FHMM 1134 General Mathematics III UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN ACADEMIC YEAR 2010/2011 (TRIMESTER 3) FHMM1134 GENERAL

MATHEMATICS III FOUNDATION IN ARTS TUTORIAL 3 : PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS Discrete Random Variables 1.

Each of the following tables lists certain values of x and their probabilities. Verify whether or not each represents a valid probability distribution. a)

x 0 1 2 3

P(x) .10 .05 .45 .40

b)

x 2 3 4 5

P(x) .35 .28 .20 .14

c)

x 7 8 9

P(x) -.25 .85 .40

2.

The following table gives the probability distribution of a discrete random variable x. x P(x) 0 .03 1 .17 2 .22 3 .31 4 .15 5 .12

Find (a) P(x = 1) (b) P(x 1) (c) P(x 3) (d) P(0 x 2) (e) Probability that x assumes a value less than 3 (f) Probability that x assumes a value greater than 3 (g) Probability that x assumes a value in the interval 2 to 4. 3. Y is a random variable with the following probability distribution.
0.1 for y = 2, 4, 6, 8 P(Y = y ) = 0.15 for y = 1, 3, 5, 7 0 for other values of y Show that Y is a discrete random variable. Hence, find (a) P(Y < 5) (b) P ( 2 < Y 7)

4.

W is a random variable with probabilities

FHMM 1134 General Mathematics III

for w = 0,1 h P(W = w) = 2h + k for w = 2 3k for w = 3, 4 (a)
(b) 5. 7 , find the values of h and k. 10 Construct a probability distribution table for W.

If P(W 2) =

A consumer agency surveyed all 2500 families living in a small town to collect data on the number of television sets owned by them. The following table lists the frequency distribution of the data collected by this agency. Number of TV sets owned Number of families 0 120 1 970 2 730 3 410 4 270

(a) Construct a probability distribution table for the numbers of television sets owned by these families. Draw a bar graph of the probability distribution. (b) Are the probabilities listed in the table of part a) exact or approximate probabilities of various outcomes? Explain. (c) Let X denote the number of television sets owned by a randomly selected family from this town. Find the following probabilities. (i) P(x = 1) (ii) P(x > 2) (iii) (iv) P(x 1) P(1 x 3) (d) Find the mean and standard deviation for the probability distribution developed for the number of television sets owned by all 2500 families in a town. Give a brief interpretation of the values of the mean and standard deviation.

6.

The probability distribution of a random variable X is shown in the following table:

x P(X = x)
Find E(X). 7.

0 1 12

1 1 6

2 1 12

3 1 12

4 1 4

5 1 3

The probability distribution of a random variable Y is given in the table below:

y P(Y = y)
Find (a) (b) the value of p, E(Y).

13 0.2

14 p

15 0.3

16 0.1

17 0.2

FHMM 1134 General Mathematics III

8.

According to a survey, 30% of adults are against using animals for research. Assume that this result holds true for the current population of all adults. Let X be the number of adults who are against using animals for research in a random sample of two adults. Obtain the probability distribution of X. Draw a tree diagram for this problem. An instant lottery ticket costs RM2. Out of a total of 10,000 tickets printed for this lottery, 1000 tickets contain a prize of RM5 each, 100 tickets have a prize of RM10 each, 5 tickets have a prize of RM1000 each, and 1 ticket has a prize of RM5000. Let x be the random variable that denotes the net amount a player wins by playing this lottery. Write the probability distribution of x. Determine the mean and standard deviation of x. How will you interpret the values of the mean and standard deviation of x?

9.

Binomial Distribution 10. Let X be a discrete random variable that possesses a binomial distribution. Using the binomial formula, find the following probabilities. (a) P(X = 5) for n = 8 and p = 0.70 (b) P(X = 3) for n = 4 and p = 0.40 (c) P(X = 2) for n = 6 and p = 0.30 (d) P(X = 0) for n = 5 and p = 0.05 (e) P(X = 4) for n = 7 and p = 0.90 (f) P(X = 7) for n = 10 and p = 0.60

11.

A fair coin is tossed 6 times. Find the probability that (a) a head appears 4 times, (b) a head appears more than 4 times, (c) a head appears less than 4 times.

12.

A fair die is tossed 5 times. Find the probability that (a) the number 2 is obtained exactly 3 times, (b) the number 2 is obtained at least once, (c) the number 2 is obtained at most 3 times.

13.

In a survey of adults, 40% of the respondents said they feel stress frequently or sometimes in their daily lives. Assume that this percentage is true for the current population of all adults. Find the probability that the number of adults in a random sample of 10 who feel stress frequently or sometimes is (a) exactly 7 (b) not more than 2 (c) not less than 2 (d) at most 4 (e) at least 3 (f) 8 to 10

FHMM 1134 General Mathematics III (g) between 5 and 10 (exclusive)

14.

According to a survey, 10% of Malaysians surveyed said that they had gained a lot of weight in the past five years. Assume that this result is true for the current population of Malaysians. Find the probability that in a random sample of 50 Malaysians, the number who will say they have gained a lot of weight in the past five years is (a) Exactly 4 (b) None

15.

Assuming a married couple has an equal chance of giving birth to a male or a female child, find the probability that a couple with 5 children will have more girls than boys in the family. 60% of undergraduates in a university wear spectacles. From a sample of 10 undergraduates chosen at random, find the probability that (a) only 4 undergraduates wear spectacles, (b) more than 8 undergraduates wear spectacles. The probability that a housewife buys a brand X cooking oil is 0.63. Find the probability that in a sample of 12 housewives who have bought cooking oil in a certain day, (a) exactly 3 of them bought brand X cooking oil, (b) more that 4 of them bought brand X cooking oil. 10% of the electronic components produced by a factory are defective. If samples of 60 electronic components are taken, find the number of components expected to be defective and calculate the variance. X is a random variable such that X ~ B (12, p ) where p > 0.5 and var( X ) =
Find (a) p (b) E(X) (c) P(X = 6) 72 . 25

16.

17.

18.

19.

Normal Distribution 20. Find the area under the standard normal curve (a) between z = 0 and z = 1.95 (b) (c) between z = 1.15 and z = 2.37 (d) (e) from z = -1.67 to z = 2.44 (f) (g) to the left of z = -1.97 (h) (i) to the left of z = 1.86
21.

between z = 0 and z = -1.85 from z = -1.53 to z = -2.88 to the right of z = 1.56 to the right of z = -2.05

Let X be a continuous random variable that is normally distributed with a mean of 80 and a standard deviation of 12. Find the probability that X assumes a value

FHMM 1134 General Mathematics III (a) (c) greater than 69 greater than 101 (b) (d) less than 74 less than 88

22.

Rockingham Corporation makes electric shavers. The life of Model J795-c of an electric shaver manufactured by this corporation has a normal distribution with a mean of 70 months and a standard deviation of 8 months. The company is to determine the warranty period for this shaver. Any shaver that needs a major repair during this warranty period will be replaced free by the company. (a) What should the warranty period be if the company does not want to replace more than 1% of the shavers? (b) What should the warranty period be if the company does not want to replace more than 5% of the shavers?

23.

A nationwide survey of 1001 people found that 30% of men aged 18 to 29 had tattoos. Suppose that this result holds true for the current population of all men in this age group. Find the probability that in a random sample of 500 men aged 18 to 29, 142 to 163 (inclusive) have tattoos.

24.

According to a survey by Money magazine, 27% of women expect to support their parents financially. Assume that this percentage holds true for the current population of all women. Suppose that a random sample of 100 women is taken. (a) Find the probability that exactly 20 of the women in this sample expect to support their parents financially. (b) Find the probability that at most 15 of the women in this sample expect to support their parents financially. (c) What is the probability that between 14 and 30 (exclusive) of the women in this sample expect to support their parents financially? Marks obtained by students in a Statistics test are normal distributed with mean 58 and standard deviation 12. Calculate the probability that a random selected student obtained marks (a) less than 46, (b) more than 73, (c) between 52 and 70, (d) between 60 and 80. If the life-span of a particular type of battery from a factory is normally distributed with mean 3.0 years and standard deviation 6 months, find the probability that a battery selected randomly from the factory will last (a) less than 2 years, (b) at least 3.5 years, (c) between 2.25 years and 3.25 years, (d) between 2 years 6 months and 3 years 9 months.

25.

26.

FHMM 1134 General Mathematics III

27.

The distribution for the weight of a particular type of fish in a lake can be assumed as normal with mean 800g and standard deviation 100g. Determine the probability that a fish caught in this lake has a weight of (a) at least 700g, (b) less than 900g, (c) between 650g to 850g.

28.

The operational period without any defect of an LCD television sold by a company follows a normal distribution with mean 60 months and standard deviation 8 months. The guarantee period given by the company is 3 years. A total of 6000 televisions were sold by the company. Determine the number of televisions that are expected to be defective during the guarantee period. A clerk travels to office by driving his car. On average, his traveling time is 28 minutes with a standard deviation of 4 minutes. By assuming that his traveling times are normally distributed, find (a) the probability that his traveling time will be at least 35 minutes in a particular day, (b) the percentage of times he will be late if office hour starts at 9.00 a.m. and he leaves his house at 8.40 a.m. every morning. A tyre manufacturer claims that its new tyre will last for an average distance of 60000km on the ordinary road. Assuming that the durability of this new tyre is approximately normal distributed with a standard deviation of 6000 km, find the probability that a tyre selected at random will last more than 70000km. The tyre manufacturer guarantees to replace the tyres free with the new tyres if they last less than K km, determine the value of K if the tyre manufacturer intends to replace only 1% of all tyres.

29.

30.

Continuous Random Variables 31. The function f(x) is defined as follows:

a ( x 1) 2 f (x) = 0

1 x 3 otherwise

a) Given that f(x) is the probability density function for the continuous random variable X, find the value of a. b) Calculate P(X 2) and P(X 1.5).

FHMM 1134 General Mathematics III 32. The continuous random variable X has probability density function f(x) defined by 1 9 x, 1 f ( x ) = ( x 3), 4 0, 0x3 3< x 5 otherwise.

a) Sketch the graph of f(x) and verify that it satisfies the conditions for a probability density function. b) Calculate P(X 4). c) Calculate P(|X - 3| 0.5). 33. The function g(y) is defined as follows
c(5 y 2 ), g ( y) = 0, a) 2 y 2 otherwise

Given that g(y) is a probability density function for the continuous variable Y, find the value of c. Find i) P (Y < 1)

b)

ii) P(|Y| 1).

34.

The probability density function g(w) for the continuous random variable W is defined as follows: aw + b , 0 w < 4 g ( w) = bw + a , 4 w < 5 If P (2 W < 4) = Hence, find a) P (W 3) b) the value v if P (W > v) = 3 9
68 23 51

, find the value of the constants a and b.

FHMM 1134 General Mathematics III

35.

The continuous random variable Y has probability density function 3 2 y , 0 y5 g ( y ) = 125 otherwise 0, Find a) E(8Y)

b) E(5-Y) c) E[Y(1-Y)] 36. If X is a continuous random variable with probability density function
x + 6 , 6 x 6 f ( x ) = 72 , otherwise 0 Find a) E(X), b) E(X2), c) E(2X + 3), d) E(3X2 2X +1). 37. The life spans, X hours, of most electric bulbs have the probability density function given by

k (a x ) f (x) = 0
Find

0xa elsewhere

a) k in terms of a, b) the mean for X in terms of a.

FHMM 1134 General Mathematics III 38.

A continuous random variable X which represents the amount of sugar used by a family per week, has the probability density function a ( x 1)(2 x ), f (x) = 0, 1 x 2 otherwise

a) Determine the value of the constant a. b) Calculate the mean of X. c) Find the probability that the family uses more than 1.3 kg and less than 1.8 kg of sugar in a week. Answers: 1. (a) 2. (a) (e) (a) (a)

Yes 0.17 0.42 0.50 h= (b) (f) (b)

(b) 0.20 0.27 0.65

No (c) 0.58 (g) 0.68

(c)

No (d) 0.42

3. 4.

13 1 ; k= 80 20

(b)
w P(W = w)

0 13 80

1 13 80

2 3 8

3 3 20

4 3 20

5.

(c) (d)

(i) 0.388 (iv) 0.844 1.9, 1.079

(ii)

0.272

(iii)

0.436

6. 7. 8.

1 4 0.2 (b) 14.9

(a)

x P(X = x)

0 1 2 0.49 0.42 0.09

9.

RM-0.40;

RM54.78

FHMM 1134 General Mathematics III 10. (a) (d) (a) (a) (a) (d) (g) (a) 0.5 (a) (a) 0.1115 0.00715 (b) (b) 0.0464 0.9641 0.2541 0.7738 0.2344 0.0322 0.04247 0.633 0.1661 0.1809 (b) (e) (b) (b) (b) (e) 0.1536 0.0230 0.1094 0.5981 0.1672 0.8328 (c) (f) (c) (c) (c) (f) 0.3241 0.2150 0.6562 0.9967 0.9537 0.0122

10

11. 12. 13.

14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

20.

(b)

0.005154

E(X) = 6; Var(X) = 5.4; 6 defective (a)

(a) (d) (g) (a) (a) 0.7033 (a) (a) (a) (a) 8 (a) 0.0401 (b) 97.73% 0.0264 0.1587 0.02275 0.8413 (b) (b) (b) (b) 0.1056 0.1587 0.8413 0.0048 (c) (c) (c) 0.5328 0.6247 0.6247 (c) 0.7099 (d) (d) 0.3989 0.7745 3 5 0.4744 0.0610 0.0244 0.8212 51 (b) (b) (b) (e) (h) 0.3085 (b) 57 7.2 0.4678 0.9452 0.9798 (c) 0.0401 (c) (c) (f) (i) 0.1766 0.1162 0.0594 0.9686 (d) 0.7486

21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

FHMM 1134 General Mathematics III 30. 31. (a)

11

3 8

(b)

7 1 ; 8 64

32. (a) 1.33 0.5

0 (b)
3 44 3 8

5
(c) 9 11 29 68 53 288 (ii) 7 11

33.

(a)

(b)

(i)

34. 35. 36. 37.

a=

1 1 ,b= 18 17

(a)

(b) 3 (c) -11.25 (c) 7 (d) 33 E( X ) = a 3

(a) 30 (a) 2 (a)

(b) 1.25 (b) 12

k=

2 a2 (b)

(b)

38.

(a)

a=6

mean = 1.5

(c)

0.68