relatingto
some

Nietzsche's
he

endocrine

personalityis derived

of

well as from the two volume life of the as collected, and the other biographiesof philosopher written by his sister, him To
extant. reconstruct

the endocrine

formula

or

equation of Nietzsche

should analyze first the information available one inductively, servative concerninghis parents and relatives. His grandfatherwas a conof of the who author bourgeois a was superiortype, ises designed to narcotize the forces of rebellion of his time. What he was like physically, no epitaph declares. His father was "tall and slender, of him reads a clergyman. A description with a noble and poetic personality, and a peculiar talent for music That ranks him at once short-sighted." a pituitoas centric. The mother was dark and had a fiery temper and of a family distinguished for the powerfully built anatomy of its In the heredityof Nietzsche, members. therethe father appears to supply a pituitary predominating element,the mother an ;.d-pituitary predominating element. Nietzsche himself worked strenuouslyat the intellectual life he probably stopped growing, and the brain tonic r 20, when of the ante-pituitary could inanift tinction i ". Early disrewarded him with a professorship in philology |
. .
. .

One him

of Prussia's
with

wars

of conquest and life,

entangledliim. and
the

|
DQ

diphtheria. A
of his

With Richard friendship

Wagner
life

point Oiling
while.

point

of

departurefor

his

taJ values

of human

rable period*
him
At 1:
wiv

two

rminated b and
memory,

his and

suffer!
thence f"ui li tl

\ him

fa

ion,phj

and

reproduce

ptures of N

at

different ages.

SOME An examination

HISTORIC

PERSONAGES

239

which shows him in frontispiece picture, views are the best for physiognomy), as well as profile(profile of the bust of Nietzsche by Donndorf, exhibit the most striking To of internal secretions, the the student traits of the head. most prominent feature of the face, emphasized by both the and the artist, is the remarkable camera prominence of the supraorbital the eyebrows the bony protuberances from which arches, spring. This is a definite pituitarycharacter. The eyebrows themselves are luxurious and slopeto meet, the bony development the skull tends to be of the face as a whole is sharp and clean-cut, and the chin is square. All these point to a long and narrow pituitary-centered personality.It is to be regrettedthat we have no picture or record of Nietzsche caught smiling,which would At any have sidered preserved the state of his teeth for us. rate, conchecks to my his physiognomy and as interpretation, physique, the nature of his genius and the attacks which finally all fit into the conception of him as one whose life ruined his life, what was centered,like Napoleon's, around happening in his sella turcica.

of the

sick-headache, diagnosablesymptomatic ally as so devastatingthat in 1883, after the printingof migraine,were "Also Sprach Zarathustra,"he wrote his masterpiece, "My life collected from his letters, has been a complete failure." Extracts fore idea of his suffering.In 1888, just beby Gould, provide some "I have in my his stroke, he said, eyes a dynamometer of my
The attacks of
entire condition."

historyof Nietzsche's eye trouble makes it probable that but a deeper condition not simply a defect in his eyes themselves, behind them was responsible. Up to the age of 15 he was a model
The scholar. Essential
eye

defects of refraction should

make

selves them-

Then, with adolescence,he changed. when Adolescence is one of the red-letter epochs for the pituitary, its growth and enlargement precedes and stimulates the ripening Until adolescence of the sex cells in the reproductiveorgans. ended and physicaldevelopment ceased,his intellectual interests Colds in mathematics. backward and he was were particularly nil, and coughs, and recurringpains in the head and eyes bothered him (colds and coughs are frequent in those whose pituitary expansion is limited by the bony sella turcica to any extent). became his demon After his puberty,migraine definitely ion. compan(which must have Following the diphtheriain the army much the attacks grew worse, and comdamaged his adrenals),
felt during childhood.

240

THE

GLANDS
them "his

REGULATING
more

PERSONALITY the

plaintsabout
adrenals. So

bitter because
to

pituitarynow,
more

in

addition to its own

burden,had
and it
.

compensate for the insufficient

him
...

frequent illness made

commiseration.
to
me seems

and

more

subject of
would

treatment
...

If

only
as

my

eyes

hold out
.

at the age

of 30

if I

had

lived 60 years
eyes
. . .

of stomach, head and frequentsufferings acidity oppresses me, and everythingexcept the tender.

very

est food

becomes

acid.
...

I cannot

doubt half-dead

that I with

am

the victim
eyes

of

serious cerebral

and that stomach disease,

cause
. . .

and

suffer
haustion." ex-

only from

this central
In December

pain and

had to be helped horn 1888,he fell, silent for two days, then became loud, active and unbalanced. The attack was preceded by the drinking of much water. The specific tion quality of the Nietzsche genius also directs attenin whom both anteto a pituitocentric to a pituitocentric, and post-pituitary are well-functioning, extraordinarily pituitary but are in a state of unbalance in which the post-pituitary gets makes the upper hand. Now, as we have seen, the post-pituitary of association between the brain cells which for that instability and creative thought,as well must be at the bottom of originality of phobias, as obsessions, hysteriasand hallucinations. Persons in whom the post-pituitary predominates have a lively fancy and liable to suffer from the tricks of association. Nietzsche,as are have noted, was and in the calm cool we poor in mathematics proportionedforward march of scientificthought in general.His
most

brilliant ideas
so

came

to him

in flashes and
come

gleams. That
us

is
of

why

much

of his work

has

down

to

in the

form

a aphorisms and paragraphs. He was, essentially, poet : the favors the metaphysicians,which again conception of him nit ary. with a dominant Y as a pituitary-centered post-pit also incisive critical faculty, his love of music, doouas well as I the supernormal ante-pituitary. To sum up, the physiqueand physiognomy of N

migraine
i

which

him,

his

his tastes,abilities and accomplishment dislikes,

hi-' compo
e

lowed

from

nit :t i pit

ed, with
inferior adl

and pituitary domination,a superiorthyroid,

Darwin

as

Neurasthenic

Genius

author ""f th
the greatestr"

oistofthi

nth

ceo

burally

242

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

for him. Henslow heard of Henslow, settled his career naturalist, to take and a trip of general explorationthe ship Beagle was Darwin recommended naturalist. The captain at first would as of Darwin's not hear of the proposal because nose, a typical and pituitary proboscis. But his prejudices were overcome, Darwin
It
was

sailed.
upon

this voyage that Darwin naturalist of all time, and at the same the virus of neurasthenia. At

made
time

himself the greatest infected himself with

Plymouth, while waiting for the he complained of palpitation and pain about the ship to sail, heart,probably due to a transient hyperthyroidism,brought on by excitement. During the voyage, which lasted five years, he afflicted often by sea-sickness. A ship-mate relates that was after spending an hour with the microscope he would say "Old

Fellow,I
would for had
a

must

take
on

the
one

horizontal side of the

to

for it" and

lie down.

He

stretch out while when

he

again had
rest.

then resume his labors table, lie down. Already fatigability claimed
as

to

be fed with

serious illness that Darwin

affected every secretion of his drain upon his adrenal The

return to

body acted probably potential.

the

hausting ex-

the date of onset for a record of England was continuous illness, aggravated by his marriage, apparently,for that he after it. So much his misery increased progressively so forced to leave London to avoid the strain was so as altogether ing of social life, that of meeting his scientific friends or attendeven scientific societymeetings fatiguing him to exhaustion. After
such

occasions

there would

be attacks
was

of violent shivering,with for him

to

vomiting and giddiness.It

If
an

necessary

impose
in

upon

absolute

regime of daily routine.

Any

with

it

upset him

do any

completely,and made it impossiblefor him work. the only time for phygj" Early morning was 1 exertion. 1 found him thoroughly used
effort.
Insomnia nd cold made him

to

up, A

itfl pray.
in.

curious his h"

a
a

e"

did

In

1859,
I that

"Origin of looming

Species"I -(digestion
of

hopeless breakdown
a

body

and

mind

made

his life

burden and
years, from

curse.

Tl

of research be devoted

to the
more

problems of
which during

classics of bk
neuras1

he worked upon and produced imu wretched and unhappj e most

life
was a

SOME of small doses of work

HISTORIC
and

PERSONAGES

243

largedoses of rest. So he was enabled of original to publishtwenty-threevolumes writingand fifty-one scientific papers. with the Living a sort of quasi-sanitarium life, rules and regulations of one undergoing a rest cure for thirty-six than the millions who more years, he thus accomplishedinfinitely have led the strenuous life. That he thus survived,as a genius, of an intellectual nature in an environment the perils for among him his adrenals sentenced be put must which to destruction, of in large measure and down to the ministrations good sense he wife and children who suppliedhim with the endocrine energy All these details I have given in the attempt to analyze lacked. the internal secretion constitution of this great man of genius, to establish that he reallysuffered from inadequate function of of chronic though benign his adrenal glands, for the symptoms effect with the story adrenal coincide in their mass insufficiency clared of his life. He was not a good animal, as Herbert Spencer depoor of the successful life. He was first sine qua non a animal, the poorest of animals, because he possessedpoor
was
a

adrenals. combined

What

saved

him

was

his the

(the nidus
to

of

genius)
he
rose

and

tary congenitally superiorpituiwhich overactingthyroid,

for his fundamental

compensate to
son

some

extent

lack. lie in

According to his bed, and he would

What

early because
that in

he

could

not

have

liked to
we

get up earlier than he did.

spiteof his fatiguedisease The record of his physique and physioghe was nomy, a pituitocentric? and photographs. documentary and that left in portraits He tall and thin and his frame was naturally strong and was ruddy, and his grey eyes looked out from large. Face was under deep overhanging brows and bushy eyebrows. The ears broad and the nose were large and prominent, the hair straight, traits. The distinctive pituitary well developed. All these are photograph of him taken by Maull and Fox in 1854 shows his chin to be the square firm kind that goes with the ante-pituitary of the collection of type physique. (This photo is the frontispiece and Modern entitled "Darwinism Science,"edited by A. essays and C. Seward published in 1909). Charles Darwin, we may with a hyperfunctioning pituitary, say, then,lived the life of one the anterior portion dominating the posterior, a thyroid excess, the combination much adrenal settlingthe and an deficient,
other hints have
fate of
a

grand
extant

intellect in

an

invalid.

It is

to note interesting

that

an

portraitof grandfather,shows

Erasmus
a

Darwin, Darwin's
with
a

guished distinrounder

but pituitocentric,

THE head and

a

GLANDS fatter

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

face, which point to a predominance of the the ante-pituitary.Correspondingly,he was over post-pituitary and poeticintellectually than his grandson, and speculative more irascible and imperious in his moods. more After 1872, when Charles Darwin was sixty-three old,a years marked change for the better occurred in his health. For the
last ten years of his life the condition of his health was a cause of satisfaction and hope to his family. "He able to work was with less fatigueand distress afterwards." T.; more steadily

probably

explained as followingthe gonadopause in him the cessation of activity of the interstitialcells. After this event, the adrenals in the male nearly always function more efficiently, well and being is improved even though the blood pressure often rises coincidently.In the relative vigor of that decade we have
"

to be

another Darwin's

bit of evidence that the adrenals life.

had

much

to say

over

Gtenius Epileptic
He How His And Did had he that
a

fever

when

And, when
coward

the fit was did shake:

in Spain on him, I did mark 'tis true, this god did

was

he

shake the

lips did from

same

eye

their color fly; whose bend doth awe him

groan.
"

world,

lose his lustre: I did hear

Julius Caesar.

ated is generallyassociEpilepsy, the "fallingsickness" or "fits," with a deterioration or degeneration of mentality, and an inferior personalityis frequently an ingredient. Pro

sing data

accumulate

to incriminate

more

and

more

turbance dis-

of the endocrine

balance, on
reveal

the side of
of

vies,as the
of

basic

mechanism studies

at the bottom
that

multiple dea good many

even

them.

Concurrent

abnormality
1 testes, and

the the parathyroids, iyroid,

iymus

of

the

OOD

existbehind tl. " of the dil;

There much ifl
to

of the content ligation .nds of

li from epilepsies with th; this
mation. tingin for-

point of view will doubtless bring to

be don.

method
sort

of

approach.
,

just '

ie, may

of trana
i,

the with gifted oalled genius. Mohammed! Lord

occur

in

men

J Dostoievsky,

ne

few

cases,

are

famous

instances.

leptk

SOME

HISTORIC

PERSONAGES

245

often most occurs genius,that is epilepsywith superiorability, the epilepsybeing symptomatic of a pituitary in pituitocentrics, againstbarriers, struggling tugging against bonds. As mentioned, in such cases the twin brother of migraine in as epilepsyappears dence evishould have more we genius. Should that be established, for the pituitarydominance of most lectual specimens of intelin As let take the most case a famous us point power. Julius of the epileptic the fit was I geniuses on Caesar,"When he how did shake; tis true,this god did shake.,, marked of slender build, fairAccording to Plutarch,Julius Caesar was ing complexioned,pale,emaciated,of a delicate constitution (remindof Darwin), subjectto severe and violent attacks headache us of Cushing, the concurrence of epilepsy. In view of the work of and headache violent attacks of epilepsy" is sharply "severe of a pituitary origin for both. In his seventeenth year suggestive he was alreadyengaged to be married,which proves his precocity. erratic pituitarycould here also be held responAn overactive, sible. he Soon after was proscribedby the dictator Sulla,and convulsions is recorded. Shock the first of a series of epileptic well as the adrenals. tries the pituitary, as of the quality that stimulated his soldiers His sexual libido was he first woman to sing celebrations of his exploits. The his firstwife,he divorced on was engaged to he jilted.Cornelia, mony the ground that "Caesar's wife must be above suspicion."Matriin the divorce twice thereafter landing him committed with Cleopatra. This one court, he devoted himself to liaisons, trait. sexual hyperactivity was probably another pituitary he realized The compound of intellectual and practical ability
"

was

of the rarest.

It meant

most

delicate balance

between

his

adrenals and thyroid. He was an post-pituitary, ante-pituitary, That his and statesman. historian, orator,politician, conqueror, from which be deduced well can career a thyroid functioned than three hundred involved more personal triumphs as recognition from his native city. On horseback, riding without using three secretaries often dictate to two or his hands, he would love of glory and ambition,expression The masculine at once. with the effeminate combined of a well-working ante-pituitary, was No prima echoes of an equallywell-evolved post-pituitary. of her skin,complexion concerned with the care donna more was
and

hair than he had

he.

The

analogy extends
not

even

to

superfluous hair
at his

which

removed,

by the

modern

but by electrolysis,

with forceps and main depilation

force.

The

attendants

246

THE would mbled Caesar

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

bath

until it polish his epidermis, for his satisfaction, alabaster

or

marble.
of

was

not

the kind

great

man

that Darwin he had too much

was,

and

only
1

rather muddled

careerist because

adrenal

But he was of a certain t\ post-pituitary. pituitocentric busts of him to go by. But We possess no authentic portraits or the bust in the Museum of Naples, for which he probably

(some, H. G. Wells

among

them, will
seen

not

accept this) presents

,

and the pituitary epileptics, features and skull of a pituitocentric: long,large,well-modeled head eyebrows prominent, with tendency to meet, aquilinenose

the sort of face that is often

in

and In

strong chin.
these

three,Napoleon, Nietzsche and Caesar,we have male exhibitingdiversities of life and tastes because pituitocentrics, up. of differences in the co-working endocrine glands in their makeshall consider now female pituitocentric who presents We a the strangest contrasts in physique, physiognomy, conduct and character, dependent upon a variation in the balance between the two portions of the pituitary.
The All which

Legend

of Florence

Nightingale

biographies consist of prevaricationsand all autobiog"f fiction. That of literature o summing up of a mass
industrious students have

after the
at
one

War, when fell blow, and with

in

ruined their eyes, held good until thingschanged. Then Mr. Lytton Strachey,
one
a

hurdled magnificent masterpiece,

new

the old idols and

established
In

standard
Victorians"

of deliberate

curacy ac-

print.
of

his "Eminent who have

for the

host

those

been

he set the pace stimulated by his good

example, like Lady Margot Asquith. Of the four Victorian respectable worthies
sected
as m

E
mod it and

mist

post-mortem, his portrait

of Florence art

Nightingale,the founder of the of nursing, is most interestingbecause onality.

In

provid

of

[fl of hill:.
the conventional is
two-volum
an

of this

supcrwoman,
n
a

she

pictured as
up"

tutu
mderful visit to
a

stained glasswindow smeared earth.

of her

clayouts
a

11 the ins and

body and son! that is startling. fresh vitality

with

SOME The

HISTORIC

PERSONAGES

247

speciesof life Florence Nightingale lived, involvingas it with a masculine did struggle world, and conquest of it, implies the existence in her of certain masculine traits and marks, for feminine psyche is submissive rather than aggressive the normal its environment, human and toward otherwise. Belonging to in the i t the table d'hote of a highestcircles, was family upon
her

destiny that

she

should

become

regulation debutante,

and careeristina,
to

successful

wife and

mother.

questionthe whole
is assumed

routine of the life of

and her

Instead,she her class, and

revolt to

chose in her

diary she records her doubts

what
course

and her cravings, and friends

against
normal

by

family
The

be the

questioningsin these passages, the religious are masculine. feeling displayed, distinctly for instance, Most as easily could the following, pass "I desire for a considerable time having been written by a man: ing for the purpose of allowonly to lead a life of obscurityand toil, I may have whatever received of God to ripen,and turning it some Nowadays people are too day to the glory of His Name. in a hurry both to produce and consume much It is themselves. the in silence, in meditation that are formed only in retirement, called to exercise an who influence upon are men society." In note-book she puts May a 7, 1852, as the date upon which she
was

of existence

for her.

attitudes and

conscious
of

of

call from

God

to be

saviour.

Now

the vast

majority

at 32, in spite spinsters of considerable personal attractions and high natural ability, are visited by waves fervor for a de-personalization of of emotional the self. But in the case of the subject, as Strachey has so well shown, the call was pursued with a self-willed, pitiless, lous unscrupucious ferothe of himself most Satan worthy determination, upon evil bent. In its pursuitindeed she became what her latest All possessed by a Demon." biographer has called a "woman
women

who

have

remained

necessary,

not

alone because

if she had

been

meek

and

mild

she

would

have

existed in that

but futility,

because

of the

high percentage
It is most
grettable rea

of the masculine
we

endocrines
have
no

in her

composition.
of

statement

the
was

findings of
almost

gynecologic examination
masculine
bullied with the Lord

of

her.

That

she

sciously con-

be inferred not only may her to death Pannure and worked

was

from

she the way dearest friend amiable with

that

angelic temper, Sidney Herbert,who

be driven

so

he could
amiable.

by

one

who

wrote:

"I have

It is the mother
success

of all mischief." to this: I

never

being She could also write,

or

done

"I attribute my

gave

took

an

excuse.

248

THE
I do
a

GLANDS
see

REGULATING
now

PERSONALITY
between
me

Yes,
When

the difference

and

other

men.

happens, I act,and they make excuses." Lytton Btracheyhas painted superbly all this in his essay. But for us his most is the following: 'When significant passage old age actually came, something curious happened. Destiny, having waited patiently, played a queer trick upon Miss Nightingale. The benevolence and public spirit of that long lif" only been equaled by its acerbity. Her virtue had dwelt in hardness, and she had poured forth her unstinted usefulness with a bitter smile upon her lips. And the sacredn* now her punishment. She was not years brought the proud woman to die as she had lived. The to be taken out of her: sting was she was to be made to be reduced to compliance soft;she was and complacency. The change came gradually,but at 1
disaster .kable."

appeared a corresponding alteration in her physical mould. The thin, with her haughty eye, and her angular woman, acrid mouth, had vanished, and in her place was the rounded, bulky form of a fat old lady,smiling all day long. Then something
else became Scutari
more

"There

visible. amiable

The

brain which soft.

had

been
"

steeled at
an ever

was,
more

indeed,literally growing
"

Senility

senility descended." have here an We absolutely typical pituitaryhistory,with natural another case of pituitocentric happens ability. What underfuncbecomes when hyperfunction or superiority pituitary erly tion or inferiority is precisely as Strachey has described so clevkeen of the "ministering angel": the acrid, thin and degenerate every time into the amiable, fat and dull. Just as of his pituita: Napoleon was transformed by the mutations
"

and

with the Lamp.

one

And
I

in both of the

instance! the
secret

con-

Qg

from modifications,
IM lipply

function glandular hand the

with

the clue to worked

as a

Of The

and

becoming, which
abort them

upon

oi twial

umstance

sculptor upon

clay. three

official biography l"y

itl,representing
theeii
as
"

nd life 1
thick and

she

was

at

very

etn

25, and pictun 1 willowy in

to

shortish rich
like
a

comp

Ot grace face is

is so

si

long and

oval, of

tl

kind.

Then

250 He
was

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

and eminently successful. His wife recalls practical active, Florence Nightingale,in face, figure and conduct (people built alike as regards their internal secretions are those who are whom we recognizeas similar physicallyand psychically).She, and in so far resembled her husband. a pituito-adrenal, too, was make and adrenal superiority But as in a woman ante-pituitary be classed as a masculinoid for masculinity,she must type ot in She and took the lutionary revoaggressive, woman. was socially part
movement

of her

time
a

in Ireland.

Thus

we

find that

Oscar

Wilde

was

the result of

direction. acting in the same to parthenogenesis.

It is
on

mating of internal secretions The process might be compared

his mother often

expressed the wish that her child be a girl. When a boy was born, she ment, immensely disappointed. To compensate for her disappointshe brought him up a good deal like a littlegirl. She had him dressed in girls' clothes at an age when most boys are violent destroyersof clothing. She would hang massive jewelry upon him, for the delightof playing with the resultant stage picture satisfaction for her discontented desires. In the light of a as formulization of her endocrine modern psychology, and our her conduct sexual to a suppressed homostatus, we must put down craving. Had her son been built along the lines of strong would pr her influence, though vicious, emphatic masculinity, and would have died out altoably have found no congenialsoil, her after his contacts with the outer world, beginning with
-

record

that when

enceinte

school.
ve

No

matter

how

she would

have

conditioned

his vege'hen

from mined

temporarily,his compression, would have

system
his fate
"

internal

rel secretions,
the; it is

asserted

differently. However,
"scar

quite

I if

Rich h: of Walt disciple I of the

have
.

Wilde.

would b ndelaire, be horn.

I mean lli.tt thru
we

yed
would
nunou-

(o

hi
who

Wilde, but another also might have home I

oot to be.
'I

ilar assortment
I

of endoi pi ron.

ft

rich we

must

clu
1

the

(thymutthymooentric

11.
:

Why

this should

pluipituito
rul" ton

of

ion

SOME rather than addition

HISTORIC
seems

PERSONAGES
occurred.
an

251

to have

The

result the

was

with thymus superiority, persistent main two glands involved.

How do
we

of instability

other

know

that

Oscar

Wilde

was

thymocentric?
all the of

cause Be-

in his fullest of the and

development he exhibited
possess
was a

earmarks

thymus

pattern. We

number

good pictures

of him, as he descriptions would probably be alive today

reallya contemporary, and if he had been put in a hospital instead of in prison. An excellent descripfor proper treatment tion is that of Henri de Regnier's: "This foreigner(Wilde) was and of great corpulence. A high complexion seemed to give tall,
stillgreater width
to his clean shaven

face.

It

was
. .

the unbearded
.

rather (glabre)face that one sees on coins. The hands were The the interest are points of immediate fleshy and plump" the complexion and the beardlessness. One classic variety height, of the thymocentric is tall, has a baby's skin,and has little or no hair on the face. A passage from a narrative written by one of his warders confirms the last condition decidedly. "Before ing leavhis cell to see a visitor, he was alway careful to conceal,as chin by means chief." of his red handkerfar as possible, his unshaven Bristles on the chin,with littleor none the cheeks,is on the inference. It is important to stress the thymocentric significan

of this
in italics was
a

of glabrosity he when

the face. it under

Another It has

sign to be put
described
as

the

quality of his voice.

had
strident under

been

beautiful

tenor, when
a

perfect control,and
of

high pitched and

temper.
Such

the influence

passion or

voice would

be the

product of

ing larynx remain-

partly or completely in the infantile state,as in a woman's. That, and the large breasts he is said to have had, point again be no there can All in all, to the thymus-centered constitution. of status lymphaticus, the doubt that Oscar Wilde was case a for the thymus-centered personality. technical name his pituitarymust of thymocentrics, As happens in a number
ways attempted to compensate for the endocrine deficiencies ala The exceptionalsize of his head was present in them. for pituitarytrait. Finding, possiblymaking, plenty of room in an itself to grow, unknown extraordinary for some reason,

have

it reinforced fashion, feminine

the love of the beautiful that

nature, with an post-pituitary at first all-conquering. In the face of a maturity that was society organized for pure masculine and pure feminine types, disgrace and disaster at last overtook
him. with almost
the ruth-

is part of the intellectual abilityand

252

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING selection

PERSONALITY
out
an

unadapted sport In prison he suffered from denly cropping up in an environment. splitting headaches, which were probably due to changes in his pituitary. Described the eyes, as being directly over haunted him until his death, and may have had a good deal to do with the absinthe addiction he acquired.
"

lessness of natural

wiping

The The

Treatment Wilde

of

Genius
an

problem
one

of Oscar

raises

ethical

question that

stillremains should

to be

answered. finally odd with

day see him constitutional product of

what should

Granting that all of society and his kind as a peculiarand specific

an

intermixture him and

of internal

tions, secre-

be done

them?

It is easy

to

do not condemn play with words like "degenerates." But still, we idiots or defectives, other substandard, subnormal or imbeciles, creatures to the prisons. For the sake of the good opinion it sends the latter nowadays to societywould maintain of itself, their equivalents, where hospitals, sanitaria, or protection for itself without be practised. But is punishment for them may the solution? treatment For we have to confinement,or even what consider off societywould lose by cuttingsuch abnormals from itself, and them from its stimulations. A number of artists have been built like Oscar Wilde, musicians in particular.Without them, would there not be a great gap, a yawning absence,
in the world's culture?

therapy might have done a diagnosis and modern Florence Nightingale, great deal for Napoleon, Nietzsche, Julius Caesar, mit Oscar Wilde. Were they alive today, and willing to subthemselves tell us to scientific scrutiny,the X-ray would of the state of the pituitaryand thymus in them, chemic animations of the blood the condition of the thyroid and adrenals, of the body and mind flood of light '1 investigation a upon then nmladiei as well as their personalities. Therapy n
Modern
.

ii

of his

I so, halting I

ing degenerationof
been
"

his

pitnitai

terioo impossible
have
on

instability
NietZF'

the with

to genius

his

goal?
the

| have

Cajsar of bii epilepsy" -but

would then,
!y
00

not

underlying

streams

ol
"*

the

part of the
"

other

glands of the internal

to compensate

their

peculiar

SOME
and superiority have
have have

HISTORIC

PERSONAGES
the fruits of their lives
But
as

253

and distinction,
been

byproduc destroyed. Florence Nightingale, too, might

more

been

softer and

human

person.

then would Wilde

But

she
sibly pos-

revolutionized the world

the

practiceof nursing? Oscar

over

might have been made

would
not

into

heterosexual.
"De

then

Profundis,"let ask? To state the problem in the most us general terms: how much abnormality are we to tolerate (I speak, of course, of gether) malignant abnormality, and disregardbenign abnormality altopoorer

be the

without

for the sake

of the valuable
of that

that is concomitant?

How

much while

are

we

to

stand

which

degrades the germ-plasm

of The Flowers mind-plasm of the race? Evil. Destroy or modify the roots, change the seed, and the buds will bloom, if at all, not orchids, but dull brown places. commonWhat end is be licensed for the attainment of

it raises the

means

may

worthy
ments instru-

perhaps the broadest

of Man's
ascent to

aspect of the problem. The

his instinctive arouse divinitymay and destructive passions. The study of the repulsions, dislikes, internal secretions is putting and will put the most powerful

apparatus for the control of the abnormal

are we

into

our

hands.

What

going to do with them?

not

It does

follow

that
we

because
are

we

are

stand beginning to underone

the
standard

normal

that

to

establish
of all the

fixed absolute

of the normal.

In

view

permutations and
construct
an

combinations

of the endocrine

possiblemixtures, glands,that may

it is possible to conceive a million types individual, of normals. For normality means harmony, the harmonious equilibriumbetween the hormones, which tends to continue itself, because
it does of create
no men

no

harm
women

to itself. So there

are as

all sorts and normals. We

ditions con-

and

who

are

classed

need

the subnormal to the raising of normal level. It is when we to consider the possibility come lowering the supernormal (in certain respects) to the normal, that we pause and hesitate. Traditional morality assists not, but

inquiry into the value

of

hinders

us

here. the
race

ultimatelydecide,it is safe to predict that it is now and and will become somewhat more possible, check the ills of genius, out withto regulateor even more possible, with its highest evolution and expression. For interfering is pretty of genius, man example, Bernard Shaw, to take a living of the well-balanced visiblya pituitocentric variety. He has
Whatever
may

254

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

the

height,
that

the

facial

features,
in

the

hands,

and

the

sort

of
also

tality men-

run

together
It in is

his

endocrine that would

1 in

make-up. feeding
relieve him him

He

has

the

headaches.
extract A

quite

probable dosage
be

pituitary
of

gland
aches. that
to

the

proper

his

h"

process

might
its
so

his

pituitary,
which
i

however,
-ted is
is
so

would make his

diminish brain
remote

extraordinary
The

output

brilliant. the

possibility, predominance
of
surgery,

nevertheless,
in nature's

excessively

as

pituitary
short

him
or

overwhelming,
medical

that

nothing
could
will come,

the
nence. emi-

graduate's,
The
time

really though
to

affect it

that is
not

overmastering
yet
and

by

long,

long

road,
in

when

we

shall

be

able

intervene,
The will be will

perhaps
of and

meddle,
power
to

nature's like

most

intimate
power to

plans.

right
defined be

the

modify,
common

the

kill,
that

limited

by

agreement

before

goal

reached.

CHAPTER

XII

APPLICATIONS

AND

POSSIBILITIES

The well
as

knowledge
his the mind of
over

that

the
on

shape
the
a

and

action

of

man's

body

as

depend

internal

secretions

inspires

the

hope
power

emergence

of

hitherto future. For

inconceivable
in the

controlling
of chemical

human there has

life in the

wake

discovery
of chemical

always
the

come

chemical for
actual

control.

The

nature

research,
and

necessity
in the

clear

thinking,
of

accurate

measurement,
the made fundamental and
may

experience
tradition the

handling
of the

materials,

and

technique
the

science, have
which
we

will

make

practical applications about

What

today

only speculate. from,

at

study of the internal

of
the

tions secre-

suffers twentieth mankind.

the

beginning
there

third

decade

of

the for

century,
It

is insufficient that world

appreciation of its meaning

are

is true the

thousands

of

workers
to the

tered scat-

throughout
store.

contributing their mites daily,

in and
some

general
ments, achieve-

They
in

increase
an

yearly, almost
uncritical in

their

spite of they

enthusiasm been
a

quarters
which

and

semi-charlatanism
But
are

others, have pecking

at

and

continue

cent. magnifi-

mountain

requires

organized, massive, engineering organization for its blasting. The and institute,endowed crying need is for an international equipped
available hand. for

investigation
and institution the
tests

upon

the

proper

scale,
worked the

with out

all the and

at

appliances
Such
an

methods would of

already
possess

right chemical
aminations, ex-

laboratories

for
and

making
of

blood

analyses, metabolism
functions. the There would

endocrine
to

be

X-ray
and
to

machines

and

experts
when

radiograph
There

pituitary, pineal
be

thymus
carry out mental

glands

possible.

would
emotional

psychologists
reactions, and
There
and note
pare com-

intelligence tests, determine

group

would

and aberrations, deficiencies in biometrics, be statisticians, trained

defectives.
to

criticize
to

data
measure

obtained. variations
in

There

would and

be

anthropoligists
ratios and Internists

and
of

angles

curves,

quotients
would

the

external

conformation

of the
255

body.

record

256 the

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

historyand status of the organs and viscera. There would be abstract and collate the vast, accumulating librarians to collect, In short,the mystery of personality, the most marliterature. velous, would be complex, and variable process in the universe, attacked and at length penetrated systematicallyand persistently, with the ideal of absolute control of its composition as the goal in view. The nature of the researches? They would be infinite in their Their practicalby-products,dropped variety and significance. Atalanta's lover in the pursuit of knowledge by the scientist, as the scent of the hardthe golden apples in his race, to assuage headed business man, would be profitable enough for any country and at compound in peace or war, to pay for itselften times over could be filledwith suggestions for interesting interest. A volume and promising investigations. But we glance at some may of the immediately useful aspects that might exercise those concerned with the everyday life of men, women and children.
The There that mark is Endocrine famous

Epochs of Life

no

more

classifications of the

epochs of

life

off the milestones

of the individual's evolution

than

Shakespeare's Seven Ages. So different is he at those different stages of his development, so changed his body and mind that it has become that we are entirely a part of popular physiology made and that no cell in the organism over seven years, every lasts longer than that. The tradition certainlydoes not apply
to the brain

and

nervous

system, for the number

of brain

cells

and cannot be increased, because birth, only decreased, to reproduce themselves. they are too highly specialized What the individual as the years go by is no simple transfigures and tear of the tissues, the replacement of old cells by wear nor
new.

is fixed at

It is the rearrangement the ductless of relationships among to I glands,the shiftingof influences from the pn dominant vena, in the constellation of the internal determines the unfoldingof the personality.The raise doubt sometimes
I
as

and subordinate, that secretions,

vice

transformations
sonal
to

to the

of reality

identity."What
one

actually happi
internal

hood changes from child-

fro; adolescence,

nd

so

on, is

the sloughing of

Growth,

as

general

for another. glandular dominance for the mutations, the ensemble of

somatic and

ps\

ntiation,from

year

to year,

passes

258
to

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

its involution begins. Careful dissection will say, officially demonstrate in a normal some thymus tissue even subjectup to This refers to the average the fourteenth year. normal, for the

larger after the second year in the type of individual designated in a preceding chapter as the thymocentric. takes If the thymus retrogresses after the second year, what the forward its place as a brake upon driving impulses of the
may

large thymus

continue

large and

grow

other
to

endocrines?

We

have

every

reason

for assigning that role

pineal. It performs its service mainly, in all probability, the sex stimulatingeffect of lightplaying upon the by inhibiting the thyroid and skin. Since it is especially a sex gland inhibitor, under the freer to exert their influences than pituitarybecome thymus regime. And so we find that it is after the second year that thyroid and pituitary tendencies manifest their effects. Pineal Era, from the second to the tenth to fourteenth The of viewpoints from a number to be investigated years, remains to the parent, the educator,and the student of pueriinteresting related to early involution of the culture. Precocity is directly pineal. For just as the thymus involutes at the second year, the pinealatrophiesbefore the onset of adolescence. is the period of stress and strain throughout the Adolescence somatic and psychic organism because of the volcanic upheavals by in the sex glands. The historyof the individual is dominated in the them up to twenty-fiveor so, when maturity commences of a relative sex stability. They continue to exert a powersense ful and life But " episodes pressure throughout maturity. of experiences pleasure and accidents,and struggles, diseases, settle finally which endocrine or pain, as well as climatic factors,
the endocrines
are

left in control

as

consequence

of the series of

reactions the periodof maturity may

The

be

analyzed into.

Interpretationof Senility
follows day (right
of the
process

Senilityinevitably follows maturity, by a j

which
it. lilt

generati of de-

all the I'lands of int

,

!iy the "i

the
i

D M
"

rmi-t

OOCUr

DO
mot

one

can

ury

to y

of

one

sort or

from

emot

ient.

Just

why

ma

and

I pre-

APPLICATIONS
serve

AND

POSSIBILITIES
in

259

them

in the
we

elderlyas
understand
our

they do

be solved when almost

of the and

the laws of Some blood

youth is a problem to at present regeneration,

say

totallybeyond
wear

control.

that it is

matter

our those rubber-like tubes vessels, food and transport drainage with nonchalant equanimity to all cells as long as they last. In the classic phrase: a man

tear

of

which

arteries, ergo his ductless glands will be as old their arteries. And the age of arteries is simply a matter as of and tear,the resultant of the function which is universal wear molecules. the hardening of arteries, Arteriosclerosis, among might be the whole story. there are certain experiments and But considerations which rather confute that easy explanation, at least make clear that or of Steinach, the mystery is not so simple. The work a Viennese has contributed most to the elucidation of the noninvestigator, arterial factor in senility. No one has asserted more loudly the importance of the interstitialcells that fillin the spaces between the tubules of the testes in the male, and the folliclesof the ovary in females. Rats have been his medium of study, for they are live fastest, most easilyprocurable, breed,and withstand experimental and operativeproceduresbetter than any other animal. in his dotage. His bald, shrivelled An old rat is like an old man emaciated by skin covers an body. His eyes are dimmed and his breathing is labored and difficult because his cataracts
as

is

old

as

his

heart muscle has become

has lost its tone. concentrated

now,

Huddled

in

corner,
a

life to him

into the

desire for

little food, and

sex

immobility. If
marvelous

something is done
may

to his

apparatus,

something no the genitalduct, which could predict. It consists in slitting one leads from the germinal cells to the exterior. After the operation, which grow into the spermatozoa, atrophy and the germinal cells, since they can no longer function. As if released from disappear, mously. the interstitial cells,however, multiply enorsome restraint, miracle of the their multiplication, rejuvenation With
transformation be effected. is performed.
After
some

That

weeks slowed

the

which

had

down

sluggishcurrents of being in the rat, as a preliminaryto stopping altogether,

of
new

flow fast and

furious.

Waves flood.
A

chemical

substances

date inunthe

his cells. And Nile after the annual

even

they respond

like the

fields that border

bone, are
and

restored.
a

All his tissues, skin,muscle, nerve, him is created which makes vitality

bound

dart like

youth of his species. In due time, though,

260

THE

GLANDS It is dead

REGULATING
as

PERSONALITY

returns. senility

if

runs storage battery, recharged,

the genitalduct of the again. Slitting other testis, tiply, causing its interstitialcells to hypertrophy and mulrepeats the effects of the first experiment. The organism of vitality that vibrate through responds again to the new waves it. That it is recharged is demonstrated again by a revival of sex appetiteand sex activity. The female which had become an object of indifference is reinstated as a creature to be sought and pursued. The second period ends in its turn. And now entirely in the interstitial form of fresh from testes removed glands, new animal, are transplanted into the body of the old rat. a young it burns itself more Once more youth returns. But now quickly than
even

down

and

becomes

before.

An

acute

exhaustion

of the

mind

appears

first. Then

all the other

the old rat, and

phenomena of old age steal back upon rides senility, firmlyestablished in the saddle,

him

to the end.

The Whatever

Possibilities of

Rejuvenation
from these

other deductions
prove

may

be extracted

ments, experi-

beyond a doubt the existence of an endocrine factor in the process of aging, as well as an arterial. They also that the internal secretion of the sex glands, well demonstrate they
advertised
as

it has

been

as

the Elixir of Youth

that Ponce
in

de

Leon, and Brown-Sequard with so many is not the whole story. For if it was,

pursued others,
the duration

vain,
new

of the

whereas in actualityit is youth should be another span of life, togetherwith a number only a fraction of that time. This fact, clear that while the gonads may be the jeune of others,make of the plot depends upon the premier of the drama, the vitality other endocrines. the Since old age is an exhaustion, permanent and of the ductless gland directorate, of all the members irreparable
reason

of the rejuvenation temporary quality effectedby the procedures of Steinaeh. arises: which of the Practically, then, the question at once There ll fn"t (hat ubiquitous glands in particular are involved? becomes clear for the

agent in I

the thyroid. Cheinieal analysis of r with the iodine content the age of the deere"M
becomes

individual, and
"neoopause

in women

specially low after forty. It is thai myxedema, the diaeaae of

of the

plete com-

of the thyroid, and degeneration is most l at frequ"

pi

id mental

oid of old p"

APPLICATIONS in

AND

POSSIBILITIES

261

varying degrees,signs of a similar degeneration. Thyroid will clear up certain of the deterioraproperlycontrolled, feeding, tions of mind and body observable in the aged. The grossness of the features lessens, number of the pains go, muscular a durance enand intelligence do not remind one increases, so memory of the old dotard in his second childhood. forcibly Of course the improvement at present achievable is only relative. But in the prematurely aging,decay invading a half accomplished maturity, marvels have been achieved at times with feedingof the gland. The pituitary, too, begins to retrogressafter the period of maturity. And short an early retrogression a means maturity. In the onset of an obesity, and coincidently, of a lazy and women, dull morale, coincides with this declension of the pituitary powers. All the glands of internal secretion, in fact,shrink and shrivel old age advances. the preas Only, as in other relationships, dominating endocrine stamps its signaturemore visiblyupon the documents of decadence than the others. Pituitary types, as said, get fat and slow, thyroidal become bulky and stupid or thin
and
sour,

the adrenal

dark, shrunken

and

forever

tired of life.

So type emerges, in all-around glandulardeficiency. even The problem of rejuvenationis the problem of recharging, or
at least the most replacingall of the glands of internal secretion, important, the thyroid,the pituitaryand the adrenals,as well, the gonads. Longevity is perhaps largely a matter of preas venting, or laxis postponing their wane. Beside,there is the prophyof bacterial infections, and their all embracing corrosions which, too, have an endocrine aspect. be manufactured Persistence of youth or juvenility by may of early glandube a persistence nature in two ways. There may lar the We to have what seen thymohappens predominances. infantile centric. That a pineal-centered type exists juvenileor of securing be safelypredicted. Nature's only other mode may to be by prolonging the time allotted to perpetual youth seems the sex gland crescendo. what humdrum As for the golden age of maturity itself, people of of reserve and poets have despised as middle age, the margin the rulinghormone hands, is a quantity almost malleable in our but still to be regarded with respect as a hard cold proposition of any stage of the continuance by the physiologist.In general, tration the maintaining of the glandular adminisdevelopment means peculiar to it. So the chubby debonair irresponsible whom nothing can touch is happy in the possessionof a pineal
"

262

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

uncorrupted by the years, while the genius who can turn out thank his pituitary at sixty-five must his best work for standing by him to the end.
The There is Science
of

Puericulture

of science which now specialty growing in the womb in its own to fruition as the study of the good time will come child's needs or puericulture.Even today there exists a scientific which of the principles basis for the formulation every upon child should be brought up. Though we have had marvelous results from the campaigns to lower infantile mortality, m" and so in its interest, what has been done has been medical of the largely negative in its accomplishments. The removal of evil no doubt gives the good its opportunity. But how causes ancestral stuff, endowed with satisfactory to raise a child, as a A be erected into Grade normal or supernormal, stillremains to
a an

exact A

science.
of

number have of the

attempts have
arouse

been

abortive
of the
as

in this field. Why

they
some

failed to

the ardor

parent has puzzled

foundation
a

pioneers. Child-culture
has continued because
of
a more

the
or

of

all

systems of education
than
an

achievement

hope rather lack of appreciationof the

less of
A certain
amount

different constitutional of attention has been those

one

varieties of children. lavished

upon

children

mainly suffering from

In the

tention, needing specialatinsufficient development of

or

sort

or

another. the

last decade

so,

an

endeavour

to

focus upon
some

exceptionalchild, exceptional
has started
from the
an

in

creative endowment, special All of tliem have

suffered

inteUigen i interesting
I troubles
as an

fa I:

of the pure
a vacuum.

who psychologist

would

handle mind

entityin

realization of the different

of various

physic'
w

children will arrive only when built differently. Just as shoddy and silk, cotton
needs
or

and

in

all combination,
'. so

possess

different
v

as qualities

wool, alone wearing mawear

different children have

and tear of education. and

to tin-

The endocrine
1

of the human classification

applied to children, will

needs
of

country. Nothingis more

the
VU

evident khan the diver

"n

types, once

they

are

realized as such.

APPLICATIONS
The
from

AND

POSSIBILITIES

263

historyof

is predictable thymocentric type, for instance,

first few months the very of his life. Difficulties in feeding, and adaptation,in the reaction to infecin habit formation tions,

in social
course

play

and

so

on,

one

may

of events
own.

for the

other endocrine all in the

The expect for him. types also follow laws

dren, understanding of chiltheir make-up, reactions and that the biologist powers, of his finest triumphs. will achieve some The educator will have
to take account of the state of the in estimatingthe normal the pituitary or intelligence, influencing subnormal abnormal As well will he have to or intelligence. consider the thyroid in the child whose conduct is refractory, in his studies is excellent. And the even though his proficiency

of their

It will be above

condition desirable.

of the adrenal

will be ascertained unable

to

in the

types that tire

easily,and

that

seem

Periodic

seasonal

and

effort necessary or critical fluctuations in the equilibrium

to be taken

make

the

among

the hormones

will have
have

into account

hitherto been put down ness, to laziexplanation of what or naughtiness, obstinacy. stupidity, A child's capacity for education, essentially its capacity for is limited by inherent the highest and most productive kind of life, factors. These factors are two: the quality of the nerve and the its abilityto make number of associations, a tissue, measured by the maximum quantity of the internal secretions, obtainable in a given situation. These inherent factors explain, ment environthe same too, why children born and bred in virtually show the most differences in educability. That extreme made evident by Galton's finding the differences are inherited was eminent that the chance of the son of an eminent man exhibiting of a man taken 500 times as great as that of the son was ability in the
at random.

cells of nerve Every baby, then, is born with a combination determine its capacity for mental and ductless glands which be but could never be realized, development, that might never exceeded. If, in any family, minor differences in educability are observed,they can be put down to disturbance of these two cell had started to factors occurring after the fertilized germ off in either divide and reproduce itself. But any marked falling the nervous endocrine factors has to be considered pathologic, or due to an impairment of them by adverse environment. Recent studies have amply established that the proportion of certifiable mental larger class,the defectives,and of a much

264

THE

GLANDS
but not It is

REGULATING certifiable

PERSONALITY

subnormal bounds.

is progressingby leaps and class, absurd

of frailty
account
our

perhaps the

most

present
of innate

system of education that it takes almost no differences in educability. To spend money

of these children

upon

the

teaching

along
and

only

waste

pure

is not they are simple, but crime, for it deprives the the crude and

lines where

unteachable

educables

of their

just due.
are

These, of
the finer and

course,
more

simple lines

upon

which itself

complex evolution of the endocrine

The and

problems

of the school is crude and

child will build.

gross

fine art of education it

might be, science of education has yet to begin, a beginning. The even as of that science of the future, to which knowledge the offspring as the science cf of the internal secretions will contribute no little,

simple compared with what

puericulture.
Vocational
It is

Education

difficult, indeed,to avoid becoming merely enthusiastic the possibilities of the applications of the endocrines to upon individual the educational domain. Happiness for the average
consists of
a

double

success

"

success

in his vocation
sex

(chosen

or

forced upon him) and success in the last few cry has been raised and

in his

life. A

certain hue

and
vast

years

even overwhelming importance of sex of a man's everyday life. And doubt there in the successes no is a relation. Sublimation plays its part in the explanation of The fact,however, that perfect sucvocational idiosyncrasies. cess

concerning the in the happiness and

with absolute failure in the career, howe\ the problem for good into its realities: a physiologic aspect splits
in
sex

may

occur

as

well

as

psychologic.
education and
a

So,

as

school

will have

to take the

serious account

of

endocrine selects and

the ardor

anomalies

will possibilities,
career.

institution which aroused

trains for
of
our

Vocational

misfits have

efficiency experts. And

again, the sweeping

tendencies of

attack hi psychological ignorance of constitutional

sad against the nal

H oould
of
i

material.

attempt to selections could m v" r makt much boftdi Hound* t m Of metaphors, product I swamp
Not that
of anyone would But

The

and predispositions erect psychologictyp.

(he

vices at

of

its

methods.

wish
no

to

discard

all

psychologic mode

approach.

266

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

and their employment managers largeemployers of labor, have given much thought to the problem of fatigue. Just what fatigueis,why different individuals tire at different rates,why
as

the

some

are

constructed

for monotonous

routine while

others must

variety and change, the relation to accidents and to quantity output, are a few of the major lines of inquiry upon the endocrines obviously have a large bearing. To the which labor turnover and the selection of peremployment manager, sonnel fields research. of are adjacent Fatigue as an endocrine deficiency a depressedstate of one or abolished when its normal of the glands of internal secretion, more partures functioningis restored is a general principlefrom which deof explorationof sub-problems will proceed. An docrine enconstant
"
"

have

organ

will secrete at

certain rate.
amounts

When

it is stimulated How

it will excessively,

ejectextra

of its secretion.

long

the

period of excessive stimulation may last must depend upon of the cells, the secretion potential or margin of reserve varying
from organ to organ, and

from

individual

to individual. onset

After

with the that,exhaustion and failure follows, of fatigue.

A

of the symptoms worked

say out

pretty demonstration

of this process

has If
a

been

in the

electrical stimulation

of muscle.

muscle,

the

As biceps,is irritated by an electric current, it will contract. the strengthof the current is increased, the degree of contraction becomes tractions congreater. A sort of stepladdereffect of increasing be thus obtained. After a time,the electric she may but only a lesser. And if concannot cause a greater contraction, tinued, the muscle will cease of fatigue. to function because If now, when the muscle begins to lag in its response, and its contractions to decrease, one of injectsinto a vein extracts thyroid,parathyroid,or adrenal glands,they will immediate the failing contractions. rainviflorato

The

injections must
pour
1

be I
stances, in-

made

before

the

fatigueis
I which

"

bo the point of abso!

haustion. circulation

It follows
m

that these

glands normally
rc"

into

counter

tTect of

and
/in-

in fact make

possiblemuscular
M
red

"uperation from
and
a"

throughout
As But
'

U
"ionallv

bl emergencies

crises,

thing
violent

urgent.
Is.

such
'

it

means

l
ft

also

chronic

mining which fatigue,

of the endocr
has been

(fif-

I d with

asked for

someone

to

killhim

the

name

of the germ

causing the

APPLICATIONS

AND
That defect

POSSIBILITIES

267
to be

symptoms of overwork.
satisfied with
or secretion,

he will have being impossible,

a

the

answer a

that it is not

germ,

but

an

internal is the

rather

of internal have been

secretion that

cause.

damaged by past experiences, upon respond to the necessities of an occasion,fatigue reactions primarily depend. A quotation from Sir James MacKenzie, most distinguished of modern English students of medicine, summarizes the matter neatly. "Abelous, and Langlois and Albanese have studied the relation of the adrenal bodies to fatigue. They infer that the muscular weakness followingremoval of the adrenals is due to toxic substances. In view of our present knowledge of the physiological action of adrenaline in its various forms, it seems more probable that the weakness is to be explained by the absence of the
or

Whether

not

the adrenals their

and

capacity to

normal

tone

producinginternal
words,

In other

secretions of the bodies in tion." questhe adrenals regulatemuscle tone. They

produce nature's tonics for weary tissues. The chronic lassitude of thousands of our generation, from "that tired feeling," suffering be put down to chronic adrenal insufficiency. may It requiresno superlative imagination to see that an adrenal subject does not belong upon a job that involves muscle poor stress over indeed fatiguingconditions of any a long period, or sort. Nor that a thyroid poor individual is not the best choice for a positionthat demands In a keen, alert body and mind. the selection of executives, the nature and stamina of the pituitary will undoubtedly be taken very seriously in the near future. A certain hocus-pocus concerning character reading, a perverted revival of the ancient phrenology and physiognomy, has invaded the employment territoryin America the newest as charlatanism. The study of the internal secretions, including blood and X-ray examinations,will surely assist the demand for of constitution and character that can a truly scientific estimate
be relied upon in the classification and distribution of

personnel.

The

Prospects for Public

Health

By their effects upon the endocrines, public health influences like food,clothing, sleepand overpressure and last but not least, the so-called diseases of childhood, disease, possess a tremendous importance in limitingthe output of the educable. They act to subtract from and so to lower the rating,the capacity of the

268

THE

GLANDS
Most

REGULATING
material and
vital

PERSONALITY
of

germ-plasm.
the
common

these
strike

influences

are

diseases of

for they children,

directlyat

the

glands of internal secretion. and the others have mumps, Measles,scarlet fever,diphtheria, visitations for sins known or long been accepted as providential
unknown. when That children
had to have

them

and

were

better off

part of the tradition of the they had them has become fostered by the lazy ignorance of previous medical generations. laity, children ourselves ask to But today we why are beginning of their age. The pathologist infections endemic these have must
goes

farther and asks

asks the

reason

He

why the littleboy who

contract

for certain apparent immunitiee. sleepswith his brother sick with the
even disease,

scarlet fever does not

though

not

tected pro-

by a previous attack. to Determining why susceptibility

case

specialdisease in

exists will constitute the greatest line of advance

particular for

and so the perfection understanding and prevention of disease, In the last influenza epidemic countless of public health. in and women puzzled by the spectacleof men were physicians the pink of condition carried off in twenty- four hours while puny either passed over, or pooh-poohed their colds. associates were the infectious have spent their energiesfruitfully Pathologists upon and parasitesespecially. of disease,the microbes causes of those problems, the vital quesBut now, having solved most tion of why an organism permits itself to be attacked is pushing ailment selects its victim, why itselfto the front. Why a peculiar is the neglectedproblem, which the bacillus finds a fertile soil, the
must

be

solved

before

the

abolition of disease

and

its carriers

will be

remotely conceivable. Long ago, Hippocrates,revered founder of the art of medic ino, viduals of disease for india specific affinity recognizedthat there was
with
more
or

less the

same

characteristic

soinatn

for Instance, psychic traits and trends. Tuberculosis, for its frequency in lon^-skeletoned, thin persons, remarkably of the SU choleric nature optimistic. And the plethoric, from gout has become i of the great proverbial

bacteriologicdiscoveries
cordance

of the

eighties and

nineties,the
w

of esoteric racial and

the

malting! personal

help in diagnosis to
sometimes
of
en
(

oieal intuition, tl
disease. specific its reactions,norma] sad abnormal, are
was

personal-and personality

liable to tin-

But

APPLICATIONS

AND

POSSIBILITIES

269

by the endocrines. So we should find that particular with special internal glandular predominances. infections run For the picture presented by an infection, temperature, rash, the details the of reaction of the organare general prostration, ism t he in the face of a new of a situation, powerful, presence
determined
destructive
is

invader.

Information

has

accumulated well
as

vader that the in-

because selective, of one sort or another in the body it has of endocrine deficiency has indicated that of investigators Work of a number attacked. mately its reverse, resistance, individual's susceptibility is intior an of the endocrine subjected to the derangements or harmonies

as powerful and destructive,

system.

Comparison of the endocrine type and the disease assaulting has yielded an principle. Knowing the even more interesting state of the internal secretion reservoirs enables us to predictthe Diphtheria to certain of these infections of childhood. liability dividual adrenal poor inmost virulently has been found to occur among Moreover, they are left poorer in adrenal afterwards. be assisted by the feedingof adrenal. It follows that they would is a sickness that sometimes permanently injuresthe Mumps gonads: the testes or ovaries. The thyroid dominant, whose mon system is rich in thyroid,will rarelysuffer from any of the comdiseases of children" if at from all, measles. On the other
as

hand,

those

who

have
seem

their mothers is

say,

thyroid poor.

tem sysget everything,are enticement Thyroid poverty is a splendid

every to

infection of the

period,and who,
those whose

thymocentric stands all diseases liable to epidemic meningitis type is more poorly. The pituitary and infantile paralysis, typhoid and scarlet fever. with a The public health officer of the future will be armed in his fightagainst the spread of an epidemic. He new weapon the endocrine traits of the population will be able to classify of glandularfeedingfor the types exposed,and to advise a course is liable. The Schick test for diphtheriasusceptibility specially of approach to the problem of the illustration of one method an who needs protection. The endocrines in settling epidemiologist munity will assist him in the great body of diseases for which no imShould another influenza epidemic come test is at hand. point, from the endocrine standthe proper handling, along, for instance, of the thymocentrics and the related adrenocentrics would in loweringthe mortality. help considerably which when studied and Endocrine types have other tendencies,
to the universal

microbe.

The

270

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

will decimate the great assassins of middle age: heart controlled, disease and kidney disease, with accompanying degenerationsof the blood vessels and
up
a

circulation.

The

adrenocentric
a

besides

high forms of diseases of the lungs. The thyroccntric is predisposed to heart disease, well as intestinal disturbance as The is liable to periodic and cyclic pituitocentric
certain stimulant
most

hyperacidity of the stomach

and

tends to get blood pressure,

upsets in his health.

Narcotism,the craving for narcotic or has been found subvariety, alcoholism,

drugs, and its

among

often

the

thymocentrics. Any type of endocrine inferiority, interfering with success in life, lead to the habit of drug addiction as may But the blood and tissues of the thymocentric apout. one way pear habituated to the narcotic stimulant more to become easily it with a physicalimperathan the other types, and so to demand tive phers philosocomparable to the food or sex urge. Among artists, and statesmen, on the other hand, activelyproductive and contrasted with criminals and degeneratesdrug addiction has so the frequentlybeen a mode of endocrine compensation. That is, drug produced temporarily the effects of the internal secretion pared lacking or insufficient. Thus the effects of cocaine may be comwith the effects of thyroid. But while there is a normal mechanism for thyroid detoxication, the cocaine or heroin derivatives mark the tissues permanently with their scars and deform
the

personality.
The

Hygiene of

the

Internal

Secretions

All these protean expressions of endocrine determination may be looked upon with the hopeful and optiu now begin to attitude of him The advances
of the

who made

understand
in the last ten yean
in

I and

can

control. I manipulation

the

glands from without, the introduction of and the modific glandular extracts by feeding or injection, ir structure and function by surgery, the X-ray and radium, and other procedures,enable us to ntidently the ndiproblems hitherto accepted as tin insoluble and in
of Fate.
1 we
con

ductless

Fate

may
'o

have

wo

of
and
I
to

our

being.
the

probe the machinery

in to
nds
Dfl

examine
t1

carefully, creak, and why thi

more

looms

why

and

odd

lots in the

product

as

well

as

th

APPLICATIONS
how
can

AND

POSSIBILITIES
The abdication

271 of Fate

to handle

the

machinery ourselves.

confidently expected in due time. However, we have yet to begin,and we can begin with prevention. The theory of Adler,that some is inferiority responorgan sible for much unhappiness in life has received much ment advertisein conjunctionwith the doctrines of the Freudians. It is a theory of littlescope when appliedto the eyes, ears, heart and so because only a small minority of the cases on of that kind. are But have seen, a deficiency of an we as internal secretion, an endocrine inferiority, reverberates throughout all the cells. Not of the organism must only the mind, but all of the members
strain and Endocrine

therefore be

co-operate to make

up

for the break

in the balance.

is indeed the most feriorit inferiority frequent organic inAnd of mental we explain a number may types upon who has something that basis. Thus the inferior gonado-centric, with his reproductive organs, will evolve in one of two wrong he will directions. If his adrenal and thyroid are of poor quality, shut off from the interests of norbecome the secluded introvert, mal of insanityif pituitary life. He will enter the borderland difficultiessupervenes. If,on the contrary, the adrenal,thyroid and come pituitaryare present in a certain proportion,he will bethe active,aggressive, never-resting, keen, and relentless A who is gonad deficient with a fanatic reformer. woman in the superior adrenal will suffer from virilism and specialize A tactics and mythology of the feminist movement. extreme number
The

of life reactions

are

classifiable
overcome

as

the strivingsof
sense

docrine en-

inferior individuals to unconscious

are

their

of

inferiority.

ness vegetativesystem and the system of consciousof a link in the glandular both modified by the weakness to be recommended

chain.

prophylaxis of the ductless glands? the natural deterioration of the wells of life, them if we when they dry up, For even be able to replenish may The hormones would it not be better to delay their dessication? reply to every call of life and respond in every reaction. The
is What, therefore,
normal constructive and lost, process of their

in the

cells remanufactures

what

has

been

the

capacity to respond is original

restored.

If,though, the rate of destruction and loss outruns the rate of repair and construction, they will be permanently damaged. This is what in shock, serious, accidents and injuries, severe occurs prolonged infections and diseases, profound continued emotions,
and

the

wear

and

tear

of overwork.

The

prevention of these

272

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

fatiguesof the endocrine system in one or all of its the prevention and enfeeblement cs of the disparts,and especially of children which injurethem at a period when they are sensitive to injury,is the task of the endocrine hygienist. most Periodic examinations, to check up the balance sheets of the hormone factories and to measure the amount of their damage by of blood analyses, will provide the most means valuable method in the campaign to lengthen the productive and enjoying span of
ve

life. The Endocrine for Treatment discover

of
no

Crime wider
or more

hygienewill

fruitful

area
a

and control than that of crime. For more than exploration and a new generationthere have been attempts at a criminology, In the United States understanding and control of crime. concomitant honor undermined
treatment

sentimentalism confidence of crime. As

has

concocted

measures

like the have

system which, naturally failingof their purpose,

in the
someone

idea

of scientific

diagnosis and

noted, to ask a criminal to promise not to misbehave,when discharged from prison,is like asking a typhoid fever patient to promise not to have a temperature above ninety-ninedegrees the next morning. For the percentage has yet to be dea largeproportionof criminals termined the most recent of although police commissioner has estimated it at ninety per cent Chicago punishment for a time of and then him go free is like imprisoning a period letting carrier for while and then permitting him to comdiphtheria a mingle with his fellows and spread the germ of diphtheria. Of course, the doctrine of responsibility is :ill(angledup with attitude towards and treatment of crime. our Though clear makes thought mandatory the recognitionof a universal MM and effect law, practicalcommon hag defined free will, sense the withholding of consent to a given course or of action
" "

has

has been
In i

the criterion of
rtion

responsibility.
will depend responsibility
upon

the limitation of

factors into the formula of extraneous of OOQOBDt The pragmatic test has been and will be the probability that the of the somatic a or psychic condition would have preted or will prevent tl As long as no nt to the crime. illbe demon own protection will
i

confine

the unfortunate

individuand

The

f the

confinement,its duration,

the

uses

274

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

predisposed
the State of and

to

crime.

recent

study
them

of all

twenty
to

murderers
a

in

West the those

Virginia thymocentric
who disclosed
return

showed

have
A

persistent
of the in

thymus recidivists,
one

constitution. for
a

study

second

and

third had
a

offences,
subnormal These
or

institution,
and

that

large
heart

majority
and

temperature
are

an

increased functions. of the

breathing
normal

rate.

endocrine-controlled

Conduct,
conflict the the brain for
a

mal, abnorscious subconas

being

the

resultant and the

of

conscious internal cells

to

and secretions

impulses
controllers of

inhibitions,
of

susceptibility
be held

impulses
at

and of

inhibitions,
the
It to

must

accountable crime.
treatment

portion

least

chemical is

reactions

behind

possible,
to
more

by

X-ray
normal

of

the
It

thymus,
is

to

cause

it

shrink

proportions.
to correct

possible,
or

by
excesses

feeding
of
a

various their

glandular function,
career.

extracts,
and
so

deficiencies

to

remedy
there work

the of

underlying
this kind What

basis has
a

for been

inal crim-

Here
out

and in
matter cents

fully success-

carried the dollars whole

selected would
to

instances.

suitable the

drive

upon

yield

in

happiness
alone
will

to

individual

and

and

society,

time

show.

CHAPTER

XIII

THE

EFFECT

UPON

HUMAN

EVOLUTION

The

ubiquitous and
upon

deep-seated influence
hint
to

of

the
a

internal of

tions secre-

life and and

personality comprises
a

but

fraction known.

what
is

is
an

known,

only
and

of what
every

is to become

There

endocrine

aspect

human internal

being
process
we now are a

and
and

every

human

activity, normal glimpse.

Their

abnormal,

its external to
over

expression, regulated by laws

a

of which
us

beginning
dominion
our

catch
the way

control

promises
control
as

most

intimate

and
to

inaccessible the

recesses
we

of

lives
over

in

comparable
and

only
once

now

exercise

the

forces
"

energies change
is

revered

the

instruments have
are

of the how

gods
to

light,
control

heat, magnetism,
and
our

electricity. We
environment. We
to of ceased

learned
now

learning, endocrine
and

research The
many
as

now

discovering, how
of the evolution
man

control
the two

change
of his

ourselves.
has

story

types
upon he

control

analogies.
inhabited discovered and

When

looking evil,as composed

himself

ings surroundself, him-

by spiritsof good and

that

conceived

they

were

of

things malleable
When
now

and he

analysable in his hands, he became drops the old superstitions about

of
a

their master.
as a

spirit,an
himself

sion emulmore

spirit of good and clearly

around and
as

spirit of evil,and
most

sees

and

more

the

complex
the

of and

chemical

reactions,
chemical himself

regulated and
reactions
as come

determined

as

are

simple
to

complex modify
will
he

him, he
modifies

will

begin
Whether

rule
or

and
not

he rules
to

them.

ultimately
us

this

final
some

lucidity of thought
of the
uses

and

action,
our

it behooves

to

consider be

to

which

present

knowledge

might
Since
to

put.
every

step of the daily routine

or

adventure,
and

from in

waking

marriage, giving sleeping, eating, drinking, marrying working, idling, fighting, playing, feeling, enjoying, sorrowing,
every

shade

of

emotion

and

nuance are

of

mood,

in

short

every

phase of happiness and

life

unhappiness,
the
276

endocrine

episodes
as

in the

history

of the

individual,

sphere of applications is

long

276 and

THE broad

GLANDS and

REGULATING
as

PERSONALITY

only do the internal secretions open up before us the great hope that Life at last will cease and grope and blunder, manacled to stumble by the iron chains of inexorable cause and effect. They provide tools, concrete and measurable, that can be handled and moved, weighed and seen, for the management of the problems of human nature
"

deep

life itself. Not

and

evolution.

the questions of labor and Every department of human life, international industry,science and art, education,puericulture, be illuminated. War and Sex, problems, crime and disease, may understood those two master interests of mankind, may be and handled before. The reacsympathetically as they have never tions of man in the crowd, will be clarified. The alone,and man red thread of individuality which runs through the woof and
warp

of all human

affairs will be unraveled.

Inevitably,customs, morals, codes of procedure and practice, all those expressions of opinion which make institutions, conduct, will be all the currents which contrive the infinite variety of life,
transmitted
A

into another

set of values.

remoulding, a remodeling will take place all along the line. Manifestly an unstable thymocentric should not be treated as a A masculinoid woman criminal,but treated in a sanitarium. in the old "love, honor and needs satisfactions not vouchsafed How absurd it is to found codes of morality upon obey" home. the latest psychologies. During the nineteenth or even sermons overturned traditions century progress in physics and mechanics What thousands of years had painfully toiled to erect. is to

happen
a

when

man

comes

at last to

experiment upon

himself

like

god, dealingnot only with the materials without, but also with being? Will he not cry constituents of his innermost indeed become a god? If he does not destroy himself before, that is surely his destiny.For better or for worse, we possess
now

in

the
as

endocrines

new
as

instruments related
to

for other

BWaying the
1 ^enus.

vidual india

and individual,
a

as individuals,

member

of

type, family, nation, BIX

The

Basis

of Variation
sense

The

sense

of likeness and

the

of unlikenc

cisive de-

rule in the diun

dule of the ad moth

cosmos as

individual in and
an

His

sense

of resemblance to ! him and them off aga

elan, i

alliance of defense

THE

EFFECT
Yet
no

UPON
matter

HUMAN how

EVOLUTION

277

he is like them and they closely like him, he differs and varies, they differ and vary, with a sort because the amount of resemblance of mutual forgiveness, tops overIn a paper the "Rediscovery of the degree of variation. on the Unique," H. G. Wells emphasized the unique quality of the and how, in spiteof the cleverest devices of classification, individual, net by virtue thingsultimatelyescaped the classifying living of their tendency forever to vary. all is said and done, the The individual is unique. Yet when individuals there is resemblance,and fact remains that between

and offense.

among

them what

variation.
cause

What

is the

reason

for their resemblances

and

is the

of their variation?

chemical make-up of the individual, conception of a particular controllable in terms of the internal statable and relatively of method rational and satisfactory suppliesa more secretions, approach to the problem than any so far suggested as far as The vertebrates between
are

concerned
may

at any

rate.

In

the effect,

differences

fundamentally thus be grouped among The other chemical substances. the differences which distinguish known ide, as difference between water, technically hydrogen monoxfluid labeled hydrogen dioxide lies wholly and the antiseptic in its of oxygen in the possessionby the latter of an extra atom and qualities All the peculiarities molecules. by which hydrogen peroxide is separated from water are referred to that additional of constitution and appearSo the diversity ance quantum of oxygen. the inherited have that same alike of two brothers, in they of the be traced to the superiority internal secretion trends,may
individuals

pituitaryof the
Variation and of the science of

one

over

the other. crucial material large issues, has been thought and which much
are

resemblance

biology upon tion written. That the proportionof the endocrines determines variavanced, and resemblance,heredity and evolution is a hypothesis adand capable of the of facts, supported by a largeamount most experimental verification and observation. If a interesting either of its parents, grandparents child resembles particularly that it is because for believing there is good reason or relatives, alike. When much people formulas their endocrine are very apparently not blood-related at all resemble one other,the same be partial complete, and or hold. Resemblances law must may
the

degree will depend

same

upon

the amount

and ratio of the internal

secretions involved. The endocrine

constitutions will produce corresponding

278

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY
characters. Deviations
of
one

abilities and physiognomies, physiques,

in endocrine

type from

endocrine of

non phenomebasic for the origin of new variation, speciesas well as the extinction of the old. In short,viewing the internal secretions their of a host as by quantitative variations, determinants, furnishes of biologic and concrete detailed tion foundaa phenomena for Darwin's theory of pangenesis.
Inheritance Darwin's
of

and

that of the original stock,more less of another, is at the bottom of the

Acquired Characters
an

theory of pangenesis was

in his time about

attempt to harmonize

everything known

heredity. It supposed that

of the body gave off into the blood substances, the various organs in miniature,which themselves taken up by the sex were cells,

for the development of their motherresponsible Modern not knowledge canorgan in the newly forming individual. whole. But this all in modified it a a as version, has accept become the germ of a theory of heredityof which J. T. Cunningham, of Oxford, is the chief backer. which the Beginning with the traits and qualities distinguish he showed that characters, sexes, grouped as the secondary sex sexual function of the species they are correlated with the special These traits appear in which mones they occur. only when the horwhich and that only when occur are sex present in one the gonads of that sex In some mature. are cases they app only at the period of the year when reproduction takes pi Their presence disappearing again after the breeding season. makes certain cells develop in excessive numbers at a particular from I a spot in the organism (as in the growth of 1 them to specialise sweat glands) or causes (to make hair on the
so

and

became

face in man,
trast between

or

to

grow

antlers

the hormones castration, the

sexes

stag). After being absent)all these points of o"

on a

the

head So

of

fail to appear.

by

anal' functions

"lain all somatic

and

as psychic differentiation

of

the

glandsof
'in

internal

secretion.
upon

Contemplatedfrom
and the endocrines,

the angk
a
r"

the effect of environment

upon

the germ
ace

of

we oells, char acquired

may

out line

mechanism
and
o

of

rtain times
would
a

sequent adaptation.
1. A

be

as

follows:
creased of in-

state

of

of cells at lability
or

pofall

decreased

use.

THE
2. An

EFFECT increased the hormone

or

UPON decreased

HUMAN

EVOLUTION
of of

279

appropriationby them
in function
so,

their function. controlling

3. A

corresponding increase or decrease the gland of internal secretion and

increased
or

4. An

decreased

reproductivesex
To The
trees

representationof it in the cells in the gonads.

the long neck of the giraffe. illustration, neck of certain animals livingin a district populated bywith high branches would be in state of instability. If at
a

take

classic

the the
and

same

time
an

the

for pituitary,

some

reason,

was

unstable

and

reacted with
neck

extra

cells to

it would stimulate supply secretion, In turn the pituitary reproduce themselves.

of its

would That other

become
on

stabilized in the direction of increased

the component

secretion,
sex

hand

of increased secretion to the of definite

cells.
fore thereIn

would component, in conjunctionwith other factors, determine

the emergence and
a

speciescharacter.

words, the glands of

the environment

internal

as secretion,

intermediaries
and to
a

body, and between the body the reproductive sex cells or germplasm, tender the clue phase of the puzzle of heredity, adaptation and evolution. only a dotted outline of an explanation to be sure, but one capable of being filled in.
The Since the endocrine
in the process

between

It is
tainly cer-

Bearing glands are

are

on

Breeding subtly sensitive and

same
"

so

sive respontheir is

to environment, and

at the

time

so

cerned intimately consums

"

of inheritance

law which

up

and influence upon resemblance variation need to stress their importance for the no
art

in animals

there

good breeding,eugenics. Another problems is opened up, and fresh enthusiasm

of

science and practical mode of approach to its instilled into

factors outcome its

hopes
certain

and

aspirations.A method

of

together with rules for the

analysisof the of the prediction

sciences.

volved, in-

of

matings, when
chief

worked finally
more

out, will elevate its procedure

to the level of the

exact

position. giftto his children is his internal secretion comof breeding as The endocrines are truly the matter herited they are of growth. They are the material carriers of the inabilities and physical and psychic dispositions, powers, disabilities from the soma from the to the germplasm and back All kinds of questionsarise as soon as germplasm to the soma.

man's

280

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

one

attempts to consider the bearing of this underlyingprinciple

concrete

upon

situations. with
a

What

happens, say,

when

thyrocentric? Or when a marries a pituitocentric?Is there a reinforcement lation cancelor a endocrine? of the dominant Is there a quantitative tion addiof internal glandulartendencies in the germplasm, or a more complex rearrangement dependent upon reactions between all the
internal secretions? of Menbrings up the inquiries delism, and the relation of Mendelian conceptionsof dominant
term

centric mates

pituitopituitocentric
a

The

endocrine

dominants

and

recessive to the internal secretions.

of the unit factor in

The

Mendelians

have

and the conservation heredity, of the unit factor as an tures entitythrough all the advenof matings. Also, that when unit factors, say of the color of the eyes, come into conflict, brown black being mixed with or blue or grey, one, the recessive., is submerged and overlaid but black So brown not destroyed by the other,the dominant. or hair,curly hair,dark skin,and so on, are dominant, eyes, dark while blue or grey eyes, light or straighthair, light skin are recessives. A nervous to the phlegmatic. temperament is dominant A number of psychic qualities have been declared to be Mendelian unit factors: memory, mechanical matical matheinstinct, musical ability, and even writing. handliterary ability, ability, the endocrines must be involved qualities in the Mendelian unit factors. Moreover, they seem to act upon is the a particularlocale in different degrees,which of structural strongest argument against the resolution of a number traits into Mendelian somatic
or

emphasized the role

As

architects of human

unit

characters.

Most

characters,

action of I psychic, are the products not but of the interlinked activities of all alone, of them. The fat amount of stance, deposited under the skin, for inis influenced by the pituitary, the thyroid, the pancreas, the liver, the ad' lands. Other wise likequalities,
of the

internal secretion

-ultants of factors look

more

coinpromi
all in endocrine hen

all the If

endocrine
we

of the comprising the equation

unr
e"
"

individual.

are

to

for

look

deeply into
and

ore
or

the hormone
the
or stability

tials potene

t!:"ir rnobilizat ion

sup; that

ill,in all

be found probability!
a
as

bilityof

an

flodoerlM will have

it in inheritance

good deal to do with

ay

tl

played by

well

in the

life of the individ'..

282

THE been

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

have

in any direction will Predisposition Reprobably be shown to be caused by them, within limits. search here has its opportunity.

traced to them.

The

Improvement

of Eacial

Stock

of inquiry and achievement, as yet totally territory and unexplored, is opened by the endocrines to the eugenists, those idealists whose most earnest is the improvement aspiration of racial stock as a necessary preliminary to improvement of racial life. Beginning with Galton,they have brought to light A vast
new a

great collection of data to prove

that human

traits and

ties, facul-

Abilityhas been shown to run in certain families and degeneracy in others. Yet all of the practicalnet result has been summed "negative up in the term the and of eugenics," eugenics prohibition warning. the concept of personality, Now around a system of as woven chemical handed from generation to generation,is on reflexes, bound of positive to change all that, and to create a structure eugenics. It has been said that what radium is to chemistry,the internal secretions are to physiology. Just as radium enlightens the chemist about the history of matter, and the integrations ternal and disintegrations the life of an element the inconstituting secretions illuminate the historyof the individual as part of the life of the race, and of its integrations and disintegrations. acting Seeing the individual as a system of chemical substances interwill assist enormously to predict the nature, character and constitution of his descendants,which what is essentially the eugenistis after. The study of matings,the heart of the matter, will coi itself with the investigation and comparison of the kind of endocrine t hat internal secretion personalities mate, the pr.
inherited.
"

good and bad, are

that cross, and the offspring. D.

inances

the consequent

endocrine md and

iflg upon

p!
hitherto

personal: physiognomy,
will in
so

ttomy and
co-ordinated
as

function, mind

behaviour succeeded that will

be

no

eugenist has
inheritance

d
and

Laws
control
norms

of endocrine
of

will emerge

bring the

heredity within
a new

of

di.-tance. IllftiHimblll kind would be obtain

Standards

ot this study hmlllllJHfl

as

of endocrine
-ohm-

inheritance,

on

the
i

been

of

thete have

been
i

Mend*

lines.

Following up

abnormal

growth (making

THE and

EFFECT

UPON

HUMAN

EVOLUTION

283

dwarfs) and abnormal

it has been
,

metabolism
seem

on)

stated

that it would

is dominant

in the

male, and recessive in

and so (goitre, diabetes, that abnormal growth the female,while abnormal and recessive in the

metabolism male.
a

is dominant

in the female

abnormality like a goitre, or or cretinism, in dwarf or giant appear a family as a sign of endocrine bility, instaof other members that family will very likely show internal
an

If

endocrine

secretion abnormalities. If
one

gland

of

internal
as

secretion

acts

as

the

centre

of the

system and
what

the others

should be able we satellites,

to trace

tain happens to it in the different generations. Does it mainOr will it be ousted by another member its supremacy? of when the group? The time will come shall thus be able to we advise of procreation prospectiveparents of the consequences of a particular and to forecast the meaning for the race marriage. become Internal glandular analysismay legallycompulsory for

those about What followed

are

to mate

before the end

desirable and
nature

of the present century. undesirable matings? The generallaw

to be the production

in her helterskelter way seems of the greatest number of hybrids and

by

variations

sible, pos-

Certain endocrine good or evil does not matter. attracted to others belongingto the types appear to be specially Thus same thymus-centered types frequently marry. group. The ante-pituitary type of male, the stronglymasculine,mates inine. often with the post-pituitary type of female,the markedly femof the pituitaryThe children exhibit the lineaments to be the establishment centered type. The generaltrend seems of a better balanced,equilibrated type. Yet the children often are deficients. dominants or pituitary apt to segregate into pituitary Happiness and unhappiness in marriage should be examined from the standpoint of endocrine compatibilityor incompatibility.
for

whether

Likewise The

those divorced

or

about

to be divorced.

disturbances,imbalances defects, mains and instabilities, before mating, presents another field. It rebe shall thereby,in one generation, whether we to be seen able to affect at all the germplasm, hitherto revered by all pious environment-proofholy of holies. No one can an as biologists ternal that indeny, in the face of the multitude of evidence available, in the mother, which, when secretion disturbances occur and offer in the infant gross proof of their significance, grave, therefore when slight must more subtlywork upon it. Endocrine
correction of endocrine disturbances
in

infancy have

been

traced

to

endocrine

disturb-

284

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING

PERSONALITY

during pregnancy. Pregnant animals fed on thyroid give birth to young with largethymus glands. The diet has been proved conclusivelyto influence the of the mother development and constitution of the child. As the internal secretions influence the history of the food in the body, they well as directly. affect development in the womb indirectly as Certainly,whether or no we learn how to change the nature of germplasm within a short time, we have in the endocrines the for affecting the whole individual that is born at hand means
ances

in the mother

and

sees

the light of day.

The Control of Mutations evolution
a

The
upon

true

the

physicaland intellectual productionof mutations of

The information furnished

of

man

depends
that
can

desirable the

kind
of

the endocrines study by dations provides the founconcerning the genesisof personality for a positiveeugenics, a eugenics of the encouragement of desirable matings, with the proper legaland social procedures. Selective breeding for the production of the best endocrine types survive. should But become the

practicable.
be able
to go

biologistshould
limit himself

farther.

If

the

is to eugenist he will have factors

to the method

of the animal
or

breeder

to rest satisfied with turn up

the characters
an

hereditary
But
tations, mu-

given,that
the outlook

in spontaneously
as

individual.

with the internal secretions

the controllable controllers of

changes. It should become possibleto produce their and to production speed bad, mutations,good new up father before to of The a rate. gifted at any thyroid feeding mission procreationmight enhance immeasurably the chances of transof his giftas well as of its intensification in his offspring. in due time A field of investigationis opened that would embrace
the deliberatecontrol of human
All the
on,

evolution. and function,

ai
so

muscle stature,color, traits, physical for

ofiVr themselves

improvement,

as

well

and
dominated
ous

emotional Th( n's social evolution.

intellectualand
in

factors which

have

orders dis-

civilisedcount
diseases
nervous

!l

i'" the

nervous

infante

"ialist in children's

is called upon

to treat, shows

that

the

system of tin

of mankind
a

is in
!

state of unstable equilibrium I

mi

tne

of the En-

THE vironment
into
our

EFFECT that the

UPON

HUMAN

EVOLUTION

285

of the endocrines promisesto put investigation of the control of the future of the

hands

the instruments

nervous

system. In

strive for in which

the other

the raising its lowering. That

general,meanwhile, the eugenistshould level of the endocrine potential, and discourage

means

the encouragement of matings all the internal secretion activities are reinforced. On

hand, those internal secretion combinations, generally all them which of of produce types of leadingto a deficiency mental defectives, delinquencyand crime should not be allowed
to
occur.

The

Influence
are

of Environment would

What

now suggestions

there for the euthenist who worth

considering. In analyzingenvironment, must distinguish one sharplyin the For while the nonthe non-living factors from the living. living jungle, the act upon the living the endocrines directly, act upon factors are those vegetative system, as a whole. The non-living of which physicsand chemistryhave with the intimate scrutiny busied themselves: food, water, air, light,heat, electricity, the animals that prowl all over the are magnetism. The living the predatories spreadingthe gospelof fear. planet,
are

control the influence of environment upon that certain pertinent facts and leads are

child culture. There

The have
an

dietetic habits of influence upon

person,

for

instance,are

known

to

glands of internal secretion. Meateatingproduces a greater call upon the thyroidthan any other thyroidism form of food. In time this ought to produce a degreeof hyperstatistics in the carniverous populations.Pre-war the greatest concerningmeat-eatingin different countries show in all all who the English-speaking groups, meat-eatingamong must be admitted the most energetic. Mmt
the
^

Day per
306 149 130

Countries Australia U. S. of America Great Britain France

,.."-.:

Capita in Grams.

92 86 79 59 61

Belgium and Holland Austria-Hungary

Russia

Spain Italy Japan

\

sa

29 25

286

THE

GLANDS contains

REGULATING iodine.

PERSONALITY
contact

Sea-water
water
a

People livingin

with

seaso

iodine in their systems, and be apt to get more greater degree of thyroid activity. On the other hand, cer

would

something deleterious to the thyroid,so that whole populations in Europe, Asia and America drinking such water have become goitrousand cretinous, cretinism is imbeciles. Endemic and a large percentage straight the name Savoy, given to the condition. In parts of Switzerland, of around the Great the in America and some Tyrol Pyrenees, Polo described similar Lakes, there are still such foci. Marco in his travels through Asia. he encountered areas ing act by stimulatCertain foods with aphrodisiacqualities may the internal secretion of the sex glands. A type of pituitoAlcohol centric has an almost uncontrollable craving for sweets.
bodies and
sources

of inland water

hold

and

the endocrines

remain

to be studied.

relation to the special Light,heat and humidity stand in some adrenals. againstlight Pigment depositin the skin as protection is controlled by the adrenal cortex. The reaction of the skin blood vessels to heat and humidity is regulatedby the adrenal medulla. A change in the adrenal as a response to changes of temperature of environment would result in a number and humidity in an transformations concomitant throughout the body. So variation Most Europeans living and adaptation are probably connected. tion for a sufficiently long time in the tropicssuffer from a combinaof symptoms spoken of as "Punjab head" or "Bengal head." The condition is probably the result of excessive adrenal stimuof the tropical ion by the excessive heat and light sun, followed by a reaction of exhaustion and failure,with the con the In the section on of a form of neurasthenia. phenomena the relation between lightand mentioned pineal gland there was to 1. inlandin growing animals, and how it serves in ofaeokthe sex-stimulating action of light. The earlier puberty and menstruation
IB earlier

of the warmer

climates

may

be

explained Bl

amount All

of a gl under the pressure of the pineal regression of li^htplaying upon the skin. could be cited, are instances of the these,and many more factors upon one the organism as a whole.
an or moi

direct influence of environmental and endocrines, may

mo'
so

upon to

Indeed, stimuli
so

be considered

modify
in
a

organismonly
i

in

far

as

glandiof
in
common.

Consequently, dim
certain

factors will tend to make resemblance

population possess

points of

THE

EFFECT

UPON
race

HUMAN exist
are as as

EVOLUTION do varieties of different

as

287

Varieties of the human

dogs. The
and

Pekingese
Latin
are

and

the fox terrier

the Slav

different: because The

of differences in internal secretion

make-up.

Slav peasant is definitely subthyroidin his

coarse

general

effect: round

head,
adrenal

features, stubby hands,

emotional in his

and

brooding intellectual and

pronounced
to neurosis susceptibility

reaction.

The

his stolid, Latin shows a

his emotivity,his coloration, psychosis. H. Laing Gordon, a Scot than twice reportedthat of 700 cases he studied, more physician, of duplex eyed individuals (brown or black,i.e., adrenalas many centered most often) were to the mental disturbances susceptible the simplex (blue or gray-eyed, of war as i.e., thyroid-centered most often). He also pointed out that such individuals tend to have a narrow and abnormally arched palate. The Anglo-Saxon his features are more cleantends to be more sharplypituitarized, stable. The Frenchman is rather a cross cut, his mentality more and the Italian or the Anglo-Saxon pituitary-centered between Spanish adrenal-centered. traceable to climatic influences being So national resemblances, repeated from generationto generationupon the endocrines, may The of be explained physiologically. physiologic interpretation mentary history will indeed be found the broadest,includingas compleBuckle's climatic theory,Hegel's ideas on the influence of the economic motives the superiority of ideas,and Marx's on
and
,

streak

and

forces.
The

Races

of Mankind

lege of the Royal Colof the Museum Keith, conservator the first to apply the principle of Surgeons of England, was of endocrine differentiation to the problem of the color-lines the lines which have divided mankind crudely into the yellow, the sian, red, the white and the brown, the Negro, the Mongol, the CaucaIt has long been recognized tinted American. the copper Arthur
"

with differences that the differences of color march by anthropologists in every comparable trait. Thus the ideal Negro is and built upon a pattern in which all the elements are specific the looms revolve that make him, there is produced singular. When wideblack black hair, squat skin, kinky a gleaming nent promithick teeth, large striking nostriled nose, protrudinglips, jaws, and staring eyes. As his upright carriageand bonehis musical voice are so muscle-fat proportionsare distinctive, In contrast the Caucasian and his easilywrought upon nerves.

288

THE

GLANDS

REGULATING
on

PERSONALITY

good deal of hair

thin,and his
it. The
no

lipsare
narrows

his body, his skin is a pale tan-pink, his definite the which bridge

Mongol, like the Negro, has the hairless body beaidlen face,but unlike him baa lank straight and hair his head, while his features are flattened and fore-shortened. on functional and mental Upon the basis of these structural, the qualitative and quantitative evolution of which differences, in the individual is guided by the glands of internal in the race as Keith presents a very good case for the view that the ration, is an white man of the pituit example of relative excess "The thyroid, adrenal and gonad endocrines. sharp and pronounced nasalization of the face, the tendency to strong eyebrow ridges,the prominent chin, the tendency to bulk of body, and height of stature in the majority of Europeans" are the sipns of dominance. Keith is also of the opinion that "the sexual pituitary the robust manifestations the male of ters, characdifferentiation, is more emphatic in the Caucasian than in either the Mongol in certain negro in or Negro racial types types, especially Nilotic tribes, with their long stork-like legs, to have we seem manifestation of abeyance in the action of the interstitial a of the white man, "it is glands." As for the adrenal superiority
the
...

150

years

since John

Hunter

came

to the conclusion
. .

that
.

color of man's skin was original black,and all the knowledge that we have gathered since his supports the inference he drew. the fact that pigment begins to collect and thus darken From the the skin when
ase we

the adrenal bodies become

the seat of

destruet

of they have to do with the clearing away pigment,and that we Europeans owe the fairness of our skins to virtue resident in the adrenal bodies." some particular Finally, as regards the thyroid,a comparison of the face of a eretin with of the Negro or Mongol tells the story. A certain van. of idiocy, Mongolian idiocy,in which the face simulates en
f

infer that

"1 clinical ol

acterized if chari

by
nam

Chinese

cast

of the

features
!!

and

Africa, tin
white
man

even

more
re

start

recalled. .lingly
for of

is

ev"

that the believing

possesses

more as
"

pituit.
a.

nal And

secretions

n compared frith the yellow

since these
nomy,

anatomic
a:

and

octroi oo( only phj functional but ininutia-,

i

logalso

mind man's

and

behaviour,we

puttm

pre-

290

THE of

GLANDS
some

REGULATING of man's

PERSONALITY
his
own

sequences

theories about

nature

and

its

requirements.
has had its day in the matimaginative spirit ter. And, curiously enough, an obsession to subjugatethe natural has made it exalt the supernatural. Visions,dreams, portents, all symptomatic of an order of things above revelations, nature, the stuff of what more than ninety-nineper cent of the milare lions of the
race

Heretofore

the

believe about

themselves

and

their fate.

Man's

to man, through the ages, is a comment cruelty upon how vast and of a delusion. ramifying may be the consequences But now for a couple of centuries the critical spirit, which is the spirit of science, has been invading the affairs of men. ble Humbut persistent corrosive of delusion,it has infiltrated the furthest bounds of ignorance and superstition. It has not dared

lert the supremacy of its fundamental views upon the everyday life because it was without concrete problems of human
means

its claims. That lack is now vindicating suppliedby the lers growing understanding of the chemical factors as the controland dictators of all the legionaspects of life. The of the physiologist will be the profoundest achievement change his teachings and discoveries will bring about in man's of
attitude

toward machine

himself. that

When
can,

he

comes

to realize himself

chemical

be remodeled, overhauled limits, within and repaired, automobile when as an can be, limits, he becomes saturated with the significance of his endocrine-vegetative turn of and move his life, and when system at every sympathy and pity informed by knowledge and understanding will come with the lowest and most to regulatehis relationships and children about him, the despised of the men, women the r. civilisationwill properly be said to be bora. code of conduct for its members, will have Morality,as society's
*

within

to

Change in
nt

the direction of

with greater flexibility in

t!

of organic differences
meat

human

types.

Th-

is another
v

man'i
inanir

pathologist than that poison, in the familj

will

for

the

1 secretions,allowances

be made

for (U

in

Cram capacity and deportment

I, as well
too
as

I DO!

hooli
! inhibitors

will fi in\. of
one or

of the have

of the
some

who individual!

not enough have

or

much

of tin

in.

Pi

the

came

on function,

THE

EFFECT

UPON

HUMAN

EVOLUTION

291

pitals. The use judicious

for
war an

raisingof the general level of intelligence by the

of endocrine extracts

will

mean

good deal to the

sincere statesman.
enormous

The
mass

population. If the prevention of depends upon burning into the imagination of the electorates what the consequences of war are, a high intelligence tient quothe and revaluation
of life will count for
a

average of the

duration

of life will be

prolonged

good deal.
ture na-

Man
was a life,

is the animal looked

that wants

Utopia. So long as human

in the ebb conceived
and

Utopia
and
as

dreamer

regarded

only by the poet. The desire for such a Utopia could only be The a tragicaspirationfor an impossibility. siology physecretions teaches that human
nature its does

fixed constant as upon of fine minds could be

flow of

of the internal

change and can be changed. A relative control of The absolute control will come. is already in view.
Nor

properties

need anyone fear that the science of the internal secretions in its maturity will signify the abolition of the marvelous ences differ-

beings that create the unique personalities of history. A derangement of the endocrines has been responsible for masterpieces of the human speciesin the past and will be for them in the future. The responsible equalityof Utopia can for be the equalityof the highestand fullest development possible of endocrine control The applications each of its inhabitants. will not necessarilyinterfere with the life of the individual. will be breeding of the best mixtures of glands of internal There for those born there will be treatment secretion possible. And have become with a handicap, or who handicapped in the life struggle. There will be a stimulation of capacity to the limit. is a theorist's bogey. But beyond that,compulsory equalization The internal secretions are the most hopeful and promising of mind. the reagents for control yet come by the human upon
between

human

They
A few

open

up

limitless of

prospects for the improvement

That is
one

of the their
our

race.

hundreds

are investigators

throughout the world.

civilization. A

upon of the ironies of

engaged

study

porary contem-

concerted

effort at the task

ing of understand-

of workers, them, backed by the labors of tens of thousands for humanity as would, without a doubt, accomplish as much

the vast
If

armies
we

and

navies that
not

consume

the substance

of

kind. man-

could

obtain

Utopia then, we

might,
race

at least

and abnormals who the subnormals by abolishing slaves and careerists of society, render the human and
more

constitute the less

temptible con-

divine.

INDEX

Ability, natural, 197 characters, inheritance Acquired

278

Adrenal

personalities, or
women,

types

of

of,

205
to

reactions
41

modernism endocrine

in,

207

Acromegaly,
Addison,
Addison's

Adrenalin,
Alcoholism
258

74
and

34, 36

types, 270

disease, 35, 72, 125 Adolescence, period of, 257, Adrenal glands, 69, 95
and and
anger, courage,

176

175, 177
74
75

and
and

emergencies, emotions,

Analysis, endocrine, 115, 202 Anger, 175 and adrenals, 176 98 Antagonisms, Anti-Fate, 14 function Antitoxic of thyroid gland,
60

and and
and

fatigue, 267 fear, 75, 176

neuroses,

Ape-parvenu, Applications
Autonomic 70

the,
system,

202 255

of endocrinology,
101

191

and and blood brain

pseudo-hermaphroditism,
puberty,
pressure

137

Backgrounds
Baldness
and 48

of personality, 186 the

and, 73

thyroid,

128

cells and, 71 cells of, 73 chromaffin

cortex
excess

Baumann,

of, 69
of

secretion,
of, 95

80

failure
function

of secretion,

77

Bayliss, 44, 45 Beard, 78, 186 Beard's neurasthenia, 174 Bechterew, von
Behavior, 106, 171 Bell, Blair, 85

78-

and fight, 74 glands of combat hair and, 128, 204 influence of in hermaphroditism, 70, 143 insufficiency of secretion, 77
medulla

Bernard, Claude, 32, Berthold, 32, 83

Black
races,

43

endocrine

control

in,

288

of, 73
cells
to

pigment
relation relation
secretion

and,

72
90

to

pineal gland, pituitary, 99

of, 95
125

and Blood adrenals, 73 pressure, of glands upon, 113 Body, influence complex, 167 Body-mind

Bones, Bordeau,

120

long, development
29

of,

84

sexuality and, 70
skin

and,

Bossi,
type,
or

85

Adrenal-centered
Adrenal Adrenal 203

112

Brain

cells and

adrenals, 71
of, 97 type
189

face, 122

Brain, growth
types, 112, Brainwork, Breakdown,

personalities,

adrenal
nervous,

of,

204

205 compensated, insufficient, 206 in of

pregnancy,

158 204

endocrine of bearing Bleeding, 279 glands on, Brown Sequard, 33, 35, 42, 73, 108,
130

brain

work,

of girl,150
of of

hair, 204

skin,

204

of teeth, 123
293

Caesar, Julius, pituitary in, Capacity, 175

an

epileptic,245

245

291
Careerists, 7 abnormals, 7 as
feminiri' instincts of, 8

INDEX
Division of labor, 116 "Miction and endocrine 40

types,

270

Dwarfs,

masculine, 8
super-,

Education, of vegetativesystem, 194

vocational. 20 1

Carlson, 108 Castration, 82 effects of, 83, 138 effects of, on thymus, 85 Character, 107 Charcot, 187

Egomania,
Elixir of

179

Charging
Cluck and

of

wishes, endocrine, 172

drive

system,

100

43 life, Em Twenties,adrenals glands of, 74 Emotions, adrenals glands of, 75 Endocrine, 31 analysis, 115, 202 charging of wishes, 172

Chemistry of the soul,22 Child bearing, transfigurationsof,

-

constitutions, 277
control in color of races, 288

157

Childhood, epoch
258

of the

257, pineal,

Chromaffin

cells of adrenals,73

135 Chromosomes, Climacteric, 161 control of,in Color, endocrine 288

races,

corporation, 96 deficiencyin old age, 257 epochs of life, 256, 257 glands, 31 and feeblemindedness, 200 and insanity,199 as an interlocking directorate,
96, 109
bases of variation,276

Combat,

adrenals and, 74 of types of Combinations

ality, person-

Conduct,

228 106

bearing on breeding, 279 discovery of, 28

effect of diet on, 285 influence upon body, 113 influence upon mind, 166
271 inferiority,

Constitutions, endocrine, 277

Cooperation, 98 Corpus luteum,

and
mammary

151

glands, 160
the adrenals, 175, 177

neurosis, 189 202, personality,

sex traits,136 types, 202

Courage and
Cretinism,
a

268

52

52 thyroid deficiency,

effect of feeding thyroid in, 55

Cretinoid

type, 215 Cretins,182

Crime, treatment of, 272 Criminals and endocrine types, 273 al ages, 161 i"

alcoholism and, 270 criminals and, 273 diseases and, 268 drug addiction and, 270
narcotism

and, 270

Cutting
Cushing, Harvey, 41, 197 Dangerous
Darwin,
a

Endocrines, evolution of, 193 Endocrinology,applicationsof, 255

of, 255 poaaibilitiefl Ener^v.
lso

age,

the, 161
mi

and

thyroid, 180
and

as Charles, li-

Enthusiasm J10 227

i

neurastln
of

ronment,
in

influtoce

thyroid, 199 of, 285

genius,
i

rv

278 Pangenesis,

bs of hff,

l "v.

sport, 126 ntal,199

i 12

iniscs of,

if,

and

the pancreas,

93, 94 locnne
as

Eunuchoid
220

sjand*2s.r)
Directorate,endocrine
96, 109
and endocrine

Eunuchoidism, glands
a,

83

82
.

human,

ternal 275

types, 368

secretions

upon,

INDEX Exhibitionism, 169 Expressionism, 169 Eyes, 129

Face, adrenal, 122 eunuchoid, 122
122 hyperpituitary, hyperthyroid, 122

295
Gonads and 99 thyroid,

function,95
secretion,95 Gonad-centric personalities, 224 homosexualityand, 226 Growth, 120
relation of thymus

to, 86

Facial types, 121

Guilford,60 Gull, 39. 50

144

Family,
Fat Fate

and

mixed

sex,

Fat, distribution of, 126

people, 40
and

Anti-Fate, 14

Fatigue and industry,265 266 endocrine deficiency, an as

relation of adrenals
relation of

thymus
of, 75

to, 267 to, 87

Fear, 175, 176

mechanism
relation of adrenals and Feeblemindedness

Hair, 127 and adrenals, 128, 204 and pineal, 127 and thymus, 127 and thyroid, 128 Hands, and pituitary, 121 and thyroid, 121 Henle, 31 Hermaphrodite, 143

to, 75, 176 the 'endocrine

Hermaphroditism, 135
225 functional,

glands, 200 Feminine pituitary type, 210, 211,

213

influence of adrenals in, 70, 143 influence of pituitaryin, 143

Feminine precocity,141 Feminoid complex, 222 constitution and personality, 225,

226

Hibernation, 65 and the pituitary, 64

Historic
231 240 Darwin, Charles, Julius Caesar,245
personages,

Fertilization,135

Napoleon,
to, 74
121

231

Fight, relation of adrenals Fingers,pituitaryand, thyroid and, 121 Forgetting, 181

Freedom, 2 Freud, 195, 187

Nietzsche, 237

Nightingale,Florence,246 Wilde, Oscar, 249 History, internal secretions in, 231

von

Hochwart,
type, 226

Homosexuality,

89 and

gonad-centric

Freudianism, 187 Freudians,

20

Friedleben, 38, 87
Galli,226 Galton, 180, 198 Genius, epilepsy in, 235, 236, migraine in, 235
neurasthenic, 237 of, 252 Giants, 40, 66 Girl, endocrine types of, 150 Glands, definition of, 28
treatment

and thymus type, 222 Hormones, 31, 44 of the, 103 harmony Horsley, 39, 41 Howitz, 39 244 Human

nature,

10

attitudes
case

towards, 1

against,1 and, 17 Hunger, 106, 108,

science

173

Hunter, John, 288

Hygiene

of

the

internal secretions,

endocrine,

as

an

96, 109

rectorate, interlockingdiHyperpituitary face, 122

270, 272

discovery of, 28 influence on body,

influence
on

skin, 125, 126

113 166

mind,
of iodine

Hyperpituitrism,65 Hyperthyroid face,

skin, 125, 126 type, 216 of girl, 150
pregnancy

122

Goitre, relation
Gonads, 80, 95 and libido, 84
and and

to, 51

83 sexuality, thymus, 85

in, 158 in, 153

premenstrualmolimina

296

INDEX
58

Hyperthyroidism, 52,
Hysteria,
186

Mammary
corpus
N

glands, 160
luteum

and, 160
161

nta

and,

Imagination, an endocrine gift,183 Improvement of racial stock,282 265 Industry, and fatigue, Infancy, epoch
Infantilism, 83
Infantiloid constitution
225
or

Man,
a

transient, 12
of

attitude of towards

product

himself,289 glands of internal

relation of endocrines to, 266 of the thymus, 257

critical age

secretion, 26 in, 163

sex

secondary

characteristics of,

ity, personalManic

137

depressive psychoses, 179 Mankind, races of, 287 Inferiority, breeding Inheritance of acquired characters, Marie, Pierre,41 278 Masculine, the secret of the, 141 and endocrine and the glands, Masculine feminine, mechanics Insanity, of, 3
199

Instinct, 171 178 acta, pituitary,

of, 132, and see Sex Masculine pituitary type, 210, 212 Masculinoid 154, 205 women,

Masochism, 147 Maternal 155 instinct, different from sex the pituitary, 156 instinct, relation of the pituitaryto, 178 178, 198 of Internal secretions, determinants Matings, desirable and undesirable, 283 107 vegetative pressures, human effect of, upon evolution, Megalomania, 179 275 Memory, 181 hygiene of, 270, 272 Mendelism, 280, 282 in history,231 Menopause, 138, 161 Interstitial glands, see Gonads Menstruation, 137 and ovaries, 138 type of teeth,123 Iodine, in thyroxin,48, 51 cycle of, 151 relation of to goitre, 51 Mental 199 deficiency, Migraine in genius, 235 M md, influence of glands on, 166 Janet, 187 oldest part of, 101 Judgment, 181 Mitchell, Weir, 187 Julius Csesar,an epileptic, 245 and the family, 144 Mixed BOX pituitaryin, 245 thyroid, 179 Insuline, 93, 95 and Intellectuality,
Mixed

types, 114
39

Keith, 287
48 lull, tic (ham, dn

Mobius,
102, 103
101

ctions to

in id

types, 207 the and

.

organic outlook,
tfa

system, 99

185

Kocher, Laennec, Lanugo,

I
lo I

39

Moral

and irresponsibility

31 127

Mujt-rados, 226 31 Miill.r, .li.hann, Mum

and

gonads, 84

Mutations,control
U

of, 284

Lime

salts, and

sex.

MalLhunaxt

law of slavery,4

m
Placenta, 159
and mammary

INDEX Sex, 130, 131 142 and lime salts, attitudes towards questionsof,133 cause of, 134 chemistry of, 133 characteristics, secondary, 136, 137 81 conflict,
crises,163

glands,161
159

gland, Plater,Felix,38 Plummer, 50

Placental
181
.

Popielski,44
Possibilities

of endocrinology, 255 150. Postpituitarytype of girl,

Precocity, feminine, 141 male, 141 Pregnancy, in various

types, 158

endocrine

Premenstrual molimina, in various endocrine types, 153 muscular dystrophy and Progressive the pineal gland, 90

difficulties, and, pituitary glands,see Gonads and hair, 128 and puberty, 137 and muscles, 130 centered, 224 chain, 150 index, 142 instinct, 171, 168
different from maternal
156

222

Prostate, 163

instinct,

Pseudo-hermaphroditism

and

the

adrenals,70 197 Psychanalyst, as a therapeutist, Psychology, new, 20 Psychopathology of every day life,
196

Puberty, 137, 163 glands,see Gonads in female, 139 significance of, 140 Public health,prospects of, 267
Pure

types, 113

Puericulture,science of, 262

Races of mankind, 287 Reactions to modernism

in adrenal

types, 207

of, 260 Rejuvenation, possibilities of 16 science, Religion

188 Repression,

libido,108 life, determining factors of, 164 mixed, and the family, 144 rhythms of, 149 136 or traits, characteristics, 136 endocrine, originof,80 primary, 136 secondary, 136, 137 Sexual cravings,108 Sex glands, see Gonads, and glands and pituitary gland, 83 and gonads, 83 Sexuality, and adrenal glands, 70 Shaw, G. B., 213 Shell-shock,79, 189, 209
Skeletal

types, 119 type, 204

Skin, 125
adrenal
and

Resilience

of skin, 126

Restelli,38

adrenals,125, 204

Reverdin, J. L., 39
Rhythms of sex,
149 63 Robertson,

hyperpituitary type, 125, 126 hyperthyroid type, 125, 126

pigmentation,
Mil'udivnal 125

type, 126
126

subpituitary type, 125, 128

Schiflf, Morits, 38, 39
."

subthyroi.lt
nature, 17
y,

M -, find

human

Malthu

of, 4
22

""U 15 of, 16 religion

pa

origin

of, 3

Secondary sex
v, Biaratin,
N |H
tion

136 traits,

11 fltarfrnt.

Statesman,problems of, 6
wh" 62, 67,
of
211
a,

'2H

aid, 120
Status

lyi

and

thymus

Senility, epoch

endocrine

ciency, defi-

type,219, 221
Suhad renal akin,126

of, 258 interpretation

itivity, 180

INDEX

299

Subpituitary skin, 125, 126 Thyroid gland and puberty, 137 Subpituitary type of women, and rejuvenation, 260 menstrual premolimina and skin, 126 in, 153 Subpituitism,64, 65 and thymus, 99 Subthyroid face, 122 antitoxic function of, 60 skin, 125, 126 an as 48 accelerator, type, 215 50 as a catalyser, of eyes, 129 a as differentiator, 59 of women, in, 158 an as pregnancy energiser, 49, 50 Subthyroidism, 52, 58 compared with pituitary, 68 of land animals, 47 creator Sugar metabolism, 97 8 Super-Careerist, deficiency, 53, 180, 215 175 Susceptibility, effect of feeding the gland,55 Sympathetic system, 101 excess, 216 functions of, 94 hair and, 128 Teeth, 123 179 Tethelin,63, 94 instincts, action of,63 215 personalities, function secretion of, 48, 94, and see of, 94 roxin ThyThymic face,123 217 Thymo-centric personalities, type, of eyes, 129 of hands, 121 Thymo-centric type, Oscar Wilde, 250 of muscles, 129 of teeth,123 Thymus, 85 and gonads, 85 Thyroid-centered type, 111 and pituitary, 99 Thyrotoxin, 94 and puberty, 137 Thyroxin, 48 and sexual glands, 83 and energy mobilization,50 and energy and thyroid, 99 production,49 and speed of living, effect of castration on, 85 48 effect of feeding thymus to animals, Toes, pituitaryand, 121 87 thyroid and, 121 86 extirpationof, Tonus, 106 function 95 Types, endocrine,202 of,86, hair and, 127 adrenal,203 86 112 hyperactivity of, adrenal-centered, alcoholism of 270 257 and, infancy,epoch the, skin of,125 combinations persistent, of, 228 relation of fatigue to, 87 215 cretinoid, criminals relation of growth to, 86 and, 273 relation of weight to, 86 diseases and, 268 removal drug addiction and, 270 of, effect on gonads, 85 121 95 facial, secretion, hyperthyroid, 216 type of teeth,123 mixed, 114 Thymus type, homosexuality and, narcotism 222 and, 270 of girls, moral 150 and, 223 irresponsibility status lymphaticus and, 219, 221 210, 211, 212, 213 pituitary, 111 pituitary-centered, Thyroid gland, 46, 94 and adrenals,100 113 pure, and baldness,128 119 skeletal, and energy, 180 subthyroid,215 and enthusiasm, 199 111 thyroid-centered, and intersitial glands,99 and judgment, 182 Unconscious, the, and the viscera,
and and and
memory, pancreas,

181 99

192

physical basis of, 194

Undersecretion, 116

pituitary,99

300

INDEX
White
races,

Variation,113 endocrine glands as basis of, 276 Varieties of internal secretions, 117 Vegetative apparatus, 103 tions Vegetative pressures, internal secredeterminants of, 107 Vegetative system, education of,
194 71 Virilism, Viscera,the unconscious and, Vocational education,264 192

endocrine

control

in,

288

Wilde, Oscar, explanation of, 249 charging of, 172 Wishes, endocrine physics of, 106 adrenal type of,206 Women, masculinoid, 154, 205 characteristics in, secondary sex
137

X-chromosome,
Yellow
races, 288

135, 136
endocrine control

War

189 neurosis, Weight relation of thymus to, 86

in,

7
.