Avoidance Strategies 1. Message abandonment: Leaving a message unfinished because of language difficulties. 2.

2. Topic avoidance: Avoiding topic areas or concepts that pose language difficulties. Compensatory Strategies 3. Circumlocution: Describing or e emplif!ing the target ob"ect of action #e.g. the thing !ou open bottles $ith for cor%scre$&. '. Appro imation: (sing an alternative term $hich e presses the meaning of the target le ical item as closel! as possible #e.g. ship for sailboat&. ). (se of all*purpose $ords: + tending a general, empt! le ical item to conte ts $here specific $ords are lac%ing #e.g., the overuse of thing, stuff, $hat*do*!ou call-it, thingie&. .. /ord coinage: Creating a none isting L2 $ord based on a supposed rule #e.g., vegetarianist for vegetarian&. 0. 1refabricated patterns: (sing memori2ed stoc% phrases, usuall! for 3survival4 purposes #e.g., /here is the 555 or Comment alle2-vous6, $here the morphological components are not %no$n to the learner&. 7. 8onlinguistic signals: Mime, gesture, facial e pression, or sound imitation. 9. Literal translation: Translating literall! a le ical item, idiom, compound $ord, or structure from L1 to L2. 1:. ;oreigni2ing: (sing a L1 $ord b! ad"usting it to L2 phonolog! #i.e., $ith a L2 pronunciation& and<or morpholog! #e.g., adding to it a L2 suffi &. 11. Code*s$itching: (sing a L1 $ord $ith L1 pronunciation or a L3 $ord $ith L3 pronunciation $hile spea%ing in L2. 12. Appeal for help: As%ing for aid from the interlocutor either directl! #e.g., /hat do !ou call=6& or indirectl! #e.g.rising intonation, pause, e!e contact, pu22led e pression&. 13. >talling or time*gaining strategies: (sing fillers or hesitation devices to fill pauses and to gain time to thin% #e.g., $ell, no$, let?s see, uh, as a matter of fact&.

 Communication strategies pertain to the emplo!ment of verbal or nonverbal mechanisms for the productive communication of information. ;aerch and %asper#1973a:3.& defined communication strategies as 3potentiall! conscious plans for solving $hat to an individual presents itself as a problem in reaching a particular communicative goal Avoidance is a common communication strateg! that can be bro%en do$n into several subcategories. The most common t!pe of avoidance strateg! is syntactic or lexical avoidance $ithin a semantic categor!. A more direct t!pe of avoidance is topic avoidance, in $hich a $hole topic of conversation might be avoided entirel!. + ample: @ lost m! road Aou lost !our road6 (h,=@ lost. @ got lost.

Prefabricated patterns is the memori2ation of certain stoc% phrases or sentences $ithout internali2ed %no$ledge of their components

Topic Avoidance Avoiding reference to a salient ob"ect for $hich learner does not have necessar! vocabular! Message Abandonment The learner begins to refer to an ob"ect but gives up because it is too difficult

Topic Avoidance 8>:... Do !ou ah... do !ou consider !ourself ah... part of the.. $hat the! call the ne$ breed of Bapanese !oung people. 88>:(n.. !es, @ thin% so, but.. @ am the... bet$een.. ne$ generation and old people6 so called old people. 8>:(m.. 88>:(n. 8>:Co$ do !ou mean bet$een. 88>:(n... cause... #pause& ah... @ thi*... /hatDs $hatDs the ne$ generationDs idea, do !ou thin%6

Message Abandonment A:(mmm ... $h! is it called Crater La%e. E:/h! ... called6 A:/h! is it called Crater La%e. E:Ah ... @Dm not sure but ... the ..ma!be in the first ... (m ... crater means the .... Ah ... @ donDt %no$ ho$ to e plain ... #laugh&