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What is a Sonnet?
A sonnet is a type of poem that has fourteen lines. Typically, sonnets are written in a
meter referred to as iambic pentameter, which means that each line has ten syllables,
broken into five pairs. In each pair, the first syllable is unstressed, while the second
syllable is stressed.
The form of a poem is the set of characteristics that help readers identify it as a specific
type of poem. One aspect of a poems form is the number and arrangement of the lines. A
sonnets fourteen lines can often be broken into four stanzas or verses: three quatrains
(groups of four lines) and a couplet (pair of two lines) at the end. The first two stanzas
together create the octave, a group of eight lines. The last two stanzas together create the
sestet, a group of six lines.
A sonnet has a rhyme scheme, or a pattern by which the ends of the lines rhyme.
Common rhyme schemes for sonnets include:
ABAB CDCD EFEF GG (Traditional Shakespearean Sonnet)
ABBA CDDC EFFE GG (Traditional Italian/Petrarchan Sonnet)
One of the most important characteristics of a sonnet is the turning point, also known as
the volta. This turning point sometimes occurs after the eighth line (in Italian/Petrarchan
sonnets) or after the twelfth line (in Shakespearean sonnets). The first part of the sonnet
establishes an idea in the readers mind; after the turning point, the rest of the sonnet
throws the reader a curveball or changes the way the reader understands the idea.

Terms to Know:
Meter: The rhythm of a poem
Iambic Pentameter: A meter that uses five pairs of ten syllables per line. The first syllable
of each pair is unstressed; the second syllable is stressed.
Stressed Syllable: Syllable that is accented/emphasized when spoken
Unstressed Syllable: Syllable that is not emphasized when spoken
Form: The characteristics that identify a certain type of poem, including the number and
arrangement of the poems lines.
Stanza: A verse or set of lines in a poem
Octave: A set of eight lines
Sestet: A set of six lines
Quatrain: A set of four lines
Couplet: A set of two lines
Rhyme Scheme: The pattern in which the ends of each line of a poem rhyme. The rhyme
scheme is labeled using letters; all lines labeled A rhyme; all lines labeled B rhyme, etc.
Volta: A turning point; a point in the poem where the poet changes his approach to the
topic

What Lips My Lips Have Kissed, and Where and Why


By Edna St. Vincent Millay

What lips my lips have kissed, and where, and why,


I have forgotten, and what arms have lain
Under my head till morning; but the rain
Is full of ghosts tonight, that tap and sigh
Upon the glass and listen for reply,
And in my heart there stirs a quiet pain
For unremembered lads that not again
Will turn to me at midnight with a cry.
Thus in winter stands the lonely tree,
Nor knows what birds have vanished one by one,
Yet knows its boughs more silent than before:
I cannot say what loves have come and gone,
I only know that summer sang in me
A little while, that in me sings no more.

Written Response: What My Lips Have Kissed, And Where And Why
Summarize or rewrite the poem What My Lips Have Kissed, and Where and Why
in your own words, using modern-day language to tell the same story. You can write
it in paragraph form or poem form; the choice is yours:

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Sonnet 130
William Shakespeare

My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun;


Coral is far more red than her lips' red;
If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun;
If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head.
I have seen roses damasked, red and white,
But no such roses see I in her cheeks;
And in some perfumes is there more delight
Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks.
I love to hear her speak, yet well I know
That music hath a far more pleasing sound;
I grant I never saw a goddess go;
My mistress when she walks treads on the ground.
And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare
As any she belied with false compare.

Written Response: Sonnet 130


Do you think Shakespeares mistress would have appreciated this poem he wrote
for her? Why or why not? Use three pieces of evidence from the poem in your
response:

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The Forge
By Seamus Heaney

All I know is a door into the dark.


Outside, old axles and iron hoops rusting;
Inside, the hammered anvils short-pitched ring,
The unpredictable fantail of sparks
Or hiss when a new shoe toughens in water.
The anvil must be somewhere in the centre,
Horned as a unicorn, at one end and square,
Set there immoveable: an altar
Where he expends himself in shape and music.
Sometimes, leather-aproned, hairs in his nose,
He leans out on the jamb, recalls a clatter
Of hoofs where traffic is flashing in rows;
Then grunts and goes in, with a slam and flick
To beat real iron out, to work the bellows.

Written Response: The Forge


The Forge is about the work of forging metal, but it also symbolically represents
the way life often revolves around a single purpose or passion. What is one thing
you are passionate aboutsomething you live for, something that defines you?
Describe the thing you are passionate about in as much detail as possible:

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Writing Your Own Sonnet


Using what you wrote yesterday in response to The Forge as inspiration, create
your own sonnet. Now that you have brainstormed ideas by writing about
something you are passionate about, you can plug those ideas into the traditional
form of a sonnet.
Your sonnet should include these characteristics:
Fourteen lines, each with ten syllables.
A logical rhyme scheme
A volta or turning point, if you can find a way to include one
Once you have finished writing your sonnet, create an illustration for it!

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