Strength of Materials:

Lecture 1 1-Refrences: Introduction to Mechanics of Solid, By: E. Popov Elements of Strength of Materials, By: Timishinko Strength of Materials, By: Singer

2-Units:

British 1. Force Ib, kip, Ton 1 kip = 1000 Ib 1 ton = 2240 Ib 2. Long in, ft 1 f = 12 in

Metric g, kg, 1 kg = 1000 g Ton = 1000 kg m, cm, mm 1 m = 100 cm 1 cm = 10 mm 1 m =1000 mm 1 in = 2.54 cm Pa (

N ), MPa, GPa mm 2

S.I. N, kN 1 kN = 1000 N 1 kg = 10 N m, cm, mm 1 m = 100 cm 1 cm = 10 mm 1 m =1000 mm 1 in = 2.54 cm

3. Stress

psi, ksi
p kip , in 2 in 2

MPa = 106 Pa = 106 N/mm2

N mm 2

1 1000 2 mm 2 m2

MPa =

GPa = 109 Pa = 109 N/mm2 GPa = kN/mm2

1 1000 2 mm m2
2

= 103

N mm 2

1 1000 N kN

Strength of Materials:
Lecture 2 1-Axial Force, Shear Force, and Bending Moment Diagrams:

The positive sense of the force components on the cut section viewed toward the origin coincides with the positive direction of the coordinate axes as shown in Fig. (b).

The three components of moment which can occur at a section of a member act around the three coordinate axes Fig. (c).

The quantities shown in Fig.(c) will be represented alternatively by double headed vectors as in fig. (d). The sense of these vectors follows the righthand screw rule. *Mx is the torque = T

For planar problems the notation for and the diagrammatic representation of the forces components are shown in Fig. (e and f).

Side view of forces acts on the body; P (axial force), V (shear force), and the M (moment). 7

From the drawing shown before (P = F): Fx: Axial Force Fy, Fz: Shear Force (normal or direct stress) = (shear force) =
P A

--- (1) --- (2)

VQ It
T=
T.R J

Mx: Twisting Moment or Torsion My, Mz: Bending Moment =

--- (3) --- (4)

Mc I

Q Q

a) Axial Force

b) Shear Force

c) Torsion Force

d) Bending Moment

Sign Conventions: 1) SHEAR is considered Positive at section when it tends to Rotate the portion of the beam. In The Clock Wise Direction about an axis through @ point in side the force and normal to the plane of loading, otherwise it is negative. For concreteness consider a beam, such as shown in Fig. (1-a). Any part of this beam to either side of an imaginary cut, as (1-1), which is made perpendicular to the x-axis of the member, can treated as a free body.
8

P
L/2

L/2 X

Simply supported beam with Concentrated force in the middle.

Z X

P/2

P/2

(a) To maintain a segment of a beam Fy such as shown in Fig. (1-b) in equilibrium Mz there must be an internal vertical force Fy at the cut to satisfy the equation Fx Fy = 0 . This force is called; "Shear force, v". The shear is numerically equal to the algebraic sum of all the X Assumption P/2 vertical components of the external forces the external forces acting on the (b) Section 1-1 isolated segment, but it opposite in direction.
Fy =V

By apply: +

Fy = 0
Fy = P/2

P/2

(c)

v
(+ v) Shear

v
(- v) Shear

P/2

P/2

(d) Section 2-2 Figure (1) Simply Supported Beam

2) BENDING MOMENT is considered Positive at section when it tends to bend the member Con @ + ve upward; otherwise it is negative.

P +M +M

1
P/2 ( + ) Moment P/2

+M

-M

-M

-M

( - ) Moment

Ex1: P P
1

-M
1

3) AXIAL FORCE

T=Tension (+), Increase in LENGTH

C C = Compression (-), decrease in LENGTH

10

1- Methods of Sections Ex2: Draw A.F., S.F & B.M. Diagrams? +

Fx = 0

--- (1)

10 kN

RAX -6 =0 RAX = 6 kN + MA = 0

4
A

--- (2)
3m
104/5 = 8 kN

8 3 RBY 5 = 0 RBY = 4.8 kN +

2m 10 kN

Fy = 0

--- (3)
RAx = 6 kN

+ RAY - 8 + 4.8 = 0 RAY = 3.2 kN

4 3

103/5 = 6 kN

A
1

B
2

For Section 1-1: (0 X 3)

RAY = 3.2 kN

3m
X

2m

RBY = 4.8 kN

1
6 kN V1

M1 N1

A.S.F.

3.2 kN X

- 6 kN

Constant

Fx = 0
6- N1 = 0
N1= 6 kN

3.2kN

S.F.D.

+
Linear 1st Degree
+9.6kN -4.8kN

Fy = 0

B.M.D.

+ 3.2 V1 = 0 V1= 3.2 kN

11

+ MA = 0 + 3.2 * X M1 = 0
M = + 3.2X kN

Variable to X-1st Degree

For Section 2-2: (3 X 5)

8 kN

2
6 kN M2 N2 V2

Fx = 0
N2= 0

6 kN

6-6- N2 = 0 +

3.2 kN 3

Fy = 0

+ 3.2 8 +V2 = 0 V2= 4.8 kN + MA = 0 + 3.2 * X2 8 (X2 3) M2 = 0 Just for Checking: Where X = 5m Where X = 3m M = - 4.8 5 +24 = 0 M = - 4.8 3 +24 = 9.6
M2 = - 4.8X2 +24

Note:

dM dV =V , =P dx dx

12

3-Supports Reactions:

1-One Reaction Supports (Roller Supports):

Signs used to represent the ROLLER support

The Roller or a Link is capable of resisting a force in only one specific line of action.

One Reaction Supports (Link Supports)

RA

RA

2-Two Reaction Supports (Hinge Supports):

Signs used to represent the HING support

A Pinned support is capable of resisting a force, the reaction at such a support may have two components one in the horizontal and one in the vertical direction. Two Reaction Supports (2-Link Supports) Link

Rx
Link

Ry
3-Three Reaction Supports (Fixed Supports):

The third support is a Fixed support, Three forces can exist at such support Two components of forces and a moment, the physical such a suport is obtained by building a beam into a brick wall

Ex1:
10 kN 10 kN
M R3

10 kN

10 kN

2m

3m

4m
R2

9m

R1

R1 + R2 + R3 + M = 4 UKNOWNS > 3 EQUATIONS THEN (Intermediate)

Ex2:

M =0 Rx =0

20 kN

10 kN

10 kN

Ry = 10-10 Ry = 0 Rx = 0 M = 20 + 103 -105 M=0

1.5 m
Ry =0

1.5 m

2m

4-Classification of Beams: 1) Simple Beam

2) Cantilever Beam
4

3) Simple Beam with Overhanging OR "Overhanging Beam"

4) Compound Beam

Moment at (Internal Hinge) = ZERO

M=0 R7 R3 R1 R2 5) Indeterminate Beam

5

R3

R4

R4 R5 R6

4>3

6>3

5>3 2 1 1 1

Note: The number of equations for a suppose structure at the x-y plane are (3) equations.

Fx = 0 , Fy = 0 , M@ x - axis = 0
Calculations of Beam Reactions

Ex3: RAx A

250 N 50 N

80 N

Fx = 0
RAx = 0

--- (1)

1.25 m
+

1.25 m 1.25 m 1.25 m

M@A = 0

--- (2)

RAy

RBy

250 + 80 2.5 + 80 3.75 RB 5 = 0

RBy = +135 N

RAy

Fy = 0

--- (3) RAy = 5 N

RAy = -5 N