ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y "

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Heat engine is a thermal prime mover, which derives the heat energy from the combustion of fuels and converts this energy in to mechanical work. Heat engines are classified into 1. External combustion engines(E.C ex! "team engine ,steam turbine #. $nternal combustion engines($.C ex! %iesel and petrol engines $f the combustion fuel takes place outside the engine cylinder then the engine is called the External combustion engine. $f the combustion fuel takes place inside the engine cylinder then the engine is called the $nternal combustion engine.

Classification of IC engines
$ C engines are classified as given below 1. &ccording to nature of thermodynamic cycle (Cycle of combustion i 'tto cycle engine ( combustion takes place at constant volume ii %iesel cycle engine)combustion takes place at constant *ressure iii %ual combustion cycle engine ) combustion takes place at constant volume and then at constant pressure +. &ccording to the fuel used i *etrol engine ii %iesel engine iii gas engine iv ,io fuel engine -. &ccording to the cycle of operation i .wo stroke cycle engine ( working cycle is completed in # different strokes ii /our stroke cycle engine ) working cycle is completed in different strokes

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y "

-. &ccording to 0ethod of ignition i "park ignition engine (" $ ii Compression ignition engine (C $ 1. &ccording to the number of cylinders i "ingle cylinder engine ii 0ulti cylinder engine 2. &ccording to the arrangement of cylinders i Hori3ontal engine ii 4ertical engine iv 5adial engine 6. &ccording to the 0ethod of cooling as i &ir cooled engine ii 7ater cooled engine 8. &ccording to their uses i "tationary engine ii &utomobile engine iii 9ocomotive engine iv 0arine engine iii $n (line engine v opposed type engine 4$ 4ee engine

Parts of IC Engine

C lin!er! Cylinder is the heart of the engine, in which fuel is burnt and the power is developed. $nside diameter is called :,ore;. .he function of cylinder is to contain the working fluid under pressure and to guide the piston while reciprocating inside the #

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y " cylinder. .o prevent the wearing of the cylinder block, a sleeve will be fitted tightly in the cylinder. C lin!er Hea!" .op end of the cylinder is closed by a removable cylinder head. $t consists of # valves inlet and exhaust valve. Piston" *iston is a cylindrical shaped component that fits perfectly inside the cylinder. /unction of the piston is to compress the charge during compression stroke and receive the force produced by the combustion of fuel and to transmit the energy to the crankshaft. .he function of the oil rings is to extract the lubricating oil walls and to send it back to the oil sump through holes. Piston rings" .hese maintain a tight <oint between the piston and the cylinder. .hey also help in conducting the heat from the piston to the cylinder. *revent high pressure gases escaping in to the crankcase. Connecting Ro!" forms the link between the piston and the crankshaft. $t converts the rectilinear motion of the piston into rotary motion of the crankshaft. Cran# an! cran#s$aft! crank is a lever with one of its end connected to the end of the connecting rod by a pin <oint and the other end is rigidly connected to crankshaft. %al&es" controls the flow of intake and the exhaust gases to and from the engine cylinder. .hey are also called as poppet valves. the valves are actuated by means of springs, cams and lever. Fl '$eel" Heavy mass of rotating wheel mounted on the crankshaft and used as energy storing device .$t stores the energy during the power stroke and supplies the same during other strokes. Cran#case" Encloses the crankshaft and serves as a sump for the lubricating oil. Ca(" Element designed to control the movement of both inlet and exhaust valves.

I C Engine Ter(inolg "

Bore" $nner diameter of the engine cylinder is called ,ore. +

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y " Stro#e" 9inear distance traveled by the piston when it moves from one end of the cylinder to the other end. $t is e=ual to twice the radius of the crank. Co&er en! or To) !ea! Centre *T+C," Extreme position of the piston nearer to the cylinder head is called .%C. Cran# en! or Botto( !ea! centre *B+C," Extreme position of the piston near to the crank is called ,%C. Clearance %ol-(e *%c," 4olume of the cylinder above the top of the piston when the piston is at the .%C is called clearance volume. $t is denoted by 4c. S'e)t %ol-(e or Piston !is)lace(ent or stro#e &ol-(e *%s ," 4olume swept by the piston as it moves from ,%C to .%C is called swept volume. Co()ression Ratio! $t is the ratio of the total cylinder volume to the clearance volume. .otal cylinder volume > "troke volume ? Clearance volume Rc > (%s . %c, / %c Piston S)ee!" the average speed of the piston is called piston speed0 Piston s)ee! 1 2 L N @ > speed of the engine in rpm 9> "troke length in m

Fo-r stro#e )etrol engine

/our stroke petrol engine or spark ignition engine all the events of the cycle i.e. suction, compression. Expansion and exhaust take place in two revolutions of the crankshaft i.e.6#A degree of the crank rotation. .hus each stroke is of 18A degree crankshaft rotation. .herefore the cycle of operation for an ideal four stroke engine consist of the following stroke!

1. "uction or induction or intake stroke. -

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y " #)compression stroke. +)expansion or working or power stroke. -)exhaust stroke.

S-ction stro#e"
.he piston move downward by the crankshaft i.e. from .%C position to ,%C position. .he crankshaft is initially revolved either by the power generated by the electric starting motor or by the momentum of the flywheel. .he inlet valve opens and the exhaust valve remains closed. .he movement of piston increases the space, thereby reducing the pressure in the cylinder. .he higher pressure of the outside atmosphere forces the charge i.e. air fuel B petrol through the inlet valve into the cylinder. .he operation completes till the piston reaches the ,%C position where the inlet valve closes. %uring this period the crankshaft rotated through 18A degree i.e. represented by a line 1) 1 in the *4 diagram. half revolution. .he suction stroke is

Co()ression stro#e"
.he piston move from ,%C position .o .%C position and both the valves (inlet and exhaust remain closed. .he upward movement of the piston compresses the charge during suction stroke. %ue to compression (adiabatic compression the pressure and temperature of the air fuel mixture increases continuously and depend upon the compression ratio. .his is shown by the curve 1)# on *4 diagram .7hen the piston is <ust reaching the end of compression stroke the spark occurs and the charge is ignited at constant volume. .his is shown by the line #)+ on *4 diagram.

Po'er stro#e"
1

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y " .he increased high pressure of combustion exerts a greater amount of force on the piston and pushes it downward i.e. from .%C to ,%C position with both the valves closed. .his is the only stroke during which power is produced and thus it is named ad )o'er stro#e or 'or#ing stro#e0 &lso gases expand and do work on the piston. "o the stroke is also called e3)ansion stro#e0.he expansion of gases is adiabatic in nature and this adiabatic expansion is shown by the curve +)- o *4 diagram .7hen the piston reaches ,%C position the exhaust valve open and the pressure falls to slightly above the atmosphere pressure at constant volume and is shown by the line -)1 on *4diagram .

E3$a-st stro#e"
%uring the exhaust stroke the exhaust valves open and the inlet valve remain closed. *ressure of the burnt gases being slightly above the atmosphere pressure and the piston moves from ,%C to .%C position. .he upward movement of the piston pushes out the exhaust gases through the exhaust valve into the atmosphere. .his is shown by the line 1) 1 on *4 diagram. when the piston reaches .%C the exhaust valve closes ..hus the cycle is completed.

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y "

P4% +iagra( of Petrol engine

Fo-r stro#e +iesel engine

/our stroke %iesel engine is similar to that of petrol engine except fuel in<ector is placed instead of spark plug. & fuel pump supplies the fuel oil to the in<ector at higher pressure.

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y "

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y "

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y "

S-ction stro#e"
.he piston move downward by the crankshaft i.e. from .%C position to ,%C position. .he inlet valve opens and the exhaust valve remains closed. .he movement of piston increases the space, thereby reducing the pressure in the cylinder. .he higher pressure of the outside atmosphere forces the air through the inlet valve into the cylinder. .he operation completes till the piston reaches the ,%C position where the inlet valve closes.. .he suction stroke is represented by a line A ) 1 in the *4 diagram.

Co()ression stro#e"
.he piston move from ,%C position .o .%C position and both the valves (inlet and exhaust remain closed. .he upward movement of the piston compresses the air. %ue to compression (adiabatic compression the pressure and temperature of the air increases continuously and depend upon the compression ratio. .his is shown by the curve 1)# on *4 diagram .7hen the piston is <ust reaching the end of compression stroke the fuel (%iesel is in<ected in to the cylinder in the form of fine sprays by a fuel in<ector. .he fuel ignites as it comes in contact with compressed air .combustion of fuel takes place at constant pressure and this is shown by the line #)+ on *4 diagram.

Po'er stro#e"
.he increased high pressure of combustion exerts a greater amount of force on the piston and pushes it downward i.e. from .%C to ,%C position with both the valves closed. .his is the only stroke during which power is produced and thus it is named ad )o'er stro#e or 'or#ing stro#e0 &lso gases expand and do work on the piston. "o the stroke is also called e3)ansion stro#e. .he expansion of gases is adiabatic in nature and this adiabatic expansion is shown by the curve +)- o *4 diagram .7hen the piston reaches ,%C 1A

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y " position the exhaust valve open and the pressure falls to slightly above the atmosphere pressure at constant volume and is shown by the line -)1 on *4 diagram

E3$a-st stro#e"
%uring the exhaust stroke the exhaust valves open and the inlet valve remain closed. *ressure of the burnt gases being slightly above the atmosphere pressure and the piston moves from ,%C to .%C position. .he upward movement of the piston pushes out the exhaust gases through the exhaust valve into the atmosphere. .his is shown by the line 1) A on *4 diagram. 7hen the piston reaches .%C the exhaust valve closes ..hus the cycle is completed.

T'o Stro#e Petrol Engine

11

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y "

.wo stroke engine performs only # strokes to complete one cycle. $n these engines there are no suction and exhaust strokes. $nstead they are performed while the compression and the power stroke are in progress. $n a # stroke engine, there are no valves, instead the cylinder is provided with ports ..he ports act as valves and are open and closed by the moving piston. .here are + ports vi3, the inlet port for admitting charges into the crank case. .ransfer port through which charge is transferred from the crankcase to the cylinder. Exhaust port through which gases are discharged out of the cylinder. .wo stroke engine works on the principle of 'tto cycle. .he charge used in a # stroke petrol engine is a mixture of air and fuel and is supplied by a carburetor. .he charge is ignited by a spark plug ..he two different strokes performed are upward and downward stroke. +o'n'ar! stro#e" &t the beginning of this stroke, the piston is at .%C .&t this position air and petrol mixture is compressed to a high pressure and temperature. .he inlet port will be opened and the fresh charge enters the crankcase . 1#

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y " .he compressed charge in the cylinder is ignited by means of an electric spark produced by the spark plug. &s the combustion takes place, the burnt gases expand and exert a large force on the piston. %ue to this piston moves from .%C to ,%C..he power impulse is transmitted down through the piston to the crankshaft through the connecting rod. .his causes the crankshaft to rotate at higher speeds. .hus work is obtained. .he movement of piston from .%C to ,%C uncovers the exhaust port and part of the burnt gases due to their own expansion escapes through the exhaust port. /urther downward movement of the piston uncovers the transfer port. %uring the downward movement the charge in the crankcase is compressed by the piston. .he compressed charge rushes into the cylinder through the transfer port ..he charge enters the cylinder and expels the remaining exhaust gases through the exhaust port. .his process of removing D sweeping out the exhaust gas with the help of fresh charge is known as sca&enging. .he top of the piston has a pro<ection known as :%eflector; that deflects the fresh charge coming through the transfer port to move towards the top end of the cylinder. ,y this fresh charge will drive the entire burnt gases out of the cylinder 0 UP5AR+ STRO6E" *iston moves from ,%C to .%C.%uring this it covers the transfer port, there by stopping the flow of fresh charge in to the cylinder. /urther movement of the piston covers the exhaust port and actual compression of the charge begins. $nlet port is opened and the upward movement creates suction in the crankcase. .he fresh charge enters in to the crankcase through the inlet port. .he compression of the charge in the cylinder continues till the piston reaches .%C..hus one cycle is completed.

Comparison between *E.5'9 and %$E"E9 engine

PETROL +IESEL 1+

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y " 7orks on otto cycleD constant volume cycle *etrolD gasoline is used as fuel 0ixture of air and petrol enters the cylinder during suction %uring suction stroke, a carburetor is used to supply air)petrol mixture in constant proportion. /uel consumption is more Can be easily started in cold weather %ue to light weight they run at high speed $gnition takes place by means of spark plug hence these are called (".$ engines 7orks on constant pressure or %iesel cycle. %iesel is used as fuel 'nly air enters the cylinder during suction stroke. &t the end of compression stroke, the fuel is in<ected into the hot compressed air.

/uel consumption is less. %ifficult to start in cold weather.

Due to heavy weight they run at low/medium speed. The fuel is ignited as it comes in contact with the hot compressed air hence these are called compression ignition(C.I) engine.

$nitial cost is less but running cost is high .hermal efficiency is low due to lower compression ratio. Compression ratio(C.5 varies from 2!1 to 1A!1 9ight weight and occupies less space. Euantitative method of governing employed. Fsed in light duty vehicles such as cars, motorcycle etc. *ollution is less.
Power developed is lower due to lower C.R

$nitial cost is high but running cost is low .hermal efficiency is high due to higher compression ratio. Compression ratio is high and varies from 12!1 to ##!1. Heavy weight and occupies more space. Eualitative method of governing employed Fsed in heavy vehicles like trucks, buses and heavy machinery Exhaust pollution is more
ower developed is higher due to higher C.R

Comparison bDw two stroke and four stroke engine

1-

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y " Fo-r Stro#e T'o Stro#e 5e=uires - different strokes of piston or two 5e=uires only # strokes of piston or one revolution of crankshaft to complete one cycle of revolution of crankshaft to complete one cycle operation. .here is one power stroke for every # revolution of the crankshaft. Heavy flywheel is re=uired. .he charge directly enters the engine cylinder .he exhaust gases are pushed out of the cylinder by the piston. Consists of inlet and out let value 5e=uires less cooling and lubrication since combustion takes place in alternate revolutions of crankshaft 9ess fuel consumption because fresh charge never mixes with exhaust gas. 0echanical efficiency is low Heavy and bulky. Fsed in Cars, Geeps, ,uses, &ero planes, trucks and power generators. @oise will be less. of operation. .here is one power stroke for every revolution of the crankshaft 9ight flywheel is re=uired Charge first enters the crankcase and then transferred to the engine cylinder $ncoming fresh charge pushes the exhaust gasses out of the cylinder Consists of ports. 5e=uires greater cooling and combustion takes place in every revolutions. 0ore fuel consumption because fresh charge gets mixed up. 0echanical efficiency is high 9ighter and compact. Fsed in light vehicles such as 0otor cycle ,+ wheelers, lawn movers etc @oise will be more.

0ean Effective *ressure! (*m 0ean or average pressure acting on the piston throughout the power stroke. 11

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y " $ndicated mean effective pressure of an engine is obtained from the indicated diagram. .he indicated diagram is a p)v diagram for one cycle at the load, drawn with the help of an indicator fitted on the engine.
(!pring value of the spring used in " (#et area of the the indicator in $ar/m) indicator diagram (a) in m %)

*m >

))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 9ength of the indicator diagram (l in m

P( 1

Sa/l

$ndicated power! .he total power developed inside the engine cylinder is called indicated powerH $t is denoted by $* and expressed in I7 (kilo watts $* > n *m 9 & @ I (1AD2 /or four stroke engine I7

$* > n *m 9 & J @ (1AD2 (1D# kw

/or two stroke engine

$* > n *m 9 & J @ (1AD2 kw *m > 0ean effective *ressure

9> "troke length in m & > cross sectional area of the cylinder in m & > d#D-! d> diameter of cylinder in m# @ > "peed of the crankshaft in rpm @ > number of cylinders

Bra#e Po'er! .he net power available at the crankshaft is called brake power. 12

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y "

,* > # @ . D2A K1AAA k7

@> speed of the engine in 5*0 . > .or=ue in @)m .or=ue is measured by using either belt or rope brake dynamometer

Belt + na(o(eter
Tor7-e *T, 1 Force 8 +istance T 1 *T9 : T2, 8 R T9 1 tension in tig$t si!e of t$e ;elt in N T2 1 tension in slac# si!e of t$e ;elt in N R1 ra!i-s of t$e ;elt in (

Ro)e ;ra#e ! na(o(eter

T1 effecti&e ;ra#e loa! 8 !r-( ra!i-s T 1 *5 : S, R N : ( 7 >suspended weight in @ " > spring balance reading in @ 5 > radius of the pulley measured to the center of rope in m R 1 *+. !,/ 2 + 1 !ia(eter of )-lle in ( an! ! 1 !ia(eter of t$e ro)e in (

Friction Po'er" .he amount of power lost due to friction of the moving parts inside the engine cylinder is called friction power. /riction power is the difference between indicated power and brake power

FP 1 IP 4 BP

#5

Mec$anical efficienc " $t is defined as the ratio of brake power to the indicated power

mech > (,*D$* K1AA

T$er(al efficienc " defined as the ratio of power output to the heat supplied by the combustion of fuel. 16

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y "

th > (power outputDheat supplied K1AA

heat supplied > (mf K C4 C4 > calorific value of fuel in IGDkg $ndicated thermal efficiency > $th > L $*D* (f ,8 C% M K1AA ,rake thermal efficiency >,th
>

L ,*D* (f ,8 C% M K1AA

S)ecific f-el cons-()tion" "pecific fuel consumption is a term used to describe the fuel efficiency of an engine design. $t measures the amount of fuel needed to provide a given power for a given period. In!icate! SFC 1 *F-el cons-(e! in 6g/$r, / IP in 6' Bra#e SFC 1 *F-el cons-(e! in 6g/$r, / BP in 6' Pro;le(s" 90 .he following observations were recorded during a test on a - ( " engine ,ore > # cm "troke > -A cm Crank speed > #1A rpm @et load on brake drum > 6AA @ %iameter of brake drum > # m $ndicated 0 E * > 2 bar /uel consumption > A.AA1+ kgDs "p. Nravity of fuel > A.68 C4 of fuel >-+CAA kGDkg %etermine a ,* b $* c /* d mechanical efficiency e $ndicated thermal efficiency f ,rake thermal efficiency "olution ! 18 #g/# 5 $r #g/# 5 $r

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y " %ata! %> #1 K 1A)# m & > d#D- > A.A-C m# 9 > -AK 1A)# m > A.- m @ > #1A rpm @et load on brake drum > (7 ( " 5 1 6AA @ %iameter of brake drum >% > # m *m > 2 bar /uel consumption > A.AA1+ kgDs "p.gravity > A.68 C 4 >-+CAA kGDkg 5> 1m

,rake power
,* > # @ . D2A K1AAA k7 . > (7 ( " 5 @ ( m > 6AA K1> 6AA @)m ,* > (# K #1A K 6AA D(2A K1AAA BP1 9<0=2 #5 k7

$ndicate power $*

/our stroke engine k >1D# n >1 single cylinder $* > n *m 9 & J @ (1AD2 (1D# k7
$* > (1K 2 K A.- K A.A-C K #1A K 1A / (2K# k7

$* > #-.1 k7

1C

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y "

c /riction power /* FP 1 IP 4 BP #5
/*>#-.1 ( 18.+# > 2.18 k7

FP 1 >09< #5
!,Mec$anical efficienc *mech,
!

mech > (,*D$* K1AA

mech > (18.+#D#-.1 K1AA

mech > 6-.6O e In!icate! t$er(al efficienc * It$ ,

$ndicated thermal efficiency > $th > L $*D* (f ,8 C% M K1AA mf > sp.gravity K /uel consumption > A.68 K A.AA1+ > 1.A1-K1A)+

$th > #-.1 D *90?9@89?4=,8 *@=A??, 1 BBC

f, Bra#e t$er(al efficienc *,th " ,rake thermal efficiency >,th

>

L ,*D* (f ,8 C% M K1AA

,th > -1.1O #. & single cylinder -)" $ c engine has a swept volume of 2 liters and runs at a rated
speed of +AA rpm .&t full load , the tor=ue developed was measured with a belt dynamometer whose pulley diameter is 1m . .he tension in the tight side and slack side of the belt is 6AA @ and +AA@ rep. kg of fuel was consumed in one hour ..he indicated

#A

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y " mean effective pressure is 2 bar and the C4 of the fuel is -#AAAkGDkg.Calculate the ,*,$*,mechnical efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, brake thermal efficiency . "olution! %ata! n>1 k>1D# for - (" engine @>+AA rpm *m > 2 bar "wept volume > 9 & >2K1A)+ m+ %iameter of pulley > % >1m 5 >5adius >A .1 m .1 > 6AA @ .# > +AA @ T 1 *T9 : T2, 8 R . > (6AA ( +AA K A.1 > #AA @ ( m

mf > -kgDhr > -D2A K2A > 1.11K1A)+ kgDsec

C4 > -#AAA kGDkg a, BP

,* > # @ . D2A K1AAA k7

,* > # K K (+AA K (#AA D (2AK1AAA BP 1 >02< #5 ;, IP k7

/our stroke engine k >1D# n >1 single cylinder $* > n *m 9 & J @ (1AD2 (1D# k7
$* > (1K 2 K 2K1A)+ K +AA K 1A / (2K# k7 #1

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y "

$* > C k7
c, Mec$anical efficienc *mech,
!

mech > (,*D$* K1AA

mech > (2.#8DC K1AA

mech > 2C.6 O d In!icate! t$er(al efficienc * It$ ,

$ndicated thermal efficiency > $th > L $*D* (f ,8 C% M K1AA $th > C D (1.1K1A)+ K (-#AAA It$ 1 9A0@ C e, Bra#e t$er(al efficienc *,th " ,rake thermal efficiency >,th > 1C.- O

>

L ,*D* (f ,8 C% M K1AA

,th > L 2.#8D(1.1K1A)+ K (-#AAA D K1AA ,th > 1+.1CO f Bra#e s)ecific f-el cons-()tion BSFC 1 F-el cons-(e! in #g/$r /B)
,"/C> -D2.#8 > A.2+ kgD,* (hr BSFC 1 ?0>= #g/BP :$r E-estion Ban# 1. Explain with a neat sketch naming all parts, the working of single cylinder four stroke petrol engine. #. How are $C engines classifiedP ##

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y " +. with the help of a p)v diagram ,explain the working of -)stroke diesel engine. -. %ifferentiate between "$ and C$ engines. 1. %ifferentiate between -" and #" engine 2. @ame the thermodynamic cycle for petrol and diesel engines .%raw the p)v diagram of the same indicating various processes. 6. with the help of a p)v diagram ,explain the working of #)stroke petrol engine 8. Explain with a neat sketch the various parts of $C engine C. %efine $*,,*,/* 1A. %efine 0ean effective pressure and indicated thermal efficiency. 11. what are EC and $C engines give examples.

#+