LTE- SINGLE CARRIER FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

Saumil S. Shah
Electrical & Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute Of Technology, Newark, USA 07102 Email: sss84@njit.edu

Atit R. Patel
Telecommunication Engineering New Jersey Institute Of Technology, Newark, USA 07102 Email: arp55@njit.edu SC-FDMA has drawn great attention as an attractive alternative to OFDMA, especially in the uplink communications where low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) greatly benefits the mobile terminal in terms of transmit power efficiency and manufacturing cost. SC-FDMA is currently a working assumption for the uplink multiple access scheme in 3rd Generation Partnership Project Long Term. 1.2 3GPP Long Term Evolution: 3GPPs work on the evolution of the 3G mobile system started with the Radio Access Network (RAN) Evolution workshop in November 2004. Operators, manufacturers, and research institutes presented more than 40 contributions with views and proposals on the evolution of the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) which is the foundation for UMTS/WCDMA systems. They identified a set of high level requirements at the workshop; reduced cost per bit, increased service provisioning, flexibility of the use of existing and new frequency bands, simplified architecture and open interfaces, and allow for reasonable terminal power consumption. The objective was to develop a framework for the evolution of the 3GPP radio access technology towards a highdata-rate, low-latency, and packet-optimized radio access technology. The study focused on means to support flexible transmission bandwidth of up to 20 MHz, introduction of new transmission schemes, advanced multi-antenna technologies, signaling optimization, identification of the optimum UTRAN network architecture, and functional split between RAN network nodes. The first part of the study resulted in an agreement on the requirements for the Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN). Key aspects of the requirements are as follows. Peak data rate: Instantaneous downlink peak data rate of 100 Mbps within a 20MHz downlink spectrum allocation (5 bps/Hz) and instantaneous uplink peak data rate of 50 Mbps (2.5 bps/Hz) within a 20 MHz uplink spectrum allocation.

Abstract Single Carrier FDMA has been recently considered as a promising uplink transmission Scheme for next generation mobile communications due to its low peak-to-average power ratio. In this project we investigate the SC-FDMA modulation, uplink reference signals, PAPR analysis and comparison between OFDM and SC-FDMA signal. And simulations are given to support the use of SC-FDMA in uplink.

Introduction
1.1 SC-FDMA

Single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) is a frequencydivision multiple access scheme. Like other multiple access schemes (TDMA, FDMA, CDMA, OFDMA), it deals with the assignment of multiple users to a shared communication resource. Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) is a promising technique for high data rate uplink communication and has been adopted by 3GPP for it next generation cellular system, called Long-Term Evolution (LTE). SC-FDMA is a modified form of OFDM with similar throughput performance and complexity. This is often viewed as DFT-coded OFDM where time-domain data symbols are transformed to frequency-domain by a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) before going through the standard OFDM modulation. Thus, SC-FDMA inherits all the advantages of OFDM over other well-known techniques such as TDMA and CDMA. The major problem in extending GSM TDMA and wideband CDMA to broadband systems is the increase in complexity with the multipath signal reception. The distinguishing feature of SC-FDMA is that it leads to a singlecarrier transmit signal, in contrast to OFDMA which is a multi-carrier transmission scheme which makes it suitable for broadband systems. In SC-FDMA as well as OFDM, equalization is achieved on the receiver side after the FFT calculation, by multiplying each Fourier coefficient by a complex number. The advantage is that FFT and frequency domain equalization requires less computation power than the conventional timedomain equalization.

 Control-plane capacity: At least 200 users per cell should be supported in the active state for spectrum allocations up to 5 MHz User-plane latency: Less than 5 ms in an unloaded condition (i.e. single user with single data stream) for small IP packet. Mobility: E-UTRAN should be optimized for low mobile speed from 0 to 15km/h. higher mobile speeds between 15 and 120 km/h should be supported with high performance. Mobility across the cellular network shall be maintained at speeds from 120 to 350 km/h (or even up to 500 km/h depending on the frequency band). Coverage: Throughput, spectrum efficiency, and mobility targets should be met for 5 km cells and with a slight degradation for 30 km cells. Cells ranging up to100 km should not be precluded. Enhanced multimedia broadcast multicast service (EMBMS). Spectrum flexibility: E-UTRA shall operate in spectrum allocations of different sizes including 1.25 MHz, 1.6 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, and 20MHz in both uplink and downlink. Architecture and migration: Packet-based single EUTRAN architecture with provision to support systems supporting real-time and conversational class traffic and support for an end-to-end quality-of-service (QoS). Radio resource management: Enhanced support for end-to-end QoS, efficient support for transmission of higher layers, and support of load sharing and policy management across different radio access technologies. LTE is a next generation mobile system from the 3GPP with a focus on wireless broadband. LTE is based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) with cyclic prefix (CP) in the downlink, and on Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) with cyclic prefix in the uplink. It supports both FDD and TDD duplex modes for transmission on paired and unpaired spectrum. Supported downlink data modulation schemes are QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM, and possible uplink data modulation schemes are p/2-shiftedBPSK, QPSK, 8PSK and 16QAM. They agreed the use of Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) scheme with possibly up to four antennas at the mobile side and four antennas at the base station. SC-FDMA Modulation 2.1 Modulation symbol mapping The transmitter of an SC-FDMA system converts a binary input signal to a sequence of modulated subcarriers. To do so, it performs the signal processing operations shown in the Figure. Signal processing is repetitive in a few different time intervals. Resource assignment takes place in transmit time intervals (TTIs). In 3GPP LTE, a typical TTI is 0.5 ms. The TTI is further divided into time intervals referred to as

blocks. A block is the time used to transmit all of subcarriers once. At the input to the transmitter a baseband modulator transforms the binary input to a multilevel sequence of complex numbers Xn in one of several possible modulation formats including Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), quaternary PSK (QPSK), 16-level Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16-QAM) and 64-QAM. The system adapts the modulation format, and thereby the transmission bit rate, to match the current channel conditions of each terminal.

Fig.1 SC-FDMA Transmitter & Receiver 2.2 DFT Processing The transmitter next groups the modulation symbols, Xn into blocks each containing N symbols. The first step in modulating the SC-FDMA subcarriers is to perform an Npoint discrete Fourier transform (DFT), to produce a frequency domain representation Xk of the input symbols.

Fig.2 Domain Transformation

2.3 Sub Carrier Mapping DFT output of the data symbols is mapped to a subset of subcarriers, a process called subcarrier mapping. The subcarrier mapping assigns DFT output complex values as the amplitudes of some of the selected subcarriers. Subcarrier mapping can be classified into two types: Localized mapping and Distributed mapping. In localized mapping, the DFT outputs are mapped to a subset of consecutive sub-carriers thereby confining them to only a fraction of the system bandwidth. In distributed mapping, the DFT outputs of the input data are assigned to subcarriers over the entire bandwidth non-continuously, resulting in zero amplitude for the remaining subcarriers. A special case of distributed SC-FDMA is called interleaved SC-FDMA, where the occupied subcarriers are equally spaced over the entire bandwidth. Figure 3 is a general picture of localized and distributed mapping.

SC-FDMA inherently offers frequency diversity gain over the standard OFDM, as all information data is spread over multiple subcarriers by the DFT mapper. However, the distributed SC-FDMA is more robust with respect to frequency selective fading and offers additional frequency diversity gain, since the information is spread across the entire system bandwidth. Localized SC-FDMA in combination with channel-dependant scheduling can potentially offer multi-user diversity in frequency selective channel conditions.

Fig.4 Subcarrier Mapping Example 2.4 IDFT Processing An M-point inverse DFT (IDFT) transforms the subcarrier amplitudes to a complex time domain signal Xm. Each Xm then modulates a single frequency carrier and all the modulated symbols are transmitted sequentially. The data samples are processed with DFT and IDFT are shown in the Figure 5. Fig.3 Localized mapping Vs. Distributed mapping It maps each of the N-DFT outputs to one of the M(> N) orthogonal subcarriers that can be transmitted. As in OFDMA, a typical value of M is 256 subcarriers and N = M/Q is an integer sub multiple of M. Q is the bandwidth expansion factor of the symbol sequence. If all terminals transmit N symbols per block, the system can handle Q simultaneous transmissions without co-channel interference. The result of the subcarrier mapping is the set X l (l = 0, 1, 2 M 1) of complex subcarrier amplitudes, where N of the amplitudes are non-zero. An example of subcarrier mapping is shown in Figure 4. The example assumes three users sharing 12 subcarriers. Each user has a block of four data symbols to transmit at a time. The DFT output of the data block has four complex frequency domain samples, which are mapped over 12 subcarriers using different mapping schemes.

Fig.5 Time domain samples

2.5 Cyclic Prefix The transmitter performs two other signal processing operations prior to transmission. It inserts a set of symbols referred to as a cyclic prefix (CP) in order to provide a guard time to prevent inter-block interference (IBI) due to multipath propagation. The transmitter also performs a linear filtering operation referred to as pulse shaping in order to reduce outof-band signal energy. In general, CP is a copy of the last part of the block, which is added at the start of each block for a couple of reasons. First, CP acts as a guard time between successive blocks. If the length of the CP is longer than the maximum delay spread of the channel, or roughly, the length of the channel impulse response, then, there is no IBI. Second, since CP is a copy of the last part of the block, it converts a discrete time linear convolution into a discrete time circular convolution. Thus transmitted data propagating through the channel can be modeled as a circular convolution between the channel impulse response and the transmitted data block, which in the frequency domain is a point wise multiplication of the DFT frequency samples. Then, to remove the channel distortion, the DFT of the received signal can simply be divided by the DFT of the channel impulse response point-wise or a more sophisticated frequency domain equalization technique can be implemented. 2.6 Localized vs. Distributed method The table below shows a general comparison between localized and distributed FDMA.

Uplink Reference Signals The LTE Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) uplink incorporates Reference Signals (RSs) for data demodulation and channel sounding. De-Modulation RS (DM RS), associated with transmissions of uplink data on the Physical Uplink Shared CHannel (PUSCH) and/or control signaling on the Physical Uplink Control CHannel (PUCCH).1 These RSs are primarily used for channel estimation for coherent demodulation. Sounding RS (SRS), not associated with uplink data and/or control transmissions, and primarily used for channel quality determination to enable frequency-selective scheduling on the uplink. The uplink RSs are time-multiplexed with the data symbols. The DM RSs of a given UE (User Equipment) occupy the same bandwidth (i.e. the same Resource Blocks (RBs)) as its PUSCH/PUCCH data transmission. Thus, the allocation of orthogonal (in frequency) sets of RBs to different UEs for data transmission automatically ensures that their DM RSs are also orthogonal to each other. The SRSs, if configured by higher layer signaling, are transmitted on the last SC-FDMA symbol in a sub frame; SRS can occupy a bandwidth different from that used for data transmission. UEs transmitting SRS in the same sub frame can be multiplexed via either Frequency or Code Division Multiplexing (FDM or CDM respectively) Desirable characteristics for the uplink RSs include: Constant amplitude in the frequency domain for equal excitation of all the allocated Sub carriers for unbiased channel estimates. Low Cubic Metric (CM) in the time domain (at worst no higher than that of the data transmissions, while a lower CM for RSs than the data can be beneficial in enabling the transmission power of the RSs to be boosted at the cell-edge). Good autocorrelation properties for accurate channel estimation. Good cross-correlation properties between different RSs to reduce interference from RSs transmitted on the same resources in other (or, in some cases, the same) cells. PAPR Analysis of SC-FDMA In this section, we analyze the PAPR of the SCFDMA signal. We use the notation in Figure 5 and assume that the total number of subcarriers is M = Q * N, where N is the number of subcarriers per block. The integer Q is the maximum number of terminals that can transmit simultaneously. For distributed subcarrier mapping, we consider the case of IFDMA with subcarriers equally spaced over the system bandwidth.

Table 1 Comparison between Localized and Distributed FDMA

3.1 Definition The PAPR is defined as the ratio of peak power to average power of the transmitted signal in a given transmission block. Without pulse shaping, that is, using rectangular pulse shaping, symbol rate sampling will give the same PAPR as the continuous time domain case since an SCFDMA signal is modulated over a single carrier. C= |X|(peak) Xrms To evaluate PAPR of individual system configurations, we have simulated the transmission of 105 blocks of symbols. After calculating PAPR for each block, we present the data as an empirical CCDF (Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function). The CCDF is the probability that PAPR is higher than a certain PAPR value PAPR0 (Pr{PAPR >PAPR0}). Our simulations apply to 256 subcarriers in a transmission bandwidth of 5 MHz. The data block size is N = 64 and the spreading factor is Q = M/N = 4. We used 8 times oversampling to calculate PAPR for each block when pulse shaping is considered. To evaluate the effects of pulse shaping on SC-FDMA, we convolved each transmitted symbol waveform with a raised cosine pulse truncated from 6T to +6T, where T seconds is the symbol duration. No pulse shaping was applied in the case OFDMA. The impulse response of a raised cosine filter is,

First, in the case of no pulse shaping, the PAPR of IFDMA is 10.5 dB lower than the PAPR of OFDMA for QPSK modulation. The difference is 7 dB for 16-QAM. The PAPR of LFDMA is lower than the PAPR of OFDMA by 3 dB for QPSK. The difference is 2 dB for 16-QAM. Therefore LFDMA has 7.5 dB higher PAPR than IFDMA with QPSK and 5 dB higher PAPR for 16-QAM. With raised-cosine pulse shaping with roll off factor of 0.5, PAPR increases significantly for IFDMA whereas PAPR of LFDMA hardly increases.

Fig.7 PAPR analysis of IFDMA, LFDMA & OFDMA with M=256 sub carriers, N= 64 subcarrier per users, roll off factor of 0.5 a) QPSK b) 16 QAM Figure 6&7 also shows that raised-cosine pulse shaping is more harmful in terms of PAPR for IFDMA than it is for LFDMA. As the roll off factor increases from 0 to 1 (progressively less roll off), PAPR decreases significantly for IFDMA. This implies that there is a tradeoff between PAPR performance and out-of-band radiation since out-of-band radiation increases with increasing roll off factor. We also relate the PAPR to RF transmit power amplifier efficiency. In an ideal linear power amplifier where linear amplification is achieved up to the saturation point, maximum power efficiency is achieved when the amplifier is operating at the saturation point. To prevent distortion in the presence of PAPR, transmit power back off is needed to operate the power amplifier in the linear region. Together, Figures shows that SC-FDMA signals indeed have lower PAPR than OFDMA signals. Also, LFDMA incurs higher PAPR compared to IFDMA but, compared to OFDMA; it is lower, though not significantly. Another noticeable fact is that pulse shaping significantly increases the PAPR of IFDMA. A pulse shaping filter should be designed carefully in order to limit the PAPR without degrading the system performance. In general, IFDMA is more desirable than LFDMA in terms of PAPR and power efficiency. However, in terms of system throughput, we will show in the next section that LFDMA is clearly superior when channel-dependent scheduling is utilized.

Where the parameter (0 1) is referred to as the roll off factor. Lower values of introduce more pulse shaping and more suppression of out-of-band- signal components. 3.2 Analysis Figure 6&7 contains plots of the distribution of PAPR for IFDMA, LFDMA, and OFDMA. For each example, we observe the PAPR value that is exceeded with probability less than 0.1%

Fig.6 PAPR analysis of IFDMA, LFDMA with M=256 sub carriers, N= 64 subcarrier per users, roll off factor of 0 to 1 a) QPSK b) 16 QAM

4.0 Similarities and Dissimilarities between OFDM and SCFDMA: It has much in common with SC-FDMA. The only difference is the presence of the DFT in SC-FDMA. For this reason SCFDMA is sometimes referred to as DFT-spread or DFT-coded OFDMA. Other similarities between the two include: block-based data modulation and processing, division of the transmission bandwidth into narrower sub-bands, frequency domain channel equalization process, and the use of CP. There are distinct differences in transmitter as well as receiver that make the two systems perform differently as illustrated in Figure8. In the receiver, OFDM performs data detection on a per-subcarrier basis in the frequency domain whereas SC/FDE does it in the time domain after the additional IDFT operation. Because of this difference, OFDM is more sensitive to a null in the channel spectrum and it requires channel coding or power/rate control to overcome this deficiency.

4.1 OFDMA advantages and disadvantages The primary advantage of OFDM is its resistance to the damaging effects of multipath delay spread (fading) in the radio channel. Without multipath protection, the symbols in the received signal can overlap in time, leading to intersymbol interference (ISI). In OFDM systems designed for use in multipath environments, ISI can be avoided by inserting a guard period, known as the cyclic prefix (CP), between each transmitted data symbol. The CP is a copy of the end of the symbol inserted at the beginning. By sampling the received signal at the optimum time, the receiver can avoid all ISI caused by delay spread up to the length of the CP. OFDM has two big disadvantages when compared to single carrier systems. First, as the number of subcarriers increases, the composite time-domain signal starts to look like Gaussian noise, which has a high peak-to-average ratio (PAR) that can cause problems for amplifiers. Allowing the peaks to distort is unacceptable because this causes spectral regrowth in the adjacent channels. Modifying an amplifier to avoid distortion often requires increases in cost, size and power consumption. There exist techniques to limit the peaks (e.g., clipping and tone reservation*) but all have limits and can consume significant processing power while degrading inchannel signal quality. The other main disadvantage of OFDM systems is caused by tight spacing of subcarriers. To minimize the lost efficiency caused by inserting the CP, it is desirable to have very long symbols, which means closely spaced subcarriers; however, apart from increasing the required processing, close subcarriers start to lose their orthogonally (independence from each other)due to frequency errors. 4.2 Comparing OFDMA and SC-FDMA Figure 10 shows how a series of QPSK symbols are mapped into time and frequency by the two different modulation schemes. Rather than using OFDM, we will now shift to the term OFDMA, which stands for orthogonal frequency-division multiple accesses. OFDMA is simply an elaboration of OFDM used by LTE and other systems that increases system flexibility by multiplexing multiple users onto the same subcarriers. This can benefit the efficient trunking of many low-rate users onto a shared channel as well as enable per-user frequency hopping to mitigate the effects of narrowband fading. For clarity, the example here uses only four (N) subcarriers over two symbol periods with the payload data represented by QPSK modulation. Real LTE signals are allocated in units of 12 adjacent subcarriers (180 kHz) called resource blocks that last for 0.5 ms and usually contain seven symbols whose modulation can be QPSK, 16QAM or 64QAM.

Fig.8 Detection process in the receiver Also, the duration of the modulated time symbols are expanded in the case of OFDM with parallel transmission of the data block during the elongated time period whereas SCFDMA modulated symbols are compressed into smaller chips with serial transmission of the data block, much like a direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) system.. This is shown in the figure below.

Fig.9 Different modulated symbol duration

Fig. 13 OFDMA PAPR Some possible directions of future work are:

Fig.10 Comparison of how OFDMA and SC-FDMA transmit a sequence of QPSK Data Symbol

Simulations Results
We investigate the analysis of PAPR for SC-FDMA (IFDMA and LFDMA) and OFDMA for QPSK modulation.

LTE-Advanced (also known as LTE Release 10) significantly enhances the existing LTE Release 8 and supports much higher peak rates, higher throughput and coverage, and lower latencies, resulting in a better user experience. Additionally, LTE Release 10 will support heterogeneous deployments where low-power nodes comprising picocells, femtocells, relays, remote radio heads, and so on are placed in a macrocell layout. The LTE-Advanced features enable one to meet or exceed IMT-Advanced requirements. LTE Release 10 (aka LTE Advanced) includes bandwidth extension via carrier aggregation to support deployment bandwidths up to 100 MHz, downlink spatial multiplexing including single-cell multi-user multiple-input multiple-output transmission and coordinated multi point transmission, uplink spatial multiplexing including extension to four-layer MIMO, and heterogeneous networks with emphasis on Type 1 and Type 2 relays. Summary and Conclusions: Single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) is a new multiple access scheme that is currently being adopted in 3GPP LTE uplink. SC-FDMA utilizes single carrier modulation and frequency domain equalization, and has similar performance and essentially the same overall complexity as those of OFDMA system. A salient advantage over OFDMA is that the SC-FDMA signal has lower PAPR because of its inherent single carrier transmission structure. SC-FDMA has drawn great attention as an attractive alternative to OFDMA, especially in the uplink communications where lower PAPR greatly benefits the mobile terminal in terms of transmit power efficiency and manufacturing cost. SC-FDMA has two different subcarriers mapping schemes; distributed and localized. In distributed subcarrier mapping scheme, users data occupy a set of distributed subcarriers and we achieve frequency diversity. In localized

Fig.11 IFDMA PAPR

Fig. 12 LFDMA PAPR

subcarrier mapping scheme, users data inhabit a set of consecutive localized subcarriers and we achieve frequencyselective gain through channel-dependent scheduling (CDS). The two flavors of subcarrier mapping schemes give the system designer a flexibility to adapt to the specific needs and requirements. SC-FDMA also bears similarities to direct sequence CDMA (DS-CDMA) with FDE in terms of; bandwidth spreading, processing gain from spreading, and low PAPR because of the single carrier transmission. An advantage of SC-FDMA over DS-CDMA/FDE is the ability to utilize channel dependent resource scheduling to exploit frequency selectivity of the channel.

rolloffFactor = 0.0999999999; %Rolloff factor for the raised-cosine filter. %To prevent divide-by-zero, for example, use 0.099999999 instead of 0.1. Fs = 5e6; % System bandwidth. Ts = 1/Fs; % System sampling rate. Nos = 4; % Oversampling factor. filterType == 'rc' % Raised-cosine filter. psFilter = rcPulse(Ts, Nos, rolloffFactor); numRuns = 1e4; % Number of iterations. papr = zeros(1,numRuns); % Initialize the PAPR results. for n = 1:numRuns, % Generate random data. dataType == 'Q-PSK' tmp = round(rand(numSymbols,2)); tmp = tmp*2 - 1; data = (tmp(:,1) + j*tmp(:,2))/sqrt(2); % Convert data to frequency domain. X = fft(data); % Initialize the subcarriers. Y = zeros(totalSubcarriers,1); % Subcarrier mapping. subcarrierMapping == 'IFDMA' Y(1:Q:totalSubcarriers) = X; % Convert data back to time domain. y = ifft(Y); % Perform pulse shaping. if pulseShaping == 1 % Up-sample the symbols. y_oversampled(1:Nos:Nos*totalSubcarriers) = y; % Perform filtering. y_result = filter(psFilter, 1, y_oversampled); else y_result = y; end % Calculate the PAPR. papr(n) = 10*log10(max(abs(y_result).^2) / mean(abs(y_result).^2)); end % Plot CCDF. [N,X] = hist(papr, 100); semilogy(X,1-cumsum(N)/max(cumsum(N)),'b') % Save data. save paprIFDMA

REFERENCES 1] H. G. Myung, J. Lim, & D. J. Goodman, Single Carrier FDMA for Uplink Wireless Transmission, IEEE Vehic. Tech. Mag., vol. 1, no. 3, Sep. 2006 2] H. Ekstrm et al., Technical Solutions for the 3G Long-Term Evolution, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 44, no. 3, Mar. 2006. 3] D. Falconer et al., Frequency Domain Equalization for Single- Carrier Broadband Wireless Systems, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 40, no. 4, Apr. 2002 4] H. Sari et al., Transmission Techniques for Digital Terrestrial TV 5] Broadcasting, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 33, no. 2, Feb. 1995 6] http://hgmyung.googlepages.com/scfdma 7] 3GPP TS 36.300 v8.7.0, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (EUTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2, Release 8 8] 3GPP TS 36.211 v8.4.0, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical Channels and Modulation, Release 8 Appendix 1] IFDMA function paprIFDMA() dataType = 'Q-PSK'; % Modulation format. totalSubcarriers = 512; % Number of total subcarriers. numSymbols = 16; % Data block size. Q = totalSubcarriers/numSymbols; % Bandwidth spreading factor of IFDMA. subcarrierMapping = 'IFDMA'; % Subcarrier mapping scheme. pulseShaping = 1; % Whether to do pulse shaping or not. filterType = 'rc'; % Type of pulse shaping filter.

2] LFDMA function paprLFDMA() dataType = 'Q-PSK'; % Modulation format. totalSubcarriers = 512; % Number of total subcarriers. numSymbols = 16; % Data block size. Q = totalSubcarriers/numSymbols; % Bandwidth spreading factor of LFDMA. subcarrierMapping = 'LFDMA'; % Subcarrier mapping scheme. pulseShaping = 1; % Whether to do pulse shaping or not. filterType = 'rc'; % Type of pulse shaping filter. rolloffFactor = 0.0999999999; %Rolloff factor for the raisedcosine filter. %To prevent divide-by-zero, for example, use 0.099999999 instead of 0.1. Fs = 5e6; % System bandwidth. Ts = 1/Fs; % System sampling rate. Nos = 4; % Oversampling factor. filterType == 'rc' % Raised-cosine filter. psFilter = rcPulse(Ts, Nos, rolloffFactor); numRuns = 1e4; % Number of iterations. papr = zeros(1,numRuns); % Initialize the PAPR results. for n = 1:numRuns, % Generate random data. dataType == 'Q-PSK' tmp = round(rand(numSymbols,2)); tmp = tmp*2 - 1; data = (tmp(:,1) + j*tmp(:,2))/sqrt(2); % Convert data to frequency domain. X = fft(data); % Initialize the subcarriers. Y = zeros(totalSubcarriers,1); % Subcarrier mapping. subcarrierMapping == 'LFDMA' Y(1:numSymbols) = X; % Convert data back to time domain. y = ifft(Y); % Perform pulse shaping. if pulseShaping == 1 % Up-sample the symbols. y_oversampled(1:Nos:Nos*totalSubcarriers) = y; % Perform filtering. y_result = filter(psFilter, 1, y_oversampled); else y_result = y;

end % Calculate the PAPR. papr(n) = 10*log10(max(abs(y_result).^2) / mean(abs(y_result).^2)); end % Plot CCDF. [N,X] = hist(papr, 100); semilogy(X,1-cumsum(N)/max(cumsum(N)),'b') % Save data. save paprLFDMA 3] OFDMA function paprOFDMA() dataType = 'Q-PSK'; % Modulation format. totalSubcarriers = 512; % Number of total subcarriers. numSymbols = 16; % Data block size. Fs = 5e6; % System bandwidth. Ts = 1/Fs; % System sampling rate. Nos = 4; % Oversampling factor. Nsub = totalSubcarriers; Fsub = [0:Nsub-1]*Fs/Nsub; % Subcarrier spacing. numRuns = 1e4; % Number of runs. papr = zeros(1,numRuns); % Initialize the PAPR results. for n = 1:numRuns, % Generate random data. dataType == 'Q-PSK' tmp = round(rand(numSymbols,2)); tmp = tmp*2 - 1; data = (tmp(:,1) + j*tmp(:,2))/sqrt(2); % Time range of the OFDM symbol. t = [0:Ts/Nos:Nsub*Ts]; % OFDM modulation. y = 0; for k = 1:numSymbols, y= y + data(k)*exp(j*2*pi*Fsub(k)*t); end % Calculate PAPR. papr(n) = 10*log10(max(abs(y).^2) / mean(abs(y).^2)); end % Plot CCDF. [N,X] = hist(papr, 100); semilogy(X,1-cumsum(N)/max(cumsum(N)),'b') % Save data. save paprOFDMA