SYSTEM ESSENTIALS

AN ASSIGENMENT ON:-

1. BASIC OF NETWORKING

2. INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK TYPES

3. INTERNET AND INTRANET

SUBMITTED TO:
SUBMITTED BY:
Prof. Sanjana Adlakha Vipin kr. Singh
Section: FA1
 Networking` Basics:-
Networking is the practice of linking computing devices together with
hardware and software that supports data communications across these
devices.

What is (Wireless / Computer) Networking?

In the world of computers, networking is the practice of linking two or
more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data.
Networks are built with a mix of computer hardware and computer
software.

Area networking:-

One way to categorize the different types of computer network designs is

by their scope or scale. For historical reasons, the networking industry
refers to nearly every type of design as some kind of area network.
Common examples of area network types are:

• LAN - Local Area Network

• WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
• WAN - Wide Area Network
• MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
• SAN - Storage Area Network, System Area Network, Server Area
Network, or sometimes Small Area Network
Network Design:-
Design considerations for computer networks cover a wide range of topics
including layout, capacity planning, and security. In computer networking,
topology refers to the layout of connected devices. This article introduces
the standard topologies of networking.

Topology in Network Design

Think of a topology as a network's virtual shape or structure. This shape
does not necessarily correspond to the actual physical layout of the
devices on the network. For example, the computers on a home LAN may
be arranged in a circle in a family room, but it would be highly unlikely to
find a ring topology there.

Network Protocols:-
A network protocol defines rules and conventions for communication
between network devices. Protocols for computer networking all generally
use packet switching techniques to send and receive messages in the
form of packets.
Network protocols include mechanisms for devices to identify and make
connections with each other, as well as formatting rules that specify
how data is packaged into messages sent and received. Some protocols
also support message acknowledgement and data compression designed
for reliable and/or high-performance network communication. Hundreds
of different computer network protocols have been developed each
designed for specific purposes and environments.
What Is Packet Switching on Computer Networks?
Packet switching is the approach used by some computer network
protocols to deliver data across a local or long distance connection.
Examples of packet switching protocols are Frame Relay, IP and X.25.
 Wired vs Wireless Networking:-
Below we compare wired and wireless networking in FOUR key areas:

• Total cost
Ethernet cables, hubs and switches are very inexpensive. Some
connection sharing software packages, like ICS, are free; some cost a
nominal fee. Broadband routers cost more, but these are optional
components of a wired LAN, and their higher cost is offset by the benefit
of easier installation and built-in security features.
• Reliability
Ethernet cables, hubs and switches are extremely reliable, mainly
because manufacturers have been continually improving Ethernet
technology over several decades. Loose cables likely remain the single
most common and annoying source of failure in a wired network. When
installing a wired LAN or moving any of the components later, be sure
to carefully check the cable connections.
• Performance
Wired LANs offer superior performance. Traditional Ethernet connections
offer only 10 Mbps bandwidth, but 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet technology
costs little more and is readily available. Although 100 Mbps represents
a theoretical maximum performance never really achieved in practice,
Fast Ethernet should be sufficient for home file sharing, gaming, and
high-speed Internet access for many years into the future.
• Security
For any wired LAN connected to the Internet, firewalls are the primary
security consideration. Wired Ethernet hubs and switches do not support
firewalls. However, firewall software products like ZoneAlarm can be
installed on the computers themselves. Broadband routers offer
equivalent firewall capability built into the device, configurable through
its own software.
Introduction to Network Types:-

One way to categorize the different types of computer network designs is by their scope or
scale. For historical reasons, the networking industry refers to nearly every type of design as
some kind of area network. Common examples of area network types are:

• LAN - Local Area Network

• WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network

• WAN - Wide Area Network

• MAN - Metropolitan Area Network

• SAN - Storage Area Network, System Area Network, Server Area Network, or
sometimes Small Area Network

• CAN - Campus Area Network, Controller Area Network, or sometimes Cluster Area
Network

• PAN - Personal Area Network

• DAN - Desk Area Network

LAN and WAN were the original categories of area networks, while the others have
gradually emerged over many years of technology evolution
MAN - Metropolitan Area Network :-
Metropolitan Area Network(MAN) is a computer networks usually spanning a campus or a
city, which typically connect a few local area networks using high speed backbone
technologies. A MAN often provides efficient connections to a wide area network (WAN).
There are three important features which discriminate MANs from LANs or WANs:

1. The network size falls intermediate between LANs and WANs. A MAN typically
covers an area of between 5 and 50 km range. Many MANs cover an area the size of a
city, although in some cases MANs may be as small as a group of buildings.

2. A MAN (like a WAN) is not generally owned by a single organisation. The MAN, its
communications links and equipment are generally owned by either a consortium of
users or by a network service provider who sells the service to the users.
 3. A MAN often acts as a high speed network to allow sharing of regional resources. It
is also frequently used to provide a shared connection to other networks using a link
to a WAN.

WAN - Wide Area Network

As the term implies, a WAN spans a large physical distance. The Internet is the largest WAN,
spanning the Earth. A WAN is a geographically-dispersed collection of LANs. A network
device called a router connects LANs to a WAN. In IP networking, the router maintains both
a LAN address and a WAN address.

A WAN differs from a LAN in several important ways. Most WANs (like the Internet) are
not owned by any one organization but rather exist under collective or distributed ownership
and management. WANs tend to use technology like ATM, Frame Relay and X.25 for
connectivity over the longer distances.

LAN - Local Area Network

A LAN connects network devices over a relatively short distance. A networked office
building, school, or home usually contains a single LAN, though sometimes one building will
contain a few small LANs (perhaps one per room), and occasionally a LAN will span a group
of nearby buildings. In TCP/IP networking, a LAN is often but not always implemented as a
single IP subnet. In addition to operating in a limited space, LANs are also typically owned,
controlled, and managed by a single person or organization. They also tend to use certain
connectivity technologies, primarily Ethernet and Token Ring.
INTRANET AND INTERNET:-

INTRANET
a private computer network using Internet technology in which access is restricted to
members of a particular organization, company, etc.

An in house Web site on the company's local area network (LAN) that serves
employees only, and almost every medium to large company has an intranet.
Although intranet pages may have links to Web sites on the Internet, the intranet
is not exposed to, or is accessed by, the general public. It provides a standard
way to publish company policy, news, schedules, medical and insurance forms
and training manuals. The intranet is also a venue for publishing blogs, wikis and
social activities such as sports and exercise schedules.

An intranet is a private network that is contained within an enterprise. It may

consist of many interlinked local area networks and also use leased lines in the
wide area network. Typically, an intranet includes connections through one or
more gateway computers to the outside Internet. The main purpose of an
intranet is to share company information and computing resources among
employees. An intranet can also be used to facilitate working in groups and for
teleconferences.

An intranet uses TCP/IP, HTTP, and other Internet protocols and in general looks like a
private version of the Internet. With tunneling, companies can send private messages through
the public network, using the public network with special encryption/decryption and other
security safeguards to connect one part of their intranet to another.
Typically, larger enterprises allow users within their intranet to access the public Internet
through firewall servers that have the ability to screen messages in both directions so that
company security is maintained. When part of an intranet is made accessible to customers,
partners, suppliers, or others outside the company, that part becomes part of an extranet.
INTERNET
Internet is also known as CORPORATE PORTAL, PRIVATE BUSINESS NETWORK

The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of computer
networks - a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have
permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at
other computers). It was conceived by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of
the U.S. government in 1969 and was first known as the ARPANET. The original aim was to
create a network that would allow users of a research computer at one university to be able to
"talk to" research computers at other universities. A side benefit of ARPANet's design was
that, because messages could be routed or rerouted in more than one direction, the network
could continue to function even if parts of it were destroyed in the event of a military attack
or other disaster.

Today, the Internet is a public, cooperative, and self-sustaining facility accessible to hundreds
of millions of people worldwide. Physically, the Internet uses a portion of the total resources
of the currently existing public telecommunication networks. Technically, what distinguishes
the Internet is its use of a set of protocols called TCP/IP (for Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol). Two recent adaptations of Internet technology, the intranet and
the extranet, also make use of the TCP/IP protocol.

The most widely used part of the Internet is the World Wide Web (often abbreviated
"WWW" or called "the Web"). Its outstanding feature is hypertext, a method of instant cross-
referencing. In most Web sites, certain words or phrases appear in text of a different color
than the rest; often this text is also underlined. When you select one of these words or
phrases, you will be transferred to the site or page that is relevant to this word or phrase.
Sometimes there are buttons, images, or portions of images that are "clickable." If you move
the pointer over a spot on a Web site and the pointer changes into a hand, this indicates that
you can click and be transferred to another site.

For many Internet users, electronic mail (e-mail) has practically replaced the Postal Service
for short written transactions. Electronic mail is the most widely used application on the Net.
You can also carry on live "conversations" with other computer users, using Internet Relay
Chat (IRC). More recently, Internet telephony hardware and software allows real-time voice
conversations.

Using the Web, you have access to millions of pages of information. Web browsing is done
with a Web browser, the most popular of which are Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape
Navigator. The appearance of a particular Web site may vary slightly depending on the
browser you use. Also, later versions of a particular browser are able to render more "bells
and whistles" such as animation, virtual reality, sound, and music files, than earlier versions.