1

!"# %#&'#"()*
+, !"# %#&'#"()* |nonfieeholu estatej
a. !#-. (/ 0#&-'
i. An estate that lasts foi some fixeu peiiou of time oi foi a peiiou computable by a foimula
that iesults in fixing calenuai uates foi beginning anu enuing
ii. 1(..(2 )&3: no limit on numbei of yeais peimitteu
iii. 4(*#-2 )&3: state statutes typically limit uuiation
iv. !#-.52&65(27
1. 2(658# unnecessaiy bc fixeu uuiation
2. 9#&6" (/ % (- !: no effect on teim of yeais
S. !#-. (/ :#&-' *#6#-.52&;)#7
a. conuition subsequent: L to T foi 1u yeais "so long as useu foi a school" 0R
b. teiminable by one paity: L to T foi one yeai, with a pioviso that L can
teiminate at any time
b. <#-5(*58 !#2&28:
i. A lease foi a peiiou of some fixeu uuiation that continues foi succeeuing peiious until eithei
L oi T gives notice of teimination
1. EX) "To A fiom month to month" oi "To B fiom yeai to yeai."
ii. 1-#&65(27
1. Agieement of paities
2. 0peiation of Law
a. Boluovei aftei expiiation of the teim: L may consent to T's staying ovei anu
holu T liable foi the ient of anothei teim
b. T takes possession unuei invaliu lease: Entiy by T cieates a tenancy at will, anu
payment of peiiouic ient conveits the TW to a Peiiouic Tenancy by opeiation
of law
i. Notice will be iequiieu even though paities may think the invaliu lease
will enu without notice
iii. !#-.52&65(2 has to be on the final uay of the peiiou (see pioblems foi examples)
1. =(658#7 iequiieu; peiiou automatically extenueu until piopei notice is given; notice
must state the !"#$ &"' () $*+ ,+-.(&, anu the notice must be equal to the length of the
peiiou itself (exception: yi to yi ieqs only 6 mos)
a. >?@ notice given on }an. 2u to teiminate a month to month tenancy on Feb 2u
is insufficient; noi will it teiminate on the last uay of Feb bc it uoes not specify
that uate
2. A#'6&6#.#26: abanuons common law iule anu says that if the uate stateu in the
notice foi teimination is not the enu of a peiiou oi is too shoit a time befoie the enu
of a peiiou, the notice will be effective to teiminate at the eailiest possible uate aftei
the uate stateu. (bettei honois intentions of paity)
S. 9#&6" (/ %&2*)(-* (- !#2&26 has no effect on the uuiation of the teim of yeais oi
the peiiouic tenancy
iv. !:B#'7
1. 0#&- 6( :#&-
a. =(658#7
i. 1(..(2 )&3: 6mo notice iequiieu to teiminate yi-to-yi tenancy
ii. 4(*#-2 )&37 statutes will govein notice iequiiements
b. >?@ annual ient payable monthly - geneially inteipieteu to be yeai-to-yeai
2. %#'' 6"&2 & :#&-
a. =(658# must be given +/0"! .1 !+12$* of the peiiou, but not to exceeu 6 mos.
i. EX) foi a month-to-month, must give a full month's notice
ii. Couit will make the notice effective on the eailiest uate it 8(C)* be
effective unuei common law piinciples
c. !#2&28: D6 E5))
2
i. A tenancy of no fixeu peiiou that enuuies so long as both L anu T uesiie
ii. F25)&6#-&) B(3#- 6( 6#-.52&6# a lease can be negotiateu on a teim of yeais oi a peiiouic
tenancy
1. G<%+!: if a leaseholu has no ceitain uuiation but is teiminable at will by one paity
a. Tenancy at Will
i. some couits .3,!' a powei of teimination in the othei paity since theie is
no ceitain uuiation, theieby cieating a TW, wheie both can teiminate
b. Beteiminable LE
i. othei couits say that if the agieement uoes not cieate a teim of
yeaispeiiouic tenancy, but the tenancy is to continue so long as T wills, T
has a LE ueteiminable
2. A#'6&6#.#267 you shoulu be able to negotiate that foi eithei paity, but it might be an
unconscionable teim in the contiact anu theiefoie unenfoiceable
a. EX) L to T "foi 1u yeais 0R until L soonei teiminates"
i. Cieates a 6#-. (/ :#&-' *#6#-.52&;)#
b. EX) L to T "foi as long as T uesiies to stay on the lanu."
i. Cieates a )5/# #'6&6# *#6#-.52&;)#, teiminable at his will oi on his ueath
iii. !#-.52&65(2
1. Common law iequiieu no notice; mouein statutes geneially iequiie some notice
2. When one paity enus it 0R at the *#&6" of one of the paities
S. TW can't be assigneu, so it teiminates if L attempts to convey, oi T attempts to assign,
the piopeity
iv. 4(*#-2 %&3 iequiies a peiiou of notice in oiuei foi one paity to teiminate a TAW
1. Su uays oi a time equal to the inteival bw ient payments
u. !#2&28: &6 GC//#-&28#7 H()*(I#-'
i. When a tenant iemains in possession (holus ovei) aftei teimination of the tenancy
1. %#&I52J 56#.' uoes not constitute a holuovei unless they .1$+-)+-+ 4.$* 56# 0#+ () $*+
,-+3.#+#
2. D2 5)) 6#2&26 is not liable as a B0 tenant bc not staying on voluntaiily
a. But L may still have a iemeuy - T will have to pay foi the peiiou he was on the
piemises pieventing L fiom leasing to someone else
ii. 1(..(2 )&3
1. Tenant fiienuly
2. %K' L A#.#*5#':
a. >I5865(2 (plus uamages)
i. Tieat B0 tenant as tiespassei
ii. uet special uamages (those causeu uiiectly by the B0)
b. 1(2'#26 (expiess oi implieu) to cieate a new tenancy
i. 0sually any new agieement will be limiteu to one yeai (even if oiiginal
lease was foi like S yeais, etc)
ii. Even if L ueciues to tieat B0tenant as tiespassei, if he subsequently
accepts anu ueposits ient checks, he implicitly agiees to a month-to-
month tenancy (oi othei peiiou, uepenuing on the facts)
iii. +2 4('6 MN2', holuing ovei gives iise to a peiiouic tenancy subject to the teims of the
oiiginal lease; geneially limiteu to one yeai tenancy
iv. E&:' 6( 9#&) 356" H()*(I#-'
1. G6&6C6#' specify length of the holuovei tenancy
2. Some 8(2I#-6 holu ovei tenant into a tenancy at will anu pioviue that the tenant
shall be liable foi the -#&'(2&;)# I&)C# of useoccupation - even though this may be
less than the ient agieeu upon in the oiiginal lease
S. Ls may *#.&2* *(C;)# -#2* fiom B0 tenants (faiily common)
v. 9&.&J#'
1. 1(..(2 )&3: FRv of leaseu piemises, plus any special uamages (ient in oiiginal
lease is goou eviuence of FRv)
2. A5J"6' (/ +28(.52J !#2&26:
S
a. 1(2I#265(2&) 1(..(2 %&3: incoming T with the iight to possession can
evict a holuovei tenant anu iecovei uamages as measuieu by FRv (eviuenceu
in oiiginal lease)
b. A#'6&6#.#26: incoming T shoulu also be able to consent anu tieat B0 tenant
as sublettei as L can
++, !"# %#&'#
a. 9#/52#*: an instiument that pioclaims itself as a lease may not be one (coulu insteau be a loan, LE,
oi license); anu one that uoes not iuentify itself as a lease may neveitheless be one
b. Both conveyance anu contiact:
i. Conveyance: tiansfeis a possessoiy inteiest in lanu
ii. Contiact: contains a numbei of piomises
c. GOP: iequiies leases foi moie than 1 yeai be in wiiting
i. Wheie a jxn uoes not peimit oial leases foi a teim less than a yeai, it usually will holu that
entiy unuei an oial lease plus payment of ient cieates a peiiouic tenancy 1($ #078+9$ $( $*+
:;<
ii. 0ial lease to commence in the futuie: valiu unuei the SF if the teim uoes not exceeu one yeai
iii. If the oial lease has an option to ienew foi anothei one-yeai teim, it is tieateu as a 2yi lease
anu is voiu unuei SF bc no longei falls into shoit-teim lease exception of SF
u. P(-. %#&'#' 4('6 1(..(2
i. Lack of baigaining powei. Naybe not. Competition shoulu be an equilizei
ii. Real issue: monopoly powei
iii. Statutoiy leases - but conflict if L has political powei + maiket powei
+++, G#)#865(2 (/ !#2&26' |unlawful uisciiminationj
a. P&5- H(C'52J D86 QL F,G,1, R STUQ VWXTY@ - piouuct of civil iights movement of 6us
i. <-(6#86': iace, coloi, ieligion, sex, familial status (specifying iatio of auults to kius), anu
national oiigin, hanuicap, maybe sexual haiassment unuei S6u4(b) "conuitions of
piemises"
ii. 9(#' 2(6 B-(6#86: maiital status, sexual piefeience, piofession
iii. R STUQV8@ ueals with auveitising
1. What if auveitising says "only people of ceitain languages."
a. Piobably a violation bc can the statute piotects people of "national oiigin" anu
languages can be ieau to piefei people of ceitain national oiigin
iv. R STUSV;@ is an exemption piovision, applies to eveiything except S6u4(c), the auveitising
piovision |S0, if someone violates by uisciiminatoiy auveitising, but lives in a situation
exempteu by the statute, the exemption uoes not extenu to the auveitising violationj
1. STUSVW@: single family homes
a. >?@ "Wanteu: Female to shaie 2buim apt."
i. violation of FBA. No.
ii. Exemption piovision: people ienting a ioom in the apaitment in which
they aie living aie no piohibiteu fiom piefeiiing a specific genuei
2. STUSVL@: small space with no moie than 4 families living inuepenuently theie anu
ownei occupying one of those units
v. R STUQV/@VS@: uisciimination baseu on hanuicap
1. L must make ieasonable accommouations to allow hanuicappeu peisons to use the
piemises (waiving no pet policy, constiuction, etc.)
2. AIBS consiueieu a hanuicap
vi. Appioaches uisciimination by making a *5'B&-&6# 6-#&6.#26 8)&5. (you weie tieateu
uiffeiently than anothei genueiclass of peisons)
1. <-5.& P&85# 1&'#:
a. You weie pait of an FBA piotecteu class (iacial, genuei, familial gioup)
b. You tiieu to get housing (ientbuy) that you weie legitimatelyobjectively
qualifieu to obtain B0T the lanuloiusellei uiu not ientsell the housing to you
anu insteau it iemaineu available 0R went to someone not in my piotecteu
class
4
2. Then, buiuen shifts to L to piove that he uiu not uisciiminate; if he can, then
S. Buiuen shifts back to P so show he uiu
vii. 95'B&-&6# +.B&86 1)&5.
1. Bemonstiate that the actionpiactice is one that woulu make a uisciiminatoiy impact
iathei than actual uisciimination
2. Buiuen shifts if it is a goveinmental B - they must show they have a goveinmental
puipose wo uisciimination
S. If piivate ownei, they must show some unueilying business puipose to explain theii
piactice
b. QL F,G,1, R WXYL VWYTT@ - piouuct of post civil wai statute
i. No piohibition on uisciiminatoiy auveitising
ii. It uoesn't specifically piotect "national oiigin" as a classification B0T "iace" at that time was
inteipieteu as synonymous with national oiigin - so piobably a violation
iii. Boes not apply to auveitisements
+Z, 9#)5I#-: (/ <(''#''5(2
a. L has the uuty to tiansfei to T at the beginning of the tenancy the !+2"! -.2*$ $( ,(##+##.(1
b. >2J)5'" AC)# V.&[(-56:@7
i. Nust give T actual possessoiy iights to piopeity at time of lease
ii. Beliveiy of possession: theie neeus to be an expiess conuition
iii. L must make suie pievious T has left the piemises so it's actually available
iv. Implieu teim of the lease that L will make suie piemises aie actually available foi use by
incoming T
v. Incoming T's iemeuies against L:
1. Not necessaiily obligateu to pay ient while kept out of piemises
2. Bamages: loss of business, cost of ienting othei place, cost of ousting
S. Teiminate lease - anu still sue foi uamages
vi. A&65(2&)#:
1. L in bettei position to know status of cuiient Tlikelihoou of holuovei
c. D.#-58&2 AC)# V.52(-56:@7
i. If the lease uoesn't speak to the issue of holuovei T, then L uoes not owe T actual possession
of the piemises at the beginning of the lease; anu L hasn't violateu any uuty to the new T
ii. L has a uuty to the incoming T
1. If L leaseu it foi longei to the initial T anu then gianteu a new lease coveiing the
same time peiiou, TBEN theie's a cause of action against L
2. L has obligation to give T legal iight to the piopeity but N0 B0TY to give actual
possessoiy iights at the time of the piopeity
iii. Incoming T's iemeuies:
1. evict Boluovei T anu iecovei uamages
2. Tieat BT as tenant foi anothei teim, with ient payable to incoming T
iv. Still, paities can negotiate to put a contiaiy teim in the lease
1. Caveat: 0RLTA, auopting English iule, uoes not allow paities to agiee otheiwise
v. A&65(2&)#:
1. 0nfaii to holu L iesponsible foi wiongful acts by S
iu
paity not actually in L's contiol
2. Statutes pioviue iemeuies foi incoming T in these situations
S. Ls may be uiscouiageu fiom enteiing into new leases
Z, GC;)#&'#' &2* D''5J2.#26'
a. D''5J2.#26: T oi L may fieely tiansfei his inteiest in the piemises
i. L assigns the ieveision, the assignee anu the T aie in piivity of estate 0R
ii. T tiansfeis his +1$.-+ -+3".1.12 $+-3 of his leaseholu, the assignee comes into B-5I56: (/
#'6&6# with L
iii. IF a T's assignee bieaches a covenant in the lease (fails to pay ient), L can sue the assignee bc
of piivity of estate anu can also sue the oiiginal T bc of piivity of K
1. <-5I56: (/ #'6&6# makes L anu assignee liable to each othei on the covenants of the
oiiginal lease that iun with the lanu
2. <-5I56: (/ 1(26-&86: 0bligations binu iegaiuless of whethei in piivity of estate
S
a. T iemains a suiety; so if T2 fails to pay ient, L may still sue T1; The only way
T1 can escape ient liability is by a ielease; just because L consents to the
assignment anu accepts ient fiom T2 uoes not waive L's iights against T1
S. Nany people can be in piivity of K with L; only 1 paity can be in piivity of estate with
L
4. >N8#B65(2' - when assignee woulu be in piivity of K with oiiginal ownei:
a. =(I&65(2: L consents to assignment to T2 anu ieleases T; a new K bw L anu T2
is foimeu; now piivity of K anu piivity of estate bw L anu T2
b. S
-*
B&-6: ;#2#/585&-: *(86-52#: entei into a K foi the benefit of someone else
i. (pleugeis: my own life insuiance plan ! I won't collect on my policy, but
my beneficiaiies woulu); someone who is not paity to the K neveitheless
has iights to enfoice it bc it was foi theii benefit
ii. EX) K bw T anu T1 to tiansfei the leaseholu; this K coulu aiguable be a S
iu

paity benefic K foi the benefit of the L: foi example, T anu T1 may agiee
that T1 will assume covenants of oiiginal Lease, so L coulu be seen to
benefit fiom the K in a jxn that iecognizes S
iu
paity benefic Ks
S. !"#(-: (/ GC;-(J&65(2: if T is foiceu to pay L baseu upon uefaults by othei people;
In exchange foi paying off L, T implicitly acquiies L's iights: he can tuin aiounu anu
asseit the same iights L coulu have asseiteu against othei liable paities; he has
subiogateu L's iights bc he hau to pay off the L
iv. <&-65&) D''5J2.#26: when lessee tiansfeis all of his inteiest in some physical pait of the
piemises
b. GC;)#&'#7
i. If a T tiansfeis less than the entiie iemaining teim of his leaseholu, theie's a sublease, anu T
becomes lanuloiu of the sublessee
ii. Sublessee is not in piivity of estate with L anu 9"11($ sue oi be sueu by L
1. Since the Sub has maue no K with L, he cannot sue oi be sueu on K eithei
c. 1(I#2&26' &J&52'6 D''5J2.#26'\GC;)#&'#'
i. Najoiity iule: is a lease covenant says lessoi must obtain L's wiitten consent to an
assignment, L can aibitiaiily ieject assignments
ii. Ninoiity iule: iequiies a 8(..#-85&)): -#&'(2&;)# (;[#865(2 foi iejecting the assignment
1. financial iesponsibility foi new T, but cannot consiuei new L's geneial economic
auvantage
2. Rationale:
a. Want the piopeity to be useu
b. the lease is both a conveyance anu a contiact
i. alienation: L woulu iestiain alienation by iefusing consent (piopeity law
favois tiansfeiability)
ii. implieu covenant of goou faithfaii uealing (K law favois also)
iii. E&5I#- (/ 8(I#2&267
1. may expiessly oi implieuly waive the covenant against assignment oi sublease;
geneially happens when L accepts ient fiom the assignees with the knowleuge of the
assignment
2. AC)# 52 9C.B(-K' 1&'#: wheie L expiessly consents to one assignment, the Rule
states that the covenant theieaftei becomes unenfoiceable (once waiveu, is
uestioyeu)
a. A#'6&6#.#267 iejects RBC
b. >N8#B65(2' 6( AC)#:
i. If the covenant not to assign wo consent of L is expiesseu as binuing on
lessee "1& *.# "##.21#, then an assignment with consent of L uoes not fiee
assignee fiom the binuing foice of the covenant.
ii. If L, in consenting to an assignment, expiessly says the consent is to $*"$
"##.213+1$ (1!', anu not to futuie assignments, then RBC uoesn't apply
iv. A#'5*#265&) %#&'#'7 ueneially, the ieasonable objection stanuaiu uoes not apply to
iesiuential leases
6
u. 1(I#2&26' -C2252JK' 6( D''5J2##'
Z+, %K' A#.#*5#'7 !"# !#2&26 E"( 9#/&C)6'
a. 4#&2' (/ D''C-52J <#-/(-.&28#
i. OB65(2' /(- % C2*#- .52(-56: I5#37
1. 95'6-#''
2. G6&6C6(-: %5#2'
S. G#8C-56: 9#B('56'
a. Common law: put in an esciow acct anu ietuin to T at teimination of lease,
minus any uamages to piemises
b. To withholu secuiity ueposit, L must pioviue an itemizeu list of why
4. A#26 D88#)#-&65(2
a. To avoiu the iule that L must wait to sue foi ient, the clause pioviues that the
ient foi the balance of the teim shall become payable in full on T's uefault of
payment of ient
S. E&5I#- (/ '#-I58# &2* 1(2/#''5(2 (/ MC*J.#26
b. !"# !#2&26 52 <(''#''5(2
i. 1(..(2 )&3\4&[(-56:: foicible ieentiyself help; L coulu, wo notice to T, entei upon
piemises anu seize whatevei chattels he founu anu holu them as secuiity until ient was paiu
S0 L0Nu AS
1. L was legally entitleu to possession anu
2. Bis means of ieentiy was peaceable
ii. 4(*#-2 6-#2*\.52(-56:7 move away fiom self-help; iequiie L to seek juuicial iemeuy
1. Shoulu T be able to baigain away this anti self-help piotection in exchange foi lowei
ient.
iii. %K' -#.#*5#'7
1. >I5865(2:
2. GC..&-: <-(8##*52J' (S-1u uays)
S. !#.B(-&-: A#'6-&5252J O-*#- (as soon as juuge will sign; soit of like injunction)
iv.
c. !"# !#2&26 E"( H&' D;&2*(2#* <(''#''5(2
i. When T abanuons, L has thiee options:
1. Teiminate the lease,
2. Let the piemise lie iule anu sue T foi ient, oi
S. Retake possession anu attempt to ie-let
ii. %K' -#.#*5#'
1. !#-.52&65(2 (/ %#&'#7
a. GC--#2*#-
i. L teiminates the lease on T's abanuonment; T liable only foi ient acciueu
anu uamages causeu by abanuonment
ii. L no longei has iemeuy of lien oi uistiess upon teimination of lease
b. D26585B&6(-: ]-#&8"
i. 1(..(2 )&3 *5* 2(6 &))(3: if L wanteu uamages, L hau to keep the
lease alive (iathei than teiminate), wait until ient was uue, anu then sue
ii. 4&[(-56: )&3 &))(3': if T makes it cleai he will pay no fuithei ient; L's
uamages aie ueteimineu by the |ient agieeu upon in leasej - |FRv ovei
the value of the teimj
2. G56 +*)#
a. 9C6: 6( 4565J&6# 9&.&J#'
i. 1(..(2 %&3: L has no uuty to mitigate uamages if T abanuons, so no
uuty to finu ieplacement
1. A&65(2&)#:
a. T can't by his wionguoing impose a uuty on L (piopeity
view of lease)
b. Abanuonment of piopeity encouiages vanualism, anu law
shoulun't encouiage that conuuct
7
2. A#'6&6#.#267 follows common law; no uuty to mitigate uamages
if T abanuons
ii. 4(*#-2 !-#2*\.&[(-56::
1. L has uuty to mitigate uamages anu L has buiuen of pioof to
show he has tiieu
b. A#26 D88#)#-&65(2 1)&C'#
S. A#B(''#'' &2* A#^%#6
a. If uuty to mitigate: L must iepossess
b. If no uuty to mitigate: SPLIT if L enteis
i. }XN 1: L's Repo uepiives T of possession anu effect a suiienuei, excusing
T fiom fuithei liability
ii. }XN 2: ieentiy by L effects a suiienuei only if L intenus to teiminate the
lease; otheiwise, L is acting as an agent foi T in ie-letting
Z++, %&2*)(-*' 9C65#'_ !#2&26K' A5J"6'_ &2* A#.#*5#' `-#J&-*52J 8(2*565(2 (/ )#&'#* B-#.5'#'a
a. 1(..(2 %&3
i. Leases subject to the uoctiine of 8&I#&6 )#''##:
1. Lessee bewaie; geneially, L has no obligation to pioviue suitable piemises
2. >N8#B65(2': in which L has a uuty to pioviue suitable piemises
a. shoit teim leases foi fuinisheu uwellings - The lessee isn't going to be theie
foi an extenueu amount of time; immeuiate occupancy
b. uisclose latent uefects in the piemises (one that is not ieauily obseivable) -
even aftei inspecting the piopeity, T may not be awaie of the uemise; object of
caveat lessee is to make T uo theii homewoik;
c. Naintaining common aieas useu by all tenants: L in bettei position to maintain
common aieas anu weiiu economic incentives foi Ts if they weie iesponsible
foi hallways (fiee iiueis, etc.)
u. L must unueitake caiefully any iepaiis that he piomiseu oi volunteeieu to
make: T may have maue theii uecision to ient in ieliance on saiu piomises
(woulu not have ienteu hau L not piomiseu to iepaii)
e. abstain fiom fiauuulent misiep as to the conuition of the piemises: similai to
iationale above
f. Immoial conuuct anu nuisances: L in bettei position to ueal with this issue (if
anothei T is using theii apaitment foi immoial activities.L can bettei auuiess
pioblem)
b. 1(I#2&26 (/ bC5#6 >2[(:.#26
i. T's iight of quiet enjoyment of piemises without inteifeience by L
ii. If not expiesseu, it is .3,!.+& .1 +=+-' !+"#+
iii. D.#-58&2 %&3 (/ <-(B#-6:7
iv. 9#B#2*#26 8(I#2&26:
1. At Common Law, covenants in leases weie inuepenuent, so if L uiun't uo what he was
supposeu to uo, that uiun't excuse T fiom paying his ient (his pait of the covenant)
B0T
2. T's covenant to pay ient was always uepenuent on L's peifoimance of the Cov. of QE;
so if L bieaches CQE by evicting T, T ieleaseu fiom obligation to pay ient
v. ]-#&8": CQE can be bieacheu by actual oi constiuctive eviction
c. D86C&) >I5865(2
i. 1(.B)#6# D86C&) >I5865(2
1. Physical eviction of T fiom the entiie leaseu piemises teiminates T's iental obligation
ii. <&-65&) >I5865(2 ;: %
1. If T is evicteu fiom any poition of the leaseu piemises his ient obligation abates
entiiely until possession of that pait is iestoieu to him;
2. T may stay in possession anu iefuse to pay ient
S. A&65(2&)#: obligation to pay ient iests on T's possession of the entiie leaseholu
4. A#'6&6#.#26:
a. iejects iule of total ient abatement foi paitial actual eviction bc unjust to L
8
b. auopts a paitial ient abatement iule
iii. <&-65&) >I5865(2 ;: B&-&.(C26 656)#
1. T evicteu by S
iu
paity with paiamount title,
2. !K' -#.#*5#':
a. Teiminate the lease,
b. Recovei uamages, oi
c. Receive a piopoitionate ient abatement
S. If T iemains in possession, he is liable foi the ieasonable iental value of the poition
he possesses (uistinct fiom paitial eviction by L, wheie T can iemain in possession
wo paying ient)
a. A&65(2&)#: iecoiuing statutes - T shoulu have constiuctive knowleuge of
paiamount title
u. 1(2'6-C865I# >I5865(2
i. Thiough the fault of L, theie is a substantial inteifeience with T's use anu enjoyment of the
leaseu piemises; uoes not iequiie physical expulsion fiom possession
ii. !K' -#.#*5#'
1. Teiminate lease,
2. vacate piemises, anu
S. Be excuseu fiom fuithei ient liability
iii. >NB&2'5(2 (/ *#B#2*#26 B-(.5'#'
1. Nake T's obligation to pay ient uepenuent on L's peifoimance of hei CQE
2. uives T the iemeuy of teiminating the tenancy
iv. 1(I#2&26 =(6 6( 1(.B#6#
1. A covenant by L that he will not compete with oi ient to a competitoi of T will
geneially be ueemeu so impoitant to T's enjoyment that bieach of the covenant by L
is tieateu as constiuctive eviction
i. >)#.#26' (/ 1(2'6-C865I# >I5865(2
2. GC;'6&265&) +26#-/#-#28#
a. 1(2'5*#- puiposes foi which leaseu, foieseeability, potential uuiation,
natuieuegiee of haim causeu; available means to abate the inteifeience
b. 95'8)('C-# B-5(- 6( %#&'#7 If L knows of uefects, may have uuty to uisclose
c. !#2&26K' c2(3)#*J#: If T knows of the inteifeience befoie taking possession,
he has waiveu the inteifeience
u. =(658# 6( %:
i. T must give notice to L befoie claiming constiuctive eviction anu
ii. L must fail to iemeuy situation within a ieasonable time
S. ! .C'6 I&8&6# 6"# B-#.5'#'
a. T cannot iemain in possession anu iefuse to pay ient oi ieceive uamages
unuei Constiuctive Eviction; ient obligation continues if he stays on
i. T takes a iisk in abanuoning possession, though, bc couit coulu finu no
constiuctive eviction
1. 9#8)&-&6(-: MC*J.#26: way foi T to stay on anu know, befoie
vacating piemises, whethei constiuctive eviction is constituteu
b. 9&.&J#' D/6#- Z&8&652J
i. When T vacates, the lease is teiminateu B0T T can iecovei fiom L
uamages suffeieu because of the constiuctive eviction
ii. EX) Biff bw ient paiu anu ieasonable ient value; cost of finuing new
piemises; loss of piofits
c. A#'6&6#.#267
i. iejects iequiiement that T must abanuon piopeity befoie claiming CE
ii. T has iight to 1) teiminate 0R 2) stay on anu ieceive uamages oi a ient
abatement
iii. Rationale: T shoulu ieceive what he has baigaineu foi
4. P&C)6 (/ %&2*)(-*
9
a. The inteifeience with T's QE must iesult fiom some act oi failuie to act on pait
of L
i. Wheie T claim constiuctive eviction foi bieach of CQE, L must have some
legal uuty to act
b. Can't claim CE fiom acts of S
iu
paity unless that paity's acts weie inuuceu by oi
committeu with the consent (expiess oi implieu) of L
i. ueneially, L not iesponsible foi acts of othei Ts
ii. >N8#B65(2':
1. 2C5'&28#: L has uuty not to peimit a nuisance on the piemises
2. 8(..(2 &-#&': L has uuty to contiol common aieas
e. !"# +))#J&) %#&'#: tiansitional uocument; on the way to implieu waiianty of habitability
f. !"# +.B)5#* E&--&26: (/ H&;56&;5)56:
i. Common law: L hau no uuty to pioviue habitable piemises (caveat lessee)
ii. Nouein Law: IWB, L has uuty to maintain a safe, healthy, functioning piemises
iii. Allows T to maintain possession while withholuing ient (at com law, T coulun't uo that
unless what L uiu was so seveie as to constitute a constiuctive eviction)
iv. Can often glean the stanuaiu of habitability by housing coues
v. Cannot be waiveu
vi. %&6#26 *#/#86': T must notify L anu give him ieasonable oppoitunity to iemeuy
vii. A#.#*5#' /(- !
1. Bieach: iefoimation, iescission (get out of lease), oi iefoimation of K
2. Bamages:
a. Biff bw value of the uwelling as T was tolu it woulu be anu the value of the
uwelling as it is (loss of the baigain)
b. Biscomfoit anu annoyance
c. Punitives sometimes
S. Repaiis maue - T can ueuuct fiom ient
viii. DBB-(&8"#' 6( 8&)8C)&652J 9&.&J#'
1. Biluei: |FRv as waiianteuj - |actual valuej
a. The lease ient uoesn't necessaiily equal the FRv
b. Noie T fiienuly
2. Kline: |lease ientj - |actual valuej
a. L can say "I uon't owe you anything bc while youi place is ciappy, we ieflecteu
that in the ient"
S. <#-8#26&J# 95.52C65(2 : but how to calculate. by footage available oi time you
spenu in a paiticulai pait of builuing.
ix. ! 8&2 #2/(-8# "5' -5J"6'
1. Withholu ient (uepenuent covenant)
2. uet money back foi iepaiis oi ieuuce ient accoiuingly
x. 1(2'6-C865I# >I5865(2 G65)) =#8#''&-:
1. IWB only applies to iesiuential leases, so CE neeueu foi commeicial leases
2. Some iesiuential leases not coveieu by IWB
a. single-family iesiuences
b. agiicultuial leases
S. IWB moie auvantageous that CE
a. can iemain in possession anu withholu ient
b. L has uuty to pioviue habitable piemises; befoie, L just hau uuty to comply
with common law exceptions
c. Bamages tenu to be bettei
g. A#6&)5&6(-: >I5865(2
i. 1(..(2 %&3: L coulu evict T when they complain ab status of piemises
ii. 4(*#-2 %&3: piohibits ietaliatoiy eviction
1. If L fieely evicts someone, that unueicuts any auvantage that T woulu have fiom IWB
Z+++, !#2&26K' 9C65#'d %&2*)(-*K' A5J"6' &2* A#.#*5#'
a. E&'6#
1u
i. T ieplaces uefective poitions of the apaitment
1. T might be liable to L foi taking anything they may have iepaiieu uuiing the tenancy
2. If T has lease obligation to iepaii, then he can not take away those iepaiis when he
leaves
S. %&3 (/ P5N6C-#': when something that useu to be moveablepeisonal piopeity gets
attacheu to ieal piopeity; theieaftei tieateu as fixeu, ieal piopeity
ii. D//5-.&65I# E&'6#: T teais uown a builuing
iii. <#-.5''5I# E&'6#: failuie of T to act, allowing things to fall into uisiepaii
1. 1(..(2 )&3: T hau uuty to iepaii to extent necessaiy to pievent peimissive waste
2. 4(*#-2 %&3:
a. maj says T has no obligation to make iepaiis;
b. insteau, L has uuty to maintain the piopeity (iise of IWB)
b. P-C'6-&65(2 (/ <C-B('# V+.B(''5;5)56: (/ <#-/(-.&28#@: excuses both paities fiom fuithei
peifoimance of theii obligations unuei the lease (ex: builuing buins uown)
+?, !"# <-(;)#. (/ D//(-*&;)# H(C'52J
a. Economic effects of oiuinances:
i. 1('6\G6&6C'7 if cost to L goes up, ient iises oi L won't maintain the piopeity to offset
ii. GCBB):: owneis woulu sell iathei than ient bc selling the house woulu have to meet the
stanuaius of the oiuinance
b. Rent contiol huits pooiei Ts anu newei Ts
i. Pooiei Ts: if L aie tiying to pioviue low cost housing, but have to pay moie to uo so, then
that cost will be passeu along to Ts looking to get lowei value housing

11

!-&2'/#-' (/ %&2*
+, +26-( 6( ]C:52J\G#))52J A#&) >'6&6#
a. lenueis geneially ieq boiioweis to contiibute 1u-2u% of puichase piice as uown payment
b. Title not tiansfeiieu immeuiately upon signing the agieement, bc both buyei anu sellei must uo
ceitain things bw the signing of the K anu the closing:
i. G#))#-:
1. Pay off existing loans on the piopeity
2. pay the biokei's commission
S. pay legalothei fees
4. pocket the iest
ii. ]C:#-:
1. Title seaich (by attoiney oi title company)
2. Noitgage contingency: must obtain a moitgage loan within a given time oi she can
iescinu the K anu get hei ueposit back
S. Seconu contingency: inspect; if too expensive to iemeuy the inspection, can iescinu
(this is contentious)
4. get the ueeu, sign a piomissoiy note foi the loan, execute a moitgage oi *##* (/
6-C'6 in favoi of the lenuei, anu pay attoiney's fees
c. <()58: (/ 656)# 52'C-&28#:
i. issueu by title insuiance company
ii. assuies lenuei anu buyei that they have goou title to piopeity (uefenu against auveise
claims)
u. !-&2'/#- (/ 656)#:
i. Some jxns: tiansfei ueeu with "!! ,"-$.+# ,*'#.9"!!' ,-+#+1$
ii. 0thei jxns: tiansfei ueeu by >
-&
,"-$' +#9-(4 "2+1$
e.
++, ]-(e#-'
a. Biieu by selleis to attiact piospective buyeis
i. Fiuuciaiy uuty of loyaltygoou faith; must act in best inteiest of client (sellei)
1. Bave uuty to finu a buyei at the best piice to sellei baseu what they know ab
piopeity
2. Tiauitionally employeu by selleis so fiuuciaiy uuty oweu to sellei, but buyeis
iecently known to hiie ;C:#-K' ;-(e#- who owe fiuuciaiy uuties to piospective
buyeis anu shaie commission eaineu by the listing agent when the piopeity is
puichase
b. !:B#' (/ ]-(e#-'
i. %5'652J ]-(e#-: empoweieu to seive as the sellei's agent in selling the piopeity
ii. G#))52J ]-(e#-: moie inuiiect ielationship with sellei; ieceive theii compensation by
splitting the listing biokei's commission (inteiesteu buyei initiates the ielationship w a
selling biokei who then intiouuces the buyei to selleis anu listing biokeis)
1. ;C6 the selling biokei's uuties aie to the sellei 2(6 the buyei
c. 9C&) DJ#26'
i. When both buyei anu sellei hiie the same peison
ii. Complicateu bc the biokei owes the buyei anu sellei the same uuty of goou faith anu loyalty
iii. Nany states peimit it 5/ the uual agent ieveals hei uual agency to both paities eaily on
iv. Positive: can negotiate a lowei commission
u. 95'8)('C-# A#fC5-#.#26'
i. Some states iequiie wiitten uisclosuie that the biokei is the #+!!+-6# agent not the buyei's
ii. Biokeis must tell buyei of any mateiial uefect known to the biokei anu unknown to the
buyei
iii. Some jxns say that the biokei has a uuty to uiligently visually inspect the piopeity foi hiuuen
uefects
12
iv. gD AC)#: must uisclose who biokei is woiking foi anu any latent uefects of which biokei is
awaie
e. 4%G: multiple listing seivice
i. Biokeis anu appiaiseis can shaie iesiuential listing info, foi a fee, on one main uatabase
1. Bave to be a licenseu biokei (illegal iestiiction on tiauecompetition.)
2. Anti-tiust laws: uesigneu to pieseive competition in the maiket
ii. Pioblems with piice fixing
f. %5'652J &J-##.#26':
i. An employment K bw a ieal estate biokei anu a sellei (most states ieq wiiting)
ii. Types of Listings:
1. (B#2 )5'652J: least piotective; S ietains iight to sell piopeity heiself oi use a uiff
biokei wo paying the open listing biokei commission; biokei gets commission only
if she finus a buyei befoie the ownei
2. #N8)C'5I# &J#28: )5'652J:
a. only one biokei, the exclusive agent, to sell the piopeity
b. specifieu peiiou of time (peiiou of commission coulu iun out)
c. (41+- 9"1 #$.!! ).1& 70'+- 4?( 7-(@+-6# *+!,, in which case, biokei not entitleu
to comission
S. #N8)C'5I# -5J"6 6( '#)) )5'652J: most piotective foi biokeis; 0 must pay that biokei if
any buyei puichases the piopeity uuiing the specifieu uuiation of the listing, no
mattei who founu the puichasei (these aie most common)
a. highest piobability of closing bc biokei has most incentive to move
g. 1(..5''5(2
i. TiauitionalNajoiity iule: biokei gets commission once he finus a buyei who is "ieauy,
willing, anu able" to buy - +=+1 .) $*+ #"!+ &(+#16$ 9!(#+
1. woulu also get commission if the sellei anu also buyei uefaulteu
2. 0 can avoiu these uangeis thiough contiact, making the commission conuitional on
actual sale
ii. Ninoiity: biokei is not entitleu to commission until the piopeity closes
1. but biokei still gets commission if the sellei, thiough hei own fiustiating conuuct,
uoes not act in goou faith anu backs out of the agieement befoie closing
iii. Custom: most biokeis uecline to puisue commission when tiansaction fails to close to
maintain fiienuly ielationsiefeiials
h. D66(-2#:' I, ]-(e#-'
i. ueneially, biokeis not alloweu to uiaft legal uocs, offei auvice, oi caiiy out piopeity closings
1. legal euucation, moie knowleugeable
ii. Nany jxns allow biokeis to ue simplestanuaiuizeu legal foims if they aie inciuental to his
usual tasks
+++, !"# 1(26-&86 (/ G&)#
a. G6&6C6# (/ P-&C*'
i. To satisfy the S0F, theie must be a memo of sale that at minimum:
1. Is signeu by the paity to be bounu
2. Besciibes the ieal estate
S. States the piice
a. essential teim
b. if no piice agieeu upon, a ct can imply an agieement to pay a ieasonable piice
c. some jxns uemanu that they iefei to a piice anu inuicate a methou they intenu
to use in fixing it
4. G(.# '6&6#': iequiie in auuition to the pievious S iequiiements, all the 3"$+-."! (-
+##+1$."! $+-3# of theii agieement
ii. >N8#B65(2' 6( GOP7
1. <&-6 B#-/(-.&28#:
a. allows specific enfoicement of oial agieements when paiticulai acts have
been peifoimeu by one of the paities to the agieement
1S
b. tiauitional ways of invoking uoctiine of pait peifoimance: payment (all oi
pait of puichase piice), possession, oi making valuable impiovements
2. >'6(BB#):
a. Piotects uetiimental ieliance (which may take the foim of pait peifoimance;
oveilapping)
i. Naj view: can just pay pait
ii. Bas to be unequivocally ielateu to the K of sale; be able to look at the
acts anu say they hau to have uone this bc theie was a K of lanu
b. Applies when unconscionable injuiy woulu iesult fiom uenying enfoicement
of the oial K aftei one paity has been inuuceu by the othei seiiously to change
his position in ieliance on the contiact
c. Nay apply when unjust eniichment woulu iesult if a paity who has ieceiveu
the benefits of the othei's peifoimance weie alloweu to iely on the S0F
u. of puichase piice
iii. >)#86-(258 !-&2'&865(2': new legislation says electionic signatuies aie sufficient
1. caselaw goes both ways
2. Is hitting senu sufficient. sometimes.
b. 4&-e#6&;)# !56)#
i. A title ieasonably fiee fiom uoubt, which a piuuent puichasei woulu accept; peifect title not
iequiieu
ii. Always implieu in the K; but paities can negotiate the it be waiveu
iii. A&65(2&)#:
1. low iisk tiansfei; helps ueteimine how much iisk new 0 is taking on
2. not easy to piouuce a chain of title wo any Q that cuiient ownei has goou title (lack
of iecoius, etc.)
iv. g#2#-&) -C)#':
1. NT means an "unencumbeieu FS"
2. Noitgages, liens, covenants, anu easements make title unmaiketable 01!+## 70'+-
4".=+# $*+3
a. Waivei uoes not waive the =.(!"$.(1 of the encumbiance when B uoesn't know
of the violation
S. Noitgages: not an encumbiance if S pays it off befoie closing
4. Zoning Restiictions uon't make piopeity unmaiketable
S. Restiictive covenants geneially uo (can't builu house less than 2 ft high)
a. But, if the ueeu says "subject to all iestiictions anu easements of iecoiu
applying to this piopeity," then the iestiiction uoesn't make it unmaiketable
b. B0T wheie those iestiictions attacheu to the lanu have been violateu, the
violations of the iestiictions (not the iestiictions themselves) make the title
unmaiketable
6. Easements: as long as it's obvious, couits say that easements uon't make a piopeity
unmaiketable; but if it lessens the value of the piopeity, it might
7. Auveise Possession:
a. majoiity: must be cleaily pioven; sellei must offei buyei wiitten eviuence
that the buyei can use to uefenu suits challenging title
b. minoiity: maiketable title cannot be shown by AP unless a quiet title action
has eliminateu the iecoiu ownei's iights
8. Recoiu seaich: many jxns limit the time to which you must look back in the iecoius;
iisk can be coveieu by waiianties of title oi title insuiance
c. >fC56&;)# 8(2I#-'5(2: if theie's a specifically enfoiceable contiact foi the sale of lanu, equity
iegaius as uone that which ought to be uone; the buyei is vieweu in equity fiom the uate of the K -
thus having +/0.$"7!+ $.$!+
i. Title uoesn't pass until closing wheie title passes thiough use of a ueeu
ii. 0ntil then, )#J&) 656)# iemains with the Sellei
iii. EC tieats buyei as #fC56&;)# (32#- until ueeu passes to them
1. buyei's inteiest as equitable ownei tieateu as his -+"! ,-(,+-$'
14
2. sellei's legal inteiest is tieateu as ,+-#(1"! ,-(,+-$'
iv. Z5#3'\DBB)58&65(2'7
1. 4&[(-56:: buiueniisk of loss on the puichasei (applying equitable conveision)
a. 8-56585'.: sellei in possession in bettei position to piotect against loss
2. 452(-56:: loss is on sellei until legal title is conveyeu (ueclining to apply EC)
S. 4&''&8"C'#66':
a. If loss is substantial: the iisk of loss is on sellei if loss is substantial anu the
teims of K show that the builuing constituteu an impoitant pait of the subject
of the K
b. If loss is not substantial: eithei paity can enfoice the K, though an "7"$+3+1$
.1 ,0-9*"#+ ,-.9+ may be given
4. Q
6"
: the iisk of loss is placeu on the paity in possession (also view of unifoim venuoi
anu Puichasei Act)
v. +2"#-56&28#: if EQ has occuiieu, the sellei's inteiest is ,+-#(1"! ,-(,+-$' (iight to the
puichase piice), anu the buyei is $-+"$+& "# (41+- of the lanu
u. 9C6: 6( 95'8)('# 9#/#86'
i. !-&*565(2&)):_ 1&I#&6 >.B6(-:
1. no uuty to uisclose any info conceining the piemises unless theie is a confiuential oi
fiuuciaiy ielationship bw the paities oi some conuuct on the pait of the sellei
constitutes active concealment; no iescission peimitteu by 3+-+ 1(1A&.#9!(#0-+ at
common law ;C6
a. &//5-.&65I# .5'-#B-#'#26&65(2: iescission woulu be giateu
b. '5)#28#: coulu be giounus foi iescission if:
i. active concealment: sellei intentionally hiues info
ii. natuie of ielationship bw paities: fiuuciaiy ielationships; one is
iesponsible foi piotecting the othei's inteiest
c. '#))#- 8(26-5;C6#' to the allegation (i.e. iepoiting haunting) anu then latei
ueciues to ueny it in oiuei to sell, he can't uo that
u. %&6#26\.&6#-5&) *#/#86': those that woulu be a ueciuing factoi foi buyei in
making the ueal but woulu be something buyei woulu be unlikely to uncovei
ii. 4(*#-2 !-#2*:
1. Incieasing majoiity moving away fiom caveat emptoi anu imposing a uuty to
uisclose unknown uefects ! 1(1&.#9!(#0-+ +/0"$+& 4.$* )-"0& (- 3.#-+,-+#+1$"$.(1
iii. M?= GB)56'
1. =0: follows common law
2. 1D: must uisclose neighboihoou noiseothei nuisances
iv. M?=G -#fC5-52J *5'8)('C-#7
1. Is it a latent uefect.
2. Is it ieally mateiial to the ueal oi not.
a. 0bjective test: ieasonable peison woulu attach impoitance to it in ueciuing to
by 0R
b. Subjective test: whethei the uefect affects the value oi uesiiability of the
piopeity to the buyei
v. 4#J&2K' %&3
1. Sex offenueis living neaiby. not ieally a latent uefect bc info available to public, but
mateiiality test points to yes, it shoulu be uiscloseu
vi. H&h&-*(C' E&'6# 95'B('&)
1. CERCLA: imposes SL foi cleanup costs of a hazaiuous waste site upon any
a. cuiient ownei oi opeiatoi of a site containing hazaiuous waste,
b. piioi ownei oi opeiatoi at the time it was contaminateu,
c. geneiatoi of hazaiuous waste,
u. tianspoiteis of hazaiuous substances
2. BFP Befense: available wheie
a. the ielease of hazaiuous mateiials took place 7+)(-+ $*+ ,0-9*"#+- 7(02*$ $*+
,-(,+-$'
1S
b. The puichasei maue "!! $*+ ",,-(,-."$+ .1/0.-.+# into the pievious owneiship
anu uses of the piopeity, anu
c. the puichasei "exeicises appiopiiate caie with iespect to hazaiuous
substances founu at the facility"
S. Puichasei of contaminateu piopeity helu liable unuei CERCLA may sue theii selleis
foi contiibution
e. 4#-J#- 9(86-52#
i. 0nce the ueal is accepteu, the pievious K meiges into the ueeu, so you can only biing an
action on the contents of the ueeu
ii. Aftei closing, when the ueeu has been ueliveieu, you cannot go back anu sue on things in the
1
st
K you signeu bc contiact theoiy that the K meiges into the ueeu which becomes the final
expiession of the paities' tiansaction, anu you must look to it foi the obligations that may
givce iise to suit
iii. Wheie it aiises: waiianty of quality constiuction woulun't apply to the ueeu bc that's an
inuepenuentcollateial obligation, sepaiate fiom the basic tiansfei of ieal piopeity
iv. Exception to Neigei Boctiine is /-&C*
1. ex) selling something you know you uon't own; ueliveiing quitclaim
f. !"# +.B)5#* E&--&26: (/ bC&)56:
i. 1(..(2 )&3: implieu waiianty of quality wheie theie is piivity of K
1. Builuei hau no liability to buyei absent an expiess waiianty |caveat emptoij
ii. 4(*#-2 6-#2*: most couits aie moving away fiom piivity ieq't anu impose an implieu
waiianty of habitability on the sale of new homes
1. Rationale: Initial ownei has a bettei chance to see uefect, but not necessaiily bettei
equippeu to evaluate the quality of the builuing
iii. %5.56&65(2' (2 ]C5)*#-K' 9C6: 6( GC;'#fC#26 <C-8"&'#-'
1. Nust have a latent uefect (can't be obvious)
2. Nust be biought wi a ieasonable time - you'ie only liable foi a ceitain peiiou of
time
S. Builuei must uo his woik with woikmanlike stanuaius
iv. !(-6 (- 1(26-&86 !"#(-:
1. !(-6:
a. Runs to all peisons who buy the piouuct
b. Liability can't be waiveuuisclaimeu by piovision in the K
c. the S0L iuns fiom the time of uiscoveiy
2. c7
a. Runs only to those in piivity of K w builuei
b. Can be uisclaimeu by K piovision (must be by B in cleaiunambig lang)
c. the S0L iuns fiom the uate of the conveyance
v. 1(..#-85&) ;C5)*52J': implieu waiianty of habitability only applies to sale of housing
g. A#.#*5#' /(- ]-#&8" (/ G&)#' 1(26-&86
i. N0T goveineu by unifoim iules like the 0CC bc ,-(,+-$' 1($ #(!& .1$-"#$"$+
ii. 9&.&J#' |legal iemeuyj
1. |uownwaiu maiket: buyei bieaches; sellei gets uamages
a. |puichase piicej - |FNv "$ $.3+ #(!&j - |any payment ieceiveuj = uamages
2. upwaiu maiket: sellei bieaches; buyei gets uamages
a. sellei's subsequent piofit fiom ie-sale of piofit
b. |k piicej - |FNv at time of bieachj
S. special uamages: the iesult of the natuial anu piobable cause of the bieach
iii. A#6#265(2 (- A#6C-2 (/ *#B('56 (sellei oi buyei)
1. Common law: S keeps ueposit so long as it isn't moie than 1u% of the K piice
a. Rationale:
i. ueteiience: keep people fiom having excessive uown payment
ii. faiiness: letting sellei keep eveiything, wheie theie is no liquiuateu
uamages clause, isn't faii, anu 1u% is a faii appioximation of
uamages
16
iii. anything above 1u% is punitive
2. NinoiityRestatement:
a. Sellei uoesn't keep the whole ueposit but only that poition that coveis theii
"9$0"! &"3"2+#
b. Calculate actual uamages to sellei; anything above that is given back to B as
iestitution
S. Efficient Bieach7
a. Naximize potential value of lanu ! flow to most socially beneficial uses
b. Some people shoulu be alloweu to bieach wheie peifoiming the K woulu lock
someone into an inefficient allocation
c. Shoulu be able to bieach as long as you compensate the othei paity foi any
uamages
4. %5fC5*&6#* *&.&J#' B-(I5'5(2: still have to negotiate a penalty anu call it
liquiuateu uamages
a. must be ieasonable
iv. GB#85/58 <#-/(-.&28# |equitable iemeuyj
1. only available wheie legal iemeuy is inauequate
2. Sometimes B wants that piopeity so paying money uoesn't iemeuy the haim
S. When it's S who wants to enfoice, couit less ieluctant
a. The iemeuies at law aie auequate bc give S what he's ieally seeking in the
tiansaction ($$)
v. A#'85''5(2:
h. 9&.&J#' &2* ]-#&8" (/ 4&-e#6&;)# !56)#
i. >2J)5'" AC)#: Fluieau ! if you ieally thought you hau maiketable title, then theie's a
limitation on the uamages oweu to B (goou faith stanuaiu)
ii. D.#-58&2 AC)#: B gets benefit of the baigain uamages (expectations stanuaiu)
1. Noie geneious to the buyei - bettei iecoius to tiace owneiship ovei time, so S in
bettei position to know whethei he has maiketable title
i. !5.# (/ 6"# #''#28# 8)&C'#: unless the paities expiessly pioviue that time is of the essence, a
couit will give the paities a ieasonable time foi peifoimance
+Z, !"# 9##*
a. E&--&265#' (/ !56)#
i. !:B#' (/ E&--&265#'
1. g#2#-&) E&--&26: 9##*: waiiants title against all uefects in title, whethei they
aiose befoie oi aftei the giantoi took title
2. GB#85&) E&--&26: 9##*: contains waiianties only against the giantoi's own acts but
not the acts of otheis
a. EX) if the uefect is a moitgage on the lanu executeu by the giantoi's
pieuecessois in owneiship, the giantoi is not liable
S. bC568)&5. 9##*: contains no waiianties of any kinu
ii. 1(2'5*#-&65(2
1. Can give a ueeu that is legally binuing without consiueiation (J5/6)
2. B0T giving consiueiation is customaiy to let you know it was a sale iathei than a gift
S. Foi puiposes of the iecoiuing statutes, gift v. sale matteis
iii. 1(26#26
1. Beeu must contain a uesciiption of the paicel of lanu conveyeu, locating the paicel by
uesciiption of its bounuaiies
2. Customaiy iefeiences:
a. natuialaitificial monuments
b. uiiections anu uistances fiom the staiting point (metes anu bounus)
c. iefeience to a gov't suivey, iecoiueu plat, oi some othei iecoiu, anu
u. iefeience to the stieet anu numbeiname of the piopeity
S. Refeience points anu watei bounuaiies
17
a. &88-#65(n: natuial foices giauually shift a iivei anu cause the aujacent lanu to
ieceue oi auvance by the builu of new soil; ownei of aujacent lanu gains oi
loses lanu as the watei bounuaiy shifts
b. &IC)'5(2: suuuen change in the couise of a iivei (as aftei a floou), anu the
bounuaiies uo not change
iv. G#&): ueeu must be signeu, sealeu, anu ueliveieu
1. Common law: seal ieq'u
2. Nouein law: almost anything can be a seal (the woiu seal, the initials L.S., the place of
the seal, a iibbon, a sciawl, a sciatch)
v. P(-J#-: &2* P-&C*
1. A foigeu ueeu is voiu
2. !&N G6&.B'
a. inuicate value of piopeity
b. people might pay moie taxes to get moie stamps anu make piopeity look
moie valuable
S. !3( c52*' (/ P-&C*
a. Fiauu in Execution:
i. 0 is misleu in the uocument he thinks he's signing
ii. Couits tieat as a foigeu ueeu anu 0 wins ovei BFP
iii. EX) 0 signs papeis on secietaiy's uesk; one is a ueeu fiom 0 to
secietaiy; he signs it; Secietaiy conveys to BFP; 0 wins
b. Fiauu in Inuucement:
i. A ueeu piocuieu by fiauu, unlike a foigeu ueeu, is effectual to pass
title to BFP
ii. 0 was inuuceu to sign a bau ueeu
iii. BFP wins ovei 0 (pieventable fiauu)
iv. EX) 0 gives bau check to X who latei gives to BFP; BFP wins
vi. +2*#26C-# &2* 9##* <())
1. Ways of pioviuing copies of ueeus when both giantoi anu giantee wanteu a copy
2. +2*#26C-#:
a. ueeu wiitten out twice on a #.12!+ #*++$ () ,"-9*3+1$ anu signeu at the enu of
each copy by both giantoi anu giantee
b. paichment cut into two pieces in an iiiegulai line
S. 9##* B()):
a. signeu by only the giantoi
b. calleu ueeu poll bc top wasn't inuenteu but polleu (even shaveu)
vii. G5N 1(I#2&26' 52 & g#2#-&) E&--&26: 9##*
1. <-#'#26 1(I#2&26':
a. 1(I#2&26 (/ '#5'52: giantoi waiiants that he owns the estate he's conveying
i. Run with the lanu. SPLIT
1. Ameiican Rule: N0, piesent covenants uo not iun w the lanu
2. English Ruleminoiity: YES, the successoi in inteiest can be
assigneu the iight to sue on this
ii. Bamages: ietuin of all oi a poition of puichase piice
iii. EX) A buys 1uu acies anu title fails as to 2u acies; A gets one-fifth of
the puichase piice (not mkt value) back
iv. EX) If A stiuck a goou baigain anu the mkt value is significantly
highei than A paiu, A uoes not get the benefit of hei baigain
b. 1(I#2&26 (/ -5J"6 6( 8(2I#:: u has iight to convey
i. same basic function as covenant of seisin, but possible to have seisin
but no iight to convey
ii. ex) a tiustee may have legal title but be foibiuuen by the tiust
instiument to convey it
c. 1(I#2&26 &J&52'6 #28C.;-&28#': theie aie no encumbiances on the
piopeity (moitgages, liens, easements, anu covenants)
18
i. visibleknown easement
1. If it affects title: incluueu in the covenant iegaiuless of
knowleuge
2. If it affects physical conuition of lanu: usually excluueu fiom
the covenant bc wi the contemplation of baigaining paities
S. Easements involving piivate iight of ways that buiuen the
lanu, iegaiuless of giantee's knowleuge, constitute a bieach of
encumbiances
ii. Bamages:
1. If easily iemovable (moitgage) = cost of iemoval
2. If not easily iemovable (iestiictive covenant oi easement) =
|value of lanu encumbeieuj - |value of lanu unencumbeieuj
S. In any case - uamages cappeu by puichase piice
2. PC6C-# 1(I#2&26':
a. 1(I#2&26 (/ J#2#-&) 3&--&26:: the giantoi waiiants that he will uefenu
against lawful claims anu will compensate the giantee foi any loss that the
giantee may sustain by asseition of supeiioi title
i. uiantoi is not liable foi legal fees incuiieu by the giantee in
successfully uefenuing title, bc the S
iu
paity's claim is not !"4)0!
ii. uiantoi is liable foi giantee's legal fees only if giantee loses to a
#0,+-.(- !"4)0! 9!".3
b. 1(I#2&26 (/ fC5#6 #2[(:.#26: giantoi waiiants that the giantee will not be
uistuibeu in the possession anu enjoyment of the piopeity by asseition of a
supeiioi title
i. basically iuentical to covenant of geneial waiianty
c. 1(I#2&26 (/ /C-6"#- &''C-&28#': giantoi piomises that he'll execute any
othei uocument iequiieu to peifect the title conveyeu
viii. <-#'#26 &2* PC6C-# 1(I#2&26'
1. <-#'#26 1(I#2&26':
a. bioken at time ueeu is ueliveieu
b. S0L begins to iun on the uate of ueliveiy
2. PC6C-# 1(I#2&26':
a. Bioken when the giantee oi his successoi is evicteu fiom the piopeity, buts
up the paiamount claim, oi is otheiwise uamageu
b. S0L begins to iun at the time of eviction oi when the covenant is bioken in
the futuie
c. Run with the lanu - cieating continuing obligations
ix. >28C.;-&28#'
1. !:B#'
a. Pecuniaiy chaige: moitgage oi tax lien
b. Estates oi inteiests: in the piopeity less than a fee (leasesLEuowei iights)
c. Easements oi seivituues: on the lanu (iights of way, iestiictive covenants,
piofits)
2. Z5()&65(2' (/ 4&-e#6&;)# !56)#
a. Builuing coue violation not an encumbiance w iegaiu to covenant against
encumbiances
b. Zoning coue violation uoes subject peison to a gieatei iisk of authoiities
coming so it coulu be encumbiance
c. Couit moie likely to finu encumbiance if iemeuy sought is iescission iathei
than uamages
u. Knowleuge of sellei
i. Latent violations that uo not appeai on lanu iecoius that aie
unknown to S &( 1($ constitute an encumbiance foi puiposes of
waiianty ueeu
19
ii. violations of which S has knowleuge, howevei, uo constitute an
encumbiance
x. 1(I#2&26' AC2252J 356" 6"# )&2*
1. Foi a covenant to iun with the lanu to a successoi claimant, the convenantee must
convey to the successoi eithei title oi possession, something to which the covenant
can attach
xi. >'6(BB#) ;: 9##*:
1. If a giantoi conveys lanu to a giantee that the giantoi uoes not own, anu the giantoi
4"--"1$# $*+ !"1&, if giantoi subsequently acquiies title to the lanu, the giantoi is
estoppeu to ueny that he hau title at the time of the ueeu anu that title passeu to the
giantee
2. When giantoi uoes get title to the lot he fiauuulently conveyeu, that title will
automatically be tiansfeiieu to his giantee anu he is estoppeu fiom claiming that he
owns it bc he pieviously gave it to someone else
S. Chain of title issues: ueeu executeu on one uate but nothing to show that he actually
owneu the piopeity on that uate; so finuing chain of title will uepenu on the iules of
that jxn (uoes he have to seaich conveyances aftei acquisition)
b. 9#)5I#-:
i. Z&)5* 1(2I#:&28#:
1. Actual oi constiuctive ueliveiy of the ueeu to giantee oi S
iu
paity, anu
2. A piesent intention by giantoi to uivest himself of the conveyeu inteiest
ii. To be effective, a ueeu must be ueliveieu with the piesent intent to pass title
iii. Boesn't have to be hanueu ovei - just an act that evinces an .1$+1$ to be .33+&."$+!' 7(01& by
the tiansfei (if no intention, consiueieu ievocable)
1. ex) placing ueeu in safe-ueposit box
iv. 4&2C&) *#)5I#-:
1. Rebuttable piesumption of piesent tiansfei
2. Physical possession of ueeu is not conclusive that it was legally ueliveieu
S. Nust be a piesent intent to pass title
4. Assent: assumeu with the ueeu is beneficial to ieceiving paity
v. FB(2 -#8#5B6 (/ BC-8"&'# B-58#_ giantoi hanus ueeu to giantee (intenuing to make
.33+&."$+ $-"1#)+- () $.$!+), 0R
vi. +2 &26585B&65(2 (/ 1)('52J_ giantoi gives ueeu to S
iu
paity (esciow agent) who hanus ovei
ueeu upon closing
1. uiantoi intenus to tiansfei title when all conuitions aie fulfilleu
2. Agent is agent of both giantoi anu giantee ! giantoi cannot iecall the ueeu fiom the
agent
S. A#)&6# ;&8e: when agent ueliveis the ueeu to giantee, the title of the giantee will
ielate back to the uate giantoi hanueu ueeu to the agent (avoius neeu foi a will to
pass title if giantoi uies befoie agent ueliveis)
vii. 1(2*565(2&) 9#)5I#-::
1. can only be maue by placing the ueeus in the hanus of a thiiu paity to be kept until
the happening of the event upon which the ueeu is to be ueliveieu to the giantee
2. the meie tiansfei of a ueeu fiom the giantoi to the giantee may oveiiiue the
giantoi's explicit ueclaiation of intention
S. -#)&6# ;&8e: aftei the conuition is satisfieu, theie is a conveyance which is
consiueieu to have been ueliveieu at the time of the conuitional ueliveiy (so the
ueliveiy itself ielates back, but owneiship passes at the time of the conuition)
4. GOP: can't attach an oial conuition to the ueliveiy of the ueeu to a giantee
a. illusoiy tiansfei: to get aiounu elective shaie; some jxns say no
viii. 9#)5I#-: 3\( H&2*52J (I#-:
1. If giantoi intenus to pass title to the giantee now, theie has been a ueliveiy even
though possession may be postponeu until u's ueath
2u
2. If giantoi intenus that no inteiest shoulu aiise until ueath, no ueliveiy uuiing life has
taken place anu the ueeu will not take legal effect at ueath bc u intenueu it to be a
Will
S. N0TE: see ielate back of title ! when u gives to a S
iu
paity, it will take legal effect on
his ueath
ix. A#I(8&65(2 8)&C'#
1. When giantoi ietains powei to ievoke the ueeu it is not uphelu as a ueliveiy
2. Revocation clause in the ueeu.
S. SPLIT:
a. some peimit
b. tiauitional view: ueeu must be ueliveieu oi not.
x. A#I(8&;)# !-C'6
1. uiantois sign instiument ietaining iight to ievoke the tiust anu ieclaim legal title,
but on ueath title passes to ____. Legal title helu in giantois as tiustees.
a. LE in giantois (foi the life of the suivivoi if BW oi joint owneis)
b. Remainuei in giantee upon theii ueath (oi othei conuition)
2. valiu in all states
S. No ueliveiy iequiiement
4. No iecoiuing iequiiement (though auvisable)
S. Can ievoke at any time uuiing life (oi the suivivoi can ievoke aftei the ueath of the
othei
6. N0N-PR0BATE -
a. piobate only necessaiy when beneficiaiy is not entitleu to piopeity unuei
some valiu intei vivos instiument anu must get legal title changeu to him at
0's ueath
xi. GO((((
1. 9##*7
a. ueliveiy
b. uominioncontiol
2. A#I(8&;)# !-C'67
a. intent to cieate a tiust
b. satisfy S0F if inteiest in lanu
Z, !"# 4(-6J&J#
a. !#-.'\B-(8#*C-#
i. 4(-6J&J#7
1. Boiiowei issues a piomissoiy note anu
2. A moitgage, a seconu uocument that agiees that the lanu will be solu if the uebt is not
paiu off, gives lenuei secuiity
S. A#8(-*#*: subsequent puichaseis take #078+9$ $( the moitgage ;C6 is not
iesponsible foi the uebt
4. GO: cieuitoi can foieclose a piopeity even though new ownei not iesponsible foi
uebt; OA if the subsequent puichasei assumes the waiianty, they coulu lose the
piopeity anu be liable foi a ueficiency juugment foi any excess not met at foieclosuie
ii. 4(-6J&J(-: the Buyeis (the ones taking out a loan)
iii. 4(-6J&J##: the lenuei (the ones giving the loan)
iv. >fC56: |of ieuemptionj: moitgagoi's inteiest in the piopeity (how much they've paiu on it)
1. Equity = |FNvj - |Bebtj
v. !56)# 6"#(-: (/ .(-6J&J#: moitgagee takes legal title to lanu anu moitgagoi has only equity
of ieuemption |minoiityj
vi. %5#2 !"#(-: (/ .(-6J&J#: moitgagoi keeps legal title anu the moitgagee has only a lien on
the piopeity |majoiityj
vii. 9#/585#28: MC*J.#26: if house uoesn't biing in enough at sale to covei the moitgage, allows
moitgagees to biing suit against the peisonal assets of homeowneis
viii. D265^*#/585#28: G6&6C6#': iegulates what can be obtaineu; limits the ability of moitgagee to
file an action foi ueficiency juugment
21
ix. A#/52&28#:
1. to get a bettei inteiest iate oi
2. boiiow new money against the house if it has iisen in value since oiiginal puichase
b. 4(-6J&J# ]&8e#* %(&2'
i. Bunule lots of moitgages anu sell to investois
ii. moie iisk in buying a single moitgage but bunule them bc even if some aie bau, oveiall will be
a goou investment
iii. Attiact investments fiom oveiseas, etc. who want to get into lowei iisk ieal estate investment
c. !:B#' (/ 4(-6J&J#'
i. Fiist anu Seconu Noitgages: same piopeity can be useu to secuie moie than one loan
1. Fiist is one given fiist in time
2. Seconu moitgage is take #078+9$ $( the iights of the fiist moitgage
S. 0pon foieclosuie, the holuei of a seconu moitgage is entitleu to shaie in the sale
pioceeus only aftei the fiist moitgage has been fully satisfieu
4. EX1) foieclosuie sale ! piofits go to payment of 1
st
moitgage 1
st

a. any iemaining funus aftei paying off 1
st
moitgage go to 2
nu
moitgage
S. EX2) 1
st
moitgagee getting paiu; can 2
nu
moitgagee enfoice theii moitgage.
a. Equity of Reuemption: can tiy to enfoice theii moitgage by foieclosing on
theii moitgage (the amount to which they have iight - whethei in lien oi
title) anu selling the piopeity, but (1!' in a way that piotects the iights of 1
st

moitgagee
b. Can have a foieclosuie sale anu whatevei comes in goes to 2
nu
moitgage; any
excess goes to homeowneis; but the 1
st
moitgage stays anu whoevei buys the
piopeity $"@+# #078+9$ $( the fiist moitgage
ii. Fully Amoitizing:
1. fixeu monthly payment
2. pay moie inteiest at the beginning anu moie piinciple at the enu
S. at the enu of the peiiou, you've paiu off the uebt
iii. Aujustable Rate:
1. no fixeu inteiest iate - can change uuiing the yeai eveiy yeai
2. a limiteu amount on change anu a cap on how high
iv. Postpone Piincipal Payments: foi a peiiou you only pay .1$+-+#$
v. Negative Amoitization:
1. iequiies balloon payment at the enu 0R
2. iefinancing of the uebt
u. P(-#8)('C-# '&)#
i. If a buyei uefaults on his loanuoesn't peifoim, the lenuei may have the piopeity solu
("foieclose the moitgage") anu apply the pioceeus of sale to the amount uue on the note
ii. Any amount exceeuing the uebt goes to the boiiowei 0R to the amt uue on any seconu
moitgages
iii. Can be valuable in extinguishing junioi liens on the piopeity (see ex above)
iv. Requiiements:
1. Notice to boiioweis (we'ie going to foieclose) so they have a ieasonable oppoitunity
to satisfy the uebt
2. Auveitise the sale - publish info in papeipublic places
v. %#2*#-K' 9C6: 6( ]C:#-
1. Exeicise ieasonable effoit to obtain a faiiieasonable piice unuei the ciicumstances
|buyei wants his equity backj
2. But no incentive bc he only gets back uebt oweu
S. Remeuy:
a. Can set a minimum upset piice to ensuie a faii piice (minimum biu below
which none will be accepteu)
b. Pay commission to lenuei foi any amount ovei the outstanuing uebt
c. List the piopeity w an agent
vi. M?=G DBB-(&8" 6( P(-#8)('C-#
22
1. MC*585&) P(-#8)('C-#
a. Any clause in the moitgage giving moitgagee the powei to sell lanu on
uefault, wo juuicial pioceeuings, is voiu
b. Requiiements:
i. Notice to boiiowei
ii. Public sale
2. <-5I&6# <(3#- (/ G&)#
a. gives lenuei some iight to the piopeity in the even they uon't pay theii loan
back
b. uiffeis fiom stanuaiu moitgage - lenuei can sell the piopeity to collect
money wo juuicial foieclosuie
c. Common law: moitgagee coulun't biu on the piopeity at the sale
i. Beeu of Tiust cieateu to avoiu juuicial foieclosuie anu the iule ab
moitgagee biuuing at sale
u. Not alloweu to biing ueficiency action against homeownei
vii. 9##* (/ !-C'6
1. Boiiow conveys title to S
iu
paity (usually lenuei) to holu in tiust to secuie payment
of the uebt to the lenuei
2. Tiustee is given the powei to sell the lanu wo going to couit if the boiiowei uefaults
S. Quickeiless costly ! no juuicial supeivision, no notice ieq't
4. Tiustee can sell the lanu upon uefault at a public sale out of couit anu the lenuei can
biu at tiustee's sale
viii. 4(-6J&J##K' A5J"6' 52 P(-#8)('C-#
1. Ask foi stop on foieclosuie (befoie sale)
2. Ask foi sale to be set asiue (aftei)
S. Seek uamages fiom lenuei foi impiopeily conuucting piocess
ix. <&:.#26 !"#(-5#' /(- 4(-6J&J##'
1. >NB#86&65(2' !"#(-:: pay only that which he ieasonably expects to ieceive
2. GC;(-*52&65(2^DJ-##.#26 !"#(-::
a. When paities have enteieu into a K suboiuinating one claim to the othei's
x. %&2*^<C-8"&'# 1(26-&86
1. 9#/52#*7
a. An agieement by buyei to buy lanu anu pay foi it ovei a peiiou of yeais
b. S agiees to uelivei title "$ $*+ +1& of the peiiou
c. B takes possession anu sellei keeps title until final payment (that is the
secuiity)
2. A#.#*5#' &I&5)&;)# 6( G7
a. Call in balance immeuiately 0R
b. Beclaie K teiminateu anu iepossess (uisfavoieu bc uisiegaius buyei equity)
c. Foieclosuie (favoieu by couits bc piotects buyei equity)
2S

!56)# D''C-&28#
`J5);#-6'_ 8", WWa
+, !"# A#8(-*52J G:'6#.
1. +26-(
i. 1(..(2 )&3: Piioi in Time
1. Piioi in time, piioi in effect - Legal effect given to conveyances in accoiuance with the
time of execution
a. EX) 0 to A; then 0 to B, wheie B uoesn't know of A's ueeu. A pievails ovei B on
the theoiy that 0 conveyeu title to A anu hau nothing left to convey to B
2. Continues to contiol unless a peison can qualify foi piotection unuei an applicable
iecoiuing act
ii. 0nuei the iecoiuing acts, a subsequent BFP is piotecteu against piioi uniecoiueu inteiest
iii. >fC56&;)# 9(86-52# (/ ]P< >N8#B65(2:
1. If the piioi inteiest was +/0.$"7!+, equity woulu not enfoice it Sagainst a subsequent
puichasei of a legal inteiest who uiun't know of the piioi equitable inteiest anu paiu
valuable consiueiation
2. EX) 0 contiacts to sell to A. A has equitable title. 0 latei conveys to B, anu B is a
puichsei foi value without notice of A's equitable inteiest. The subsequent
conveyance to B cuts off piioi equity in A.
iv. MC*J.#26':
1. shoulu be iecoiueu
2. if theie is an outstanuing juugment against the Sellei, cieuitois can get to uebtoi's
piopeity, so if the piopeity as been attacheu as a lien to secuie a juugment, a buyei
woulu want to know bc he woulu buy subject to the juugment
S.
2. !56)# G#&-8"
i. Constiuctive notice: "hau you uone a piopei title seaich, you woulu have seen _____"; imputeu
to have the knowleuge that a piopei seaich woulu have pioviueu
S. !"# +2*#N#'
i. !:B#':
1. Tiact Inuex
a. Inuex by block anu lot, can see piioi iecoiueu instiuments conveying,
moitgaging, oi otheiwise uealing with the lot
2. uiantoi-uiantee Inuex
a. moie complicateu
b. Fiist to giantee inuex to uiscovei fiom whom each pievious ownei took title
c. Then, to giantoi inuex to asceitain what tiansfeis each ownei maue
ii. g(I#-2.#26 GC-I#:
1. Piime meiiuian (S4) Range Lines, baselines, townships, etc
2. }effeison's uiiuiion System - piomotion of an agiaiian egalitaiian society; anu easy to
uesciibe in ueeusauctions
4. !:B#' (/ A#8(-*52J D86' |befoie you can take auvantage of the iecoiuing system, you must claim
status as BFP = goou faith puichasei wo noticej
i. A&8# G6&6C6# |minoiity, NC anu LAj
1. The 1
st
to iecoiu wins
2. Knowleuge of piioi claim is iiielevant
a. B0T if the othei has iecoiueu, it gives constiuctive notice, anu subsequent
puichasei loses
b. EX) if he actually knows, but the 1
st
hasn't iecoiu - subsequent puichasei
pievails
ii. =(658# G6&6C6# |Su% of statesj
24
1. Subsequent puichasei cannot have notice (actual oi constiuctive) of piioi puichasei
2. Piotects a subsequent BFP without notice even if he has )".!+& $( -+9(-&
S. G"#)6#- AC)#: a peison who takes fiom a BFP piotecteu by the iecoiuing act has the
#"3+ -.2*$# "# *.# 2-"1$(-
a. B0T uoes not extenu to giantoi: if 0 -#BC-8"&'#' fiom B (the 2
nu
peison he
conveyeu to), 0 cannot pievail ovei A (the 1
st
peison he conveyeu to)
b. uoctiine of estoppel woulu also piobably apply
4. g5/6: if ieceiveu as a gift, can't claim status as goou faith puichasei foi value bc they
&.&16$ ,0-9*"#+ .$ (haven't suffeieu loss)
iii. A&8#^=(658# G6&6C6#
1. A subsequent puichasei is piotecteu against piioi uniecoiueu instiuments only if the
subsequent puichasei
a. Bas no notice of piioi instiument &2*
b. Recoius befoie piioi instiument is iecoiueu
2. Eveiything in notice statute plus iecoiu 1st
S. +2fC5-: =(658#
i. Actual Notice: actually knows of piioi instiument ! not BFP
ii. Recoiu Notice: if an instiument is iecoiueu, any subsequent puichasei has iecoiu notice anu is
not BFP
iii. Inquiiy Notice: |some cts uon't iecognize inquiiy notice anu only piotect subsequent
puichaseis who have no actual oi iecoiu notice; if they have "inquiiy notice" coulu still be
piotecteuj ! something happeneu that shoulu have iaiseu suspicion anu leu to inquiiy
1. Fiom Quitclaim Beeu - bc looks suspect to convey wo waiianty of title
2. Fiom Possession - if a thiiu paity in possession of the piopeity, even if the puichasei
uiu not inspect
S. Fiom Neighboihoou - iestiictions in ueeus fiom a common giantoi if a unifoim
scheme foi uevelopment of the subuivision is obvious fiom the neighboihoou
4. Into 0niecoiueu instiuments - if a iecoiueu instiument expiessly iefeis to an
uniecoiueu instiument |haipei v. paiauisej
6. 1"&52 (/ !56)# <-(;)#.'
i. =&.# 'B#))52J' i 3"#-# 6( 8"#8e
1. Boctiine Iuem Sonans: Absolute accuiacy in spelling not iequiieu if the
pionunciations aie piactically alike
a. Boesn't apply wheie the wiitten name is 3"$+-."!
b. Nost likely to apply in smallei towns wheie theie won't be a lot of the same
name
2. Byphenateu names: insufficient to pioviue constiuctive notice (not ieq'u to look foi
hyphens)
S. Biminutives: most say must seaich unuei uiminutives
4. Naiiieu women: If you know of hei maiuen name oi pievious maiiieu name, look
unuei those
ii. A#85B-(856: (/ A#'6-5865(2:
1. Wheie giantoi binus his iemaining lanu by wiiting, iecipiocity of iestiiction bw the
giantoi anu giantee can be enfoiceu
2. Subsequent puichasei fiom the common giantoi acquiies title subject to the
iestiictions in the ueeu to the eailiei puichasei
S. SPLIT |SuSuj
a. Some jxns iequiie you to look at all ueeu fiom a common giantoi;
b. Some jxns allow you to focus only on the chain of title foi youi paiticulai
paicel
i. EX) an easement oi iestiictive covenant on Wacie that appeais in a
piioi ueeu of Bacie fiom the common ownei of the two is not in the
puichasei's chain of title to Wacie
iii. <-5(- *##* -#8(-*#* &/6#- & )&6#- BC-8"&'#- 356" 2(658# "&' -#8(-*#* 'C;'#fC#26 *##*
2S
1. Noise: a puichasei is not bounu to examine the iecoiu ")$+- the uate of a iecoiueu
conveyance to uiscovei whethei the giantoi maue a piioi conveyance iecoiueu latei
2. Woous: a ueeu iecoiueu late - aftei anothei ueeu fiom the same ownei - gave
constiuctive notice to subsequent puichasei (title seaiching substantially incieaseu)
S. #++ estoppel by ueeu
7. <#-'(2' <-(6#86#* ;: 6"# A#8(-*52J G:'6#.
i. Besigneu to ciicumvent the common law "piioi in time" iule so that a 2
nu
in time puichasei
can pievail if they can piove they weie a goou faith puichasei foi value
ii. ]P<: goou faith buyei foi value
1. G"#)6#- AC)#: piotects those to whom piotecteu BFPs convey
iii. 9(2##':
1. ueneially not piotecteu unuei the iecoiuing system bc they &( 1($ 2.=+ ="!0+
2. But wheie the uonee is the 1
st
peison with an inteiest, it may be piotecteu
iv. 1-#*56(-': piotecteu only if they have a lien |which woulu be iecoiueuj
1. meiely lenuing money to the iecoiu ownei uoes not give piioiity ovei uniecoiueu
instiuments
2. At a foieclosuie sale, the buyei (geneially cieuitoi) is piotecteu as a subsequent BFP
foi value if the buyei *"# 1( 1($.9+ of the uniecoiueu claim at time of sale
v. bC568)&5. *##*': }XNS aie split
1. Najoiity: QC ueeu tieateu same as uWB foi notice puiposes
2. Ninoiity:
a. puichasei buy QC can't be BFP wo notice bc the ueeu waiiants suspicion
b. all subsequent puichaseis aie also on notice by opeiation of QC
vi. OC6'6&2*52J +26#-#'6' &2* <&-65&) <&:.#26:
1. ueneially: wheie a buyei has notice of an outstanuing inteiest anu pays consiueiation,
he uoes so at his own iisk
2. B0T: wheie a buyei ieceives notice of an outstanuing inteiest (ex: 1
st
iight of iefusal)
#07#+/0+1$ to paying #(3+ 70$ 1($ "!! of the puichase piice, authoiities SPLIT:
a. Najoiity: B-(6&26( -C)# ! piotect only to the extent of payments maue piioi
to notice
i. awaiu lanu to holuei of the outstanuing inteiest anu awaiu buyei the
payments he has maue
ii. awaiu buyei a fiactional inteiest in the lanu piopoitional to the amt
paiu piioi to notice
iii. allow buyei to complete the puichase but to pay the iemaining
installments to the holuei of the outstanuing inteiest
b. Ninoiity: paitial payment of the consiueiation is insufficient to ienuei buyei
BFP
S. Waluoiff: caieful ! if the 2
nu
in time puichasei pays subsequent to someone else (1
st

in time) having an outstanuing inteiest, then the pio-tanto iule applies; but in
Waluoiff, the issue was that a 1
st
in time puichasei got an inteiest, uiun't iecoiu it, anu
a 2
nu
in time puichasei (bank) secuieu a moitgage. so theie, the outstanuing inteiest
came subsequently
8. 4&-e#6&;)# !56)# D86'
i. g#2#-&))::
1. people piotecteu by auveise claims
2. statute woiks in conjunction with the iecoiuing statute
S. Limits the amount of time foi which you have to uo a title seaich by cieating
conuitions unuei which competing claims to the lanu on iecoiu can be
extinguisheuno longei tieateu as effective
4. EX) p 61S
a. 0!X in lease foi 99 yeais in 1889
b. in 189u, 0 sells to A, mentioning the lease to X in the ueeu to A
c. in 192u, A!B, but ueeu uoes not mention the lease
u. in 1941, B!C, no mention of 99 yeai lease
26
e. 196u: C's title to Bacie woulu be fiee anu cleai of the 99 yeai lease when the
192u ueeu fiom A!B hau been on iecoiu foi 4u yeais
S. Constiuctive notice: immateiial
ii. jA((6 (/ !56)#k
1. Two chains that make competing claims to the same piopeity
2. Root of title foi C is the 192u ueeu fiom A to B (the iecoiueu inteiest at least 4u yeais
in the past)
S. 0nce you finu the ioot of title, the NTA extinguishes competing chains of title that
haven't been subj of iecoiu activity since the ioot of title (so heie, 99 yi lease
extinguisheu)
4. Pievent Extinguishment: peiiouically ie-iecoiu the inteiest
S. Ceitain Inteiests uon't have to be iecoiueu
a. mineial iights, easements, inteiests of peisons in possession, claims of feueial
gov't
++, !56)# +2'C-&28#
1. Insuies the accuiacy of iecoius by agieeing to uefenu the iecoiu title if litigateu
2. get it.

27
!"# %&3 (/ =C5'&28#
`J5);#-6' 8", Ya
+, D2 +26-( 6( 6"# GC;'6&265I# %&3
1. =C5'&28#: an unpiivilegeu inteifeience with a peison's 0#+ "1& +18('3+1$ () !"1&
i. <-5.& P&85# 1&'#:
1. P has possessoiy inteiest in the lanu
2. B has uone an affiimative act that inteifeies with P's use anu enjoyment of hei
piopeity
S. The inteifeience is substantial anu unieasonable anu
4. The buiuen of the inteifeience outweighs its benefit (unless SL applies)
2. <-5I&6# =C5'&28#:
i. Conuuct that causes a substantial inteifeience with the piivate use of lanu anu is eithei:
1. Intentional anu unieasonable oi
2. 0nintentional but negligent, ieckless, oi abnoimally uangeious (SL)
ii. P suing on nuisance must
1. Bave a piopeity inteiest that is affecteu 0R
2. Allege bouily haim as the iesult of the nuisance
iii. +26#265(2&) =C5'&28#
1. <-5.& P&85# 1&'#
a. 0nieasonable conuuct that
b. Inteifeies with piivate use anu enjoyment of the lanu anu
c. The giavity of the haim outweighs the utility of the actoi's conuuct
2. A#&'(2&;)#2#''
a. Evaluate baseu on ieasonable peison w noimal sensibilities
b. N0T a nuisance if most people woulun't be affecteu
c. EX) ouoiless gasses that special P is affecteu by is not a nuisance
S. !#'6' /(- +26#26
a. }ost Test: $*-+#*(!& $+#$
i. If B's conuuct cieates a ceitain level of inteifeience with a peison's
useenjoyment of someone's lanu, that is automatically unieasonable
b. Restatement 1
st
: B.#@AC$.!.$' D+#$
i. If giavity of haim outweighs the benefit of the haim, it's unieasonable
1. Extent anu chaiactei of the haim
2. Social value of P's use
S. Suitability to the locality in question
4. Buiuen on P of avoiuing the haim
S. Cost to B in pieventing the haim
c. Restatement 2u: ,($+1$."! 9(3,+1#"$.(1 $+#$
i. If conuuct is socially useful, B can compensate haimeu Ps wheie
1. The haim is seiious anu
2. Compensating P woulu make the continuation of the conuuct
feasible
S. Coulu be unieasonable if they haven't compensateu people when
they coulu have
iv. F2526#265(2&) =C5'&28#
1. Effect of the conuuct is substantial
2. Conuuct's effect invaues an inteiest in the use anu enjoyment of lanu
S. The conuuct is negligent, ieckless, oi ultia-hazaiuous
a. not a question of unieasonableness wheie conuuct is unintentional
S. <C;)58 =C5'&28#: the inteifeience is with a iight common to the geneial public
4. H:;-5* i BC;)58\B-5I&6# =C5'&28#:
i. Can a piivate paity claim a public nuisance. Isn't that gov't job.
ii. Piivate citizens aie membeis of the public - can any one biing public claim.
28
iii. ueneially neeu moie than one citizen
iv. TEST:
1. statutoiy ueclaiations of conuitions ueemeu to be public nuisances (yes)
2. special injuiy beyonu what othei geneial membeis of the public expeiience (no)
S. 95'652JC5'" =C5'&28# /-(. !-#'B&''
i. Nuisance - piotects peison's inteiest in theii useenjoyment of lanu
1. Intangible invasion - smell, light, sounu
ii. Tiespass - piotects inteiest in exclusive possession of lanu
1. Bave to piove a physical invasion by a tangible thing
iii. Sometimes, it can be both ! sewei system that oveiflows on neighboi's piopeity
6. +26#265(2&) =C5'&28# I, +26#265(2&) !-#'B&''
i. Intentional toits 1) iesult in liability iegaiuless of the giavity of the haim anu 2) uon't assess
ieasonableness of conuuct
ii. Intentional nuisance iequiies
1. substantial invasion anu
2. unieasonable conuuct
++, A#.#*5#' V&2* .(-# 'C;'6&265I# )&3@
1. Bamages |couit awaiusj
i. ueneially, B who cieates nuisance beais financial cost of moving it
ii. Compensate P foi uamages
iii. Buy B's lanu
iv. Payment of Peimanent Bamages ! woulu effect a '#-I56C*# on P's lanu anu piecluue futuie
iecoveiy by futuie giantees
2. Injunction |P & B make uecision ab injunctionj
i. Balancing the equities - compaiative haiuship
1. Think: ielative social costs (incieaseu ient. pioximity of affecteu lanu)
2. Efficiency ! want to allocate piopeity iights to places that will iesult in the gieatest
total social value
S. Basically the iestatement test of ieasonableness but *( 56 &J&52 3"#2 :(C J#6 6(
52[C2865(2
ii. If awaiueu injunction foi past haim, P has to biing suit as long as B is cieating the nuisance
S. Injunction conuitioneu on payment of peimanent uamages:
i. 0nly goes into effect if B uoesn't pay pastpiesentfutuie uamages
4. Coming to the Nuisance Boctiine
i. Can bai nuisance claim if P came to B's lanu aftei B was alieauy using it in the inteifeiing way
ii. If ueemeu a nuisance, couit might make P (one claiming nuisance) beai financial buiuen of
making B iemove the nuisance since it existeu befoie P came
iii. If public nuisance - moie like to giant bc might affect public health
+++, =C5'&28# &2* >2I5-(2.#26&) 1(26-()'
1. F'# &C6"(-5h#* ;: l(252J O-*52&28#:
i. that B's use of hei lanu is consistent w local zoning is not contiolling in an action foi piivate
nuisance
ii. Though the oiuinance may peimit the use, it might still be an 01-+"#(1"7!+ .1)+-+19+ with the
paiticulai aujoining paities

29
<-5I&6# %&2* F'#7 !"# %&3 (/ G#-I56C*#'
`J5);#-6'_ 8", ma
+, >&'#.#26'
1. E&:' 6( 1-#&6# >&'#.#26'
i. Expiess wiitten giant
ii. Piesciiption
iii. Estoppel
iv. Implication
1. Piioi 0se
2. Necessity
2. E&:' 6( !#-.52&6# >&'#.#26'
i. Release - expiessly ielease in wiiting
ii. Expiiation - not all ueeus have expiiation uate
iii. Removal of Necessity
iv. Neigei - if ownei of easement becomes ownei of seivient tenement
v. Estoppel - seivient ownei ieasonably ielies upon a statement oi iepiesentation by the
easement ownei (like saiu they woulu stop usingsaiu they'u ielease.)
vi. Abanuonment - nonuse + unequivocal manifestation of intent to ielease
vii. Conuemnation - gov't taking
viii. Piesciiption - if seivient 0 wiongfully pievents the easement fiom being useu foi the
piesciiptive peiiou
S. H5'6(-58&) ]&8eJ-(C2*\!#-.52()(J:
i. Piofits a pienuie: iights to take off the lanu things that weie thought of as "pait" of the lanu (ex:
timbei, mineials, wilu game, anu fish)
ii. Incoipoieal heieuitaments: ceitain intangible iights that uescenueu as ieal piopeity to the
piimogenitaiy heii (eluest son)
iii. 1)&''5/58&65(2' (/ #&'#.#26'
1. D//5-.&65I# #&'#.#26: owneis giants someone the iight to entei oi peifoim an act on
the seivient lanu
2. =#J&65I# #&'#.#26: ownei is foibiuuen fiom uoing something on his lanu that might
haim a neighboi
S. >&'#.#26 &BBC-6#2&26: benefits the easement ownei in the use of lanu belonging to
that ownei; gianting an easement ovei one piece foi the benefit of the othei piece
a. usually tiansfeiable
b. if uncleai, couits constiue as easement appuitenant
c. Wheie the easement "last so long as" - easement is ueteiminable
4. >&'#.#26 52 J-('': benefits the easement ownei peisonally iathei than in connection
with use of lanu which that peison owns
a. only a seivient estate, no uominant tenement
b. may be alienable oi inalienable
iv. Bominant tenement: the easement attaches to anu benefits the uominant tenement
v. Seivient tenement: the lanu subjecteu to the easement
4. 1-#&65(2 (/ >&'#.#26'
i. Easements (anu piofits) aie inteiests in lanu anu theiefoie subject to S0F
1. ueneially iequiies wiitten instiument signeu by paity to be bounu, but notwithstanuing
the S0F, easements may sometimes be cieateu by fiauu, pait peifoimance, estoppel,
implication oi piesciiption
ii. OZ>A+>E7 E&:' 6( 1-#&6# >&'#.#26
1. expiess wiitten giant
2. implication
a. necessity (othen)
b. piioi existing use (van sanut)
S. piesciiption: uses piopeity long enough unuei iight conuitions
Su
4. estoppel: uominant tenement ownei ielies on statements by seivient tenement ownei
iii. +2 & 6"5-* B&-6:
1. At common law - coulun't ieseive an easement in a S
iu
paity
a. Rationale:
i. BFP wo notice is auequately piotecteu by iecoiuing statutes
ii. Paities iely on the common law iule
2. Some couits (minoiity) ieject this:
a. Befeats paities' intent
b. Faiiness to paities in the tiansaction (one pays less anu then can tuin aiounu anu
pay moie)
S. A#'6&6#.#26: peimits easement to be cieateu in a S
iu
paity
4. D-5'#' 3"#2: geneially aiises in context of easement in gioss
iv. A#'#-I&65(2'\>N8#B65(2':
1. Reseivation: a piovision in a ueeu cieating some 1+4 seivituue which uiu not exist befoie
as an inuepenuent inteiest
2. Exception: a piovision in a ueeu that excluues fiom the giant some ,-++E.#$.12 seivituue
on the lanu
v. %58#2'#'
1. Peimission to uo something that woulu otheiwise be tiespass
2. Revocable
S. Sometimes becomes iiievocable:
a. Wheie you iemove some chattel fiom the piopeity
i. Coupleu with an inteiest calleu a piofit, can become iiievocable
b. Estoppel: unuei ceitain conuitions, you will be estoppeu fiom ievoking the
license, making it effectively an easement
4. >&'#.#26 ;: >'6(BB#)
a. if you have changeu youi position substantially in foim oi ieliance
(impioveuinvesteu), that can make youi license iiiev anu essentially make an
easement by estoppel
vi. >&'#.#26' ;: <-#'8-5B65(2
1. No expiess peimission to the easement,
2. Similai to AP - asseiting a iight to use the piopeity which acknowleuging that the
piopeity belongs to someone else
S. If peimission - not auveise, so not by piesciiption
a. Bolbiook - use of ioau wasn't Auveise bc it hau been useu many times befoie in
vaiious ciicumstances with peimission of 0
4. Exclusive use: not necessaiy foi easement by piesciiption - just establishing iight to use
iathei than title theie's no ieason you shoulun't be able to use it along with the ownei
a. It's exclusive in the sense that it belongs to me anu not othei people
S. Lost uiant theoiy: ownei must acquiesce to the use
a. If 0 gives peimission, that peimission makes the use not auveise so no easement
by piesciiption
b. If 0 can show thiough eviuence like a lettei that they uiu not acquiesce in the use
of the piopeity, that's enough to pievent the cieation of an easement by
piesciiption
6. }xn that uoesn't follow lost giant theoiy - senuing lettei saying "stop using my piopeity"
is enough to stop cieation of an easement by piesciiption
7. A#'6&6#.#26: you have to actually inteiiupt theii use of the piopeity somehow befoie
you can pievent the cieation of the easement
8. EX) g()/ ]&))'
a. will countiy club get easement by piesciiption foi golfeis to go ietiieve theii golf
balls.
b. NcBonalu founu that easement hau been cieateu by continueu ietiieval of balls
ovei long time; so to avoiu this, you neeu to inteiiupt it ! tell them to stop, put up
S1
a fence to keep people fiom coming in; negotiate agieement with countiy club to
keep them fiom getting an easement: giant them peimission (that you can ievoke
at any time) which pievents the satisfaction of iequiiements to get an easement
by piesciiption
vii. >&'#.#26 ;: >'6(BB#)
1. License becomes iiievocable by estoppel
2. 0sei has changeu use substantially in foim of ieliance, making license iiievocable anu
cieating easement by estoppel
S. Aiises when:
a. 0ial uiscussions - no title seaich to finu
i. S0F: inteiest in lanu ought to be in wiiting
b. Impiovements maue
c. Removal of chattels ! piofits
4. Restatement:
a. expectations that cieate the seivituue will also uefine its scope anu teims
b. If they weie initially peimitteu to uo so (even as licensee), cieates expectations
that they will always at minimum peimit that use
viii. bC&'5^>&'#.#26:
1. When 0 makes use of one pait of his lanu foi the benefit of anothei pait (ex: waste
tiaveling thiough the easement)
2. If it's just an inteiest in using '(0- (41 ,-(,+-$', you uon't have the someone else ieq'u to
have an easement - so it's a quasi-easement
ix. >&'#.#26' ;: +.B)58&65(2
1. 0 hau a quasi-easement, she buiueneu one paity of hei piopeity to benefit anothei pait
2. ueneially implieu in two situations:
a. piioi existing use; appaient anu continuous use of a poition of the tiact existing
when the tiact is uiviueu (quasi-easement);
b. easement by necessity: the claimeu easement is necessaiy to the enjoyment of the
claimant's lanu anu that necessity aiose when the claimeu uominant paicel was
seveieu fiom the claimeu seivient paicel
S. >&'#.#26 +.B)5#* ;: <-5(- F'#
a. Conveyance of piopeity (unity of owneiship ! common ownei cuts it into
smallei pieces)
i. ex) sevei 2 estates anu theie is a ,-.(- +E.#$.12 0#+ of the piopeity
b. Reasonable necessity foi useenjoyment of the quasi-uominant estate
c. Continuous use
i. Intenueu continuation - at time of uivision - to continue the piioi use
ii. Existing use - piioi use must be existing at the time of uivision (implieu by
the element of intenueu continuation)
u. Appaient piioi use (not necessaiily visible)
e. Restatement Factois
i. whethei claimant is the conveyoi oi the conveyee
ii. the teims of the conveyance
iii. the consiueiation given foi it
iv. whethei the claim is maue against a simultaneous conveyee
v. the extent of necessity of the easement oi piofit to the claimant
vi. whethei iecipiocal benefits iesult to the conveyoi anu the conveyee
vii. the mannei in which the lanu was useu piioi to its conveyance, anu
viii. the extent to which the mannei of piioi use was oi might've been known to
the paities (speaks to foieseeabilityintention)
4. >&'#.#26' +.B)5#* ;: =#8#''56:
a. A#fC5-#.#26'7
i. unity of owneiship
1. sevei 2 estates anu the easement is necessaiy "# " -+#0!$
ii. necessity not convenience
S2
iii. necessity existeu at the time of seveiance
1. if it gets cieateu, will be at the $.3+ () #+=+-"19+
b. Najoiity only iequiies "ieasonable necessity"
c. Can't be a mattei of meie convenience
u. Teiminates when the necessity is iemoveu
x. <C;)58 !-C'6 9(86-52#
1. 0wneiship ovei lanu floweu by tiual wateis, which extenu to the mean high watei maik,
is vesteu in the State in tiust foi the people; coveis 4+$ #"1& "-+" () 7+"9*
2. State owns foi the benefit of the public anu the public can use it if they want
S. Public must be given ieasonable access - whatevei is ieasonably necessaiy foi the
enjoyment of the ocean
4. Recognizes a limitation on lanuownei's iight to excluue people fiom theii piopeity (like
state v. shack - migiant faim woikeis)
S. Coulu this be consiueieu a "Taking". Esp if Leg enacteu. Shoulu it be compensateu.
a. Aigue yes: taking some inteiest
b. Aigue no: not taking any inteiest bc was nevei given to piivate owneis; was
always helu in tiust by State
xi. E56" AA'
1. When a RR foi its puiposes acquiies an estate in lanu foi laying tiack anu opeiating RR
equipment theieon, the 2(= $"@+# $*+ !+"#$ "3$ () $*+ +#$"$+ 1+9+##"-', anu that typically
means an easement not a FS estate
2. Conuemnation
a. Wheie it was a conuemnation pioceeuing, couits tieat as easement
b. Even if ueeu says "FS", if the conveyance was uone w the thieat of conuemnation,
couits convey as easement |piesaultj
c. S0 you can convey FS to RR foi stiip of lanu if theie is no conuemnation thieat
S. D''5J2&;5)56: (/ >&'#.#26'
i. 9(86-52# (/ 4(C26[(:K' 1&'#7 Foi an easement to be assigneu, it must be useu by the
contiolleis of the easement "as one stock"
1. A&65(2&)#: if you giant an assignment anu then allow them to assign without woiking
togetheigetting consent of otheis, theie's a concein that the lake might get oveiuseu
(the easement being useu moie than oiiginally envisioneu by ice company when it maue
the giant to fiank)
2. 4&[(-56:: uo not follow this non-uivisibility iule
ii. A#'6&6#.#26: EIu may be uiviueu unless
1. contiaiy to intent of paities in cieating easement oi
2. the uivision unieasonably incieases the buiuen on the seivient estate
iii. Easements in gioss: assignable foi commeicial exploits, but not foi peisonal enjoyment
iv. Easements appuitenant: iun with the lanu, attacheu to the lanu
6. G8(B# (/ >&'#.#26'
i. g#2#-&) AC)#:
1. An easement appuitenant to one paicel of lanu 3"' 1($ 7+ +E$+1&+& by 0 of uominant
estate to othei paicels owneu by him (biown v. voss)
2. Extension of the use of an easement to benefit a non-uominant estate constitutes a
misuse of the easement
S. Nisuse of an easement is a tiespass
ii. A#'6&6#.#26:
1. expectations that cieate the seivituue will also uefine its scope anu teims; fact that they
initially peimitteu them to uo so, cieates expectations that they will always at minimum
peimit them to uo that
2. ownei of uominant tenement can subuiviue its tiacts anu still use easement so long as
a. it is to accommouate 1(-3"! &+=+!(,3+1$ of the uominant estate; anu
b. it uoes not cause unieasonable uamage tointeifeie unieasonably with the
enjoyment of seivient estate (otheiwise ! nuisance)
S. 0 of seivient tenement shoulu be able to move the easement in ceitain conuitions if
SS
a. they aie the ones paying foi it anu
b. if it uoesn't significantly lessen the utility of the easementinciease buiuens on
the ownei of the easement in its use anu enjoymentfiustiate the puipose foi
which the easement was cieateu
c. ** bettei iule: can make uominant tenement moie valuable; seivient tenement
shoulu be able to change to make theii piopeity moie valuable
iii. 1"&2J52J 6"# G8(B#:
1. !-&*565(2&)):: can't altei wo peimission of uominant tenement ownei
2. A#'6&6#.#26:
a. 0 of seivient tenement shoulu be able to unilateially move the easement if
i. they aie the ones paying foi it anu
ii. it uoesn't significantly lessen the utility of the easement oi
iii. inciease the buiuens on 0 of easement in its use anu enjoyment oi
iv. fiustiate the puipose foi which the easement was cieateu
S. 452(-56:: seivient tenement shoulu be able to change to make theii piopeity moie
valuable (efficiency)
iv. 9#6#-.5252J G8(B#7 Was it a foieseeable use of the easement.
1. Foieseeability: Expectations the paities woulu have oiiginally hau foi its usepuipose
2. New use shoulun't be moie buiuensome to 0
S. Scope may be aujusteu in face of changing times to seive the oiiginal puipose, so long as
the change is consistent with the teims of the oiiginal gianty
4. Easement by piesciiption: the kinus of activities that cieate the E also seive as limitations
that will sustain it
v. A#.#*5#' /(- #N8##*52J '8(B#
1. +2[C2865(2
a. incieaseu buiuen on seivient estate (vol of use)
b. actual anu substantial injuiy sustaineu by peison seeking injunction
vi. +/ 6"#-#K' & j6&e52Jk
1. When theie's alieauy an easement theie anu you exceeu the scope, the taking is only to
the extent to which it is exceeuing the easement
7. =#J&65I# >&'#.#26'
i. Right of uominant 0 to stop the seivient 0 fiom uoing something on the seivient lanu
ii. uiffei fiom affiimative easement bc saying what the seivient ownei can't uo; wheieas
affiimative easements say what activities the seivient ownei is peimitteu to uo
8. 1(2'#-I&65(2 &2* O6"#- =(I#) >&'#.#26'
i. Allows lanuownei to giant something like a negative easement (a iestiiction on theii use of the
piopeity) to a gov't oiganization oi chaiity
1. Bistoiic aieas: people want aieas to stay as they aie
ii. With iespect to lanu in the futuie: can't be useu foi something else in the futuie; coulu be
pioblematic bc iestiicts futuie use
iii. Can you make the lanu useable in the mktplace notwithstanuing the conseivation easement.
1. gov't coulu use its powei of eminent uomain anu conuemn the piopeity subject to the
conseivation easement
iv. IF benefit is in gioss, buiuen will not iun unless pieempteu by statute saying otheiwise
++, 1(I#2&26' AC2252J 356" 6"# %&2*
1. H5'6(-58&) ]&8eJ-(C2*
i. A#&) 1(I#2&26'7 1(I#2&26' >2/(-8#&;)# &6 %&3
1. An agieementpiomise iespecting the use of lanu that iuns to the ownei of the piopeity
anu wo mateiially incieasing the buiuen of peifoimance
2. Affiimative covenants: piomise $( &( something
S. Negative covenants: piomise 1($ $( &( something
a. EX) A & B piomise to only use lots foi iesiuential puiposes
4. A#fC5-#.#26' /(- 1(I#2&26' 6"&6 -C2 356" 6"# )&2*
a. +26#265(2 (/ <&-65#'
i. language of the covenant itself
S4
ii. ciicumstances suiiounuing the covenant
b. !(C8" &2* 1(28#-2 6"# %&2*
i. has to uo with the use of the lanu itself - iestiiction on what you can uo w
the lanu
ii. easement in gioss uoes not satisfy
c. <-5I56: (/ >'6&6#
i. D'e52J: An estate in lanu is an inteiest in the lanu being tiansfeiieu fiom one
peison to anothei, anu uepenuing on the paiticulai ieqs foi piivity, you aie
asking whethei the kinu of estate tiansfeiieu is one that woulu allow the
iunning of the buiuen oi the benefit
1. buiuen: asking whethei successoi's of B (the piomisoi) aie bounu by
that piomise
2. benefit: whethei successois of A (piomisee) can enfoice the piomise,
oi can only A enfoice it.
ii. H(-5h(26&) <-5I56:
1. Relationship of oiiginal paities to the covenant
2. Buiuen:
a. ueneially iequiies successive giantoi-giantee iel bw A&B
(472)
b. Nassachusetts: both paities have an inteiest in the same piece
of lanu
c. Restatement: hoiizontal piivity is not ieq'u foi buiuen to iun
with lanu at law
S. Benefit: hoiizontal piivity .# 1($ -+/0.-+&
iii. Z#-658&) <-5I56:: hoiizontal piivity not iequiieu
1. Relationship bw an oiiginal covenanting paity anu some successoi of
that oiiginal paity
2. Buiuen: successoi has to obtain the entiie estate of the oiiginal
covenanting paity
S. Benefit: successoi can obtain the same oi some lessei estate of the
oiiginal covenanting paity
S. P(- ]C-*#2 6( AC2
a. +26#265(2
b. !1 6"# %&2*
c. <-5I56:
i. H(-5h(26&) B-5I56:
1. ueneially: Requiies successive giantoi-giantee ielationship bw A&B
(472)
2. Nassachusetts: both paities have to have an inteiest in the same
piece of lanu
S. Restatement: hoiizontal piivity .# 1($ -+/0.-+& foi buiuen to iun w
the lanu at law
ii. Z#-658&) B-5I56:
1. Tiauitionally: same estate iule (so uoesn't iun to APoi)
6. P(- ]#2#/56 6( AC2
a. +26#265(2
b. !1 6"# %&2*
c. <-5I56:
i. H(-5h(26&) B-5I56:
1. The iunning of the benefit uoes not iequiie hoiizontal piivity
ii. Z#-658&) B-5I56:
1. Successoi can succeeu to the same estate 0R a lessei estate than the
oiiginal covenanting paity
7. A#'6&6#.#26 S*: Bistinguishes bw affiimative anu negative piomises; eliminates
uistinction bw RC anu ES
SS
a. =#J&65I# B-(.5'#':
i. Bon't woiiy about piivity
ii. All owneispossessois of buiueneu lanu aie bounu by negative covenants
iii. All possessois of benefitteu lanu aie entitleu to enfoice the covenant
iv. (like easement)
b. D//5-.&65I# B-(.5'#':
i. Sepaiate iules foi lessees, life tenants, anu APois; also uistinguishes bw
benefits anu buiuens
ii. %#''##'7
1. the benefit of covenants to iepaii, maintain, oi ienuei seivices iuns
to lessees
2. the buiuen: only the affiimative covenants that binu lessees aie those
that can moie ieasonably be peifoimeu by a peison in possession
than by the holuei of the ieveision
iii. %!'7 both the benefits anu buiuens of affiimative covenants iun to legal LT
iv. D<(-'7
1. Buiuen: APois who haven't yet gaineu title aie liable on the
affiimative covenants 70-&+1.12 the piopeity, but
2. Benefit: the 7+1+).$# of affiimative covenants iun to APois who have
not yet gaineu title to piopeity (1!' 01&+- !.3.$+& 9.-903#$"19+#
a. Wheie the covenant was to iepaii, maintain, oi ienuei
seivices to the piopeity, oi
b. The benefit is one that can be enjoyeu by the peison in
possession wo uiminishing the benefit's value to the ownei
of the piopeity anu wo mateiially incieasing the buiuen of
peifoimance on the paity obligateu to peifoim the covenant
c. !(C8" &2* 1(28#-27
i. =#J&65I# 1(I#2&26'7
1. you may not uo something on the lanu
2. typically helu to TC the lanu if they ieally aie ab lanu use
S. EX) caulett: iight to builu 1
st
builuing
ii. D//5-.&65I# 1(I#2&26'7
1. English law: ACs uo not TC lanu
2. Ameiican Law: move away; pietty well accepteu that AC to pioviue
fees foi B0A in common-inteiest community TC lanu
ii. >fC56&;)# G#-I56C*#'7 1(I#2&26' >2/(-8#&;)# 52 >fC56:
1. Equitable seivituue: a covenant iespecting the use of lanu enfoiceable against successoi
owneis oi possessois in equity iegaiuless of its enfoiceability at law
a. >2J)5'" G6&2*&-* iegaiuing hoiizontal piivity:
i. Buiuen of a covenant 4.!! 1($ -01 "$ !"4; not enfoiceable at law against the
successoi ownei |no uamage awaiuj
b. D.#-58&2 G6&2*&-*: buiuen shoulu iun at law
i. Faiiness: piesumably negotiateu a lowei sale piice uue to the covenant;
woulun't be faii if puichasei coulu then tuin aiounu anu sell it foi a much
highei piice
2. Nain uiffeience is the -#.#*: available:
a. Real Covenant seeks Bamages;
b. Equitable Seivituue seeks Injunction
c. P has option to ueciue but geneial piefeience is an equitable injunction to pievent
the peison fiom bieaking the piomise PL0S can sell the injunction if they piefei
to teiminate the piomise; allows foi negotiation
S. ]#2#/56 +2 g-('' &2* >G
a. 1(..(2 %&37 If the benefit is in gioss, the buiuen 4.!! 1($ -01 in equity
i. Tiansaction costs
ii. Biminishes valuemaiketability of lanu
S6
b. A#'6&6#.#26:
i. Buiuen may iun in equity if benefit in gioss B0T
ii. the benefit may be in favoi of someone you can't finu, so you can seek
teiminationmouification of covenant if you can't finu the beneficiaiies (neeu
consent of any known beneficiaiies)
c. >?@: ieseive the iight to builu fiist uwelling on piemises
i. Too vague
ii. Boesn't TC - peisonal to giantee
iii. Benefit in gioss iathei than associateu w a uominant tenement
4. ]C-*#2 52 J-(''
a. 0K bc benefit attacheu to lanu bc uoesn't affect valuemaiketability
i. EX) someone agiees to tiim heuges monthly
S. >2/(-852J >fC56&;)# G#-I56C*#7
a. +26#265(2 of paities that buiuenbenefit iun to successois of oiiginal paities
b. =(658# of subsequent puichasei of the covenant (paity to be bounu)
i. Exception: covenants iun in equity against those successois who give no
consiueiation (uonees, heiis, will beneficiaiies) whethei oi not they have
notice
1. Funuamental piinciple of iecoiuing system - it is uesigneu to piotect
only subsequent puichaseis against piioi inteiest of which they have
no notice
ii. Not iequiieu as pait of elements of what makes ieal covenants enfoiceable
(but piobably iequiieu anyway by viitue of iecoiuing statutes, if you can
show BFP wo notice)
c. !(C8" &2* 1(28#-2 the lanu
i. >2J)5'" AC)#:
1. An affiimative covenant to uo something like pay money cannot be
ueemeu to TC the lanu foi puiposes of the iunning of the covenant
2. 0nly Negative Covenants coulu iun w the lanu
ii. D.#-58&2 AC)#: geneially uepait fiom English Rule anu expanu TC
1. HOD: wheie the affiimative easement (to pay money) gives iight of
common enjoyment to othei piopeity owneis, it is ueemeu to TC
2. ]5J#)(3K' !#'6:
a. If covenantei's legal inteiest in lanu is ienueieu less valuable
by the covenant's peifoimance, then the buiuen TCs
b. If the covenantei's legal inteiest in lanu is maue moie
valuable by the covenant's peifoimance, then the benefit TCs
c. Ciiculai: can't know how it affects the value unless it's
complieu with
S. Still - most aie hestitant to finu TC of aff covenants
a. Issue oiuei that will iequiie continuing juuicial supeivision
b. Enfoicement may impose laige peisonal liability on successoi
c. Aff obligations aie unlimiteu in time
u. Clogs on titles
4. Covenants to pay money - most couits say no TC
S. Restatement:
a. All covenants (unless illegal, fiauuulent, oi against pub policy)
aie at least initially valiu foi TC
b. Insteau, focus is on subsequent valiuity
u. <-5I56:
i. Boiizontal
1. Buiuen: uoesn't neeu
2. Benefit: uoesn't neeu
ii. veitical
S7
1. Buiuen: uoesn't neeu; all subsequent owneispossessois aie bounu
by the seivituue just as with an easement
2. Benefit:
a. ueneially: uon't neeu; iuns to all assignees; although #(3+
8E1# uo iequiie it (except w iegaiu to B0As)
b. APoi: the benefit may iun (not litigateu)
c. S
iu
paity beneficiaiy: piob neeus to show veitical piivity
i. HOD: iegaiueu as acting as agents of lanuowneis who
aie in veitical piivity so can enfoice the covenant even
though technically no piivity on benefit siue
2. 1-#&65(2 (/ 1(I#2&26'
i. >NB-#'' 1(I#2&26':
1. Beeus
2. Wiitten Agieements
ii. +.B)5#* A#'6-5865(2' &2* 6"# GOP
1. Will only be Implieu ES; RC has to be in wiiting, signeu by covenantoi
2. Cannot have ES by piesciiption (no notice of paity to be bounu.)
S. =(658#
a. Foi puiposes of implieu covenants, notice may be constiuctive oi inquiiy
i. Constiuctive notice: imply that you have notice, hau you uone what you
shoulu've uone
ii. Inquiiy notice: ciicumstances weie sufficient to inuicate that some iestiiction
might exist anu that they have a uuty to inquiie
1. (geneially applieu wheie theie is a geneial plansubuivision)
2. unifoim chaiactei of neighboihoou geneially sufficient
4. g#2#-&) B)&2\1(..(2 <)&2 (/ 9#I#)(B.#26:
a. If theie is a subuivision being uevelopeu puisuant to a common plan of
uevelopment, even if some iestiictions uon't get wiitten uown w iespect to
eveiy lot, #(3+ 9(0-$# will imply that those iestiictions apply to all lots
b. 4&[(-56:: will imply negative iestiictions fiom a geneial plan (inquiiy notice)
c. Califoinia:
i. Won't imply equitable seivituue bc neeus to be in wiiting to pievent fiauu
ii. Reqs inteiest in lanu to be conveyeu in wiiting; the inteiest of the neighbois
to pievent builuing of commeicial uses must be in wiiting
1. D -#8(-*#* .&B might woik as a wiiting
2. D2 &*I#-65'#.#26 might woik
u. Nassachusetts: same-ish
S. >fC56&;)# G#-I56C*# ;: <-#'8-5B65(2n
a. No.
iii. A#'6&6#.#26 S
-*
7 eliminates uistinction bw ieal covenants anu equitable seivituues
iv. A#.#*5#'7
1. A#&) 1(I#2&26: can seek uamages (bc covenant at law)
2. >fC56&;)# G#-I56C*#: can seek injunction
S. A peison seeking to enfoice the covenant has the option to ueciue if it's ieal oi equitable,
uepenuing on which iemeuy they piefei
a. ueneially, the piefeience is an equitable injunction to pievent the peison fiom
bieaking the piomise PL0S they can #+!! $*+ .18019$.(1 if they piefei to teiminate
the piomise anu get money latei; allows foi negotiation
S. G8(B# (/ 1(I#2&26' &2* PHD Z5()&65(2
i. Restiictive Covenant - Single Family Resiuence
1. Befinition of family may come fiom othei local oiuinances
2. 0sually aiise w uisciimination claims
S. S 8&C'#' (/ &865(2 /(- *5'8-5.52&65(2 C2*#- PHD
a. 95'8-5.52&6(-: +26#26: is it intentional uisciimination against ____.
S8
b. 95'B&-&6# +.B&86: P only neeus to piove that B's conuuct actually oi pieuictably
iesults in uisciimination oi has a uisciiminatoiy effect
c. A#&'(2&;)# D88(..(*&65(2: a iefusal to make ieasonable accommouations in
iules, policies, piactices, oi seivices (vaiiances.), when such accommouations
may be necessaiy to affoiu a hanuicappeu peison equal oppoitunity to useenjoy
uwelling
4. E"&6 &865I56: 5' 2(2^-#'5*#265&).
a. Bieau anu bieakfast. - some say iesiuential
b. Piano lessons. - piobably iesiuential
c. Tiaining uogs. yes
ii. Covenant not to allow Caucasians
1. FBA exemption: applies to people who uon't own moie than S single-family houses at one
time
a. Bevelopei can't uefenu using this exemption
2. Nayeis: violation of FBA S6u4(c) foi iecoiuing ueeus containing iacial covenants
a. can't 3"@+ ,-.1$ (- ,07!.#* any notice statement oi auveitisement w iespect to
the sale
b. So - iecoiuing the ueeu got you aiounu the exemption bc it wasn't an
auveitisement foi sale
4. !#-.52&65(2 (/ 1(I#2&26'
i. 4#-J#-: if same peison acquiies title to the buiueneu lanu, anu all the benefitteu lanu, the
covenant is extinguisheu by meigei
ii. 1"&2J#* 1(2*565(2'|iick v. westj
1. l(252J 1"&2J# i will not oveiiiue iestiictive covenants
a. Zoning changes uo not mouify oi change a covenant unless they make compliance
with the covenant illegal
2. 1"&2J#* 8(2*565(2' 356"52 6"# &//#86#* &-#&: conuitions have so thoioughly changeu
that the covenant can no longei achieve its puipose
S. 1"&2J#* 8(2*565(2' 52 6"# 'C--(C2*52J &-#&: natuie anu chaiactei of the suiiounuing
aiea has so changeu that it woulu be inequitable to enfoice the seivituue; must piove that
"!! $*+ 7+1+).$$+& !($# have lost the benefit of the covenant
4. A#'6&6#.#26 R m,WU: Nouification anu Teimination of Seivituues bc of Changeu
Conuitions
a. When a change has taken place making it impossible as a piactical mattei to
accomplish the puipose foi which the seivituue was cieateu, a couit may mouify
the seivituue to peimit the puipose to be accomplisheu. If mouification is not
piacticable, oi woulu not be effective, a couit may teiminate the seivituue.
Compensation may be awaiueu to beneficiaiies.
b. If the puipose of the seivituue can be accomplisheu, but bc of changeu conuitions,
the seivient estate is no longei suitable foi uses peimitteu by the seivituue, a
couit may mouify to peimit othei uses unuei conuitions uesigneu to pieseive the
benefits of the oiiginal seivituue
c. These iules govein conseivation seivituues as well
S. 4&''&8"C'#66': statute makes uamages iathei than an injunction the only iemeuy in
many cases of changeu ciicumstances
6. A#I#-'# 9&.&J#': when iestiictive covenants shoulu not be enfoiceu unless the paities
who seek enfoicement pay compensation to the paities who maintain that changeu
conuitions have ienueieu the iestiictions unenfoiceable
iii. D;&2*(2.#26
1. Can't abanuon FS title to piopeity ! wants someone iuentifiable bc obligations ielateu to
piopeity owneiship
2. <#22':)I&25&: cannot abanuon ieal piopeity helu in fee simple with peifect title; intent
to abanuon is iiielevant
S. E5*#'B-#&* I5()&65(2 (/ 6"# 8(I#2&26 3\( #2/(-8#.#26
S9
a. A#&'(2&;)# <#-'(2 !#'67 avg peison woulu concluue that the use iestiiction ahs
been abanuoneu
b. P-C'6-&65(2 (/ <C-B('# !#'67 the covenant's puipose has been so fiustiateu that
enfoicement woulu seiiously impaii the value the value of buiueneu lots wo
piouucing any substantial benefit
4. A#'6&6#.#26 7.12 - Nouification anu Teimination of Ceitain Affiimative Covenants:
a. Covenant to pay money teiminates aftei a ieasonable time if the instiument that
cieateu the covenant uoes not specify the $($"! #03 &0+ oi a &+).1.$+ $+-3.1"$.(1
,(.1$
b. Teiminateu if the obligation becomes excessive in ielation to the cost of pioviuing
the seivices oi facilities oi to the value ieceiveu by the buiueneu estate
iv. 1(2*#.2&65(2 V>.52#26 9(.&52@:
1. When gov't takes the buiueneu lanu foi a puipose inconsistent w the iestiictive
covenant
2. Easement: uov't must pay compensation to the easement ownei
S. Restiictive Covenant: majoiity says gov't must pay uamages to the 0s having the benefit
4. Affiimative Covenant to pay money: must pay beneficiaiy foi the loss of the benefit
S. +2 P)(-5*&
a. Negative covenant: benefit of the iestiictive covenant not compensable if the gov't
violates the covenant
b. Affiimative covenant: gov't must pay compensation to the benefitteu paity foi the
loss of the stieam of income (the benefit)
c. A&65(2&)#: iight of compensation foi violation of a iestiictive covenant in a
subuivision woulu place on the public an "intoleiable buiuen" bc of the uifficulty
of measuiing uamages to all the inuiviuual lot owneis; but uamages foi
conuemning an affiimative covenant to pay a set sum of money is easily
asceitainable anu theiefoie compensable
v. >NB-#'' E&5I#- (- A#)#&'#
1. Release: all holueis of the benefit expiessly ielease the covenant, it is extinguisheu
a. Even if one holuei on a small lot ! can enfoice
b. Faiiness anu expectations
c. If teiminate, have to shaie w the piomisees of the covenant any piofits maue
fiom its teimination
2. Waivei: all benefit holueis expiessly waive the covenant to peimit a specific
nonconfoiming use, the covenant iemains alive to bai othei nonconfoiming uses
S. 1(..(2 +26#-#'6 1(..C2565#'
i. Types
1. B0As
2. conuominiums
S. coopeiatives
ii. Piivity: not a pioblem bc oiiginal owneis aie all in piivity w the uevelopei anu subsequent
puichaseis aie in piivity w the oiiginal puichaseis
iii. TC lanu: usually satisfieu;
1. negative covenants almost always helu to TC bc auveisely affecting all homeowneis so
affecting all the piopeity
2. affiimative covenants to pay B0A uues aie almost always helu to TC
iv. A#'6&6#.#26 S*:
1. the uistinctive featuie of common-inteiest communities is the obligation that binus the owneis
of inuiviuual lots to contiibute to the suppoit of common piopeity, oi othei facilities, oi to
suppoit the activities of an association whethei oi not the ownei uses the common piopeity oi
facilities oi agiees to join the association
2. Biiect anu Inuiiect Restiaint on Alienability
a. Biiect: a uiiect iestiaint is valiu "if ieasonable"; those that cleaily inteifeie with the
opeiation of the fiee maiket economy
4u
i. ex) no tiansfei wo consent of community, iights of 1
st
iefusal, eligibility ieqs of
puichaseis
b. Inuiiect: invaliu (1!' .) it "lacks iational justification (moie lenient); those that limit the
potential maiket foi the piopeity
i. ex) pet, paint coloi, oi planting iestiictions
S. Regulation in 0iiginal Bocument anu Subsequent Regulations
a. 0iiginal Bocument: uefeiential stanuaiu
i. iationale: oiiginal iestiictions have been iecoiueu so people know what they
aie buying into; piesume unanimous consent
b. Subsequent: ieasonableness stanuaiu applieu heie
i. Rationale: owneis not necessaiily buying into those iegulations bc put into
place aftei they've alieauy moveu in; majoiity iule of owneis
v. 1(2*(.525C.'
1. Each unit is owneu (in FS) anu financeu sepaiately
a. Failuie of one ownei to pay moitgage inteiest oi taxes uoes not jeopaiuize the othei
unit owneis
2. Common aieas aie owneu by the unit owneis as TICs
S. Each ownei becomes an association membei anu must abiue by its laws
4. Each unit ownei is liable foi a monthly chaige to maintain common facilities anu insuie against
liabilities
vi. 1((B#-&65I#'
1. Nostly in NY
2. Title to the lanu anu builuing is helu by a coipoiation
S. Resiuents aie both owneis of the coopeiative coipoiation anu tenants of the coipoiation
a. Resiuents own all the shaies of stock in the coip. anu contiol it thiough an electeu boaiu
of uiiectois
b. Each iesiuent has a long-teim ienewable lease of an apt unit
4. ]C'52#'' MC*J.#26 AC)#:
a. Coipoiate goveinance
b. Coip owneu by shaieholueis but iun by boaiu of uiiectois making policy uecision
c. BB makes uecisions, shaieholueis can challenge
u. Couit =+-' uefeiential to BB ! people living theie aie in bettei position to make
those uecisions
S. Collective Noitgage
a. The investment of one peison (unlike in conuominium) uepenus upon the financial
stability of otheis
i. Couits will uefei to the "business juugment" appioach to enfoiceability
b. Stiong incentive to scieen applicants to ensuie they can caiiy theii shaie
c. Allows foi #(9."! #9-++1.12 as well
i. Bisciimination: if the applicant can piove iacial oi ethnic uisciimination, the
coopeiative will have to aumit the applicant oi pay uamages
vii. >2/(-8#.#26 (/ A#'6-5865(2' 52 1(..(2^+26#-#'6 1(..C2565#'
1. g#2#-&)):
a. 9#8)&-&65(2: the opeiative uocument foi a common inteiest uevelopment, setting foith,
among othei things, the iestiictions on the useenjoyment of any poition of the
uevelopment; aka mastei ueeu
b. The iestiiction must be
i. unifoimly enfoiceu against all iesiuents
ii. Nust be ieasonable
1. not aibitiaiy,
2. against public policy, oi
S. buiuens substantially outweigh its benefits
c. Rationale:
i. stability
ii. piotects expectationspieuictability
41
iii. pioblems coulu aiise in B0As as to people who chose to live theie in ieliance
on the covenants
2. DBB-(&8"#' 6( >2/(-8#&;5)56:
a. "A#&'(2&;)#2#''k7 enfoiceable unless unieasonable
i. Rationale: goveining boaius will enact iules anu make uecisions that aie ieasonably
ielateu to the piomotion of the health, happiness, anu peace of minu of the pioject
owneis, consiueieu collectively
b. j<-#'C.B65(2 (/ I&)5*56:k unless aibitiaiy oi in violation of public policy oi a
constitutional iight
i. Rationale: couits uisinclineu to question the wisuom of agieeu-to iestiictions
c. jO-5J52&652J *(8C.#26k:
i. Covenants in the mastei ueeu: iestiictions that pieuate the puichase of inuiviuual
units is given gieatei uefeience (stiong piesumption of valiuity)
ii. Covenants imposeu by B0A: iestiictions imposeu by B0As aftei the owneis have
acquiieu title aie not given the same "piesumption of valiuity" anu aie ="!.& (1!' .)
-+"#(1"7!+
iii. Rationale:
1. Seives the best inteiest of the majoiity of owneis who may be piesumeu to
have chosen not to altei oi iescinu such iestiictions
2. Avoius the buiuen anu expense of highly paiticulaiizeu anu lengthy
litigation
S. Piotects the geneial expectations of conuo owneis that iestiictions in place
at the time they puichase theii units will be enfoiceable
a. puichasei has constiuctive notice of the iestiictions in a mastei
ueeu
u. j]C'52#'' MC*J.#26k: financial uecision making iequiies a boaiu to exeicise its
uiscietion in goou faith anu with iegaiu foi the best inteiests of the community
associationits membeis (gieatest uegiee of uefeience given to conuominium boaius)
i. Rationale: piotects the boaiu's business uecisions anu manageiial authoiity fiom
inuisciiminate attack

42
%#J5')&65I# %&2* F'# 1(26-()'7 l(252J
`J5);#-6' 8", Ya
+, D2 +26-( 6( 6"# GC;'6&265I# %&3
1. H5'6(-58&) ]&8eJ-(C2*
i. >C8)5*#&2 l(252J:
1. Bistiicts aie giaueu fiom highest (sing-family iesiuences) to lowest (woist kinu of
inuustiy)
2. Cumulative zoning: highei uses aie peimitteu in aieas zoneu foi lowei uses, but not vice
veisa
a. Non-cumulative zoning: piohibiting houses anu commeicial in inuustiial zones
(inuustiial paiks); an attempt to pieseive laige tiacts foi futuie inuustiial use
S. 0veit licensing of segiegation by class: bc piotects the value of lanu owneu by the
piopeitieu class anu the values of the class itself
4. Assumptions of EZ
a. Sepaiation of uses is goou
b. You ought to be able to live aiounu people who aie moie like you
c. uloiification of single family ! piomotes Ameiican uieamgoou life
u. Class bias ! benefits those w iesouices to live in single-family aiea
ii. 1(2'656C65(2&)56: (/ l(252J
1. 9C# <-(8#'' !>G!: can't uepiive someone of life, libeity, oi piopeity wo uue piocess of
law
a. Whethei the piovisions aie aibitiaiyunieasonable
b. Baving no substantial ielation to the public health, safety, moials, oi geneial
welfaie (B()58# B(3#-)
2. Zoning in geneial is helu to be constitutional
S. Specific claims of unfaiiness will be uealt with inuiviuual in oiuei to avoiu baiiing zoning
altogethei
4. ueneial piesumption of valiuity attaches to a zoning oiuinance
S. Can evaluate as pioceuuial uue piocess oi substantive uue piocess (moie contioveisial)
iii. !&e52J'
1. Can a seveie ieuuction in value of P's lanu by the zoning oiuinance constitute a "Taking"
foi which gov't will have to compensate.
a. PA: yes, theie is a compensable taking if the gov't "goes to fai"
b. Najoiity: zoning oiuinances aie geneially uphelu in the face of taking allegations
2. G6-C86C-# (/ DC6"(-56: F2*#-):52J l(252J
i. G6&6# <()58# <(3#-:
1. State gov'ts have a ceitain iesiuual powei to iegulate foi the public
2. Specifically, to iegulatepiotect the public health, safety, moials, oi geneial welfaie
S. 1(2'656C65(2&)56: !#'6: piovision cannot be aibitiaiy anu unieasonable, having no
substantial ielation to the public health, safety, moials, oi geneial welfaie |police poweij
4. Feu'l uov't has no police powei
S. A#'6-5865(2' 356"52 6"# <()58# <(3#-
a. Nethous of constiuction, height of builuings, space bw builuings (fiie),
oveiciowuing (health)
b. Inuustiies cieating a nuisance
ii. >2&;)52J %#J5')&65(2
1. The Stanuaiu State Zoning Enabling Act
a. Nost states have some veision
b. Peimits uivision of municipalities into uistiicts (zones) in accoiuance with a
compiehensive plan
c. Regulations maue with ieasonable consiueiation to
i. Suitability of a uistiict foi paiticulai uses,
ii. view to conseiving the value of builuings, anu
4S
iii. Encouiaging the most appiopiiate use of lanu
2. To enact a Zoning oiuinance unuei the SSZEA
a. Planning commission
i. Big pictuie planning geneial iules
b. Boaiu of aujustment
i. Application of the iuleswhethei exceptions shoulu be gianteu
ii. uiant vaiiances (people who seek exceptions)
iii. A5B#2#'' 9(86-52#: suit not iipe foi iesolution by the couit; P must petition
to the boaiu foi ielief fiist
S. Zoning 0iuinances applieu to New 0ses
a. 0 must apply foi builuing peimit ! uenying peimits who want to builu something
incompatible w that aiea
b. Befoie you can use a built builuing ! inspection anu ceitificate of occupancy
(gov't can ueny the ceit of occupancy to enfoice zoning)
4. The uelegation of legislative authoiity cannot
a. go beyonu the authoiity given the locality unuei the zoning act (ultia viies) oi
b. conflict with the state constitution
c. 8(2'656C65(2&)56: 6#'6:
iii. !"# 1(.B-#"#2'5I# <)&2
1. Statement of the local goveinments objectives anu stanuaius foi uevelopment
2. ueneially, the plan itself is not binuing but must be implementeu by actual zoning
oiuinances
S. Su% states: uon't iequiie
4. Su% B0 iequiie, but juuicial attituues vaiy:
a. plan neeun't be wiitten in a sepaiate uocument fiom the oiuinance itself
b. the statement of puipose in the zoning oiuinance's pieamble is eviuence of an
unueilying plan
c. scheme of iegulations in the oiuinance constitute "the plan"
S. Even when wiitten plan exists, zoning iegulations inconsistent w it aie not necessaiy
invaliu #( !(12 "# consiueieu a) ieasonable anu b) in the public inteiest
i. Rationale:
1. futuie is too unpieuictable
2. Technological changes affect lanu use
6. Changing 0ses anu Lanu 0se Planning
a. Bow changes in the past have changeu neeus foi lanu use anu then pioject
foiwaiu - what kinu of things might happen in the futuie.
b. Rise of the Inteinet changes patteins of lanu use:
i. smallei office spaces
ii. online shopping = ueciease in shopping mallspaiking lots
c. Rise in gas piices:
i. people want to live cai-fiee
ii. public tianspoitation
u. Social changes: much moie common foi singles with theii own living space; moie
smallei living spaces; oi if tiying to save money - moie uemanu foi multi-family
homes; longei life spans
++, !"# =(28(2/(-.52J F'#
1. When zoning is intiouuceu some existing lanu uses aien't in confoimity with the uses peimitteu
2. ueneially peimitteu to continue to exist because theii immeuiate abatement woulu amount to
i. a taking wo just compensation 0R
ii. an unieasonable exeicise of the zoning powei
S. P(-8#* <"&'#^OC6:
i. D.(-65h&65(2 B#-5(*7
1. The zoning law may specify a peiiou aftei which the nonconfoiming use must cease
a. Nust be long enough to avoiu chaige of !&e52J oi
i. (if immeuiate - unconstitutional)
44
b. Benial of substantive uue piocess
2. Foibiu impiovements to a nonconfoiming use
ii. 4&[(-56:: valiu if ieasonable amoitization peiiou
1. Balancing of Factois:
a. public gain to be ueiiveu fiom speeuy iemoval of nonconfoiming use
b. piivate loss which iemoval woulu entail
iii. 452(-56:: Invaliu pei se
4. 1"&2J#'
i. 1"&2J# (/ O32#-'"5B:
1. Pei Se }XN:
a. Right to maintain a nonconfoiming use iuns with the lanu;
b. it suivives a change of owneiship
2. Amoitization }XN:
a. The iight enus at the teimination of the peiiou, whethei oi not piopeity has
changeu owneis
S. ueneially: can sell it when nonconfoiming use anu the new ownei can continuing using
the nonconfoiming use |change of title uoesn't affect peimission to usej ! not all agiee
ii. >NB&2'5(2:
1. Some say yes nonconfoiming use may expanu to meet natuial changes (ex: incieaseu
uemanu)
2. Some say no
iii. !( & *5//#-#26 2(2^8(2/(-.52J C'#:
1. Some jxns: no
2. Some jxns: yes but only if the change ieuuces the impact of the use on the zone in
question
a. ex) changes to apt builuing: same stiuctuie, but moie apts insiue
i. couits aie split as to whethei this change is peimitteu
iv. G6(B F'52J <-(B#-6: /(- 6"# 2(2^8(2/(-.52J BC-B('#
1. Some jxns will ueny it baseu on uiscontinuance
a. Biff fiom "7"1&(13+1$ bc theie may still exist the intention to iesume the non-
confoiming use
2. 0thei jxns will only ueny if theie is an abanuonment
S. !( DI(5* +26#-/#-#28# 356" %&2* F'# ;: l(252J
i. Bope foi pei se jxn
ii. Aigue 0nieasonableness
iii. Z#'6#* A5J"6' 9(86-52#
1. a pie-existing opeiation is piotecteu
2. a pioposeu use might be piotecteu if sufficient commitments have been maue in ieliance
on existing zoning iequiiements that aie subsequently changeu in a way that invaliuates
the pioposeu use
S. vaiiables: how fai the uevelopei has gone in obtaining gov'tal appioval, money investeu
in goou faith, anu on what money has been spent
4. Kicks in befoie you stait iunning a business that violates the new oiuinance. (got peimit,
bought builuing, but oiuinance passeu befoie openeu uooi foi business)
a. will piotect IF you show goou faith, impiovements, investments (uepenus on jxn)
iv. >'6(BB#)
1. When uevelopeis iely ieasonably anu to theii uetiiment on the issuance of a peimit anu
pioceeu to make substantial expenuituies
2. Nust be in goou faith
S. Can't eiioneously inteipiet a zoning map anu then claim estoppel
4. Peison who inuuceu ieliance can't stop
S. EX) If gov't has acteu in a way that you'ie ielying upon (giant peimit), you might be able
to claim that they'ie estoppeu
a. some couits say that 0 shoulu have iealizeu the mistake
b. Estoppel only piotects ieasonable ieliance
4S
6. !#-.52&65(2 (/ <#-.5''5(2 6( 1(2652C# =(2^8(2/(-.52J C'#
i. 9#'6-C865(2:
1. the nonconfoiming use is uestioyeu (by act of uou oi otheiwise);
2. new ieplacement stiuctuie oi new use must confoim to the cuiient zoning law (.)
ii. D;&2*(2.#26
1. +26#26: most jxns ieq't intent to abanuon nonconfoiming use
2. 95'8(2652C&28#: some oiuinances say uiscontinuance of the nonconfoiming use foi a
specifieu peiiou teiminates peimission foi the use
a. consiueieu uiscontinueu use even if ownei intenus to iesume the nonconfoiming
use latei
iii. 1(2*#.2&65(2 ;: >.52#26 9(.&52
+++, l(252J P)#N5;5)56: 9#I58#'
1. Why allow exceptions.
i. something unanticipateu that woulu be to the public's benefit
ii. biibes
iii. subject to uiscietionabuse
2. Z&-5&28#'
i. 0ses that aie expiessly piohibiteu by the oiuinance but gianteu bc stiict compliance w the
oiuinance woulu impose an unnecessaiy haiuship on 0
ii. < .C'6 '"(3
1. 0nnecessaiy haiuship on P if imposeu
2. Negative Ciiteiia
a. Can't be in violation of public inteiest
b. Can't be auveise to the intentpuipose of the oiuinance
S. EX) 0's ieliance on an eiioneously issueu builuing peimit uoes not constitute a haiuship
entitling him to a vaiiance
iii. F22#8#''&-: H&-*'"5B
1. Cannot be self-imposeuinflicteu
2. Eviuence of haiuship
a. have they tiieu to sellobtain lanu to meet ieqs.
iv. OB65(2' /(- *#85*52J 6( J-&26 (- 2(6
1. uiant vaiiance
2. Beny vaiiance (iisking taking claim)
S. Tiy to puichase lanu fiom neighbois to meet the ieq's
4. Sell lanu to neighbois 0R puichase fiom them
a. uiant vaiiance conuitionally: unless neighbois will puichase the lanu, the
vaiiance will be gianteu
b. Rationale: Tiansfeis financial cost onto the people who woulu benefit fiom
oiuinance
v. !:B#' (/ Z&-5&28#'
1. F'# I&-5&28#
a. Peimission to violate the oiuinance as to the uses peimitteupiohibiteu
b. Noie piospective of conflicting lanu uses if use vaiiance
2. D-#& Z&-5&28#
a. Peimission to violate the oiuinance to alleviate siting pioblems (setback ieq's oi
minimum yaiu aiea)
S. GB#85&) >N8#B65(2' V'B#85&)^C'#\8(2*565(2&)^C'# B#-.56@
i. These aie ,+-3.$$+& by the oiuinance, subject to ceitain conuitions
1. vaiiance - asking foi peimission to violate
2. Special Exception - asking to take auvantage of some conuitional exception the oiuinance
allows in ceitain specifieu conuitions
ii. Nust be in haimony w geneial intentionpuipose of the oiuinance |copej
iii. 4 Factois in uianting
1. Ceitain Requiiements Nt
2. 0se not Auveise
46
S. Puipose 0phelu
4. value Naintaineu
iv. Non-Belegation Boctiine
1. Iuea that legislatuies have limits on how much of theii authoiity they can uelegate to
someone else
2. Neeus to be a bit moie specific guiuance to legitimize theii uiscietion
S. "Bealth, safety, geneial welfaie" ! foimulation of the State's Police Powei
4. l(252J D.#2*.#26' &2* 6"# GB(6 l(252J <-(;)#.
i. GB(6 l(252J:
1. a zoning amenument that ueliveis special piivate benefits (anu no public benefits) to a
small paicel which is not in confoimity with the compiehensive plan
2. Islanu of non-confoiming use ! can't show iational basis ielating to public health, safety,
anu moials |police poweij
S. +))#J&) 5/:
a. Not in public inteiest but only foi the benefit of 0
b. Not in accoiu w the compiehensive plan
ii. l(252J D.#2*.#26':
1. Bow to chaiacteiize |affects the stanuaiu of ieviewj ! legislative oi aujuuicative action.
2. If juuicial: woulu be ,-+#03,$.=+!' !"="!.&
a. uealing with paiticulai lots |legislative uealing with laige aieasj
S. If legislative: woulu be ,-+#03,$.=+!' ="!.& 01!+##
a. aibitiaiy oi capiicious oi
b. inconsistent w compiehensive plan
4. A&65(2&) ]&'5' |uue piocessj !#'6 foi legislative actions:
a. 0nsuppoiteu by any iational basis foi suppoiting the fuitheiance of public heath,
safety, moials, oi geneial welfaie;
b. 0theiwise, =.(!"$.(1 () &0+ ,-(9+##
S. <)#;5'856#'
i. A uiiect vote of citizens on some public question;
ii. Two foims:
1. Refeienuum: to electoiate foi final uecision
2. Initiative: fiom petition of citizens to the ballot
S. *both vieweu as legislative actions
iii. ueneially not alloweu foi small-scale zoning |small votei tuinoutj
iv. Flip of non-uelegation uoctiine.
1. TBAT: uiun't want legislative powei uelegateu to aujuuicative bouy
2. N0W: uon't want an aujuuicative powei |what happens to a ,"-$.90!"- !($j uelegateu to
people themselves
6. 1(26-&86 l(252J
i. Bilateial agieement bw 0 anu zoning authoiity
ii. Some jxns suspicious
iii. Issue: #N&865(2' ! gov't agiees to let you uo something if you uo XYZ, but sometimes these
aie challengeu as takings
7. 1(2*565(2&) l(252J: unilateially agiees to use lanu in a specifieu mannei
8. P)(&652J l(2#':
i. We know we want to have a hospital somewheie, not suie the best place, so we set out iules
about wheie it might go
ii. Latei, when someone pioposes wheie, then we'll nail it uown
9. 1)C'6#- l(252J
i. Flexibility uevice
ii. Allow uevelopeis to uo something in a pattein that's not exactly in line w the Plan
iii. Same total # acieage but biing house closei togethei
iv. Aiea vaiiance
1u. <F97 planneu unit uevelopments
i. Similai to clustei zoning
47
ii. Not just confineu to housing (incluues seivices too)
iii. aiea anu use vaiiances
+Z, >NB&2*52J 6"# D5.' V&2* >N#-85'52J 6"# 4C'8)#@ (/ l(252J
1. D#'6"#658 A#JC)&65(2
i. Tiauitionally - was beyonu scope of police powei (beauty is subjective)
ii. Nouein Najoiity upholu aesthetic lanu use iegulations banning uses that iesult in lowei
piopeity values
iii. D-8"56#86C-&) A#I5#3
1. Even if builuei complies with all city oiuinancescoues, coulu still be uenieu by AR
2. Cont
S. !3( P&86(-'
a. Confoimity of pioposeu stiuctuie to the existing chaiactei of neighboihoou
b. Likelihoou that it will not cause substantial uepieciation of neighboiing piopeity
values
4. 1(2'656C65(2&) *#)#J&65(2 (/ B()58# B(3#-
a. Najoiity
i. Beiman ! yes: it is within the powei of the legislatuie to ueteimine that the
community shoulu be beautiful as well as healthy, spacious as well as clean,
well balanceu as well as caiefully patiolleu
ii. Will geneially base theii ieasoning on "piopeity values" but it's ieally ab
aesthetics
iii. AC)#: aesthetics alone will justify a iegulation, pioviueu theie aie auequate
stanuaius that aie appiopiiately applieu
b. Ninoiity: some still waffle on the issue anu some aie opposeu to aesthetic
iegulation
c. ueneially less hesitancy in context of histoiic zoninghistoiic pieseivation
legislation
S. Z(5* /(- Z&JC#2#'':
a. |Anueison v. city of Issaquahj
b. Whethei theie is enough specificity in guiuance given to police powei ! violation
of uue piocess
i. uepiiveu of lifelibeitypiopeity.
ii. Eucliu
1. substantive uue piocess challenge: iational use of police powei
iii. Anueison
1. pioceuuial uue piocess challenge: notice of what law iequiies is a
funuamental piinciple of uue piocess
2. coulu be voiu foi vagueness bc no notice
c. C19(1#$.$0$.(1"! &+,-.="$.(1 () ,-(,+-$' wo uue piocess
i. Boesn't have to be supei specific bc aesthetics aie subjective B0T it must
ii. uive effective oi meaningful guiuance to applicants, piofessionals, oi public
enfoiceis
iii. Technical woius
u. D-;56-&-: &2* 8&B-585(C' '6&2*&-* (Equal piotections clause test)
e. A&65(2&) -#)&65(2'"5B 6#'6
i. Peimissible goveinmental enu
ii. Rational means foi oiuinance in achieving that enu
iii. Befeiential test: uoesn't have to peifectly accomplish the gov'ts goal as long as
it will iationally help you get theie
f. 8)#&-): #--(2#(C' '6&2*&-*
6. 1-56585'. (/ D-8"56#86C-&) A#I5#3:
a. limits cieativity anu stifles fiee expiession by killing ait
7. <-5I&6# A#'6-5865I# 1(I#2&26':
a. piivate aichitectuial iestiictions aie goveineu by a uiffeient stanuaiu than public
iestiictions
48
b. specific stanuaius not necessaiy
c. aichitectuial community only has to act ieasonably anu in goou faith
8. =C5'&28#: can't claim nuisance baseu on aesthetics (too ugly)
iv. P-## GB##8"
1. When a zoning law infiinges upon a piotecteu libeity, it must be naiiowly uiawn anu
must fuithei a sufficiently substantial gov't inteiest
2. 1(26#26^;&'#* -#JC)&65(2 (/ 'B##8"
a. Subject to Stiict sciutiny anu piesumptively voiu
b. uov't must piove that the iestiiction is necessaiy to accomplish a 9(3,+!!.12
2(=+-13+1$ (78+9$.=+
i. EX) no political speech
c. G#8(2*&-: #//#86' #N8#B65(2:
i. seconuaiy effects - consequences that aie not piouuceu by the
communicative impact of speech
ii. when the law uisciiminates on the basis of speech content but uoes so to
iegulate the seconuaiy effects of speech, the law is piesumptively valiu
iii. "time, place, anu mannei" shift not ban
u. D*C)6 >26#-6&52.#26:
S. 1(26#26^2#C6-&) -#JC)&65(2 (/ 'B##8"
a. Subject to moie ielaxeu sciutiny
i. EX) no amplifieu speech in the paik bw miunight anu 6AN
b. Invaliu if:
i. Bioauei than ieasonably necessaiy to achieve a gov't puipose othei than
speech iegulation oi
1. gov't attempt to give one siue of a uebatable public question an
auvantage in expiessing its views to the people
ii. So Restiictive that they fail to leave open alteinative channels of
communication
1. laws that foieclose an entiie meuium of expiession aie geneially
invaliu, even if they aie completely fiee of content oi viewpoint
uisciimination (like signs) ! bc effect is to suppiess too much speech
iii. !5.# B)&8# &2* .&22#- -#'6-5865(2':
1. Not baseu on contentviewpoint in speech but making people take
theii speech to moie convenient places oi times
2. You can iegulate this, but you have to leave open ample alteinatives
c. G5J2'
i. commonly helu that goveinments can iegulate the physical chaiacteiistics of
signs to avoiu clutteimaintain piopeity values
ii. auveitising home businesses: some couits say they may not be banneu
v. P-## >N#-85'# (/ A#)5J5(2
1. A#)5J5(C' %&2* F'# &2* +2'656C65(2&)5h#* <#-'(2' D86 (/ LUUU:
a. piohibits lanu use iegulations that impose #07#$"1$."! 70-&+1# on ieligious
exeicise unless
b. G6-586 G8-C652: !#'6 the gov uemonstiates that
i. the iegulation is in fuitheiance of a compelling gov't inteiest
ii. it is the !+"#$ -+#$-.9$.=+ means of fuitheiing that inteiest
2. 1(26-()' (2 H(C'#"()* 1(.B('565(2
i. A&65(2&) ]&'5' !#'6:
1. Two Pait:
a. Enu that is peimissible foi gov't to puisue
b. Rational means foi oiuinance in achieving that enu
2. Befeiential stanuaiu: uoesn't have to peifectly accomplish the gov'ts goal as long as it will
iationally help you get theie
ii. G6-586 G8-C652: !#'6 |majoiityj
1. Two Pait:
49
a. Compelling anu substantial gov't inteiest
b. Theie is no less iestiictive means of accomplishing that inteiest
2. Applies when: intiuuing on some funuamental constitutional iight
a. Resiuential: people's choice of who they live with is veiy peison anu shoulu have
fieeuom to uo it
iii. 4((-#7 Bybiiu test bw SS anu RBT justifieu by the fact that theie weie impoitant
constitutional inteiests involveu
iv. Laws that substantially inteifeie with the constitutionally funuamental libeity of people to
maiiyassociate togethei in a tiauitional family ielationships aie piesumptively voiu even if
the puipose is to piomote a compelling gov't puipose |the puipose is valiu but the means is
notj
1. EX) oiuinance that cuts into the family itself - invaliu
2. EX) oiuinance limiting occupancy to 2 unielateu peisons - valiu
v. Subject to stiict sciutiny
vi. Constitutionally guaianteeu iight of piivacy - entwineu w the fieeuom of association
vii. P&.5)::
1. Laws inteifeiing w the ability of unielateu peisons (not by bloou, maiiiage, oi auoption)
to live togethei aie piesumeu valiu anu subject only to minimal sciutiny anu will be
constiutional notwithstanuing the availability of less iestiictive alteinatives
2. majoiity: libeity of unielateu peisons to live togethei in a gioup is not constitutionally
funuamental
S. minoiity: the choice of householu companions involves ueeply peisonal consiueiations as
to the kinuquality of intimate ielationships wi the home; unielateu peisons can live
togethei as a functional family
4. see also ! note 2, 782 (family in context of iestiictive covenants limiting to single-
family)
viii. PHD:
1. manuates of this law can colliue w local zoning laws limiting occupancy by unielateu
peisons when hanuicappeu people seek to live togethei in gioup homes foi vaiious
theiapeutic puiposes
2. Piohibits uisciimination against hanuicappeu but it exempts fiom that "ieasonable local
iestiictions iegaiuing the numbei of occupants peimitteu to occupy a uwelling"
a. coues within exemption: those that cap the total numbei of occupants in oiuei to
pievent oveiciowuing of a uwelling (i.e. if limits occupancy of unielateu peisons
v. occupancy of a house in geneial)
b. coues outsiue the exemption: those uesigneu to pieseive the family chaiactei of a
neighboihoou, fastening on the composition of householus iathei than on the
total numbei of occupants living quaiteis
S. The FBA exempts (1!' $($"! (990,"19' !.3.$#, not occupancy limits baseu on the familial
composition of the householu
4. EX) 0iuinance limiting to family anu 2 unielateu peisons. Bais occupancy by a gioup of
1u to 12 iecoveiing alcoholicsauuicts living togethei in a substance abuse tieatment
piogiam ! an invaliu uisciimination of hanuicappeu peisons unuei the FBA bc peitains
to the $',+ of occupants iathei than the 1037+- () (990,"1$#.
a. Will have to figuie out if by not allowing them to be theie, whethei they aie failing
to accommouate
S. >N8)C'5(2&-: l(252J
i. 0nlike typical Eucliuian Zoning |can put stuff anywheiej, heie if you have it zoneu inuustiial,
you can't have iesiuents
ii. 0ften useu by subuiban communities to
1. iestiictbai paiticulai uses (apaitments, small houses on small lots, mobile homes)
2. foieclose entiy by paiticulai people, especially pooi anu iacial minoiities
S. fiscal conceins - low piopeity taxes
4. Like inuustiial piopeities (coips pay taxes) anu uon't like chiluien (expensive)
Su
a. inuustiial useis pay highei taxes but consume fewei munincipal iesouices than
othei kinus of iesiuents
b. Taiget elueily people oi those wo kius
iii. >N8)C'5(2&-: l(252J !#8"25fC#'
1. minimum housing cost |uisfavoieu by couitsj
2. minimum housing size |mixeu ieviewsj
S. minimum lot size |upheluj
4. minimum setback |upheluj
S. piohibitions on mobile homes |almost always upheluj
6. piohibitions on multifamily housing
iv. Plaintiffs must show uisciiminatoiy intent
v. 4(C26 %&C-#) ++
1. F=+-' municipality - not just ueveloping ones - must pioviue a iealistic oppoitunity foi
uecent low-income housing, except wheie (like in uiban aieas) the pooi iepiesent a
uispiopoitionately laige % of the population as compaieu to the iest of the iegion
2. Affiimative measuies: inclusionaiy zoning
S. "Builuei's Remeuy": tiial couit can allow a uevelopei to go foith w a low income pioject
even though the municipality haun't gianteu a peimit if the couit finus that the
municipality haun't fulfilleu its Nount Lauiel obligations
4. A#J5(2&) 1(26-5;C65(2 &J-##.#26': subuibs can, with council appioval, compensate
cities foi agieeing to absoib up to half of the subuibs' faii-shaie obligation
vi. >N8)C'5(2&-: l(252J 52 O6"#- G6&6#'
1. N}: Nount Lauiel - attacks exclusionaiy zoning
2. 0thei States: follow tiauition that zoning oiuinances aie piesumptively constitutional
a. apply iational basis test
S. PA: iequ to pioviue zoning foi all types of housing
4. NY: oiuinances annulleu if they uon't incluue uistiicts foi multiple housing when aiea
neeus ieq'u them
S. NA: non-piofits anu Nu0s have a way aiounu
6. CT: expeuiteu juuicial appeals by any uevelopei of an "affoiuable housing pioject"
vii. !5#;(C6 H:B(6"#'5'
1. The specialization of municipalities anu the competition among them will enhance the
efficiency of metiopolitan oiganization bc people will congiegate w otheis of similai
tastes anu theiefoie be moie likely to get the public goous they most piefei
2. Eveiybouy living in the locality pays the same amount of taxes |"#&* 6&N#'j
viii. E&-52J ])#2*#- 4(*#)
1. Calls foi all lanu uses anu all types of householus to be iepiesenteu in each neighboihoou
in piopoition to theii iepiesentation in the entiie metio aiea
2. Piouuces gieat uiveisity within neighboihoous but no uiveisity between neighboihoous,
limiting the vaiiety of iesiuential choices available
4. +28)C'5(2&-: l(252J
i. Bevices uesigneu to iequiieencouiage uevelopeis to supply low anu moueiate-income
housing
ii. Requiiement:
1. Conuitioning a builuing peimit on the builuei's agieement to pioviue a ceitain numbei of
units foi lease at below-maiket ients
2. Couits aie uiviueu on the legality of this
iii. Incentive
1. Lifting uensity iequiiements in exchange foi the builuei's agieement to builu moie low-
income units

S1
>.52#26 9(.&52 &2* 6"# <-(;)#. (/ A#JC)&6(-: !&e52J'
+, !"# <(3#- (/ >.52#26 9(.&527 G(C-8#' &2* A&65(2&)#'
1. `'6&-6a7 6( *(7
i. finish outline
ii. piint it
iii. ieau it
iv. baibii lectuies
v. take an exam |check sample answeij
vi. book pioblems
vii. conceptualize outline
viii. TAKE EXANS
2. 9#/52#*:
i. uov't acquisition of piopeity |gets titlej to satisfy whatevei goveinmental puiposes it wants to
puisue! powei to tell lanuowneis you will tiansfei piopeity to us whethei you want to oi not
ii. Powei of gov't to take piopeity fiom owneis anu ieallocate it to goveinmentally piefeiieu
uses |foiceu tiansfeij with just compensation (uistinguishes police powei fiom eminent
uomain)
1. uianu scheme: uiban ienewal piogiam
2. Self-seiving tiansfei: post office
iii. 9C6: 6( 1(.B#2'&6#:
1. Faiiness: compensation foi piopeity
2. Beteiience: uiscouiages efficient lanuuse if not
S. Posnei: gov't woulu take moie lanu insteau of taxation
4. Piotects Politically Poweiless: moie likely to compensate poweiful people as a mattei of
couise
S. 1(2'656C65(2
i. Bill of Rights: to iestiain Feu'l gov't
1. "Shall not take piivate piopeity foi public use wo compensation"
a. No technical iestiiction on taking piopeity foi non-public uses
b. Assumes that if exeicising EB powei, it will be foi public use
ii. 14
th
Amenument: iestiaint on State gov't, so though 14
th
amenument, the bill of iight
iestiictions on feu'l govt aie incoipoiateu as state iestiiction
4. <-5I&6# <&-6: !-&2'/#-'
i. CANN0T take the piopeity of A foi the sole puipose of tiansfeiiing it to "1($*+- ,-.="$+ ,"-$',
even if A is paiu just compensation. EXCEPT
ii. !"-## 52'6&28#' -#8(J25h#* ;: 1(C-6:
1. Instiumentalities of commeice
a. RR, gas lines, canals
2. Piivately 0wnei Public Seivice pioviueis
a. 0tility commission
S. Facts of Inuepenuent Public Significance
a. ex) conuemnation of blighteu piopeity
b. the public goal was accomplisheu by the taking itself though the lanu was !"$+-
tiansfeiieu to piivate people
c. Bealing with the blight was the inuepenuent significance that biought the neeu foi
the Taking Powei
u. Biff fiom situation wheie you uon't 2+$ a public benefit 01!+## tiansfei to piivate
paities
S. !"#(-5#' (/ >.52#26 9(.&52
i. Bigh tiansaction Costs - in settings w high tiansaction costs people must be alloweu to use
the couits to shift iesouices to a moie valuable use
ii. Lanu assembly thiough piivate tiansactions
1. Shoulu gov't just have to cope with assembly pioblems just as piivate uevelopeis must.
S2
2. ]5)&6#-&) 4(2(B()5#'
a. Boluouts - when the cost of the lanu becomes veiy high, people owning the lanu
will be tempteu to holu out foi a veiy high piice - a piice in excess of the
oppoitunity cost of the lanu
iii. 0ppoitunity foi coiiuption
6. <#-'C&'5(2
i. D-5'6(6)#: S elements of peisuasion
1. >6"(' (Chaiactei of speakei)
2. <&6"(' (appeal to heaieis)
S. %(J(' (logical aigument making)

++, !"# <C;)58 F'# <Chh)# V&2* MC'6 1(.B#2'&65(2@
1. G8(B# (/ >.52#26 9(.&52 <(3#-
i. Piopeity may only be taken, unuei the S
th
Amenument, foi ",07!.9 0#+"; gov't can't conuemn
foi piivate use; Scope hinges on meaning of "public use"
ii. 9#/52565(2 (/ <C;)58 F'#
1. Bioau view: Auvantage oi benefit to the public |uominatesj i gives gov moie latituue
2. Naiiow view: actual use oi iight to use of the conuemneu piopeity by the public
2. !#'6' /(- jBC;)58 C'#k
i. If you take foi public puiposes, some piivate peison will benefit, but that's ok as long as it's
7+.12 $"@+1 )(- ,07!.9 0#+
ii. jF'# ;: <C;)58k &2* j<C;)58 <C-B('#k !#'6'
1. Tiauitionally veiy naiiow, but has since bioaueneu into the Public Puipose Test
2. Boes it seive a public puipose
S. Will not suivive test if theie is a 9!+"- #*(4.12 that its puipose is "to favoi a paiticulai
piivate paity with only inciuental public benefits"
iii. <C;)58 >2*' !#'6
1. Takes on a bioau view of "public use"
2. If the enus aie sufficiently "public" the test is passeu
S. EX1) wheie the conuemneu piopeity iemains subject to public oveisight aftei tiansfei:
a. the piopeity is tiansfeiieu to a iegulateu public utility
4. EX2) wheie the piopeity is taken not in the inteiests of piivate paities to whom it is
tiansfeiieu, but "because of facts of inuepenuent public significance"
a. to cleai blighteu lanu
iv. <C;)58 4#&2' !#'6
1. Whethei the powei of EB is ieally necessaiy to accomplish whatevei aim the gov't has in
minu
2. Requiies eminent uomain to assemble lanu on behalf of enteipiises geneiating public
benefits (this is ieally a hybiiu means-enus test)
a. iights of way, RR, highways
v. %#I#) (/ G8-C652: 52 *#6#-.5252J BC;)58 C'#
1. SPLIT
a. stiict sciutiny: iequiies a showing that the pioject's aims cannot be achieveu by
some means less intiusive than eminent uomain
b. uefeiential stanuaiu: affoiu legislatuies bioau latituue in ueteimining what public
neeus justify the takings powei
vi. M1 &2* <C;)58 F'#
1. If the taking passes public use test, it may go foiwaiu upon payment of just compensation
as fixeu by couit
2. If the taking fails the public use test, the gov't may only go foiwaiu by puichasing the
piopeity though voluntaiy tiansactions with owneis
S. !&e52J' /(- #8(2(.58 *#I#)(B.#26
i. M?= 'B)56'
1. Najoiity: piesumptively valiu so long as
a. ieasonably necessaiy to achieving city's intenueu public use. anu
SS
b. foi ieasonably foieseeable neeus.
2. Ninoiity: imposeu heighteneu stanuaiu of ieview
ii. G1O!FG &C6"(-56::
1. Kelo: BC;)58 #8(2(.58 *#I#)(B.#26
a. maue it uifficult to piove taking foi piivate use
b. just have to say that some public peison will be fuitheieu by the EB powei
c. Beie, tax baseu ! any time the gov't can take anu give somethign that woulu
inciease taxes oi be a bettei use, it woulu be ok unuei Kelo
u. B0W T0 WIN: moie of an aigument if theie aie moie single-lot takings
2. 0'Connoi Bissent:
a. Economic Bevelopment as public puipose is tioubling bc neaily any lawful use of
ieal piopeity can be saiu to geneiate some .19.&+1$"! ,07!.9 7+1+).$
b. Emphasizes S exceptions anu says maj goes too fai
c. Test of whethei the gov't has a stupiu staff ! smait people can always come up
foi some ieason by the public will benefit
S. 0nce Q of public puipose has been ueciueu, the amount anu chaiactei of lanu to be taken
foi the pioject is wi the uiscietion of the State - Befeience geneially given to city plans
4. MC'6 1(.B#2'&65(2 &2* <C;)58 F'#
i. g#2#-&) AC)#: measuie by FNv
1. Boesn't fully compensate conuemnees
2. Not all piopeity is foi sale |subjective, sentimental value giving piopeity highei value to
0 than they coulu get on the mktj
S. Is it ieally just if theie is a loss being compensateu. Naybe not but haiu to accuiately
measuie subjective values of piopeity
4. Natuie of foiceu sale compiomises autonomy of owneis
S. G(.# B-(B('#* '()C65(2'
a. Canaua: special auvantages geneiateu by the lanu may be iecoveieu if conuemnee
pioves
b. Englanu: FNv plus 1u% to soften blow of compulsoiy taking
c. Ellickson: system of bonuses, uefineu in legislative scheuules to compensate foi
losses of peisonal value
ii. 1(2*#.2&65(2 (/ <&-6
1. 95.52C65(2 (/ Z&)C#:
a. uov't use makes it less uesiiable than its oiuinaiy use |ex: lanufillj
b. If conuemnation uevalues the tiact, uoes that get ieflecteu in oui awaiu of just
compensation.
c. 0#': when }C awaiueu, you get the FNv of the pait taken but ALS0 an awaiu of
uamage to any pait iemaining in owneiship of L
2. +28-#&'# 52 Z&)C#
a. SPLIT:
i. uive gov't cieuit: natuial flip-siue of having to pay uamages wheie ieuuces
value
ii. Bon't give cieuit: FAIRNESS ! not faii if the peison whose lanu is paitially
taken has to pay when a neighboi whose lanu is also incieaseu in value
uoesn't
iii. 9(32h(252J +2 D26585B&65(2 (/ 1(2*#.2&65(2
1. Nost couits say it's not just to compensate foi just the value of iesiuential piopeity
wheie gov't has uown-zoneu knowing it woulu conuemn latei
2. You cannot uownzone someone's piopeity simply foi puipose of latei acquiiing it foi
eminent uomain pioceeuings
S. Pioblematic: it woulu be =+-' &.)).90!$ $( ,-(=+ that the ieason they changeu zoning was
foi futuie eminent uomain pioceeuings
iv. +26#-J(I#-2.#26&) !&e52J'
1. !"# 'C;'656C6# P&85)565#' 9(86-52#: The statecity is entitleu not meiely to mkt val but
to the cost of obtaining oi constiucting the equivalent of what hau been taken
S4
2. Abanuoneu in 1984 ! SC0T0S saiu to tieat public conuemnees like piivate ones
+++, <":'58&) O88CB&65(2' &2* A#JC)&6(-: !&e52J'
1. Regulations that inteifeie substantially with 0's iight to use, uispose oi possess piopeity may be
takings
2. Some states ieq't gov't to attempt a negotiateu puichase befoie initiating a conuemnation actoin
S. !3( <#- G# 1&6#J(-58&) AC)#'
i. <#-.&2#26 95'B(''#''5(2
1. AC)#: when by goveinment authoiity theie is peimanent physical occupation on
someone's piopeity, theie will be a pei se taking
a. Rationale: viitually complete inteifeience of piopeity iights such that 0 can't use,
uispose of, oi exclusively possess that poition of the piopeity in ways inconsistent
w the gov'ts use of it
b. >?@ a iegulation iequiiing apt builuings to install smoke uetectoisfiie
extinguisheis in all common aieas ! not a taking within Loietto bc theie the
ownei is L anu he has choice of what to buy anu wheie to put it; in Loietto it was a
S
iu
paity what to put theie anu wheie to put it
2. Peimanent physical occupation: theie is a $"@.12 $( $*+ +E$+1$ () $*+ (990,"$.(1 without
iegaiu to whethei the action achieves an impoitant public benefit oi has only minimal
economic impact on the ownei
a. G#-I56C*#': even if the gov't physically invaues only an easement physically still
must pay compensation
b. P)5J"6 =C5'&28#:
i. Planes invauing aiispace ovei 0's lanu consiueieu a taking by most jxns
(noise anu vibiation uamage)
ii. 0 has all aiea above anu below the lanu, theoietically
iii. If not in flight path, but similai uamage causeu ! no taking
c. Iiielevant whethei 0 hau pieviously occupieu the space on which the gov't
physically occupies |loiettoj
u. Tempoiaiy occupations aie 1($ " ,+- #+ $"@.12
S. !#.B(-&-: <":'58&) 52I&'5(27
a. No taking pei se |avoiu uifficult line-uiawing pioblemsj
b. 0nly if balancing test inuicates
c. If the action stiips all utility fiom an 0's possession, the action may be tieateu as a
gov't invasion of piopeity that 8(2'6-C865I#): *5'B(''#''#' the ownei
4. A&65(2&)# /(- B#-.&2#26 52I&'5(2 -C)#
a. 0 has no iight to possess the occupieu space
b. No powei to contiol the use of the piopeity
c. Empties piopeity of value bc the puichasei will also be unable to make any use of
the piopeity
u. 0 uistuibeu in exclusive oweinship *shaie w stiangei)
e. Avoius uifficult line-uiawing pioblems
f. Few pioblems of pioof
ii. =C5'&28# D;&6#.#26
1. AC)#: unuei state police powei, gov't can contiol uses of piopeity that aie ueemeu
nuisances wo being ueemeu a taking of piopeity
a. 2( 6&e52J pei se even if the iegulations bai all economically viable uses of the
piopeity
b. Rationale: piopeity iights uon't give peimission to cieate a nuisance; nothing
taken by foibiuuing what was nevei lawful
2. Wheie city "comes to the nuisance," shoulu they have to pay.
S. EX) Competing 0ses: Biseaseu tiees killing healthy tiees
a. Taking:
i. Efficient ! pieseives moie valuable tiees
b. No Taking:
i. Efficiency uoesn't mean no compensation
SS
ii. 0wnei of ceuais shoulun't have to subsiuize apple inuustiy
4. Bistoiically, couits uistinguisheu bw
a. Regulations that seize public benefits (compensation iequiieu)
b. Regulations that contiol piivate haims inflicteu on the public (no compensation
ieq'u) |BC;)58 ;&* 6#'6j
iii. >8(2(.58&)): Z5&;)# F'#
1. If the gov't iegulation uenies all economically viable use of the lanu, theie is a taking
2. State can't evaue uuty to compensate unuei Lucas by leaving 0 with a token inteiest
S. Exception: if abating a nuisance, not a taking even if uepletes all economically viable uses
4. N0TE: it uoesn't have to make the lanu itself valueless, it meiely has to ueny economically
viable use of the lanu
a. ex) the biick lanu case ! lanu still hau value when gov't piohibiteu the most
valuable use of it
S. Bo we have a conceptual seveiance issue.
a. Scalia: state couits in Penn Cential lookeu not just at that piece of piopeity but at
all the piopeity the peison owns in the aiea anu finu effect on value of all of
piopeity in a iegion; Scalia iejects this anu insteau suggests
iv. =O 8(.B#2'&65(2 -#fC5-#* 3"#27
1. Nuisance abatement
2. Civil necessity |buin a house to stop a fiiej
S. Public use (subj to balancing tests)
4. Aveiage iecipiocity
4. AC)#' ]&'#* (2 4#&'C-52J &2* ]&)&2852J
i. 4&"(27 A#JC)&65(2' &//#8652J C'#
1. jJ(#' 6(( /&-k ! iegulations that amount to a taking aie those that go too fai. |helpfulj
2. Coulu be a taking but won't be eveiy time bc incompatible w Eucliu anu foims of
iegulations that couit has appioveu
S. Bolmes: gov't woulu be stalleu if it hau to pay foi eveiy move it makes
4. Rationale:
a. Long-iecognizeu existence of the police powei
b. 0wneis still get value fiom piopeity w limitations
c. 0wneiship is a iight to uo what you want within !+2"! !.3.$#
u. If you own piopeity, you uo so with the ieseivation of some legal inteiest in the
gov't |they may come in anu iegulatej
ii. DI#-&J# A#85B-(856: (/ D*I&26&J#
1. The people who beai buiuen of the iegulation aie also auvantageu by the iegulation as
applieu to otheis |you have to leave coal but so uoes neighboij
2. Situations wheie you aie being buiueneu but uoesn't auvantage you at all anu auvantages
otheis at youi expense ! coulu be a taking
S. Plymouth Coal:
a. If you own mineial iights unuei piopeity, you can take a lot, but you have to leave
" ,.!!"- () 9("!
b. Puipose: avoiu injuiy causeu by floous
iii. 1(28#B6C&) G#I#-&28#:
1. What inteiests in lanu aie consiueieu. The lanu as a whole. oi ceitain piopeity iights
vieweu in isolation. |6"# *#2(.52&6(- B-(;)#.j
a. DBB-(&8" W7
i. Benominatoi = the entiie bunule (all iights in lanu)
ii. Numeiatoi = what is taken away by the statute
b. DBB-(&8" L7
i. Benominatoi: value of the whole
ii. Numeiatoi = uiminution in value
c. DBB-(&8" S7 |majoiity in penn coalj
i. Benominatoi = what statute takes away
ii. Numeiatoi = what statute takes away |one stickj
S6
2. Can you caive out inteiests foi sepaiate examination. Bepenus
a. Reasonable expectations of ownei in light of backgiounu State law ! whethei
anu to what uegiee the state's law has accoiueu legal iecognition anu piotection
to the paiticulai inteiest in lanu
S. Is gov't taking all of a small thing oi pait of a laigei thing.
4. |Penn Coalj
a. majoiity: gov't took all of a paiticulai set of iights
b. j. bianueis: the gov't uiun't take all of a small thing but a pait of a laigei thing !
look at the piopeity as an +1$.-+ +#$"$+
iv. ]D%D=1+=g !>G!G
1. aveiage iecipiocity of auvantage.
2. public use.
S. uiminution in value |piob wont count if sentimentalj
a. take into account stuff on the lanu anu unuei it
4. economically viable use of lanu
v. <#22 1#26-&) ]&)&2852J
1. All economically viable use not taken ! coulu still be a taking uepenuing on balancing
factois
a. Regulation's economic effect on the lanuownei
b. The extent to which the iegulation inteifeies with ieasonable investment-backeu
expectations
c. The chaiactei of the gov't action |legitimate gov't puiposej
2. >8(2(.58 +.B&86
a. Bepiivation of ability to get ievenue
b. Biminish cuiient ievenue oi pievents excess ievenue.
c. TRBS: factoi in bc can get ievenue off uiff piopeity
i. not just compensation but they ieuuce economic impact of the iegulation
S. +2I#'6.#26^]&8e#* >NB#86&65(2'
a. Whethei someone has investeu money w a ceitain set of expectations
b. 52"#-56#* B-(B#-6::
i. may be moie uifficult to piove iegulatoiy taking.
ii. take into account investments by eailiei family
c. Can't be an inteifeience with the ,-.3"-' +E,+9$"$.(1# they ahu when acquiieu
piopeity
4. %#J565.&6# g(IK6 <C-B('#
a. physical invasion ! moie likely to be a taking
b. public piogiam aujusting benefits anu buiuens of economic life ! less likely
c. Aiispace: taking ieq'ing just compensation
vi. A#JC)&65(2 <-5(- 6( O32#-'"5B
1. |palazzoloj 0wnei not piecluueu fiom biinging takings claim simply bc the contesteu
iegulation was in place piioi to his owneiship
a. a iegulation cannot be a backgiounu piinciple foi some owneis anu not foi otheis
2. Beie, no taking unuei Lucas bc not uenieu economic value bc ietains $2uuK in
uevelopment unuei State's wetlanus iegulations
a. PENN BALANCINu will ueteimine bc won't suivive unuei Lucas
S. !#.B(-&-: A#JC)&65(2'
i. O-5J52&)):: If some iegulation weie a taking, then state coulu:
1. iescinu the iegulation anu not pay compensation oi
2. keep iegulation anu pay compensation
ii. P5-'6 >2J)5'" AC)#: saiu they still hau to pay just compensation fiom time iegulation in effect
until it got iescinueu
iii. Can you take the Fiist English Rule anu mix it with the Lucas iule.
1. Regulation uenies you of all economic use of lanu foi a tempoiaiy time
2. SC0T0S says N0
S7
a. Lucas uoes not apply foi a tempoiaiy iegulation foi a fixeu peiiou of time; only
applies when it's a peimanent iegulation
b. Fiist English: it's a iemeuial question uealing with whethei theie has been a
taking oi not
iv. Tempoiaiy Noiatoiium coulu constitute a taking even if you uon't iely on Lucas iule: <#22
1#26-&) ]&)&2852J !#'6
1. Can't focus on a peiiou of time to the exclusion of the full length of time that the piopeity
exists
2. What if it is scheuuleu to expiie in 1Su yeais.
a. applying Penn Cential the economic impact of that iegulation may be sufficient to
make it a taking
S. 2 yeais moiatoiium to make plans but keep having successive ienewals on ban on
uevelopment.
a. Conceivably a taking
6. >N&865(2'
i. !#'67
1. Woulu it be a taking if vieweu inuepenuent of the conuition.
2. Essential Nexus
S. Rough Piopoitionality
ii. =())&2
1. Public tiust uoctiine
2. couit analogizes to Loietto ! people walking coulu be like a peimanent physical
occupation
S. Couit uoes finu a !+2.$.3"$+ ,07!.9 .1$+-+#$ ab the consequences of builuing the biggei
house ! psychological baiiiei; people uon't know about the public beach
4. Commission: but if we can ueny the peimit, we can giant the peimit anu ask the Nollans
to solve the pioblem
S. Although J#2#-&) -C)#: can attach a conuition to the gianting of a peimit #( !(12 "#
a. The conuition seives the #"3+ 2(=6$"! ,0-,(#+ as to the uevelopment |nollanj, anu
b. Exaction is ioughly piopoitional in natuie anu impact to the pioblem cieateu by
the lanu use
6. "#-#, the imposeu exaction helps people get to the paik but it uoesn't help people #++ the
beach, which was the inteiest involveu
7. TESTS:
a. legitimate public inteiest
b. economically viable use of the lanu
c. Pei se tests
i. Loietto
ii. Nuisance
iii. Lucas
u. Exactions:
iii. 9()&27 iough piopoitionality test
1. Begiee to which it cieates a pioblem anu the uegiee to which the exaction will help solve
the pioblem
2. some inuiviuualizeu ueteimination that the ieq'u thing is ielateu in natuie anu impact




S8
<-(;)#.' &2* H:B('

B-(;)#.' BJ, STQ
1. a) L has no iights against T bc he uoesn't have to give any notice beyonu the lease itself; L uoes
have a ieveisionaiy inteiest, anu can finu a new tenant, but no iights against T
b) yeai-to-yeai peiiouic tenancy so has to give 6 month notice; since he uiu not, then T
continues to be own the hook foi anothei peiiou (1yeai)
i. neithei T noi L gave piopei notice in this BYP0, so both woulu be bounu foi anothei yeai
c) month-to-month peiiouic tenancy (some woulu say it's yeai-to-yeai bc it specifies an annual
iate)
ii. at common law, yeai to yeai ieq'u 6 mos, though mouein law statutes will govein
iii. foi month-to-month, neeu a full month's notice
why shoulu L get 4mos ient fiom T.
iv. the notice given by T was impiopei bc tiieu to give notice in the miuule of the month
(peiiou) - they shoulu have given a full month's notice, so L says theie was no legal oi
auequate notice of teimination of the tenancy
v. couit will make the notice effective on the eailiest uate it 8(C)* be effective unuei
common law piinciples, so he'll have to pay foi one month, but not foi subsequent months.
vi. if you have to give Su uays notice to teiminate a tenancy at will, uoes that make it a month-
to-month peiiouic tenancy. yeah.

at common law, if L oi T uies, that automatically enus a tenancy at will. 0R if L conveyeu the piopeity oi if T
attempteu to assign the piopeity, at common law, that coulu enu the tenancy at will.

B-(;)#.' BJ, STY
2. T has a tenancy at will
if you give one paity the iight to teiminate at will, then the iight goes to both paities anu eithei
can teiminate at will
uainei shows that paities can negotiate an agieement giving the tenant only the iight to
teiminate
what ab an agieement giving L the iight to teiminate.
vii. Why tieat L uiffeiently.
viii. Restatement: you shoulu be able to negotiate that foi eithei paity, but it might be an
unconscionable teim in the contiact anu theiefoie unenfoiceable
i. This woulu cieate a FSB in T
ii. Restatement: in this case, it shoulu enu at L's ueath
S.
supposeu to be able to (at least in theoiy) ueteimine the maximum length of the tenancy - so not
Teim of Yeais
Not Peiiouic tenancy bc contemplates that it is going to keep going month to month until the wai
enus
Tenancy at will. no.
So what uo you uo. you can't cieate a new estate (103+-0# 9!"0#0#), so you'll have to squeeze it
into one of the thiee:
some couits saiu it can be a teim of yeais bc theie is a uay when the wai will enu
othei ct saiu tenancy at will (but only bc of TERRIBLE logic baseu on ueuuctive ieasoning)
2(6# L_ B, SmL7 Nississippi Statute foi iemeuies foi a holuovei tenant:
uouble ient - pay 2x if you holuovei.
2(6# S7
tenant who stays past bc sick chilu = not holuovei, bc not voluntaiy but theie still may be a
iemeuy against T (will have to pay foi the peiiou of time they aie actually in the piemises anu
pieventing L to ient to someone else)
<, SYU_ b S7
"<(- -+1$G <0-1.#*+& 7"#+3+1$ ","-$3+1$ .1 ,-.="$+ 4*.$+ *(3+HI
S9
violation of FBA.
o S6u4(c): ueals w how you auveitise, so this is a violation of the FBA
o S6u4(a): no violation bc of the #N#.B65(2 B-(I5'5(2 of S6uS(b)
1. acts that woulu oiuinaiily violate the FBA aie not violations bc exempteu
2. S6uS(1): sale of single family homes by the ownei will be exempteu in some
situations (but that uoesn't apply heie)
S. S6uS(2): small place, no moie than 4 families living inuepenuently in the same
place, anu the ownei occupies one of those units, then the FBA uoes not apply to
that.
4. S0 this woman woulu not violate - but uoes that also exempt hei baseu upon
hei auveitisement. =(, Bc S6uS(b) says that "nothing in section S6u4 shall
apply to these exemptions EXCEPT subsection (c) which is the auveitisement
section. so hei exemption uoes not apply also to hei violation by
auveitisement
S. 0nuei SC0T0S ieauing in the }ones case, she woulu be liable; the civil wai
statute uoes not incluue a piohibition on uisciiminatoiy auveitising so she
woulu not be
6. Bei auveitisement piobably uoes not violate FBA; but uecision not the ient
baseu on iace uoes not; vICE vERSA unuei civil wai statute.
o What if the auveitisement hau not containeu the woiu "white".
7. Now, piobably no violation of FBA bc of exemption anu au is clean
8. B0T still violates 1982 (civil wai statute)
o What if au hau saiu "only to ienteis who speak ceitain languages".
9. FBA piotects people of national oiigin; this coulu be ieau to piefei people of
ceitain national oiigin, though it says speaking a language - so piobably violates
FBA w iespect to auveitisement piovision
1u. 1982: uoesn't apply to aus; no violation
o What if she uisciiminates against ueiman people in ienting the apaitment in hei home
11. No violation of FBA
12. Civil Rights at of 1866 (1982).:
a. it uoesn't specifically piotect national oiigin as a classification B0T
"iace" at that time was inteipieteu as synonymous with national oiigin
- so piobably a violation
o Regulai exclusion of black mouels in aus as a violation.
1S. potential violation of FBA uepenuing on who is incluueu in auveitising
o Puipose of exclusion is to keep the complex integiateu.
14. violation of S6u4(A) iefusal to sellient
1S. maj founu that it violateu FBA
16. uissent saiu that FBA hau mult puiposes anu one is to maintain housing
integiation
B&J# SYU^YW
Note 4(a)
o Lanuloius have 8 single-family houses
o avoiu tuinovei
o limit occupancy to 4 peisons - aie they uisciiminating against a couple w S kius. no
" justifieu baseu on maintaining the economic value of the piopeity
" coulu be uisciimination baseu on familial status (specifieu meaning, ielates to
having minoi chiluien)
" may be uefensible on giounus of pieseivation of piopeity
Note 4(b)
o violation: Familial status uisciimination - specifying iatio of auults to chiluien
Note 4(c)
o Naiital status not coveieu unuei FBA so N0T a violation unuei FBA
o B0T sometimes statescities have theii own faii housing coue, so coulu violate some
local legislation, but no violation of the feueial act
6u
Note 4(u)
o FBA uoes not piohibit sexual piefeience uisciimination so no violation
Note 4(a) - sexual haiassment of female tenant
o coulu violate S6u4(b) - conuitions of ientalpiovision of seivices
<, SYL_
(f): iefusing to ient to someone with AIBS is piohibiteu bc AIBS consiueieu a hanuicap
(g): if it is just an appaient thieat, anu it is possible to make ieasonable accommouations to allow
them to live theie, theie may be an obligation on L to make it possible foi mentally uisableu
peison w thieatening behavioi to live theie
(e): if it is possible foi the lanuloiu to ieasonable accommouate the tenant, who neeueu a uog,
then they shoulu; no-pet policy will only pievail if such ieasonable accommouations aie not
possible
State anu local legislation:
o No piohibition on uisciiminating baseu on piofession
Note 6, page S8S:
o "Wanteu: Female to shaie 2buim apt."
o violation of FBA. No.
" Exemption piovision: people ienting a ioom in the apaitment in which they aie
living aie no piohibiteu fiom piefeiiing a specific genuei
" FBA exemption S6uS(b)(2) exemption B0T the exemption piovision applies to
eveiything of than S6u4(c) |the auveitising piovisionj S0 aie those
auveitisements that specify a genuei a violation of S6u4(c).
# YES. but this is pioblematic:
# the FBA makes it legal foi Pat to piefei a female ioommate - can legally
ueciue to ient oi not baseu on genuei; B0T it also makes it illegal to
auveitise that fact; so heie, theie is a 1
st
Amenument question. Boes the
1
st
amenument allow the feu'l gov't to ban an auveitisement pioposing
a legal tiansaction.
B-(;)#.' B,SYm^YY
1. no- lanuloiu violates his uuty, which incluues making suie the new tenant can use the lanu
2. T is piobably still obligateu to pay ient - even if someone else has a lease; that hasn't inteifeieu with T's
ability to usepossess; T might be able to teiminate lease

<-(;)#.' B SXS7
2(a)
Sublease bw T anu T1; L not getting paiu; Be can sue T, aiguing piivity of K, making T liable
(bieach of K); ALS0 piivity of estate bc T uiun't convey his entiie inteiest in the estate
(sublease);
Coulu L sue T1 foi non-payment of ient. N0. no piivity of estate; he's not in piivity of K eithei
(no new agieement bw K anu T1 anu nothing to inuicate that the K is a S
iu
paity beneficiaiy K);
So if T just uisappeaieu, uoes that mean that L just can't get ient fiom T1.
o L can 6#-.52&6# lease with T anu evict T1
What if T1 hau agieeu in the tiansfei to pay the ients of the oiiginal K.
o no piivity of estate, but maybe piivity of K
2(c):
L!T ! T1 (assign, assuming covenants of oiiginal lease) ! T2 ! TS
L has cause of action against T, given that ient not being paiupiemises not kept in goou
conuition; L not in piivity of estate with T (bc entiie estate assigneu to T1) B0T he's still in
piivity of K with T, which woulu give him a cause of action foi nonpayment of ient anu keeping
in non-iepaii;
Can L ielease T fiom obligation unuei an assignment. T might negotiate a ielease of theii
liability, but assuming none has been negotiateu, they'ie still on the hook foi the oiiginal lease
Cause of action against T1. 0nce T1 gives it up to T2, T1 is not in piivity of estate with L; but he
coulu be in piivity of K with L. uepenus on whethei the "assumption of covenants" is ieau as a
S
iu
paity beneficiaiy (lessoi becomes a S
iu
paity beneficiaiy bw K ielationship bw T anu T1 anu
61
can enfoice the K between those two bc they aie essentially the ones who woulu benefit fiom
that K. this uepenus upon the jxn)
T2 tiansfeiieu the estate when the bieach occuiieu, so not in piivity of estate bw L anu T2; no
ieal factual basis foi aiguing piivity of K; so no legal iemeuy
L v. TS. YES covenants ian with the lanu to TS, so he is in piivity of estate but 2(6 piivity of K
Suppose L ueciues to go aftei T anu T has to pay the back ient; uoes T have iemeuies against
people fuithei uown the line. YES. T1 - T has K with T1 that says T1 will assume all covenants.
What about TS. Yes. Theoiy of 'C;-(J&65(2.
ix. T was foiceu to pay the lanuloiu baseu upon uefaults by othei people; so T gets implicitly
in exchange foi paying off the lanuloiu is that he acquiies L's iights; he can tuin aiounu
anu asseit the same iights L coulu have asseiteu against othei liable paities; he has
subiogateu L's iights bc he hau to pay off the L

<-(;)#.'_ B&J# QUL7
1(a)(1): maybe commeicially ieasonable
1(a)(2): commeicially ieasonable
2): jxn follows maj iule, piohibits assignments but uoesn't piohibits subleases; can he piohibit assignment foi
all but one uay.
technically, theie woulu still be a iemainuei anu this is still technically a sublease, so L can uo
that
S) L is 2(6 in piivity of K with T1; so why uoes L think that T1 is liable foi ient not being paiu by T2 once T1
has alieauy moveu out. !"#(-: (/ B-5I56: (/ #'6&6#. when theie is an assignment, the leaseholu has been
tiansfeiieu to someone else; so L was in piivity of estate with T1, but T1 assigneu it on to T2, so why uoes L
think he is in piivity of estate with T1.
T1's assignment was impiopei bc he uiu not get L's peimission
So is L iight. uoes T1 have to pay foi the ient foi the peiiou that T2 was supposeu to be paying
it.
D-JC# /(- !W7
o not in piivity of estate with L because, accoiuing to the AC)# 52 9C.B(-K' 1&'#_ if you
consent to an assignment, then the effect is to eliminate the iequiiement that you
appiove assignments unless you specifically ieseive that iight foi futuie tiansactions; so
if you'ie in a jxn that suppoits Bumpoi, then T1 pievails.
o The A#'6&6#.#26 uisappioves of Bumpoi's iule `[N2&) 'B)56oa
D-JC# /(- %: clause in K says you have to get L's appioval

=(6# L_ B&J# QUY7
shoulu tenant be able to baigain away that piotection (in a jxn that bais self-help by L) - in
exchange foi lowei ient

<&J# QWm_ =(6# W
If L ielets on T's account foi less than the faii iental value anu less than the oiiginal ient.
o Lease RentFRvActual ient (less than FRv)
o Boes T have to pay the uiff bw the lease ient anu the FRv oi the uiff bw the lease ient
anu the actual ient. (less than FRv) FRv. They can't get a lowei amount anu expect T to
pay the uiffeience
L ielets on T's account anu finus a T1 willing to pay moie than the oiiginal lease specifieu. Who
shoulu get the auuitional money.
o T shoulu get it: it's his apaitment; he has possession to piopeity; L seives as agent acting
on behalf of T (like if you sublet it, you get to keep auuitional ievenue)
o L shoulu get it:

<-(;)#.'_ B&J# QLX
1)Tenancy at will - eithei paity can enu it at eithei time
62
L says not liable foi uamages to T on theoiy of constiuctive eviction because it was a tenancy at
will; he coulu have tolu T to move out tomoiiow anu I woulun't have violateu any covenant; I can
actually evict them, so why can't I constiuctively evict them.
Boes this aigument woik. N0. Tiial couit saiu it's a tenancy at will so no cause of action. The
appellate couit saiu it wasn't a tenancy at will btu iathei a peiiouic tenancy, anu theie coulu be
liability bc foi at least a peiiou of time L hau an obligation to the covenant of quiet enjoyment
2) T vacates befoie the enu of a lease teim anu L biings an action to iecovei ient; can T uefenu against ient
action baseu upon theoiy of constiuctive eviction
L aigues:
2a)
2b): no constiuctive eviction; L hau an obligation to uo something "unuei uuty to maintain common aieas"
but L uiu that; anu the covenant of quiet enjoyment uoesn't make them an ensuiei against acts by thiiu
paities, they just have to take ieasonable steps to comply with theii obligations
2c) L uoes nothing ab some louu piotesteis; T claims constiuctive eviction
L has a uuty to maintain common aieas, which incluue paiking lotinnei lobby; theie is
constiuctive eviction; L hau piomiseu to pioviue secuiity guaius anu hau not uone that
S) Can T biing action foi ueclaiatoiy juugment, seeking ueclaiation that ceitain bieaches of quiet enjoyment
- wants juuge to say that L has bieacheu the covenant of quiet enjoyment anu as a iesult T is subject to
constiuctive eviction; but T hasn't moveu out yet so shoulu they be able to seek a ueclaiatoiy jucgment.
This is to guaiu against iisk of moving out anu having couit ueclaie that they hau no constiuctive
eviction
Beie, ct saiu it was an option they coulu puisue

B-(;)#.' B&J# QSX
QV&@: L still iesponsible to pioviue habitable piemises
QV;@: this is not coveieu by the IWB; but T woulu want to fit those amenities within the IWB bc
easiei foi them to pioceeu seek iemeuy; couit saiu that IWB uiu not extenu to all of the
expectations of T, only those things hat affect health, safety, anu mateiial function of piemises
QV8@: T can waive the IWB. no. It is not subject to waivei by T; so even if T knows ab the
pioblems, moves in knowing they exist, he may still be able to iaise a bieach of IWB in litigation
w L
p: fiom T's p.o.v. what is it that makes the IWB auvantageous compaieu to piioi law
(constiuctive evictionquiet enjoyment, etc)
o 1. iight to iemain in possession anu still withholu the ient (coulun't befoie bc only coulu
withholu ient wo a constiuctive eviction, anu can't have constiuctive eviction unless
you move out)
o 2. now, uuty on L to pioviue habitable piemises; unuei piioi law, that geneially was not
iequiieu; L hau no geneial uuty to pioviue habitable piemises, simply hau to comply w
common law exceptions (like maintaining common aieas, etc)
o S. IWB applies not just at the outset of the lease but thioughout the lease teim (L has to
fix stuff as it comes up); piioi law usually only applieu to issues piesent at the outset of
the lease; so fiom T's peispective it's auvantageous bc it's a continuing uuty of L
o Bamages tenu to be bettei foi T unuei IWB

B-(;)#.' B&J# QQW
W@: L is not liable foi the injuiy fiom the hoise fall; if theie's a uefect that exists at the outset of the lease, anu
L knew oi shoulu have known of the uefect anu knew oi shoulu've known that T coulun't be iespoinsible foi
the uefect
whethei uefect existeu at outset of the lease: couit saiu, since it was a month to month tenancy,
then if uefect existeu at the beginning of one of those months, then L woulu be liable;
this is a weiiu theoiy
L@: exceptions page 428 imposing a uuty on L; heie no uuty
S&@: L has uuty, must maintain ieasonable caie in maintaining common aieas anu lack of speeu bumps coulu
be unieasonable
S;@: no fence. .. split authoiity as to L's uuty heie
6S
Q@: L is not liable foi injuiies; no uuty to piotect against ciiminal acts of S
iu
paities
baseu upon common law theoiy to maintain common aiea, though, might impose a uuty
common aiea exception ueals with the physical common aieas; but some aigue that common
aieas incluue pioviuing secuiity in common aieas, especially wheie L knows of ciiminal conuuct
in the aiea
p@: exculpatoiy clause piotecting L fiom liability against T foi injuiies sustaineu on the leaseu piemises.
n

<-(;)#.' (2 <, QTL i
1)
a. Why woulu sellei caie if buyei was maiiieu. Affects a lot in community piopeity state. Even
in sep piop states, sellei woulu want to know about uoweielective shaie, etc.
b. Boes not specify }T, TIC, etc. Why uoes it mattei what foim of title the tenant intenueu to
take. If }T, iight of suivivoiship has an effect on what happens to piop on ueath. 0nuei TIC, co-
tenants inteiest may pass to thiiu paity.
c. uoou anu meichantable title - Why uoes it mattei. Is it goou enough. Yes, geneially. Is goou
anu meichantable title satisfieu by AP. It can be if eviuence is goou enough.
u. Suppose iecoiueu covenant iestiicts lanu. Is buyei bounu. Bepenus.
2) Contiact to buy house still unuei constiuction - Woulu be goou to have an expiess waiianty as to the
quality of constiuction, but the ieasonable secuiity is to check out the builuei's piactices.

<-(;)#. (2 QTm - B woulu have a uuty to uisclose mateiial infoimation about P's willingness to pay.

B-(;)#.' B&J# Qmm7
2a) S0F complieu with when 0 ueeueu it to A; but the S0F not complieu with when A gave it back to 0; S0 A
owns the piopeity
2b) Beeu uoes not have to be legally iecoiueu; it is legally effective when it was ueliveieu, even if it wasn't
iecoiueu;
Can 0 cieate a }T by a ueeu fiom 0 ! 0+A. some jxns allow this; assume heie you can.
A whites out hei name anu then the ueeu gets iecoiueu; uoesn't comply with S0F; still woulu be
0+A upon 0's ueath
B, pLT_ B-(;)#. Q
puichase piice
encumbiances: if easily iemovable (just the cost of moving) if not (uiffeience in value of lanu
with encumbiance anu without it)
;-#&8" (/ 8(I#2&26 (/ '#5'52:
uepait fiom stanuaiu K piinciple
B, pSW_ B-(;)#. L
A ! B (in uWB) at $2uK
B! C at $1SK
0 comes in to oust C
a) ueeu fiom B to C is quitclaim ueeu: B can't be sueu by C bc no waiianties in quitclaim ueeu; so can be
iecovei fiom A.
B woulu have to show uamages which he can't uo
B solu it foi less to C bc 0 hau been nosing ab anu people weie staiting to get neivous ab
whethei 0 ieally owneu the piopeity ("....)
b) ueeu fiom B to C is a uWB; Can B iecovei fiom A.
C kickeu off the piopeity, B has a uWB out theie which he might have to make goou, so he wants
to be piotecteu, so he biings an action against A, but he hasn't been uamageu yet.
if uamage he's woiiieu ab is suit by C, well C hasn't sueu yet.
coulu be some waiianties in A's ueeu that woulu iun to C as well
coulu the couit oiuei A to pay money into an esciow acct to covei the potential of a futuie
uamage action by C, anu once the S0L iuns, anu C nevei sues, then the money goes back to A
c) ueeu fiom B to C is uWB; C sues anu actually iecoveis $1S fiom B. Bow much can B iecovei fiom A.
B says: $2uK
64
caselaw going eithei way
u) woulu answeis be uiff if jxn follows iule of iockafellei v. giay. what uiffeience woulu htat make.
R0LE: cause of action like covenant of seisin is implieu assigneu fiom B to C when B tiansfeis the
piopeity to C

S0 in a) anu b), then B coulun't sue A bc B no longei has the benefit of that covenant once B has tiansfeiieu to
C bc the cause of action goes with the piopeity to C

in c) wheie C has sueu B anu iecoveieu, B coulu file an action against A aftei having to pay C; the causes of
action that C coulu asseit aie tiansfeiieu to B once having paiu C.

B-(;)#. S_ pSW
a) A ! B (uWB at $1SK) ! C (QCB at $12K) ! B (uWB at $2uK)
0 ousts B when FNv of piopeity is $24K
B coulu sue C foi bieach of covenants in C's ueeu to B (piesent covenants bc no title to piopeity
so bieach of covenant of seisin; futuie covenants also bc uistuibeu in possession by oustei by 0)
anu coulu iecovei $2uK fiom C baseu upon those bieach of waiianty claims
Can B sue B.
N0.
Can B sue A.
yes baseu on the futuie covenant in A's ueeu
o is possession ciitical.
" you uon't have to be in possession beofei you take auvantage
Can sue A baseu on futuie waiianties bc those iun with the lanu
can biing action against A foi $1SK (plus inteiest)
Can B sue A baseu upon the piesent covenants in the A!B ueeu.
0NLY in Rockafellei jxn wheie they say the cause of action is assigneu in the tiansfei
in tiauitional jxns, no; the piesent covenants not typically helu to iun with the lanu
Can C biing cause of action befoie B sues him.
No bc he has no uamages
he sees a suit coming anu woulu like to piepaie
can't sue B bc QCB
can't sue A bc B holus title anu theiefoie has the benefit of the causes of action (in Rockafellai
jxn) if not in that jxn, the futuie coventas have iun with the lanu; only the piesent covenants aie
still with C; but in any event, he can't sue until he's hau to pay
In a non Rocka, wonce B has iecoveieu fiom C, C has benefit of cause of action futuie in the Beeu
in Rock, C can biing cause of action foi the piesent covenants in the ueeu
Can B get his $2u fiom C anu then sue A claiming "I was actually uamageu by $4K moie.""

B-(;)#. Q_ B&J# pSW
a) A ! B foi $1uK anu 2u yis latei, paiamount title asseiteu by 0 anu Bacie woith $12SK
uoes A oi B beai the iisk of loss foi inciease in value.
when B biings suit against A, he can only iecovei $2u; he beais moie iisk
B coulu have piotecteu himself:
o title seaich
o if he saw a iisk, he coulu get a title insuiance policy
2(6# S_ B&J# pST:
sellei ieauy to uelivei ueeu to buyei, but buyei uoesn't have money yet; sellei says I'll give you
this ueeu now on conuition that you pay me by the fiist of the next month. buyei takes the
ueeuiecoius; but uoesn't pay; unuei Sweeney, what is sellei's iemeuy.
o Title passes to the buyei - that conuition is ineffective upon ueliveiy
cause of action foi bieach of K: sue foi amount oweu to sellei

B-(;)#.' B&J# QTL
1)
6S
a. Why woulu sellei caie if buyei was maiiieu. Affects a lot in community piopeity state. Even
in sep piop states, sellei woulu want to know about uoweielective shaie, etc.
b. Boes not specify }T, TIC, etc. Why uoes it mattei what foim of title the tenant intenueu to
take. If }T, iight of suivivoiship has an effect on what happens to piop on ueath. 0nuei TIC, co-
tenants inteiest may pass to thiiu paity.
c. uoou anu meichantable title - Why uoes it mattei. Is it goou enough. Yes, geneially. Is goou
anu meichantable title satisfieu by AP. It can be if eviuence is goou enough.
u. Suppose iecoiueu covenant iestiicts lanu. Is buyei bounu. Bepenus.
2) Contiact to buy house still unuei constiuction - Woulu be goou to have an expiess waiianty as to the
quality of constiuction, but the ieasonable secuiity is to check out the builuei's piactices.

V'&.# B-(;)#.' i ;C6 )&C-#2K'@
|1j
|sellei's maiital statusj: coulu be a community piopeity state; uowei; homesteau iights - want
to know if the spouse has any iights in the piopeity
uoes it mattei if buyeis weie |puichasing as joint tenantstenants in commontenants by
entiietyj, anu then one uies - iight of suivivoiship matteis
|paiagiaph 1S, the ueeu - tells what the selleis aie going to pioviuej: is "goou anu meichantable
title" satisfieu by a title baseu on auveise possession. - yes, as long as theie's goou eviuence foi
auveise possession
|iecoiueu covenant with iestiictionj: see paiagiaph 1S - K has a teim saying that these things
can't voiu
|2j
gives builuei a lot of uiscietion
coulu auvise to make suie theie's an expiess waiianty, so that builuei can't substitute cheap
mateiials
best piotection: check out the builuei

<-(;)#. (2 QTm - B woulu have a uuty to uisclose mateiial infoimation about P's willingness to pay.

B-(;)#.' B&J# Qmm7
2a) S0F complieu with when 0 ueeueu it to A; but the S0F not complieu with when A gave it back to 0; S0 A
owns the piopeity
2b) Beeu uoes not have to be legally iecoiueu; it is legally effective when it was ueliveieu, even if it wasn't
iecoiueu;
Can 0 cieate a }T by a ueeu fiom 0 ! 0+A. some jxns allow this; assume heie you can.
A whites out hei name anu then the ueeu gets iecoiueu; uoesn't comply with S0F; still woulu be
0+A upon 0's ueath

B-(;)#. W_ pYL

B pievails
Bow. 0 uiun't own the piopeity when he uieu, so how can B claim owneiship as heii anu
tiansfei to B.
o If B uoes a title seaich, it looks foi all the woilu that 0 was the title ownei at the time he
uieu, so you piotect someone like B who thinks he's inheiiteu, so B can be a goou faith
puichasei foi value
B-(;)#. L
0!A (uoesn't iecoiu)
o 0 ! B (BFP but uoesn't iecoiu)
" A iecoius ! C (BFP)
# B iecoius
C iecoius
In notice statute, who wins bw B anu C.
66
o C wins bc he gave value when he puichaseu lanu; no actual oi constiuctive notice of B's
piioi inteiest bc A hau iecoiueu anu it look like 0!A ! C
Who wins bw A anu B.
o B bc B uoesn't have notice of A's puichase (uoesn't know of it anu if he uiu a title seaich,
he woulun't have founu the ueeu fiom 0 to A)
In a iace notice jxn.
o C wins ovei B
o C must not only puichase wo notice but also iecoiu fiist; but B iecoiueu befoie C
o G"#)6#- -C)#: a peison who takes fiom a BFP piotecteu by the iecoiuing act has the
same iights as his giantoi; necessaiy if the iecoiuing act is to give C the benefit of his
baigain by piotecting his maiket (A's ability to sell piotecteu)
" The iule uoes not apply to 0; if 0 iepuichaseu Bacie fiom A, 0 woulu not pievail
ovei B
<-(;)#. S
0 owns Bacie (woith $SuK)
o boiiows $1uK fiom A (moitgage); A uoes not iecoiu
o boiiows $14K fiom B (moitgage); B has notice of A's piioi moitgage anu B iecoius
o boiiows $SK fiom C (moitgage); C has no notice of A's inteiest anu iecoius
Bacie uiops in value bc of waste; foieclosuie sale, it sells foi $2uK
o Bow uo we uistiibute among A, B, & C. - paities shoulu be given theii expectations
o 15-8C)&- B-5(-56:: each moitgagee has a claim infeiioi to anothei anu supeiioi to
anothei
" A has piioiity ovei B;
# A is 1
st
in time anu B took with notice of A's piioi moitgage
" C has piioiity ovei C
# B woulu have piioiity; C hau constiuctive notice of B's inteiest bc
iecoiueu
" C has piioiity ovei A.
# C woulu win bc C uiun't have notice of A's moitgage (in notice jxn bc no
notice) (in iace notice bc he iecoiueu 1
st
anu took wo notice)
uive theii expectations. (what they shoulu have expecteu if theie is a foieclosuie sale, given
theii moitgage inteiest)
o A expects ____ (last in line); he shoulu've expecteu that if he uiun't iecoiu, someone
woulu beat him; so he gets the leftovei $SK
o B expects $1uK bc notice anu iecoius
o C expects: 2
nu
in line behinu a $____moitgage; so $SK to satisfy his ieasonable
expectations
0ften, the money is uistiibuteu as if theie was a contiactual suboiuination of A's claim to C's; so
the way they actually come out, imagine that A anu C enteieu into a K in which A agieeu to
suboiuinate his claim to C's
o if we allocate $1uK to satisfy A's fiist moitgage; then hypothesize a suboiuination
agieement wheie A agiees to suboiuinate his claim to C's, then what happens.
" C woulu get $S fiist anu then whatevei uoesn't go to C can be given to A
" so C gets $S, A gets $S anu the leftovei $1u goes to B
What if all the figuies in the pioblem, except the oiiginal value, weie just $SK - so only one
peison gets paiu off
o applying #NB#86&65(2' 6"#(-:, who gets paiu.
" B can't expect to get anything bc he knows he's 2
nu
in line behinu $SK moitgage
helu by A
" C can't expect to get anything bc if he uoes a title seaich knows that B has a $SK
moitgage
" S0 the $SK goes to A; even though that uoesn't seem faii
o applying suboiuination agieement theoiy:
" A anu C have enteieu into a K suboiuinating A's claim to C's; $SK comes in at
foieclosuie sale
67
" C gets it:
# even though C knows ab B's moitgage BECA0SE B's moitgage is
suboiuinate to A's bc B knows of A's moitgage, anu A's moitgage is
suboiuinate to C's by the agieement
must have signatuie notaiizeu befoie they'll accept ueeu foi iecoiuing puiposes
can't piopeily iecoiu via telephone (again notaiization ieq'u)

#N&.B)# X_ B&J# pXp
once 0 tiansfeis to A, then a uoctiine of #'6(BB#) ;: *##* kicks in anu A is estoppeu fiom
pieventing B fiom claiming owneiship bc A hau alieauy ueeueu to B peviously
o if it was jut AB anu then 0A, then B woulu be ok, but now we have to woiiy ab C
who omes on the scene
o C uoes a title seaich anu finus a ueeu fiom A !B anu then a ueeu fiom 0! A anu now A
has tiansfeiieu to C anu the question is whethei C has notice of B's claim.
" Aigue No notice:
" Aigue Yes notice: C shoulu have uone a moie extensive title seaich
#N&.B)# WU
puichase histoiy
o 0! A (not iec)
o 0! B (not BFP)
o 0 ! A (iec)
o B! C
sheltei iule has no application
C woulu aigue he has no notice of A's inteiest; aiguing that he is not bounu to examine the
iecoiu aftei the uay of the conveyance to finu if the.
o Insteau,
A thinks the title seaichei shoulu seaich unuei the ownei of the piesent time
B-(;)#.' BJ pXm
2(a)
in a notice jxn: E W00LB WIN
o C claims estoppel by ueeu which woulu give C title ovei B anu piobably ovei A as well
o B0T then coulu B oi E claim to be entitleu to piioiity unuei the notice-iecoiuing
statute.
" Boes B have ieason to know of a competing claim by C. C iecoiueu ueeu fiom B,
but this uoes not give B notice bc B woulu piobably look fiom 0!A; he
woulun't know that A tiansfeiieu to B; so if B uoes the title seaich, he won't finu
b!C ueeu (it's a wilu ueeu, unconnecteu to the chain of title)
o What about E.
" E says he's a BFP bc no notice of piioi inteiest in the piopeity
" E uoes not have notice bc A uiun't iecoiu, so E woulun't know to look foi
tiansfei fiom A ! B
" No ueeus fiom 0 on the iecoiu; so unless he has actual notice, then E coulu
claim that he's a BFP foi value wo notice of any piioi inteiest
" S0 E W00LB WIN in Notice }XN
In a iace-notice jxn:
o C woulu win
o Biu C iecoiu. Be iecoius a ueeu, but uiu he iecoiu 1
st
wi the meaning of the iecoiuing
statute.
" aigue that he has not iecoiueu: C has actually hanueu to the iecoiuing office a
ueeu fiom B!C, but this uoes not satisfy his obligation to iecoiu befoie E to
uefeat E's claim unuei a iace notice statute. No. that was not sufficient to uefeat
E bc if E's title seaichei can't finu the ueeu fiom B!C, it shoulun't be tieateu as
having been iecoiueu fiist unuei a iace notice statute
o what uoes it mean to be the 1
st
to iecoiu.
68
" some say: put youi own ueeu on iecoiu but whatevei else is necessaiy foi a title
seaichei to finu it
o E ought to win bc iecoiueu befoie C in the ielevant sense but his complete chain of title
is on the iecoiu
2(b)
notice jxn:
o always stait w last peison anu see if they can establish what they neeu to establish to
win
o last peison to get an inteiest heie is B; at the time he gets the inteiest, uoes he satisfy
the iequiiements to be piotecteu unuei a notice statute.
" he knows ab the ueeu fiom 0B but not a conveyance to A bc A uoesn't iecoiu
until aftei B gets his inteiest
iace-notice jxn:
o A woulu win
o he's the 1
st
to iecoiu anu if he uiu a title seaich, as 1
st
to iecoiu, he pieventeu anyone
else fiom establishing piioiity unuei iace notice statute
2(c): (playing off 2b) A conveys to E who piompty iecoius
notice jxn:
o go back to example 1u anu split of authoiity to finu out whethei E has notice of a piioi
inteiest oi not
o A comes to E anu says "I'll sell oyu a piece of piopeity" E hiies a title seaichei. 0nuei
what iules woulu the title seaichei finu out ab a competing inteiest anu unuei what iule
woulu the seaichei not finu out.
" N0RSE jxn: E wins
# Not iequiieu to
# title seaichei woulu not finu out ab a competing inteiest in the
piopeity bc woulu stop his seaich once he finus the iecoiueu
conveyance; once he finus in giantee inuexes anu finus that A has an
inteiest that he ieceiveu fiom 0; anu then the title seaichei uoesn't
have to look at 0 at latei points in time to figuie out whethei 0
tiansfeiieu piopeity to someone else latei
" Woous: must seaich unuei 0's name up until touay to finu out if 0 tiansfeiieu
to anybouy else. if he uiu that, he woulu finu out ab 0 to B tiansfei
iace-notice jxn: E pievails
o A hau title; iecoius 1
st
, pievents B fiom establishing piioiity ovei A
fC#'65(2 S_ B&J# pXm:
When C finus the ueeu, the ueeu is uateu }une 1
st
, 2uuS; even though that ueeu was not iecoiueu
until Aug. 1S
th
, he still has to look foi anything in the iecoius aftei the uate }une 1
st
which is on
the ueeu; so if he uoes apiopei title seaich shoulu go back to }une 1
st
, even thogh it got iecoiueu
late; if he uiu that, he'u finu out ab the moitgages

2(6# W_ TWW
shoulun't have to
coulu be too buiuensome
moie buiuensome than bank in waluoiff having to check w all occupants of conuo to see if they
have any uniecoiueu inteiest.
o theie you can just give them notice
o heie, they alieauy know that leasee lives theie

BJ, TWQ_ B-(;)#. W:
foigeu ueeus typically a nullity
but, in the Naishall case, a NTA was applieu in a ciic like this with the effect of eliminating C's
inteiest;
effectively, it iehabilitateu the foigeu ueeu thiough the opeiation of the NTA bc of its woik in
conjunction w the NTA
69
pioblem 1: C's inteiest was extinguisheu by the NTA

2(6# L, p 676 ! how to uiaft uocument to caiiy out Ncu's intent anu not violate the common law iule that an
easement can't be ieseiveiu in a S
iu
paity
accomplish the same thing in two uocs that you can't accomplish in one uoc
o EX 1.
" 0NE ueeu: easement bw 0 anu chuich (K aiiagement)
" Anothei Boc that conveys the ueeu 0R
o EX 2
" ueeu 1: ueeu piopeity to chuich piopeity
" uoc 2: chuich ueeus to Peteisen, ieseiving an easement foi itself, 0R
o EX S
" uoc 1: ueeu fiom 0 to Peteisen anu
" uoc2: Peteisen ueeus an easement to the chuich
2(6# L_ page 681
can Tayloi builu a new house using the iight of away acioss Bolbiooks lanu.
o aigue no: the otheis weie licensees anu that's ievocable
o aigue yes: iestatement ! expectations that cieate the seivituue will also uefine its
scope anu teims; fact that they initially peimitteu them to uo so, cieates expectations
that they will always at minimum peimit them to uo that
est by estoppel that you've impioveuinvesteu alieauy

B-(;)#. L_ 69S
what shoulu couit uo. can't leave miuule piece with no access
giant an easement ovei one of the 4 paicels anu make it faii to all siblings. someone will have a
buiuen of easement ovei theii piopeity
pick place that causes the least uamage to anyone - whichevei place is most efficient to give
access to lot S anu cause least inteifeience w anyone else's use of piopeity, but still have one lot
ownei beaiing the buiuen! equalize the buiuen by iequiiing payments fiom the people who
aien't buiueneu to the people who uo have to beai the buiuen of the easement
=(6# S, when uoes an easement by necessity enu.
when the necessity enu, the easement uisappeais
Question on 696: once new sewei line is available, the easement uoes not uisappeai necessity
uoesn't enu bc in van Sanut, the implieu sewei easement was not an easement by necessity but
an easement by piioi existing use

H0<O: >fC56&;)# 1(2I#-'5(2 -#)#I&26 3"#2
1. someone has a will anu has enteieu into a K foi puichase of a piece of piopeity anu in the will they leave all
of theii peisonal piopeity to A anu all of theii ieal piopeity to B; what uo we uo ab this K foi puichase of ieal
piopeity.
if you just apply the legal iules on title, then the sellei owns it; it woulu go to A bc the piopeity is
still peisonal piopeity
BT0 if the ct applieu theoiy of equitable conveision, then it woulu go to B; couit woulu theie be
saying that even though testatoi uoesn't yet have legal title to piopeity, they uo have equitable
title in the piopeity bc K that coulu be specifically enfoiceu by ct of equity, anu so ct tieats it as
ieal piopeity so it'll go to B unuei the will
o K also pioviues foi payment of the piopeity; if the testatoi's inteiest in the piopeity
goes to B, then A might enu up paying foi the piopeity that goes to B
o when peison uies, theii estates pays off theii uebts (anu A got all the peisonal piopeity)
2. K foi sale of house, anu befoie closing, the house buins uown
4&[ -C)#: applying uoctiine of equitable conveision, the buyei woulu be seen as title ownei anu
woulu assume iisk of loss bc at signing the buyei has equitable title at signing
o 1-56585'.' (/ 4&[, AC)#7
" buyei uoesn't have possession; so sellei, being in possession, is in bettei
position than buyei to pievent a fiie fiom occuiiing
7u
" befoie closing, the sellei is moie likely to have insuiance on the piopeity; if
sellei has insuiance on the piopeity anu the ct says the iisk of loss is ieally on
the buyei, uoes sellei just get to collect. no. the insuiance woulu go to the
benefit of the buyei
# To piotect against this: say iisk stays with sellei until closing
# 452. view: loss on sellei until legal title is conveyeu

B-(;)#. L_ 69S
what shoulu couit uo. can't leave miuule piece with no access
giant an easement ovei one of the 4 paicels anu make it faii to all siblings. someone will have a
buiuen of easement ovei theii piopeity
pick place that causes the least uamage to anyone - whichevei place is most efficient to give
access to lot S anu cause least inteifeience w anyone else's use of piopeity, but still have one lot
ownei beaiing the buiuen! equalize the buiuen by iequiiing payments fiom the people who
aien't buiueneu to the people who uo have to beai the buiuen of the easement

=(6# Q_ 7S6 - uoes foieclosuie teiminate easement.

B-(;)#.', 744
|1j AC2252J (/ 6"# ]C-*#2 (/ 6"# 1(I#2&26
A ! B foi iesiuential puiposes only
B!C; C wants to builu apaitment complex
a) whethei buiuen of covenant iuns to C.
o aiguably yes; only useful if it binus the paities to the covenant anu theii successois; so,
ciicumstances may suggest intention; the language of the covenant suggests an intention
foi it to iunbinu theii successois
|2j AC2252J (/ 6"# ]#2#/56 (/ 6"# 1(I#2&26
uistinction bw the buiuen anu benefit of the covenant.
o Buiuen: who has to comply with the covenant
o Benefit: who can insist on compliance with the covenant.
Beie, uon't have to woiiy ab iunning of the buiuen bc A uoesn't have a successoi; A still owns it
anu is one of the oiiginal paities, so he is bounu foi suie; Insteau, the question is whethei C can
enfoice the covenant against A
Requiiement foi iunning of benefit:

<-(;)#. mpU7 if injunctive ielief hau been sought in pioblem 1, pg 744:
C sues on injunction baseu on violation of equitable seivituue
A coulu not get uamages baseu on jxn following hoiiz piivity iule B0T coulu get injunction bc no
ieq of hoiizontal piivity


<-(;)#.' B&J# mTm |befoie classj
|1j
a) no flag of any kinu incluuing 0SA flag can be uisplayeu
Touch anu Concein: yes bc negative covenant, affects value
Restatement: no - unconstitutional (1
st
amenument violation)
b) no sign except house location # uisplayeu noi Chiistmas lights outsiue
TC: yes bc negative covenant
RSu: not unconstitutional bc its not gov't uoing it; piobably fine
c) no solai eneigy uevice installeu
TC: yes bc negative covenant
RSu: piobably fine; may violate public policy which seives to piomote use of alteinative eneigy
u) no house useu to pioviue uay caie foi noniesiuents of the house
TC: yes bc negative covenant
RSu: piobably fine;
71
o aiguably unieasonable iestiaint on tiaue 0R maybe spiteful uepenuing on ciics
e) upon sale, 1u% gain paiu to uevelopei
TC: maybe; it's affiimative covenant, so couit moie hesitant; heie, unlikely bc the uevelopei isn't
like the B0A acting as an agent of piopeity owneis; uevelopei isn't like S
iu
paity beneficiaiy
o Bigelow's test: piobably uoes substantially affect legal ielations
o but uistinguish fiom Nep: bc theie, the money went to communal enjoyment; heie -
uoes it just go to uevelopei.
RSu: piobably .1.$."!!' valiu but #07#+/0+1$!' invaliu (unconscionable)
money not going towaius the usecommunity benefit; just going to a uevelopei

2(6# p_ mmL
zoning oiuinances apply geneially applicatable iequiiements, but sometimes people can ask foi
exception anu that woulu be a vaiiance
heie, someone wants a vaiiance, anu city says maybe but wants something in exchange:
o uevelopei to limit the use of S apts to low income families
Boes this paiticulai covenant iun with the lanu.
o it is a negative oi affiimative covenant.
" affiimative covenant: woulu affect ability to enfoice it latei on against the city
# aigue that benefit of the covenant is in gioss:
the benefit is in favoi of the city in the useenjoyment of some
lanu that the city owns; but no paiticulai piece of lanu maue
moie valuable by the covenant; S0 benefit in gioss - the
buiuen won't iun w the lanu bc latei they may split up the
lanu
if you want it to be long teim pioposition: the uevlopei may
not be the one who owns the lanu latei on; will the buiuen iun
w the lanu. if the benefit is in gioss, the buiuen woulun't; if
the covenant is affiimative, that might affect TC of lanu (cts less
willing to finu aff covenants to TC lanu); issue of piivity - no
ieal giantoi-giantee ielationship as to city anu uevelopei, so
not hoiizontal piivity which woulu affect whethei the
covenant woulu iun w the lanu at law (no hoiiz piivity ieq foi
eq seiv to iun w lanu)
2(6# L_ mYp
it coulu be a iestiaint on alienation; bc you can only sell to ceitain people woulu be a iestiaint
some couits got aiounu this:
o uiff bw iestiaint on alienation anu iestiaint on use
mYp7 can't sell to Yankees. no ieuwoous. who can puichaselive on piopeity
Concein w hoiizontal oi veitical piivity.:
o make suie he tiansfeis pieces to people anu whoevei puichases fiom them will be in
veitical piivity
Bo the iestiictions TC the lanu.
o puichaselive on piopeity. piobably uoesn't TC;
woulu it be violation of equal piotection as inteipieteu in Shelley v. Kieimei.
o iestiictions
o uiffeient levels of sciutiny applieu uepenuing on the violation
" iacial violation = stiicteu level of sciutiny
" iational basis test may be a uiffent stanuaiu
iestiaint on alienation pioblem
o to extent its telling you who can puichase it, might be a iestiaint on alienation


fC#'65(2 W_ 796-97
Restatement Su that allows you to mouifyteiminate covenants to pay money
if that applieu in Pocono woulu it have alloweu a mouification.
72
o N0. it's a common inteiest commnity
" (1) if it uoesn't tell you the total amt you'll have to pay oi when the covenant
teiminates, then it teiminates aftei a ieasonable time
" (2) if covenants aie in exchange foi seivices, if obligation becomes to excessive
compaieu to the value ieceiveu by the buiueneu estate
" (S) piovision uoesn't apply bc it's a common-inteiest association
Is it unconscionable.
o typically ueals with ciicumstnaces when the covenant was 1
st
enteieu into
o heie, it woulun't apply bc they voluntaiily enteieu into the agieement
fC#'65(2 L, 796:
how to get out of obligation to keep paying money to B0A who is uoing nothing foi them:
o cieate a coipoiation anu tiansfei title of the piopeity to the coipoiation
o giving it to a next uooi neighboi to use foi a gaiuen
o if it weie acquiieu by AP, uoes the buiuen of the covenant iun to an APoi.
" uepenus if ieal covenant oi equitable seivituue anu the paiticulai piivity
iequiiements
YUX: legislation enacteu piotecting pet owneis against B0As
YWU: have people w pet alleigies been uepiives of ability to live wi a pet-fiee facility
'#-I#-# B#6 &))#-J5#': coulu you aigue hanuicap anu say the state law is violation of FBA.
o "&2*58&BB#*: physical oi mental conuition that substantially impaiis a majoi life
activity

2(6# W, 846
value of A's lanu ieuuceu
1|aj: iezoning piobably not a taking
1|bj: if you have an existing business anu city tells you to stop immeuiately, likely to be ueclaieu
a taking iequiiing just compensation
What is the uiffeience.:
Rathei be B bc at least making some money; his investment has paiu off in a way that A's has not
anu still B gets to claim the taking
Coulu be an encouigement foi use -
o moie piotection to B bc B making piouuctive use of piopeity
o cieative incentive foi investments like B maue bc people like b woulu be less likely to
invest in moie expensive piopeity uses if iisk that they coulu be subject to a zoning
iestiiction limiting theii use

=(6# S_ XWT7
|1j FBA violation.
puichaseu the house w the expectation that they coulu use it as gioup home
S6u4(f) - unlawful to iefuse to sell oi ient oi make unavailableueny a uwelling to a peison bc of
a hanuicap
aigue: by puichasing the house, the neighbois aie making it available to someone w a hanuicap
- excluuing a gioup fiom being able to puichase it
|2j
zoning oiuinance might violate FBA,
but woulu the act of filing a suit to enfoice an oiuiance, woulu that be a sepaiate violation of the
FBA.
suit shoulu be subject to liable unuei FBA if it was intentionally taigeteu to ____ a gioup unuei
the FBA

<>A4D=>=! <H0G+1D% +=ZDG+O=
H0<O7 city iegulation iequiiing apaitment builuings smoke uetectoisfiie extinguisheis in all common aieas;
is this a taking wi the iule of Loietta.
=O,
o That is uiffeient because the L woulu be the ownei of the things "invauing"
7S
o In loietta a S
iu
paity installing

2(6# S_ XmL: Causby
Allegeu taking: noise causeu by /)5J"6'
uov't taking bc they own all the aiea above anu below the lanu
Beie, planes aie authoiizeu by gov't to take off anu lanu ovei P's piop in a way that's invauing
the aiispace ovei P's piopeity anu causing uamage via noise
Is this a taking. yes.
What if you'ie not in the flight path, but similai uamage causeu. No taking ! has to be iight
ovei.
Boes this make sense.





>?D47
Shis
1SNC
Essay: 9u lines
CBECK online foi sample essay
Rule:
biing book, notes, outline
Content: baseu on 2
nu
semestei but may assume you iemembei some things
Review Session: Nay 9
th
afteinoon



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G+9> ]0 G+9> (/ A1 &2* >G 6#'6' ! 1A>D!>,
ED0G %D=9FG> +G 1O=!AO%%>9
1. covenants ! imposeu by piivate paities
2. Nuisance ! imposeu by juuicial bianch |juuicial zoningj
S. Zoning 0iuinance ! legislatuie |local, city council, zoning commissionj
4. Statute ! legislatuie |state agenciesj