2/21/2014 9:57 AM FLUIDS 1

Chapter 3: The Bernoulli Equation

Newtons Second Law
F=ma along a streamline
F=ma normal to a streamline
Physical interpretations
Static, Stagnation, Dynamic and Total Pressure
Examples of use of the Bernoulli Equation
The energy line and the hydraulic grade line
Restrictions of use of the Bernoulli Equation
Newtons 2
nd
Law
The net force acting on the fluid particle must
equal its mass times its acceleration
For inviscid fluid, we are assuming that the
fluid motion is governed by pressure and
gravity forces only
Newtons 2
nd
Law (cont.)
Streamlines lines that are tangent to the
velocity vectors throughout the flow field
Along the streamline,


Normal to the streamline,



Note : For steady, inviscid, incompressible flow, the pressure
variation across streamline is merely hydrostatic (because of
gravity alone), even though the fluid is in motion
s
V
V a
s
c
c
=
R
V
a
n
2
=
F=ma along a streamline
The equation of motion along the streamline
direction is


A change in fluid particle speed is accomplished by
the appropriate combination of pressure and
particle weight along the streamline
s
V
V
s
p
c
c
=
c
c
u sin
F=ma along a streamline (cont.)
Rearranging and integrating the equation for
inviscid, incompressible flow gives


= + + z V p
2
2
1
Constant along a streamline
Applicable to steady flows only
Example 1
Some animals have learned to take advantage of the Bernoulli effect.
For example, a typical prairie dog burrow contains two entrances
a flat front door and a mounded back door. When the wind blows
with velocity V
o
across the front door, the average velocity across
the back door is greater than V
o
because of the mound. Assume the
air velocity across the back door is 1.07V
o
. For a wind velocity of 6
m/s, what pressure difference, p
1
-p
2
, is generated to provide a
fresh air flow within the burrow.
F=ma normal to a streamline
For steady, inviscid, incompressible flow


= + +
}
z dn
R
V
p
2
Constant across the streamline
F=ma normal to a streamline (cont.)
When the fluid travels along a curved path, a
net force directed towards the center of
curvature is required, due to either gravity or
pressure or both.
When the streamlines are straight, the
centrifugal effect is negligible and the
pressure variation across the streamline is
due to gravity alone even though the fluid is
in motion.


Physical Interpretation
An equivalent form of the Bernoulli
Equation
= = + + H z
g
V p
2
2

Constant along a streamline

Elevation head
-related to potential energy of the
particle
Velocity head
-vertical distance needed for the fluid to fall freely
(neglecting friction) if it is to reach V from rest
Pressure head
-height of the column of fluid that is needed to produce the pressure p
Total head
Pressure head + Elevation head = Piezometric head
Static, stagnation, Dynamic and Total
Pressure
= = + +
T
p z V p
2
2
1
Constant along a streamline
Dynamic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure
Total pressure
Static pressure
Actual thermodynamic pressure
Static, stagnation, Dynamic and Total
Pressure (cont.)
For 2 points at the same height with V
2
=0


2
1 1 2
2
1
V p p + =
Figure 1 : Measurement of
static and stagnation
pressures
Static, stagnation, Dynamic and Total
Pressure (cont.)
Then, p
2
is called the stagnation pressure
The pressure at stagnation point, p
2
, is
greater than the static pressure, p
1

There is a stagnation point on any stationary
body that is placed into a flowing fluid
Example 2
Air is drawn into a small open circuit wind tunnel as shown.
Atmospheric pressure is 98.7 kPa (abs) and the temperature is
27C. If viscous effects are negligible, determine the pressure at
the stagnation point on the nose of the airplane. Also determine the
manometer reading, h, for the manometer attached to the static
pressure tap within the test section of the wind tunnel if the air
velocity within the test section is 60 m/s. Elevation of (1),(2) and
(3) is assume the same.
Pitot Static Tube
Fluid speed can be calculated if we know
the values of the static and stagnation
pressures in a fluid.
Figure 2 : The Pitot static tube
( )

4 3
1 4
2
2
1
3
2 p p V
p p p
V p p
=
= =
+ =
Pitot Static Tube
Examples of use of the Bernoulli
Equation
Free Jets



Assumptions
z
1
=h, z
2
=0
Reservoir is large, V
1
=0
Reservoir is open to atmosphere, p
1
=0 gage
Fluid leaves as a free jet, p
2
=0
Once outside nozzle, the stream continues as a free
jet, p
5
=0

Figure 3 : Vertical flow from a tank
Examples of use of the Bernoulli
Equation
Free Jets (cont.)



Figure 4 : Vertical flow from a tank
gh
h
2 2 v
2
= =

( ) H h g + = 2 v
5
Example 3
For the system in the figure, h= 36 ft and the diameter of the side
opening is 2 in. Find the
(a) Jet velocity in units of ft/s
(b) Volume flow rate in units of gallon per min. (gpm)
Solution: Example 3
P
1
+ V
1
2
+ Z
1
= P
2
+ V
2
2
+ z
2


P
1
= 0
V
1
= 0
Z
1
= h
Z
2
= 0
P
2
= 0
d
1
= 2 in = 2/12 = 0.167 ft

Note that: = g, thus: / =g

Z
1
= V
2
2


a) V = (2gh)

= (2 x 32.2 ft/s x 36 ft)

= 48.15 ft/s

0 0 0 0
Solution: Example 3
Example 4
A smooth plastic, 10-m long garden hose with an inside diameter of 15
mm is used to drain a wading pool as shown. If viscous effects are
neglected, what is the flowrate from the pool?
Solution: Example 4
Examples of use of the Bernoulli
Equation
Confined Flows
In many cases, fluid is confined and its pressure
cannot be prescribed a priori need to use the
concept of conservation of mass
Figure 5 : Steady flow into and out of a tank
Examples of use of the Bernoulli
Equation
Confined Flows (cont.)

In such case, mass is conserved, i.e. inflow rate
must equal to the outflow rate


In general, following Bernoulli, an increase in
velocity (could be due to reduction of flow area) is
accompanied by a decrease in pressure
For flows of liquids, this may result in cavitation, a
potentially dangerous situation that results when
liquid pressure is reduced to vapor pressure and the
liquid boils.
ible) incompress (if or
2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1
V A V A V A V A = =
AV m AV Q = =

,
Cavitation
Cavitation is the formation
and then immediate implosion
of cavities in a liquid i.e.
small liquid-free zones
("bubbles") that are the
consequence of forces acting
upon the liquid.
It usually occurs when a
liquid is subjected to rapid
changes of pressure that cause
the formation of cavities where
the pressure is relatively low.
Example 5
Water is siphoned from the tank
as shown. The water barometer
indicates a reading of 30.2 ft.
Determine the maximum value
of h allowed without cavitation
occurring. Note that the
pressure of the vapor in the
closed end of the barometer
equals the vapor pressure.

Solution: Example 5
Solution: Example 5
Example 6
Water flows from a large tank as shown. Atmospheric pressure is 14.5
psia and the vapor pressure is 2.88 psia. If viscous effects are
neglected, at what height, h, will cavitation begin?
Solution: Example 6
Solution: Example 6
Examples of use of the Bernoulli
Equation
Free Jets (cont.)




If exit of tank is not
smooth, well
contoured nozzle, the
diameter of the jet will
be less than the
diameter of the hole
vena contracta effect
Contraction coef.,
C
c
=A
j
/A
h


hole
jet
Figure 3 : Typical flow patterns and
contraction coef. for various round exit
configurations
Examples of use of the Bernoulli
Equation
Flowrate measurement
Assumptions steady, inviscid and incompressible
Figure 6 : Typical devices for measuring
flowrate in pipes
Examples of use of the Bernoulli
Equation
Flowrate measurement (cont.)
Between points (1) and (2)
( ) | |
2
1 2
2 1
2
2 2 1 1
2
2 2
1
2
2
1 2
1
1
1
) ( 2
hence
and
A A
p p
A Q
V A V A Q
V p V p

=
= =
+ = +

Examples of use of the Bernoulli
Equation
Flowrate measurement (cont.)
The actual measured flowrate, Q
actual
will be smaller
than this theoretical results because of the
assumptions made in deriving the Bernoulli
Equation
Other flowmeters based on Bernoulli equation are
used to measure flowrates in open channels such as
flumes and irrigation ditches.
Orifice Nozzle Venturi Flow Meter
The Energy Line and the Hydraulic
Grade Line
Energy line is a line that represents the
total head available to the fluid
Under the assumptions of the Bernoulli
equation, the energy line is horizontal
If the fluid velocity changes along the
streamline, the hydraulic grade line will not
be horizontal
The Energy Line and the Hydraulic
Grade Line (cont.)
Figure 7 : Representation of the
energy line and the hydraulic
grade line
Measures the sum of
the pressure head and
the elevation head. The
sum is called
piezometric head
The Energy Line and the Hydraulic
Grade Line (cont.)
Figure 8 : Representation of the energy line and the hydraulic grade line for flow from a tank
The Energy Line and the Hydraulic
Grade Line (cont.)
The distance from the pipe to HGL in Fig. 7
indicates the pressure within the pipe.
If the pipe lies below HGL the pressure within
the pipe is positive
If the pipe lies above HGL the pressure is
negative
Example 7
Draw the energy line and the hydraulic grade line for the flow of Example
6.
Restrictions of use of the Bernoulli
Equation
Assumptions involved in deriving the
Bernoulli equation
Fluid is incompressible ok with liquids
Flow is steady
Inviscid flow
In the absence of viscous effects, the total energy of the
system remains constant
There are no mechanical devices in the system
between the two points along the streamline to
which the equation is applied