PROPOSED BOTANY Under Graduate SYLLABUS FOR SEMESTER SYSTEM

DISTRIBUTION OF PAPERS OVER 6 SEMESTERS In Botany Under Graduate Semester System

SUBJECT SEMESTER I SEMESTER II SEMESTER III SEMESTER IV SEMESTER V SEMESTER VI TOTAL MARKS

ELECTIVE I Chemistry ELECTIVE II Zoology

100 100

100 100

100 100

100 100

400 400

ELECTIVE HONS. Botany

100

100

100

100

200

200

800

ENGLISH
ENVIRONMENTAL

100 100

STUDIES

100 100

TOTAL MARKS

300

300

300

300

300

300

1800

SYLLABUS SEMESTER SYSTEM North- Eastern Hill University, Shillong (Odd number Papers are THEORY;Even Number Papers are PRACTICAL) SEMESTER COURSE TITLE MARKS

Theory Practical Total ______________________________________________________________________ SEMESTER 1

PAPER 1 (THEORY): Algae, Bryophytes and Pteridophytes Algae, Bryophytes and Pteridophytes 75

PAPER 2 (PRACTICAL):

25

100

SEMESTER 2
PAPER 3 (THEORY): Gymnosperms, Palaeobotany, Morphology and Anatomy PAPER 4 (PRACTICAL): Gymnosperms, Palaeobotany, Morphology and Anatomy 75

25

100

SYLLABUS SEMESTER SYSTEM North- Eastern Hill University, Shillong

SEMESTER

COURSE TITLE

MARKS

Theory Practical Total ______________________________________________________________________

SEMESTER 3
PAPER 5 (THEORY): Angiosperm taxonomy, Economic Botany, Ethnobotany and Phytogeography PAPER 6 (PRACTICAL): Angiosperm taxonomy, Economic Botany, Ethnobotany and Phytogeography

75

25

100

SEMESTER 4
PAPER 7 (THEORY): Microbiology, Mycology and Plant Pathology PAPER 8 (PRACTICAL): Microbiology, Mycology and Plant Pathology

75

25

100

SYLLABUS SEMESTER SYSTEM North- Eastern Hill University, Shillong

SEMESTER

COURSE TITLE

MARKS

Theory Practical Total ______________________________________________________________________

SEMESTER 5 PAPER 9 (THEORY): Plant Physiology and Biochemistry PAPER 10 (PRACTICAL): Plant Physiology and Biochemistry PAPER 11 (THEORY): Ecology and Conservation Biology PAPER 12 (PRACTICAL): Ecology and Conservation Biology 75 25 100 75 25 100

SYLLABUS SEMESTER SYSTEM North- Eastern Hill University, Shillong

SEMESTER

COURSE TITLE

MARKS

Theory Practical Total ______________________________________________________________________

SEMESTER 6
PAPER 13 (THEORY): Molecular Biology, Genetics and Plant Breeding PAPER 14 (PRACTICAL): Molecular Biology, Genetics and Plant Breeding PAPER 15 (THEORY): Plant Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology PAPER 16 (PRACTICAL): Plant Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology

75

25

100

75

25

100

Semester 1
Paper 1 : (Theory) Algae, Bryophytes and Pteridophytes
Unit 1 Classification of algae according to Fritch and Lee; modern criteria of algal classification Range of vegetative and reproductive structures of Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae. Life cycle types and evolution of thallus in green algae. Unit 2 Life cycles of Oedogonium, Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia and centric diatoms. Origin and evolution of sex in algae. Pigmentation in algae. Positive and negative economic importance of algae. Unit 3 Classification of Bryophytes according to Proskauer. Origin and range of gametophyte structure in bryophytes. Range of reproduction in bryophytes. Evolution of sporophyte and gametophyte in bryophytes Life cycles of Marchantia and Sphagnum. Unit 4 Classification of pteridophytes by Smith. . Evolution of stele in pteridophytes and telome concept. Heterospory and seed habit. Life cycles of Lycopodium and Selaginella. Economic and ecological importance of pteridophytes.

(MARKS-75)

Paper 2 : (Practical) Algae, Bryophytes and Pteridophytes

(MARKS-25)

1.Study of vegetative and reproductive parts with the help of temporary preparations of all type genera prescribed in Paper 1. 2.Dissection, sectioning, drawing, description and identification of the specimens covered in the preparations.

SUGGESTED READINGS
(A LIST OF BOOKS HAS BEEN GIVEN IN THE HARD COPY OF THE SYLLABUS)

SEMESTER 2 Paper 3 : (Theory)

(MARKS =75)

Gymnosperms, Palaeobotany, Morphology and Anatomy

Unit 1 Classification of Gymnosperms according to Coulter and Chamberlain. Phylogenetic relationship and affinities of gymnosperms. Morphology, reproduction and life cycles of Cycas, Pinus, Gnetum, Thuja and Ginkgo. Economic importance of gymnosperms. Unit 2 A general account of fossil gymnosperms (Cycadofilicales and Bennettitales). Geological time scale. Fossil formation and plant fossil types. General account of dominant Jurrassic flora. Unit 3 Types of bracts and inflorescence. Floral morphology Forms of calyx, corolla and aestivation; Types of stamens and carpels; ovule forms and placentation. Leaf morphology Shapes and arrangement, types of stipules, phyllotaxy and venation. Morphology and evolution of stamens and carpels. Unit 4 Organization of apical meristem Types of stomata in angiosperms and epidermal outgrowths. Secondary growth in stem and root. Anomalous secondary growth in Mirabilis, Bignonia and Dracaena.

Paper 4 : (Practical)

(MARKS=25)

Gymnosperms, Palaeobotany, Morphology and Anatomy

Study of vegetative and reproductive structures of all prescribed gymnosperms by preparing temporary stained slides (dissection, sectioning, drawing, description and identification upto genus). Anatomical studies of anomalous secondary structures of Mirabilis, Bignonia and Dracaena. Study of fossils through slides and specimens. Spotting: Includes those groups and sections not covered in the preparations.

Semester 3 Paper 5 : (Theory)

(MARKS=75)

Angiosperm taxonomy, Economic Botany, Ethnobotany and Phytogeography

Unit 1 Major systems of classification artificial, natural and phylogenetic. Bentham and Hookers and Hutchinsons system of classification. I.C.N. Principles of Botanical Nomenclature, Type method and typification and Rules and Limitations of Priority. Unit 2 Distinguishing features and economic importance of the following dicotyledonous families: Ranunculaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Verbenaceae and Lamiaceae. Distinguishing features and economic importance of the following monocotyledonous families: Liliaceae, Zingiberaceae, Orchidaceae and Poaceae. Unit 3 Ethnobotany and its significance; ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants of Meghalaya, with their ethno-medicinal values and active principles. Study of economically important plants cereals, pulses, oil yielding, spices, condiments, fibres, narcotics, ornamentals and aromatic (scientific names, families, and parts used of at least three plants under each category). Characteristics, cultivation and uses of medicinal plants (Cinchona, Rauwolfia and Ipecac). Characteristics, cultivation and uses of timber yielding plants (Teak, Sal and Sisoo). Cultivation and processing of jute, sugarcane, tea and rubber. Energy plantation: Cultivation and management of biofuel crops (Jatropha and Sugarbeet). Unit 4 Floristic regions of India. Continuous and discontinuous plant distribution in India. Centre of origin of plants (Primary and Secondary centres). Routes and barriers to plant migration. Endemism.

Paper 6 : (Practical)

(MARKS=25)

Angiospermic taxonomy, Economic Botany, Ethnobotany and Phytogeography Taxonomic studies of angiospermous plants belonging to both the dicot and monocot families mentioned in Paper 5. Flower dissection, drawing and description in technical language, and identification upto genus level. Collection and description of 10 plant specimens of ethnobotanical importance and submission of 5 ethno medicinal plants. Qualitative detection of starch, protein, fat and cellulose in plant materials by chemical tests. Spotting: Economically important plants or plant products prescribed in Paper 5. Submission of 10 herbarium sheets.

Semester 4
Paper 7 : (Theory)

Microbiology, Mycology and Plant Pathology Unit 1 Classification of fungi according to Ainsworth. Development of ascus and basidium Range of vegetative structure and reproduction and economic importance of fungi Life cycles of Pythium, Erysiphe, Puccinia and Agaricus. Growth forms, thallus structure and economic importance of lichens.

(MARKS=75)

Unit 2 Classification of plant diseases; Kochs postulate. Host parasite interaction and pathogenicity. Histological and biochemical defense mechanism against infection. Transmission and dissemination of diseases. Mycotoxins and afflatoxins. Disease symptoms, disease cycle and control measures of late and early blight of potato, white rust of crucifers, blast disease of rice and citrus canker. Unit 3 Ultra structure of bacterial cell; gram positive and gram negative cell wall. Binary fission and endospore formation in bacteria. Functional differentiation in cyanobacteria (heterocyst). Viruses: Classification, distinguishing characters, viriods and prions. Viral replication with special reference to growth cycles in Bacteriophages and TMV. Unit 4 Soil Microbiology: Different groups of microorganisms in soil, isolation and types of microbial culture. Role of microbes in decomposition of organic matter. Water Microbiology: Different groups of microorganisms in water, sewage treatment and purification of potable water. Food Microbiology: Concept of food spoilage and poisoning, food preservation; Microbes in dairy and bakery. Industrial Microbiology: Mode of action of antibiotics, mass production of penicillin and streptomycin.

Paper 8 : (Practical) Microbiology, Mycology and Plant Pathology

(MARKS=25)

Study of the vegetative and reproductive parts of the specimens prescribed in Unit 1 of Paper 7 with the help of temporary preparations. Sectioning, drawing, description and identification and classification of the specimens. Callibration of microscope and measurement of microbial spores (fungal and bacterial). Isolation and identification of fungi (upto genus level) from soil by dilution plate method using potato dextrose agar medium. Study of the effects of glucose, fructose and sucrose on the growth of microbes. Demonstration of fungal or bacterial population density (spores) using haemocytometer. Study of gram positive and gram negative bacteria (leguminous root nodules and curd). Study of diseased specimens prescribed in the theory paper by temporary preparations and permanent slides. Collection, identification and submission of at least 5 diseased plant specimens.

Semester 5
Paper 9 : (Theory) (MARKS=75)

Plant Physiology and Biochemistry

Unit 1 Water potential and its significance Mechanism of stomatal transpiration and factors affecting the mechanism. Photosynthesis: (Structure of chloroplast, photosynthetic pigments, absorption spectra, PSI and PSII, mechanism in C3, C4 and CAM pathways, photosynthetic electron transport chain, Red drop and Emersion effect and effect of environmental factors on photosynthesis). Respiration: (Structure of mitochondria, Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain), respiratory quotient. Photorespiration. Physiology of senescence. Unit 2 Translocation of minerals; active and passive transports. Mineral nutrition (micro and macro nutrients, criteria of essentiality- properties and deficiency symptoms). Biochemistry of biological N2 fixation, assimilation of ammonia. Phytochrome structure and function Photoperiodism and Vernalization Physiological effects of auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins. Seed dormancy. Unit 3 Structure and classification of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and proteins. Levels of protein structure- primary, secondary and tertiary. Enzymes Classification, structure and mechanism of action (general acid base catalysis, kinetics of enzyme catalysis, nucleophilic and electrophilic catalysis, and characteristics of enzyme active sites). Classification of vitamins; coenzymes and cofactors. Unit 4 Fatty acid synthesis, oxidation of fats, and oxidation pathways. Laws of Thermodynamics. Electrochemical gradient and redox potential Mechanisms of ATP synthesis. Secondary plant products: properties and functions of phenol, anthocyanins and terpenoids.

Paper 10 : (Practical)

(MARKS=25)

Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Study of transpiration rate in dorsiventral leaves by Blackmans apparatus. Determination of water potential by plasmolytic and gravimetric method. Extraction of plant pigment by paper chromatography. Study of the effect of light and CO2 concentration on oxygen evolution during photosynthesis by Winklers Method. Preparation of standard curves for Soluble proteins in plant materials by Bradford Method. Starch by I2KI method. Amino acid by Ninhydrin reagent. Sugars by Anthrine reagent. Separation of amino acids and sugars by paper chromatography. Effect of substrate concentration on amylase activity.

Semester 5
Paper 11 : (Theory) (MARKS=75)

Ecology and Conservation Biology

Unit 1 Ecological Factors: Climatic (light, temperature, precipitation and fire), Edaphic (soil formation process, soil types, soil texture, soil profile, soil reaction and soil organic matter), Biotic (anthropogenic and non anthropogenic) and Physiographic (slope and direction of mountain). Ecological adaptations: hydrophytic, xerophytic, epiphytic and halophytic. Ecological levels of organization: population, community, ecosystem, landscape, biome and biosphere. Unit 2 Population Ecology: Attributes of Plant populations, mortality, natality, survivorship curves, life table analysis and population growth. Population Interactions: Types of interactions, symbiosis, parasitism, commensalism, protocooperation and competition. Community Ecology: Community structure qualitative and quantitative attributes of community; Community dynamics primary and secondary succession, stages of succession; hydrosere and xerosere. Unit 3 Structural attributes of ecosystem: Abiotic components (Inorganic elements, organic compounds and climatic regimes) and Biotic components (producers, macroconsumers and microconsumers). Functional attributes of ecosystem: Flow of energy (Energy Models and Ecological Pyramids), primary production (types and distribution, food chain and food web). Biogeochemical Cycles: Hydrological cycle, Gaseous cycle (carbon) and Sedimentary cycle (phosphorus) Unit 4 Air, water and soil pollution: sources, effects and abatement. Global environmental problems: Causes, consequences and remedial measures of ozone layer depletion, climatic changes and global warming (green house effect), desertification. Plant diversity and conservation: Magnitude of vascular plant diversity in India. Plant conservation measures in-situ (Biosphere Reserve, National Park, Wild Life Sanctuary, World Heritage Sites and Community Conserved Areas) and ex-situ (Botanical Garden, Museum, Seed Bank, Gene Bank and Cryopreservation).

Paper 12 : (Practical) Ecology and Conservation Biology

(MARKS=25)

Determination of requisite size and number of quadrats for the study of plant community. Determination of frequency, density, abundance and basal area by quadrat method and consequently IVI. Study of morphological and anatomical features of xerophytes, hydrophytes and epiphytes. Study of spatial and temporal variations in climatic factors light, temperature and relative humidity. Determination of soil organic matter content of different soil samples by Walkley and Blacks rapid titration method. Determination of moisture content of two different soil samples using gravimetric method. Determination of pH of soil samples of various sites using electronic pH meter.

Semester 6
Paper 13 : (Theory) Molecular Biology, Genetics and Plant Breeding Unit 1 Mitosis and Meiosis and their significance. General account of structure of chromosomes and their role in inheritance; Chromosomal theory of Inheritence. Mendels Laws of Inheritence, Alleles and Multiple alleles. Gene Interaction (epistasis, supplementary, complementary and duplicate genes). Linkage and crossing over, Unit 2 Extranuclear inheritance (cytoplasmic male sterility and variegated leaves in Mirabilis) Sex chromosomes and mechanisms of sex determination Structural and numerical aberrations of chromosomes in plants. Unit 3 Principles of crop improvement: domestication, introduction, hybridization and artificial selection. Methods of crop improvement: Pure line and mass selection. Heterosis and Inbreeding depression. Gene mutation, their role in crop improvement and evolution. Protein synthesis in prokaryotes. Unit 4 Structure of B DNA and RNA; secondary folding of tRNA. Mechanism of DNA replication; semiconservative and semi discontinuous. Mechanism of RNA transcription; Operon concept: inducible and repressible operons. Recombination in bacteria (conjugation, transformation and transduction). Genetic engineering of plants using vector mediated gene transfer (Plant viruses and Ti plasmid). (MARKS=75)

Paper 14 : (Practical) (MARKS=25) Molecular Biology, Genetics and Plant Breeding Preparation of temporary slides of root tips and study of mitosis. Study of cell division in flower buds and identification of meiotic stages. Study of Polytene chromosome through permanent slides. Study of monohybrid and dihybrid ratios and modifications of dihybrid ratio, using seed samples. Preparation of standard curve for estimation of (a) DNA by diphenylamine method (b) RNA by orcinol method. Emasculation, bagging, tagging and pollination in self pollinated plants.

Semester 6 Paper 15 : (Theory)

(MARKS=75)

Plant Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology

Unit 1 Microsporogenesis and Microgametogenesis Megasporogenesis and Megagametogenesis (monosporic, bisporic and tetrasporic) Fertilization. Structure and function of synergids and suspensor. Unit 2 Pollination mechanisms Pollen pistil interaction and self incompatibility. Development, structure and function of endosperm and its haustoria. Dicot embryogeny

Unit 3 Polyembryony Pollen production and dispersion in time and space. Pollen morphology and its role in taxonomy Pollen allergy Unit 4 Cell and tissue culture techniques. Cellular differentiation and totipotency; organogenesis and embryogenesis. Protoplast isolation and culture; Somatic hybridization and clonal propagation. Achievements in crop biotechnology ( insect control and quality improvement) and transgenic plants for crop improvement.

Paper 16 : (Practical)

(MARKS=25)

Plant Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology

Preparation of slides using acetolysis method and study of pollen morphology. Excision of endosperm and embryo Estimation of germination percentage of pollen grains using Brewbaker and Kwacks medium. Study of pollen development, microsporogenesis, megasporogenesis, fertilization, endosperm and embryo using permanent slides. Preparation of tissue culture medium and inoculation of explants.