1

INITIAL & FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT

Aim:
To determine initial and final setting times of cement.

Apparatus:
Vicats Apparatus with plunger, needles and stopwatch.

Procedure:
a) Initial Settin Time: 1. Prepare a neat cement paste with 0.85 times the water required to gi e standard consistenc!. ". #tart the stopwatch at the instant of addition of water. $ill the Vicats mould with a%o e paste completel! cur e smooth off the surface the mould resting on a non& porous plate. '. Place the test %loc( under the rod %earing the needle. )ower the needle *+, gentl! in contact with surface of test %loc( and quic(l! release. Allow it to penetrate into the test %loc(. -epeat this procedure until the needle fails to piece the %loc( for 5 to . mm measured from the %ottom of the mould. /. The period elapsed since adding water is the initial setting time. !) Final Settin Time: 1. The mould is prepared as for the determination of initial setting time ". The cement shall %e considered as finall! set, when up to appl!ing the attachment gentl! to the surface of the test %loc(, the needle ma(es an impression those on where as the attachment fail to do so. '. The time elapsed since adding water is called $inal #etting time.

O!ser"ations and Calculations:

1. 0nitial #etting Time1 2eight of cement ta(en1 2eight of 2ater ta(en1 0nitial #etting Time1 ". $inal #etting Time1 0nitial #etting Time *in hours, 3 $inal #etting Time *in hours, 3

#esult:
1. 0nitial #etting Time of gi en cement sample is ". $inal #etting Time of gi en cement sample is : :

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NO#MAL CONSISTENC$ OF CEMENT

Aim:
To determine the normal consistenc! of 4ement.

Apparatus:
Vicats Apparatus with plunger, needles and stopwatch.

Procedure:
1. Prepare a past of weighed quantit! of cement with a weighed quantit! of water, ta(ing care that time of mi5ing is %etween ' to 5 minutes and shall %e compared %efore an! signs of setting %ecome isi%le the time of gauging shall %e counted from the time of adding water to the dr! cement, until the commencement of filling mould. ". $ill the Vicats mould with paste, the mould resisting on a non 6 porous plate and then smooth of the surface of the paste ma(ing le el with the top of mould. '. Place the test %loc( in the mould together with the non & porous resting plate under the plunger gentl! to touch the surface of the test %loc( and quic(l! allowing it to sin( in to the plate /. The operation should %e carried out immediatel! after filling the mould and at room temperature. 5. Prepare trail pastes with ar!ing percentages of water and test as descri%ed a%o e and measure the penetration of the needle. This test is to %e carried out until the specified penetration is o%tained.

O!ser"ations and Calculations:

a, 7ormal 4onsistenc!1 4onsistenc! is e5pressed as percentage of water added %! weight of cement and the penetration is e5pressed in mm. 2eight of 4ement ta(en1 #. 7o. 8 of water 0nitial -eading mm $inal -eading mm 9eight not penetrated mm

#esult:
The 7ormal 4onsistenc! of gi en 4ement sample is :

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COMP#ESSION TEST ON CONC#ETE C%&ES

Aim:
To find the compression strength of the gi en concrete cu%es using the 4ompression Testing :achine.

Apparatus:
1. 4ompression Testing :achine. ". 4oncrete 4u%es of si;e 150mm 5 150mm 5 150mm

Procedure:
1. $i5 the upper and lower pressure plates on the lower cross 6 head and the lower ta%le respecti el!. ". The identification mar(s, si;e, date of casting and weight of each cu%e are noted down. '. #elect an appropriate measuring range using arrange ad<ustor (no% placed to the right side of the control panel. /. Place the specimen on the lower compression plate centrall! according to the mar(ing on the compressi e plate in order to gi e the complete cross section of the specimen chance to participate equall! in the acceptance of load. 5. )ower the mo a%le cross 6 head until it touches the upper surfaces of the cu%e and see that the specimen is tightl! held. =. The left al e us (ept in full! closed position and opens the right al e and close it after the lower ta%le is slightl! lifted up, now ad<ust the %ad pointer to ;ero with the ad<usting (no%. .. Turn the right control al e slowl! to open position until !ou get a desired loading rate. 8. >eep on increase the load till specimen fails. ?. The %ads are noted at first crac( and final crushing of the specimen the ma5imum load pointer shows the ma5imum capacit! of specimen. 10. 4lose the right control al e, ta(e out the %ro(en pieces of the rest piece and then open the left control al e of %ring the piston down. 11. The normal practice is to test ' cu%es of concrete from one %atch. 0f an! alue aries %! more than 158 of the a erage strength, ' more cu%es of same %atch ma! %e tested.

O!ser"ations and Ta!ular Columns1

#pecimen 7o 0dentification :ar( 2eight *(g, Age in @a!s )oad at $irst 4rac( *>7, )oad at 4rushing *>7, Altimate 4rushing #trength *7Bmm", $actor of #afet! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

/ 2or(ing #tress *7Bmm , 1 Altimate 4ompression #trength 1 2or(ing #tress1 *Altimate 4ompression #trength, B $actor of #afet!
"

#esult:
#e en @a!s 4ompressi e #trength of cu%e is CCCCCCCCC 7Bmm".

SL%MP CONE TEST

Aim:
To determine the wor(a%ilit! of gi en fresh concrete mi5 %! slump cone test.

Apparatus:
1. #lump 4one ". Trowel '. Tamping -od

Procedure:
1. Place the fresh concrete mi5 in the clean slump cone in four equal la!ers, tamping each la!er "5 times with the tamping rod in a uniform manner o er the cross 6 section. $or the second and su%sequent la!ers, the rod should %e penetrate in to the under la!ing la!er, during each tamping. ". #tri(e off the top of cement concrete flush with the mould with a trowel so that it is e5actl! filled. '. -emo e the metal cone %! raising it slowl! and carefull! in a ertical direction. /. As soon as the concrete settlement stops, measure the su%sidence of concrete in mm. This su%sidence is #)A:P.

O!ser"ations and Calculations:

1. 2eight of 4ement1 ". 2eight of #and1 '. 2eight of Aggregate1 /. wBc ratio1 (g (g (g

Ta!ulations:
#. 7D. wBc ratio Amount of 0nitial 2ater *ml, -eading *cm, $inal -eading *cm, #lump *cm,

#esult:
The wor(a%ilit! of fresh concrete %! slump cone test is studied.

FLO' TA&LE TEST

Aim:
To determine the flow of mortar at different water cement ratios.

Apparatus:
1. ". '. /. 5. $low ta%le with mould trowel :easuring c!linder of "50 cc. :i5ing Pan #cale.

Procedure:
1. "00 gms of gi en sample of cement was ta(en in to mi5ing pan and =00 gms of sand added and mi5ed for one minute. ". 2ater added at ratio ingredients is mi5ed till color was o%tained mi5ing a%out 5min. '. $low mould was placed on the flow ta%le and mould was filled with mortar in ' equal la!ers. /. The mortar was stri(ed off at the top so as to lea e the mould filled completel! and the ta%le around the mould was cleaned. 5. The mould was steadil! remo ed %! lifting it upwards. =. The handle was rotated 15 times the rate of one rotation per second so as to raise and drop the ta%le. .. Percentage of flow calculated as1 *$inal @ia & 0nitial @ia, B 0nitial @ia E 100 8. The e5periment was repeated with water cement ratio from 0.' to 1.1 in steps.

O!ser"ations:
1. 2eight of sand ta(en1 ". 2eight of 4ement ta(en1 +ms. +ms.

Ta!ular Columns:
#. 7D. 2ater 4ement -atio 0nitial @ia *mm, $inal @ia *mm, @ifference *mm, 8 of flow

Specimen Calculations:
1. ". '. /. 5. D%ser ation 7o. 2ater 4ement -atio 0nitial @ia $inal @ia @ifference 1 1 1 1 1

8 of flow in mortar1 *$inal @ia & 0nitial @ia, B 0nitial @ia E 100

Model Grap(:

#esult:
The percentage of flow of mortar at wBc ratio CCCC is CCCCCCCC.

&%L)ING OF SAN* &$ +OL%ME MET,O*

Aim:
To determine the %ul(ing of fine aggregates and to draw cur e %etween water content and %ul(ing.

Apparatus:
1. ". '. /. 5. =. .. Falance 4!lindrical container of "50 ml capacit!. :etal plate #teel -ule Dwen +raduated 4!linder Fea(er

Procedure:
1. Put sufficient quantit! of o er dried sand loosel! in to the container to a%out two thirds of the full le el of top of sand. ". Push the steel rule erticall! down through the sand out the middle to the %ottom and measure the height of sand. '. Gmpt! the container on to a clean metal tra! with out loss of sand. /. Add one percent of water %! weight of sand and mi5 thoroughl! %! haul. 5. Put %ac( the loose sand in to the container with out tamping it. =. #mooth and le el the top surface of the moist sand and measure the depth *h, at the middle with the steel rule. .. -epeat the a%o e procedure with ",',/,5 8 of moisture of the sample. $ill the %ul(ing at ma5 and starts dropping automaticall! to ;ero. 8. G er! time a different sample should %e used.

O!ser"ations and Calculations:

1. 2eight of empt! container 1 ". 2eight of container with o en dried sand1 '. 2eight of #and1 /. 2eight of dr! sand1 +ms +ms. +ms. +ms. 8 of %ul(ing sand *h 6 h,Bh E 100

Ta!ulations:
8 of water ad %! wt. of sand *8, 9t. of moist sand h *cm,

Model Grap(:

#esult:
:a5imum 8 of Ful(ing of #and is CCCCCC 8 at water content of CCCCCC 8.

10

SPECIFIC G#A+IT$ OF COA#SE AGG#EGATES

Aim:
To determine the specific gra it! of coarse aggregates.

Apparatus:
1. 4ontainer ". 2eighing Falance.

Procedure:
1. A container was ta(en it was weighed %! using weighing %alance as Hw1. 7ow the container was filled with coarse aggregate %! I of total coarse aggregate of the container with aggregate was weighted as Hw". ". 4ontainer with aggregates was filled %! water and is weighted as Hw'. '. Then the container was clean and filled completel! with water and weighted as Hw/. /. Then he same process was repeated for another two times. 5. the a erage #pecific +ra it! gi es the #pecific +ra it! of 4oarse Aggregates, the specific gra it! was calculated using formula1 # 3 *w" 6 w1, B *w" 6 w1, 6 *w' 6 w/,

O!ser"ations and Calculations:

*escriptions: 1. 2t of container ". 2t. of container J aggregates '. 2t of container J aggregates J water /. 2t. of container J water 5. #pecific +ra it! of 4oarse Aggregates1 # 3 *w" 6 w1, B *w" 6 w1, 6 *w' 6 w/, =. 2t. of @r! aggregates .. 2t. of aggregates 8 of water a%sorption1 w/ w' *w' 6 w/, B w/ E 100 3 3 w1 w" w' w/ 't- .in Gms) 3 3 3 3

#esult:
1. the A erage #pecific +ra it! of 4oarse Aggregates is 1 ". The -etained 2ater A%sorption of Aggregates is 1

11

AGG#EGATE IMPACT +AL%E TEST

Aim:
To determine the 0mpact Value of road Aggregates.

Apparatus:
1. ". '. /. 5. =. Testing :achine 4!lindrical #teel 4up :etal 9ammer 4!lindrical :etal Falance Tamping rod

Procedure:
Test Sample: 0t consists of aggregates si;ed 10 mm to 1".5 mm. The aggregates si;e should %e
dried %! heating at 10004 6 110 04 for a period of / hours and cooled. 1. #ince the material through 1".5 mm and 10 mm sie es. The aggregates passing through 1".5 mm sie e and retained on 10mm sie e comprises the test material. ". Pour the test aggregates to fill a%out <ust 1B' rd depth of measuring c!linder. '. 4ompact the material %! gi ing "5 gentle %lows with the rounded end of tamping tool. /. Add to more la!ers in similar manner, so that c!linder is filled. 5. #tri(e off the surplus aggregate. =. @etermine the net weight of aggregates to the nearest gram *w1,. .. Fring the impact machine to rest with out wedging or pac(ing up on the le el plate, loc( or floor. #o that it is rigid and hammer guide columns are ertical. 8. $i5 the cup firml! in position on the %ase of machine and place whole of the test sample in it and compact %! gi ing "5 gentle stro(es with tamping rod. ?. -aise the hammer until its lower face is '80 mm a%o e surface of aggregate sample in the cup and allow it to fall freel! on the aggregate sample. +i e 15 such %lows at an inter al of not less than one second %ut successi e of all. 10. -emo e the crushed aggregate from the cup and sie e it through ".'= mm sie es until no further significant amount passed in one minute. 2eigh the fraction passing the sie e to an accurac! of 1gm *w",. Also weigh the fraction retained in the sie e. The mean of two o%ser ations, rounded to nearest whole num%er is separated as the KAggregate 0mpact ValueL.

O!ser"ations:
1. Total 2t. of dr! sample ta(en *w1 +ms, 1 ". 2t. of portion passing ".'= mm sie e *w" +ms, 1

#ample 1

#ample "

Aggregate 0mpact Value1 *w" E 100, B w1 Aggregate 0mpact :ean Value1

1" A re ate Impact +alue 108 10 6 "0 8 "0 6 '5 8 M '58 Conclusion G5ceptionall! #trong #trong #atisfactor! for road surface 2ea( for road surface

#esult:
Aggregate 0mpact Value for the gi en aggregate sample is CCCCCCC 8.

Conclusion1
The a erage aggregate impact alue is CCCCCCCC 8. According to 0-4 the gi en aggregate impact alue which is %etween "0 6 '58 which is satisfactor! for road surface. Therefore, the gi en aggregates can %e CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.

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COMPACTION FACTO# TEST

Aim:
To determine the wor(a%ilit! of concrete mi5 of gi en proportion %! 4ompaction $actor Test.

Apparatus:
1. ". '. /. 5. =. 4ompaction $actor apparatus. trowel +raduated c!linder of 1000 ml. 2eighing :achine Tamping rod 0ron Tra! to mi5 concrete.

Procedure:
1. ". '. /. 5. =. .. 8. ?. +rease the inner surface of the hopper and c!linders. $asten the hopper trap doors. $ind the weight of empt! c!linder *w1 (g,. Ta(e ".5 (g of cement, 5 (g of sand and mi5 them thoroughl!. $ill the upper hopper with freshl! mi5ed concrete gentl! and carefull! with trowel with out compacting. -emo e the e5cess of concrete a%o e the top of the c!linder %! a trowel. )e el up the mi5 and weigh the c!linder filled with full! compacted concrete *w' (g,. -epeat the procedure with water cement ratio of 0.=, 0.=5NN Add 10 (g of "0 mm coarse aggregate to the a%o e mi5 and add water of 0.55 water cement ratio %! weight to the mi5 and prepare a homogeneous concrete mi5.

O!ser"ations and Calculations:

2eight of Gmpt! 4!linder w1 #. 7o. wBc ratio 3 (g. 2t. of full! compacted concrete 4ompaction factor

2t. of partiall! compacted concrete

1/

Model Grap(:

#esult:
The wor(a%ilit! of concrete mi5 is o%ser ed %! conducting the compaction factor test. The ma5imum compaction factor alue is CCCCCC o%tained at wBc ratio CCCCCC.

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COMPASS S%#+E$
Aim:
To determine the distance %etween two inaccessi%le points using compass.

Apparatus:
1. ". '. /. 4ompass with tripod stand. Plum% %o% Tape -anging -od

Procedure:
1. #elect the %ase line of (nown distance sa! AF and set the instrument at station A and set up centre of the instrument accuratel!. ". #ight to point P and note down the %earing of AP, sight to point O and note down %earing as AO. #imilarl! sight to point F and note down %earing as AF. '. #hift the instrument to the point F. Ta(e %ac( sight to A and note down the %earing of FA. /. #imilarl! note down the %earings from P and O * OP and FO,. 5. 4alculate the entire angle from the o%ser ed %earings. =. 4ompute distance %etween two inaccessi%le points PO using #ine and 4osine -ules.

1=

O!ser"ation and Calculations:

0nstrument at #ight to P O F P O A Fearing

Calculations:

1.

#esult:
The distance %etween two inaccessi%le points is CCCCCCCCC m.

PLANE TA&LE S%#+E$ #A*IATION MET,O*

Aim:
To calculate area enclosed %etween the gi en points using -adiation :ethod.

Instruments %sed:
1. ". '. /. 5. =. Plane Ta%le Alidade Plum%ing $or( Plum% %o% #pirit )e el 4ompass

Procedure:
1. #elect the ta%le at KTL le el and transfer the point to the sheet %! means of plum%ing for(. Thus setting point KtL represents KTL camp the ta%le. ". >eep the alidades touching T and sight to A draw the ra! along. The fiducial edge of the alidade. #imilarl! sight different points F, 4, @, G etcN and draw the corresponding ra!s a pin ma! %e inserted at KtL and the alidade ma! %e (ept touching the pin with sighting the points. '. :easure TA, TF, T4, T@, TG etcN in the field and plot their distance to same scale along the corresponding ra!s, thus getting a, %, c, d, eN

*ia ram:

18

Calculations:
# 3 *AJFJ4, B " A1 3 P#*#&A,*#&F,*#&4, #imilarl! A"A'A/A5 are to %e calculated and final area is found out.

#esult:
Total Area of AF4@1 A 3 A1JA"JA'JA/

1?

TAC,EOMET#IC S%#+E$: ',EN T,E LINE OF SIG,T IS IN *EP#ESSION POSITION/ &%T STAFF IS ,EL* +E#TICALL$ &$ %SING STA*IA ,AI# MET,O*Aim:
To conduct tacheometric sur e! and find the 1. @istance %etween instrument and staff stations. ". -educed )e el of #taff #tation.

Instruments %sed:
1. ". '. /. Transit Theodolite )e elling #taff Arrows Tripod #tand.

Procedure:
1. #et up the tacheometer at some intermediate point %etween Fenchmar( and instrument station and ta(e %ac( sight at F: and a foresight at the instrument station. @etermine the -.). of instrument station. ". #et up the tacheometer at the at the instrument station, centre and le el it with respect to plate %u%%le and altitude %u%%le. Ta(e o%ser ation at the F: %! holding a le elling staff at the F:. '. @etermine the height on instrument. Drient the tacheometer to the staff station an ta(e ' readings ton the le elling staff with tacheometer inclined at an angle to hori;ontal sight. /. -ecord the o%ser ations clearl! in that field %oo(. 5. $rom the field %oo(, calculation the distance the instrument station and -.) of the station.

Formula:
1. $or calculation of distance %etween the instrument station and -) of station O1

"0 @ 3 >#cos"Q J 4 cosQ $or calculation -.). of staff station O1 -.). of O 3 -.). of P J 9.0. 6 @c 6 #taff -eading at 4. or -.). of O 3 -.). of P J 9.0. 6 @tanQ6 #taff -eading at 4.

#esult:
The tacheometer sur e! was conducted and 1. @istance of 0nstrument and #taff #tations1 ". -.). of #taff #tation1

0nstrument #ight to #tation P

#taff reading Top :iddle Fottom

Vertical @istance angle

9.0.

-.). of staff station

F.:.

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