ME3232 Part2 Chapter3

3-1
ME3232 Compressible Flow

3 Flow with Heat or Mass Interaction and Generalised Flow
3 Flow with Heat or Mass Interaction
and Generalised Flow
3-2
3.1 Flow with Heat Interaction in a Constant Area
Frictionless Duct
3.2 Isothermal Flow with Friction in a Constant Area
Duct
3.3 Flow in a Variable Area Frictionless Duct with Heat
Interaction
3.4 Flow with Mass Addition
3.5 Generalised Steady, One-Dimensional Flow
3 Flow with Heat or Mass Interaction
and Generalised 1-D Flow
3-3
Previously considered:
effects of area change and friction on compressible flow
flow assumed to be adiabatic
Many applications where transfer of heat between a flowing
gas and its surroundings must be considered
consider effect of heat addition or heat loss
Examples:
Combustion chambers: heat addition by internal chemical reactions
(e.g. jet engines; rocket engines)
Heat exchangers: heat transfer occurs across system boundaries
Frictionless Duct
3-4
Question:
When heat is added to a compressible flow,
does the flow temperature always increase?
Frictionless Duct
3-5
We assume:
One-dimensional flow
Steady flow
Flow is inviscid, negligible wall friction
Perfect gas with constant specific heats and
Flow and heat interaction occur reversibly
3.1 Flow with Heat Interaction in a Constant Area Frictionless Duct
dQ > 0: Heat Addition
dQ < 0: Heat Removal
SI units for dQ:
Watts (W)
( )
v p
c c =
3-6
Conservation of mass
Constant area duct:
applied to control volume (CV):
therefore:
Conservation of linear momentum applied to CV:
(Flow is frictionless )
constant = = AV m
0 = = dA A constant
constant = V
( )( ) dV V d V + + =
0 = +
V
dV d
0 =
w
t
( ) ( ) V dV V VA A dp p pA + = +
0 = + VdV dp
(3.1)
(3.2)
3-7
Conservation of energy (1st Law, SFEE) applied to CV:
___
(No shaft work done on CV)
Define rate of heat addition per unit mass flow rate:
(SI units: J/kg)
Eq. 3.3 becomes:
( )
( )
2 2
2
2
dV V
m dT T c m
V
m T c m dQ
p p
+
+ + = + +
VdV m dT c m dQ
p
+ =
m
dQ
dq
=
VdV dT c dq
p
+ =
(3.3)
(3.4)
V
dV
dT
c
dV
dq
p
+ =
(3.4a)
3-8
Another perspective: How does heat addition/removal
affect the stagnation temperature T
0
?
Definition of stagnation temperature:
To first order,
(3.4) can thus be written as
Implications: Heat addition results in an increase in
stagnation temperature and vice versa
p
c
V
T T
2
2
0
+ =
( ) ( )
( )
p
c
dV V
dT T dT T
2
2
0 0
+
+ + = +
p
c
VdV
dT dT + =
0
0
dT c dq
p
= (3.5)
3-9
Next, relate changes in flow variables to rate of heat
addition
How does static temperature T vary with flow velocity V?
From perfect gas equation of state:
From (3.1),
From (3.2),
( ) ( ) ( ) dT T R d dp p + + = +
T
dT d
p
dp
+ =
V
dV d
=
p
VdV
p
dp
=
(3.1a)
(3.2a)
(3.6)
3-10
Inserting (3.1a) and (3.2a) into (3.6):
or
V small dT/dV > 0
V large dT/dV < 0
so
Maximum static temperature T occurs at this M
T
dT
V
dV
RT
VdV
+ =
R
V
V
T
dV
dT
=
0 =
dV
dT
RT V
R
V
V
T
= =
RT
RT
RT
V
M

= =
1
= M
(3.7)
(3.7a)
T
dT
V
dV
p
VdV
+ =
when
i.e.
3-11
0
1
> <
dV
dT
M
0
1
< >
dV
dT
M

3-12
How does heat interaction affect the flow velocity V and Mach
number M?
Substituting (3.7a) into energy equation (3.4a):
Using ,
(3.8) becomes
V small dq/dV > 0 flow accelerated due to heat addition
V large dq/dV < 0 flow decelerated due to heat addition
|
.
|
\
|
= 1
R
c
V
V
T
c
dV
dq
p
p
v p
c c R =
1
=
p
c
R
1
=
V
V
T
c
dV
dq
p
(3.8)
(3.8a)
3-13
Transition point occurs when . From (3.8a), this occurs
when:
M < 1 (flow subsonic) dq/dV > 0 flow accelerated due to
heat addition
M > 1 (flow supersonic) dq/dV < 0 flow decelerated due to
heat addition
0 =
dV
dq
1
=
V
V
T
c
p
( ) a RT T c V
p
= = = 1 1 M =
3-14
Definition of Mach number:
Hence,
Since
it follows that
From (3.7),
a
V
M = Ma V =
a
da
M
dM
V
dV
+ =
RT a =
T
dT
M
dM
V
dV
2
1
+ =
T
dT
V
dV
p
VdV
+ =

(3.9)
3-15
Using ,
Eliminating dT/T using (3.9),
dM has same sign as dV
M < 1 (flow subsonic) dq/dV > 0 dq/dM > 0 M due
to heat addition q
M > 1 (flow supersonic) dq/dV < 0 dq/dM < 0 M
due to heat addition q
Adding heat moves M towards 1 (c.f. effects of friction in
Fanno flow)
Removing heat moves M away from 1
p
a =
2
( )
T
dT
V
dV
M =
2
1
( )
M
dM
V
dV M
=
+
2
1
2

(3.9a)
3-16
How does heat interaction affect the entropy s?
Gibbs Equation:
Using (3.7), we get
Using (3.9a), we have
or
Since dq/dV > 0 for M < 1 and dq/dV < 0 for M > 1,
for all M 1
ds has same sign as dq
heat addition (dq > 0) always entropy (ds > 0)
heat removal (dq < 0) always entropy (ds < 0)
Heat addition entropy towards maximum at M = 1 (c.f.
effects of friction in Fanno flow)
( )
p
dp
T
dT
c
ds
p
1
=
( )
V
dV
T
dT
c
ds
p
1 1
+ =
( )
V
dV
M
c
ds
p
2
1 =
( )
V
dq
dV dq
M
c
ds
p
2
1
=
( )
0
1
2
>
dV dq
M
3-17
Consider 2 points (stations) along the flow:
Using and , we get . Hence,
2
2 2 2
2
1 1 1
V p V p + = +
p
a =
2
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2
1 1
1 1 M p M p + = +
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
M
M
p
p
+
+
=
(3.10)
2
2
2
V
M
a
=
2 2
V p M =
3-18
Definition of stagnation pressure:
Heat addition or removal results in change in stagnation
pressure:
Substituting (3.10) into (3.11):
Continuity equation:
Perfect gas:
1
2
0
2
1
1
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
M
p
p
( ) | |
( )
( ) | |
( ) 1
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
01
02
2 1 1
2 1 1
+
+
=

M
M
p
p
p
p
| |
| |
( ) | |
( )
( ) | |
( ) 1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
01
02
2 1 1
2 1 1
1
1
+
+
+
+
=

M
M
M
M
p
p
2
1
1
2
V
V
=
2
1
1
2
1
2
T
T
p
p
=
(3.11)
(3.11a)
(3.12)
(3.13)
3-19
Combining equations (3.12) and (3.13),
Where
Substituting (3.15) and (3.10) into (3.14):
Substituting (3.16) and (3.10) into (3.13):
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
T
T
M
M
a
a
M
M
V
V
= =
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
M
M
M
M
T
T
+
+
=
( )
( )
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
M
M
M
M
V
V
+
+
=
( )
( )
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
M
M
M
M
+
+
=
(3.15)
(3.16)
(3.17)
(3.18)
1
2
1
2
1
2
V
V
p
p
T
T
= (3.14)
3-20
From (3.5), has same sign as
Adding heat (dq > 0) always moves M towards 1;
Removing heat (dq < 0) always moves M away from 1
T
0
maximum when M = 1
dq
0
dT
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
2 1
2
02
2 2
2 2
01 1
1 2
1
1 1 2
1 1 2
1
M M
M
T
T M
M M
+
(
+
=
(
+
+

(3.20)
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
2
0
2
1
1 M
T
T
( )
( )
2
2
02 2
2
01 1 1
1 1 2
1 1 2
M
T T
T T M
(
+
=
(
+

(3.19)
3-21
For any value of M
1
, RHS of (3.20) maximum when M
2
= 1:
( )
( )
( ) | | 2 1 1
1
1 2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1 01
max 0
M
M
M T
T
+
+
+
=
(3.21)
3-22
What about entropy?
Gibbs equation:
Using (3.16) and (3.10),
Heat added or removed:
Using (3.20),
1
2
1
2
1 2
ln ln
p
p
R
T
T
c s s
p
=
( ) 1
2 1 2 2
1 1
ln
p
s s T p
c T p
(
| |
(
=
|
(
\ .
(

( )
(
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2 1 2
1
1
ln
M
M
M
M
c
s s
p
( )
01 02
T T c q
p
=
1
01
02
01
=
T
T
T c
q
p
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
2 1
2
2 2
2 2
01 1
1 2
1
1 1 2
1
1 1 2
1 p
M M
M
q
c T M
M M
+
(
+
=
(
+
+

(3.22)
(3.23)
(3.23a)
3-23
Plot relationship between M
1
, M
2
and T
02
/T
01
[using (3.20)]:
T
02
/T
01
= 1 adiabatic flow
T
02
/T
01
> 1 heating T
02
/T
01
< 1 cooling
( )
1.4 =
3-24
Define reference state M* as M* =M
2
= 1 so that:
(3.16)
(3.10)
(3.17), (3.18)
(3.20)
(3.11a)
(3.22)
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
*
1
1
M
M
T
T
+
+
=
2 *
1
1
M p
p
+
+
=
( )
( )
2
2 *
*
1
1
M
M
V
V
+
+
= =
( ) ( ) | |
( )
2
2
2 2
*
0
0
1
2 1 1 1 2
M
M M
T
T

+
+ +
=
( ) ( )
( ) 1
2
2 *
0
0
1
2 1 1 2
1
1
+
+
+
+
=
M
M p
p
( )
(
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
+
1
2
2 *
1
1
ln
1 M
M
R
s s
(3.24)
(3.25)
(3.26)
(3.27)
(3.28)
(3.29)
3-25
Above property ratios tabulated for = 3.4 in Appendix F
and plotted on following graph:
https://engineering.purdue.edu/~wassgren/applet/java/comp_calculator/rayleigh_calculator.html
http://www.calctool.org/CALC/eng/aerospace/rayleigh_flow
http://www.engr.uky.edu/~jdjacob/me530/rayleigh.html
3-26
Amount of heat supplied to fluid manifested by increase
in stagnation temperature
Maximum value of T
0
/T
0
* occurs at M = 1, but T/T* is
maximum at . Using (3.24),
For , if q > 0,
static temperature of gas but stagnation temperature
V (continuity)
rate of in k.e. of gas > rate of heat supplied static enthalpy
and temperature
There exists a maximum amount of heat (or a maximum
stagnation temperature ratio given by (3.27)) that can be
supplied to a gas in a constant area frictionless duct
before thermal chocking occurs at M = 1
Effects of further heat transfer:
Subsonic flow: initial flow conditions change, mass flow rate
Supersonic flow: shock appears upstream in divergent part of
converging-diverging nozzle
1 = M
( )
1
4
1
2
*
max
>
+
=
T
T
1 1 < < M
3-27
Maximum heat supplied:
Using (3.27), in terms of M instead of T:
Rayleigh Line
Gibbs Equation:
In order to obtain a relationship between T and s we
need to eliminate p using conservation of mass and
linear momentum
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
1
01
*
0
1
01
max
1
T
T
T
T
T c
q
p
( )
( ) 1 2
1
2
1
2
2
1
max
1
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
M
M
T c
q
p
(3.30)
( )
* *
*
ln
1
ln
p
p
T
T
c
s s
p

=
(3.31)
3-28
Using (3.25),
Using (3.24) and (3.25),
Combining (3.32) and (3.33) to eliminate M:
Solving this quadratic equation for p/p*:
equation involving only T and s

1 1
*
2
|
|
.
|
\
| +
=
p
p
M
* *
1
T
T
M p
p
=
( )
*
*
2
*
1 1
T
T
p
p
p
p
=
(
+ |
.
|
\
|
( ) 0 1
* *
2
*
= + + |
.
|
\
|
T
T
p
p
p
p

( ) ( )
2
4 1
2
1
*
2
*
T T
p
p

+
=
( )
( ) ( )
(
(
+
=
2
4 1
2
1
ln
1
ln
*
2
*
*
T T
T
T
c
s s
p


(3.32)
(3.33)
(3.34)
(3.35)
3-29
Rayleigh line: Variation of T with s
Two enthalpy values (h) for each entropy value (s)
Upper (lower) portion of curve corresponds to subsonic
(supersonic) flow
Reversible heat
addition to gas in
either subsonic or
supersonic flow
entropy
Extreme right of curve
corresponds to
maximum heat that
can be supplied
(giving M = 1)
3-30
Combining (3.1) and (3.2):
At a point on extreme right of Rayleigh curve no
change in entropy as enthalpy changes:
From momentum equation (3.2):
Gibbs Equation:
Combining (3.2b) and (3.36):
2
dp dp
V V
d d
= =
s s
dp p p
V a
d
| | | | c c
= = =
| |
c c
\ . \ .
VdV
dp
=
dp
dh Tds =
VdV dh Tds + =
(3.2b)
(3.36)
1 M =
3-31
Assuming a perfect gas,
Using (3.7a),
Since :
dT
dV
V c
dT
ds
T
p
+ =
dT
dV
V c
T
ds
dT
p
+
=
2
2
1
V TR
R V
c
T
R
V
V
T
V c
T
ds
dT
p
p
+
=
(
(
(
+
=
( ) RT M V
2 2
=
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
M
M
c
T
M
RM
c
T
ds
dT
p
p
(3.37)
3-32
Equation (3.37) gives slope of Rayleigh curve on T-s
diagram.
When ,
When ,
Maximum point at
When M = 1, (maximum entropy)
When M > 1,
0 1 M < <
1 1 M < < 0 dT ds <
0 = ds dT 1 = M
ds dT
0 dT ds >
0 dT ds >
3-33
Heat addition entropy in both subsonic and supersonic flow
towards same entropy value heat interaction in one direction
cannot transform subsonic flow into supersonic or vice versa
For cooling, no choking is possible for subsonic and supersonic
flow
For M < 1, heat addition exceeding maximum amount leads to
thermal choking mass flow rate and initial Mach number
jump to a different Rayleigh line with reduced mass flow
h,T
3-34
Changes in flow variables due to heat interaction:
dq dT
0
dM dp dp
0
dV ds dT
M < 1 + + + - - + +
+ if
- if
M > 1 + + - + - - + +
M < 1 - - - + + - -
- if
+ if
M > 1 - - + - + + - -
1 < M
1 > M
1 < M
1 > M
3-35
Air flows steadily without friction through a constant-area
duct. At the duct inlet, M
1
= 0.40, T
1
= 300 K and
1
= 3.5
kg/m
3
. At the duct outlet, M
2
= 0.80. Determine the heat
addition per unit mass, the change in stagnation
pressure and temperature, the change in static pressure
and temperature and the entropy change for the
process.
Relevant values from tables:
Appendix A: Isentropic Flow Tables:
Appendix F: Rayleigh Line Flow:
M p/p
0
T/T
0
A/A
*
0.40 0.8956 0.9690 1.5901
0.80 0.6560 0.8865 1.0382
M T
0
/T
0
*
T/T
*
p/p
*
p
0
/p
0
*
V/V
*
0.40 0.52903 0.61515 1.9608 1.1566 0.31372
0.80 0.96394 1.02548 1.2658 1.01934 0.81012
Example 3.1
3-36
Same overall changes in properties whether heat is
added at one cross section (combustion flame front) or
distributed over length of CV (heat exchanger)
No difference between internal heat addition
(combustion reaction) or external heat addition (heat
exchanger)
3-37
Ts diagram for Fanno flow developed using continuity
and energy equations
Ts diagram for Rayleigh flow developed using
continuity and momentum equations
3-38
Fanno continuity and energy equations and Rayleigh
continuity and momentum equations are exactly identical
to continuity, momentum and energy equations for
normal shock wave
Locus of states before and after a normal shock appears
on Rayleigh and Fanno lines
Intersections of Rayleigh and Fanno lines (for same
mass flow rate) yield state points 1 and 2 for flow ahead
of and behind shock
Normal shock: 1 2
3-39
Introduction/Motivation
In the transport of a gas by non-insulated pipes or ducts
over long distances, the gas achieves thermal
equilibrium with the surroundings gas temperature
approximately constant (isothermal)
Long pipelines cannot neglect effects of friction (even
for small flow velocity)
Examine isothermal flow with friction in a constant area
duct in this section
3.2 Isothermal Flow with Friction in a Constant Area Duct
3-40
Question:
Does flow choking always occur at Mach 1 ?
3-41
Assumptions:
Steady flow
Gas composition does not change
( )
v p
c c =
3-42
Constant area duct:
Isothermal flow:
Conservation of mass:
P
w
: wetted perimeter
A: duct cross sectional area
0 = = dA A constant
0 = = dT T constant
0 = +
V
dV d
0 = + + VdV dx
A
P
dp
w
w
t
(3.38)
(3.39)
3-43
Conservation of energy (1st Law, SFEE) applied to
CV:
or
Equation of state:
Definition of Mach number (static temperature is
constant):
Relate wall shear stress t
w
to Darcy friction
factor f and hydraulic diameter D
H
:
VdV dq =
0
2
2
dT c
dV
dT c dq
p p
= + =
d
p
dp
=
V
dV
M
dM
=
2
8
1
V f
w
t =
w
H
P
A
D
4
=
(3.40)
(3.40a)
(3.41)
(3.42)
3-44
(3.39) becomes
Dividing (3.43) by p:
(3.38), (3.41) and (3.42) together yield
(3.44) thus becomes
0
2
2
= + + VdV dx
D
f V
dp
H
0
2
2
= + + dV
p
V
dx
D
f
p
V
p
dp
H

0
2
2
2
= + +
V
dV
M dx
D
f M
p
dp
H
M
dM
p
dp d
V
dV
= = =
( ) 0
2
1
2
2
= + dx
D
f M
M
p
dp
H
0
2 1
2
2
=
+ dx
D
f
M
M
p
dp
H

(3.43)
(3.44)
(3.45)
(3.46)
3-45
Hence, using (3.45) and (3.46):
Using (3.40) and (3.47):
Also since
using (3.47),
dx
D
f
M
M
M
dM
p
dp d
V
dV
H
2 1
2
2
= = = =
dx
D
f
M
M
V
dV
V
dq
H
2 1
2
2
2
= =
1 1
p
ds dT dp dp
c T p p

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
2
2
1
1 2
p H
ds M f
dx
c M D

| | | |
=
| |
\ .\ .
|
.
|
\
|

+ =
2
0
2
1
1 M T T

( )MdM T dT 1
0
=
(3.47)
(3.48)
(3.49)
3-46
Dividing the above two equations yield
Using (3.47), (3.50) becomes
Similarly,
Using (3.47), (3.52) becomes
( )
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
0
0
2
1
1
1
M
MdM
T
dT
( )
( )
dx
D
f
M M
M
T
dT
H
2
2
1
1 1
1
2 2
4
0
0
|
.
|
\
|

2
0
2
0
1
1
2
1
1
2
M
dp dM
p M
M
+
| |
|
\ .
=
| |
+
|
\ .
( )
dx
D
f
M M
M M
p
dp
H
2
2
1
1 1
2
1
1
2 2
2 2
0
0
|
.
|
\
|

+
|
.
|
\
|
+
(3.50)
(3.51)
(3.52)
(3.53)
3-47
appears in denominator of (3.47), (3.48), (3.49),
(3.51) and (3.53)
Property or variable increases or decreases depending
on whether is greater or less than unity
From (3.48), as
an infinite amount of heat would have to be
transferred to or removed from the flow to keep the
static temperature of the gas constant if M were to
reach
For isothermal flow, limiting state corresponds to
( )
2
1 M
2
M
dq M , 1
1
1 = M
3-48
Integrate rate of change of flow variables to obtain
change in flow variables over a specified length l
12
of
duct.
From (3.45),
Using (3.47),
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
M
M
p
p
V
V
= = =
dx
D
f
M
dM
M
dM
H
2
3
=
(3.54)
(3.55)
3-49
Integrating (3.55) between points 1 and 2:
Given M
1
M
2
from (3.54)
Since limiting value for M
2
is , maximum duct length
l
*
(or l
max
) in terms of initial Mach number M is given by
H
D
fl
M
M
M M 2
ln
2
1
2
1
12
1
2
2
2
2
1
=
|
|
.
|
\
|

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
, , V V p p M M
1
( )
*
2
1 1
ln
2 2 2
H
fl
M
M D
(
+ =
(

( )
H
D
fl
M
M
M
*
2
2
2
ln
1
= +
(

(3.56)
(3.57)
3-50
Given
Limiting Mach number . Hence, from (3.54),
are functions of M for a given
value of
H
D fl M
*
1
*
= M
M M
M
V
V
p
p

1
* *
* *
= = = =
* * * *
, , , V V p p D fl
H

(3.54a)
3-51
What about stagnation properties?
We have
Similarly,
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
*
0
0
M
T
T
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
*
0
0
2
1
1
1 3
2
M
T
T
( )
( ) 1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
* *
0
0
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|

+
=

M
p
p
p
p
( ) 1
2
*
0
0
2
1
1
1 3
2 1

(
|
.
|
\
|

+
M
M p
p
(3.58)
(3.59)
3-52
Above property ratios tabulated for = 1.4 in handout
(Appendix F1) and plotted on following graph:
https://engineering.purdue.edu/~wassgren/applet/java/comp_calculator/fanno_calculator.html
3-53
Technique for analyzing isothermal duct flow problems
with friction similar to that for Fanno flow problems,
except reference state * refers to for
isothermal flow and for Fanno flow
Changes in flow variables due to friction in isothermal
flow:
1
*
= M
1
*
= M
dM dV dp dT
0
d ds dp
0
+ + - + - + -
- - + - + -
+ if
- if
1 < M
1 > M
1
2
+
<
M
1
2
+
>
M
3-54
Example 3.2
Air flows steadily and isothermally through a pipeline of
diameter 0.1 m. At the inlet, the static pressure is 1.5
MPa and the Mach number is 0.2. The length of the
pipeline is 150 m and the average friction factor is
0.008. Determine
(a) the pressure and Mach number at the exit.
(b) the distance from the inlet where the static pressure
has dropped to 1 MPa.
(c) the maximum duct length for which isothermal flow is
possible.
(d) the exit Mach number and static pressure for part (c).
M P/P
*
T
0
/T
0
*
/
*
V/V
*
P
0
/P
0
*
fl
max
/D
0.20 4.22577 0.88200 4.22577 0.23664 2.72299 13.97474
0.30 2.81718 0.89075 2.81718 0.35496 1.87914 4.86503
0.38 2.22409 0.90027 2.22409 0.44962 1.53977 2.34788
0.40 2.11289 0.90300 2.11289 0.47329 1.47837 1.96818
3-55
In this section, we will examine compressible
flow involving both area change and heat
interaction
Application example: exhaust of combustion
gases through rocket nozzle
3.3 Flow in a Variable Area Frictionless Duct with Heat Interaction
3-56
Question:
In a converging-diverging nozzle, is the sonic point
(M = 1) always located at the throat?
3-57
Assumptions:
Steady flow
Flow is inviscid, negligible wall friction
Flow and heat interaction occur reversibly
( )
v p
c c =
3-58
Conservation of mass:
(Flow is frictionless )
pressure force on curved wall
Neglecting second-order terms,
Conservation of energy
(1st Law, SFEE) applied to CV:
,
where
0 = + +
V
dV
A
dA d
0 =
w
t
( )( )
2
dp
pA p dA p dp A dA VAdV
| |
+ + + + =
|
\ .
0 = + VdV dp
0
dT c dq
p
=
p
c
VdV
dT dT + =
0
(3.60)
(3.61)
(3.62)
(3.63)
3-59
Perfect gas equation of state:
Combining (3.61) and (3.64),
Using , we have
Applying (3.60), we have
T
dT d
p
dp
+ =
0 = + +
p
VdV
T
dT d
p a =
2
0
2
= + +
V
dV M
T
dT d
( ) 0 1
2
= + +
V
dV
M
T
dT
A
dA
(3.64)
(3.65)
3-60
From definition of Mach number,
To first-order accuracy,
(3.65) thus becomes
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
|
.
|
\
|
+
M
dM
T
dT
RT M
V
dV
V 2 1 2 1
2
M
dM
T
dT
V
dV
+ =
2
1
( ) 0 1
2
1
2
2
= +
+
+
M
dM
M
T
dT M
A
dA
(3.66)
( ) ( ) ( ) dT T R dM M dV V + + = +
2 2
RT M a M V
2 2 2 2
= =
3-61
Combining (3.66) and (3.67) to eliminate dT/T gives
or
0
2
1
1
1
2
1
1 2
1
2
2
2
2
=
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
+
M
dM
M
M
T c
dq
M
M
A
dA
p
0
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
0
0
2
=
+
+
+
M
dM
M
M
T
dT M
A
dA
Effect of Area
Change
Effect of Heat
Interaction
(3.68)
(3.68a)
From stagnation temperature:
And therefore:
Using (3.62), we have
( ) ( )
(
+ + = +
2
0 0
2
1
1 dM M dT T dT T
( )
M
dM
M
T
dT
M
T
dT
2 2
0
1
2
1
1 +
(

+ =
( )
M
dM
M
T
dT
M
T c
dq
p
2 2
1
2
1
1 +
(
+ =
(3.67)
|
.
|
\
|

+ =
2
0
2
1
1 M T T

3-62
If dq = 0 variable area isentropic flow
M = 1 dA = 0 even if dM 0 (i.e. Mach number is
neither a maximum nor a minimum)
point at which M = 1 in a flow corresponds to point
at which area is a minimum throat in
converging-diverging isentropic nozzle
If dq 0, from (3.68), M = 1 occurs when
dq > 0 dA > 0 when M = 1 (heat addition: M = 1
occurs when flow is diverging)
dq < 0 dA < 0 when M = 1 (heat removal: M = 1
occurs when flow is converging)
When dq 0, section at which M = 1 does not coincide
with section of minimum flow area (throat)
0
p
dA dq
A c T
+ = (3.69)
p
dA dq
A c T
=
3-63
In general, analytical solutions not available numerical
integration is required
For flow in a variable area frictionless duct with heat
interaction, to achieve a constant value of M (dM = 0),
(3.68a) becomes
Area change dA/A either + or -, depending on direction of
heat transfer
0
0
2
2
1
T
dT M
A
dA +
=

3-64
In previously considered flows mass flow rate was
constant at each cross section of flow
Now we analyse compressible flows where mass
addition (or removal) occurs
Application examples:
Solid propellant rocket motors
Film cooling of turbine blades
3-65
Question:
Is M the limit of mass addition?
3-66
Fluid of mass is injected into CV at velocity V
inj
inclined at angle
inj
with main stream:
inj
m d
3-67
Assumptions:
One-dimensional flow not a very good assumption in
general, but use here for simplicity
Steady flow
Flow is inviscid,
negligible wall friction
No area change
No heat transfer
No shaft work
No significant elevation changes
Simple mass addition injected fluid has same
composition and stagnation enthalpy as main stream
Main stream and added stream mix completely mixed

stream leaves CV with uniform properties
( )
v p
c c =
0 0
h h
inj
=
0 0
T T
inj
=
3-68
Conservation of Mass:
But
Conservation of Linear Momentum in x-direction:
Noting that ,
Substituting the following:
( ) 0 = +
inj
m d m m d m
inj
m d m d =
( ) V Ad m d =
V
dV d
m
m d
+ =
( )( ) ( )
cos
inj inj inj
m dm V dV mV dm V pA p dp A o + + = +
cos
inj inj inj
Vdm mdV dm V dpA o + =
inj
m d m d =
( )
0
cos
= +
+
VA
dV m V
VA
m d V V V
dp
inj inj
AV m =
inj
inj
V
V
r o cos =
,
(3.70)
3-69
Hence,
Conservation of Energy:
Gibbs Equation:
Since from (3.72),
( ) 0 1
2
= + +
m
m d
r V VdV dp

( )( )
0 0 0 0 0 0 inj inj
mh dm h mh dmh m dm h dh + = + = + +
0
0
= dh
0
0
= dT
p
dp
RT dT c
dp
dh Tds
p
= =
0
0
0
0
p
dp
R
T
dT
c
p
dp
R
T
dT
c ds
p p
= =
0
0
= dT
0
0
1
p
ds dp
c p
=
(3.71)
(3.72)
(3.73)
3-70
Perfect Gas:
RT p =
T
dT d
p
dp
+ =
RT
V
M
=
T
dT
V
dV
M
dM
2
=
|
.
|
\
|

+ =
2
0
2
1
1 M T T

M
dM
M
M
T
dT
T
dT 2
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
0
0
+ =
1
2
0
2
1
1

|
.
|
\
|

+ =

M
p
p
M
dM
M
M
p
dp
p
dp 2
2
1
1
2
2
2
0
0
+
+ =

(3.74)
(3.75)
(3.76)
(3.77)
3-71
(3.70) to (3.77) are a system of 8 equations containing 9
variables:
and
select as the independent variable express the
other 8 dependent variables in terms of :
0
0
0
0
, , , , , , ,
p
dp
T
dT
m
m d
V
dV
M
dM
T
dT d
p
dp
p
c
ds
m
m d
m
m d
( )
m
m d
r r M
M
M
p
dp
+
|
.
|
\
|
= 1
2
1
1 2
1
2
2
2

( ) | |
m
m d
M r M
M
d
2 2
2
1
1
1

=
(3.78)
(3.79)
(3.80)
( )
2
2 2
2
1
1
2
1
1
M
dM dm
M r M
M M m
| |
+
|
(
= +
|

|
\ .
3-72
Trends in (3.78) (3.85) depend on , r and M
From (3.83), p
0
if r < 1 and p
0
if r > 1 for
From (3.85), s if r < 1 and s if r > 1 for
( )
( ) | |
m
m d
M r M
M
M
T
dT
2 2
2
2
1
1
1

=
( ) | |
m
m d
M r M
M V
dV
2 2
2
1
1
1
+
=
( ) | |
2
1 1
P
ds dm
M r
c m
=
| |
2
0
0
1
dp dm
M r
p m
=
0
0
= dT
(3.81)
(3.82)
(3.83)
(3.84)
(3.85)
m
m d
0 > m d
0 > m d
3-73
For r < 1, all factors containing r [in square brackets] are
positive so that for mass addition ( ):
Opposite trends occur for mass removal ( )
Flow choking is possible with mass addition ( )
since M 1 for both subsonic and supersonic flows
continuous transition from subsonic to supersonic flow is
impossible by solely adding mass
For r = 0 (added flow enters normal to main stream)
(3.78) (3.85) become exact differentials integrating
using sonic conditions (denoted by superscript *) as
reference state gives:
0 > m d
dM dp d dT dV dp
0
ds
M < 1 + - - - + - +
M > 1 - + + + - - +
0 < m d
0 > m d
3-74
( )
2
1
2
2 *
2
1
1 1 2
1
(
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+
= M
M
M
m
m
2 *
1
1
M p
p
+
+
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
2
2 *
2
1
1
1
2
M
M
1
2
*
2
1
1
1
2

(
|
.
|
\
|

+
+
= M
T
T
2
1
2
*
2
1
1
1
2
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
= M M
V
V
1
2
2 *
0
0
2
1
1
1
2
1
1

(
|
.
|
\
|

+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+
=

M
M p
p
1
*
0
0
=
T
T
*
0
0
*
ln
p
p
R
s s
=

(3.86)
(3.87)
(3.88)
(3.89)
(3.90)
(3.91)
(3.92)
(3.93)
for r = 0:
3-75
- Above property ratios tabulated for = 1.4 in handout
(Appendix F2) and plotted on following graph:
(r = 0)
3-76
mass flow rate required for M = 1 represents
limit of mass addition for subsonic or supersonic flow
Distance over which mass injection occurs is immaterial
Relationship between T and s may be found by
considering (3.89), (3.91) and (3.93)
*
m
(r = 0)
3-77
Movement is to the right (in direction of s) on h-s
diagram for mass addition and to the left (in direction of
s) for mass removal c.f. Fanno and Rayleigh lines,
which are for constant mass flow rates
Sonic state occurs at point of maximum s
Unlike Fanno and Rayleigh lines that possess
unbounded (negative) values of entropy for low M,
stagnation state (M = 0) for simple mass addition occurs
at finite s
3-78
Air with initial stagnation conditions of 300 K and 1 MPa
flows at a Mach number of 0.4 at the entrance to a
constant-area, porous-walled duct. During passage through
the duct, the mass flow rate is increased by 30%.
Determine the exit Mach number, static and stagnation
pressures and temperatures.
Appendix F2: Simple Mass Addition Normal to Main Stream
Appendix A: Isentropic Flow Tables:
Example 3.3
M p/p
*
/
*
T/T
*
V/V
*
p
0
/p
0
*
0.40 1.96078 1.68627 1.16279 0.43133 1.15658 0.72734
0.68 1.45688 1.32634 1.09842 0.71268 1.04890 0.94525
0.70 1.42349 1.30249 1.09290 0.73179 1.04310 0.95315
*
/ m m
M p/p
0
T/T
0
A/A
*
0.68 0.7338 0.9153 1.1097
0.69 0.7274 0.9131 1.1018
3-79
Previously considered simple flows where there is only
one independent parameter affecting the flow (e.g. area
change, friction, heat interaction, or mass addition)
Now analyse flows where several independent
parameters are involved
Dependent flow variables can be expressed as a sum of
the separate effects of the independent variables
3-80
Assumptions:
Steady flow
Perfect gas with
constant specific
heats and
Gas composition
does not change
Flow and heat
interaction occur
reversibly
( )
v p
c c =
3-81
Control volume exchanges heat and work with
surroundings
Drag force dX exerted by a body inserted in flow
Fluid of mass is injected across CV at velocity V
i
inclined at angle
i
with main stream
Conservation of Mass:
Q
o W
o
i
m d
( ) 0 = +
i
m d m m d m
( )
= =
i
m d AV d m d
V
dV
A
dA d
m
m d
+ + =
(3.94)
3-82
Conservation of Linear Momentum in x-direction:
Substituting the following:
and dividing (3.95) throughout by pA:
( )( )
( ) ( )( )
cos
2
i i i
w w
m dm V dV mV dmV
pA p dp dA p dp A dA dA dX
o
t
+ +
= + + + + (

dX dA Adp V m d dV m m Vd
w w i i i
= +

t o cos
AV m =
2 4
2
V f
w
t =
4
w w
H
A
dA P dx dx
D
= =
i
i i
r
V
V
=
o cos
2 2
pM V =
0 2 2
2
2 2
2
2
= + +
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +

m
m d
M
V
dV
M
m
m d r
pAM
dX
D
fdx M
p
dp
i i
H

,
,
, ,
(3.95a)
,
(3.95)
3-83
Conservation of Energy:
Dividing by and neglecting second order terms,
Noting that ,
can be used to
measure and replace the heat, work and
stagnation enthalpy terms on
LHS of (3.96)
( ) ( )
( )
(
+
+ + + + =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
2 2 2
2
2 2
dV V
dh h m d m W
V
h m
V
h m Q
i
i i

o o
m
2 2 2
0 0
2 2 2
i i
i p
dm V dm V dV
q w h h dh dh c dT
m m
o o
| | | |
+ + + = + = =
| |
\ . \ .
=
i
m d m d
0
0
0
2 2
2
T
dT
T c
V V
h h
m
m d
w q
p
i
i
i
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +

o o
0 0
T dT
(3.96)
3-84
Gibbs Equation:
Perfect Gas Equation of State:
Definition of
stagnation temperature:
p
dp
RT dT c
dp
dh Tds
p
= =
p
dp
T
dT
c
ds
p
1
=
RT p =
T
dT d
p
dp
+ =
RT
V
M
=
T
dT
V
dV
M
dM
2
=
|
.
|
\
|

+ =
2
0
2
1
1 M T T

M
dM
M
M
T
dT
T
dT 2
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
0
0
+ =

(3.97)
(3.98)
(3.99)
(3.100)
3-85
(3.94), (3.95a) and (3.97) to (3.101) are a system of 7
equations containing 11 variables:
and
The 7 equations can be solved simultaneously in terms
of the following 4 independent variables, or driving
potentials:
1
2
0
2
1
1
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
M
p
p
M
dM
M
M
p
dp
p
dp 2
2
1
1
2
2
2
0
0
+
+ =
p
c
ds
p
dp
T
dT
A
dA
m
m d
V
dV
M
dM
T
dT d
p
dp
, , , , , , , , ,
0
0
0
0
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
m
m d r
pAM
dX
D
fdx
i i
H
2
2
2
m
m d
T
dT
m
m d r
pAM
dX
D
fdx
A
dA
i i
H

, ,
2
2
,
0
0
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
+

(3.101)
3-86
Change in
Flow
Property
Driving Potentials
0
0
M
dM
p
dp
d
T
dT
V
dV
0
0
p
dp
p
c
ds
A
dA
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
m
m d r
pAM
dX
D
fdx
i i
H
2
2
2
0
0
T
dT
m
m d
2
2
1
1 M
+ = +

2
1 M
+
2
2
1 M
M
2
2
1 M
M
( )
2
2
1
1
M
M

2
1
1
M
( )
2
2
1 2 M
M
+
( ) | |
( )
2
2 2
1 2
1 1
M
M M

( )
2
2
1 2 M
M
( )
( )
2
4
1 2
1
M
M

( )
2
2
1 2 M
M
2
2
M
( )
2
1
2
M
( )
( )
2
2
1 2
1
M
M
+ +
2
2
1 M
M
2
1 M
+
( )
2
2
1
1
M
M
+
2
1 M
+
2
2
M
+
( )
2
2
1
1
M
M
+ +
2
2
1
2
M
M

( )
2
2
1
1
M
M
( ) ( )
2
2 2
1
1 1
M
M M

2
2
1
1
M
M
+
2
M
( )
2
1 M
Note:
3-87
Terms in table are referred to as influence coefficients,
which are solely functions of and M
Influence coefficients represent the partial derivative of
dependent variables with respect to independent
variables
Example:
( )
( )
( )
( )
m
m d
M
M
T
dT
M
M
m
m d r
pAM
dX
D
fdx
M
M
A
dA
M M
dM
i i
H
2
2
0
0
2
2
2 2
2
2
1
1
1 2
1
2
2
1 2
1
+ +
+
+ +
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
+
+
=
Can solve for

Mach number
variation by
numerical
integration
3-88
Possible to extract trends from influence coefficients:
If ,
For subsonic flow (1 - M
2
> 0) dM < 0 M
For supersonic flow (1 - M
2
< 0) dM > 0 M
If ,
For subsonic flow (1 - M
2
> 0) dM > 0 M
For supersonic flow (1 - M
2
< 0) dM < 0 M
If ,
dM = 0 M does not change
Sonic conditions (M = 1) can only occur when = 0, otherwise
( )
( )
+ +
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+
=
m
m d
M
T
dT M
m
m d r
pAM
dX
D
fdx M
A
dA
M M
dM
i i
H
2
0
0
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
+
=
2
1 M M
dM
0 < A
0 > A
0 = A
dM
3-89
A perfect gas flows through a variable area frictionless
duct with heat addition. Using the method of influence
coefficients, obtain an expression for the variation in
Mach number M of the flow with the variation in duct
area A and stagnation temperature T
0
. Under what
conditions does the flow become sonic? Compare your
results to those obtained previously.
Example 3.4

ME3232 Part2 Chapter3

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ME3232 Part2 Chapter3

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3-1

ME3232 Compressible Flow

3.1 Flow with Heat Interaction in a Constant Area Frictionless Duct

3.1 Flow with Heat Interaction in a Constant Area Frictionless Duct

3.1 Flow with Heat Interaction in a Constant Area Frictionless Duct

3.2 Isothermal Flow with Friction in a Constant Area Duct

3.3 Flow in a Variable Area Frictionless Duct with Heat Interaction

Main stream and added stream mix completely mixed

3.4 Flow with Mass Addition

Can solve for

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