Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
June 2002
This report was prepared by an African Development Bank team led by Henock Kifle and in-
cluding Mohammed Hussain and Hailu Mekonnen, with contributions from J. Litse, Z. El Bakri,
and N. Makonnen. World Bank staff collaborating on the report’s preparation were Amar Bhat-
tacharya, Alan Gelb, Makiko Harrison, Robert Liebenthal, Eric Swanson, and Xiao Ye. Bruce
Ross-Larson was the principal editor, with Meta de Coquereaumont, Wendy Guyette, and
Stephanie Rostron.
Contents
Executive summary 1
Statistical annex 25
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) In the reforming countries, a more effec-
have elicited great interest and attracted broad tive framework for channeling increased assis-
support from the international community. tance is being put in place, consisting of
At the recent Monterrey Conference on Fi- country-owned Poverty Reduction Strategy
nancing for Development, world leaders reaf- Papers (PRSPs) at the national level and the
firmed their clear and unequivocal support for New Partnership for Africa’s Development
the goals. The experience of the last decade has (NEPAD) at the regional level. These countries
shown that achieving them will be difficult will need the support of the international com-
but not impossible. The countries of Asia, munity if their progress is to be sustained and
Eastern Europe, and Latin America and the accelerated—and if they are to improve their
Caribbean are on course to fulfill many of the economic and social performance and move to-
MDGs. But few African countries are likely to ward the MDGs.
meet most of them. The Monterrey conference resulted in new
There are, however, considerable variations commitments by the international commu-
in the prospects of individual African countries. nity to increase official development assistance.
Those that have implemented sound economic The challenge ahead is to ensure that these
policies and improved their systems of gover- commitments actually become available, and
nance have seen an acceleration in growth and are deployed more effectively than in the past,
poverty reduction and are likely to make sig- to reinforce good performance by African coun-
nificant headway in the future. There are, by tries. Toward this end, the following measures
contrast, other countries where policy im- could be considered:
provements have yet to be secured, largely due • First, allocate at least half of new aid to
to conflicts and poor governance, and where lit- Africa. For the 30 or so African countries
tle progress on the MDGs is likely. judged to be in a position to use external as-
Accelerated progress toward meeting the sistance effectively, it is estimated that an in-
MDGs will require action by African countries crease of $20–$25 billion in official
and intensified support from the international development assistance—from the current $13
community. African countries need to act in billion to $33–$38 billion—would be required
three main areas: to enable them to reach the MDGs. For the re-
• Deepening macroeconomic reforms, and maining countries—those in conflict or facing
enhancing domestic competitiveness and effi- serious governance problems—assistance for
ciency, as foundations for a favorable investment post-conflict rehabilitation and institution
climate and pro-poor growth. building is needed to begin laying the essential
• Strengthening democratic institutions and groundwork for development.
systems of public budget and financial man- • Second, future assistance should be more
agement to ensure that governments are ac- predictable. Despite the growing use of
countable to their people, especially for the medium-term expenditure frameworks in
effective use of public resources. African countries, most donor funding is still
• Investing adequate resources in human committed annually, with the amount and
development. timing rarely communicated in advance.
Percent
60 60
40 40
Below $1 a day
27.6
Below $2 a day
20 Target 20
9.6 19.3 8.7
14.2
13.8 Below $1 a day
1.6 3.6
0 Projected 2.8 0 0.8
Below $2 a day
40 40 Below $2 a day
33.1
38.1
23.4
29.9
20 Below $1 a day 20 24.8 16.7
15.1
16.8 9.7 Below $1 a day
2.4 2.3 1.2
0 8.4 0
1990 1999 2015 1990 1999 2015
22.0
20 20
23.9
16.7
0 0
1990 1999 2015 1990 1999 2015
The Millennium Development Goals set the Since 1990, 17 developing countries have seen
more realistic but still difficult deadline of completion rates stagnate or decline. Progress
2015 for all children to complete a full course has been greatest in middle-income countries
of primary schooling. In many places schools and slowest in the low-income countries of
fail to enroll all children or to retain them, South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.
and there can be large gap between reported en-
rollment, attendance, and completion rates. G OAL 3: P ROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND
About 80 developing countries have built suf- EMPOWER WOMEN
ficient schools to place all of their primary-age
children, but only about 27 of those countries In most low-income countries, girls are less
retain at least 95 percent of the age group likely to attend school than boys. And even
through to completion of primary education. when girls start school at the same rate as boys,
BOX 1
Assessing progress toward the Millennium Development Goals
The bar charts in this report show the prospects of countries reaching tries in light blue (“possible”) made progress, but too slowly to reach
specific targets of the Millennium Development Goals. The assess- the goals in the time specified. Continuing at the same rate, they will
ments are based on the rate of progress over the past decade, except for need as much as twice the time as the “likely” countries to reach the
maternal mortality ratios and HIV/AIDS prevalence rates, for which goals. Countries in dark gray (“unlikely”) made still slower progress. To
prospects have been assessed based on level alone because of the lack reach the goals, they will need to make progress at unprecedented rates.
of time-series data. The assessments were made country by country, and Countries in black (“very unlikely”) have experienced worsening con-
the results were added to show regional differences. Starting at the top ditions since 1990, or they currently have very high maternal mortal-
of each bar, countries in dark blue (“likely”) made progress in the ity and HIV/AIDS prevalence. Countries in light gray lack adequate
1990s fast enough to attain the target value in the specified period or data to measure progress. Improvements in the statistical system of these
had low rates of maternal mortality and HIV/AIDS prevalence. Coun- countries are required.
would require doubling present ODA flows. countries can help by providing “aid for trade”
Debt relief under the HIPC Initiative would and sharing knowledge needed to establish
also need to be enlarged and sustained. And the competitive export industries.
industrialized countries would need to reduce The donor community has taken impor-
the agricultural subsidies and remove the re- tant new initiatives to support the efforts of de-
maining protectionist trade barriers that still dis- veloping countries as they seek to meet the
courage exports, particularly from the less MDGs. The U.S. government passed the
developed countries. African Growth and Opportunity Act, the Eu-
Even if tariffs and quotas are greatly re- ropean Community adopted the Everything but
duced, many developing countries will still Arms Initiative for the least developed coun-
face difficulties realizing the benefits. One es- tries, and the enhanced HIPC Debt Initiative
timate suggests that if trade protection were re- is now under implementation. And in the con-
duced by half, developing countries would text of the recent Monterrey Conference, both
gain about $200 billion by 2015. But only the European Community and the United
$2.4 billion of this would go to Sub-Saharan States have pledged to increase substantially
Africa, and only $3.3 billion to South Asia their ODA. These are important initiatives
outside India. To make trade an effective source that will need to be sustained and deepened to
of growth, developing countries need to increase enable the donor community to fulfill its pledge
the efficiency of their trading sectors. Developed of supporting the MDGs.
Regional prospects
L ATIN A MERICA AND THE C ARIBBEAN income countries and in poorer regions and in-
digenous populations of some middle-income
Latin America and the Caribbean has the high- countries. Average schooling for the poorest 20
est average income among developing regions percent of the population is only 4 years. The
and social indicators that approach those of the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in adults has stabi-
high-income economies. By 2015 many coun- lized at around 0.5 percent, but the rates in the
tries are likely to achieve universal primary ed- Caribbean are four times the regional average.
ucation, and most will have achieved gender Additional efforts will be needed to ensure
equality at the primary and secondary levels. The that the Millennium Development Goals are
challenge for these countries is to improve the achieved by the region’s most disadvantaged
quality of education, increase early childhood groups and localities.
investments, and expand enrollments in sec-
ondary school. Spending on health and educa- A SIA
tion has increased over the past decades but
without commensurate improvements in out- Many countries in Asia, especially in East Asia,
comes. Based on past trends, only six countries have maintained high growth rates over ex-
are likely to achieve the goal of reducing mor- tended periods. Combined with slower popu-
tality rates for children under age five by two- lation growth, they have sharply reduced the
thirds, although at least 17 more could achieve number of people living in poverty. Between
the goal with modestly increased efforts. Ma- 1990 and 1999, the percentage of people in East
ternal mortality ratios, averaging around 190 and South Asia subsisting on less than $1 a day
deaths per 100,000 live births, are higher than fell from 29 percent to 24 percent. Better liv-
expected in a relatively wealthy region and have ing conditions were also reflected in increasing
not improved much in the past decade. school enrollment ratios and adult literacy
Without accelerated growth the region may rates, falling under-five mortality, a general
fall far short of the goal of halving poverty. In rise in female life expectancy, and greater gen-
the 1990s, the proportion of people living on der equality in schools. But wide disparities re-
less than $1 a day declined from 17 percent to main, and some countries in South Asia still
15 percent, but their numbers rose. This slow experience intolerably high levels of under-
progress resulted from modest growth of GDP five mortality, child malnutrition, illiteracy,
per capita—at only 1.6 percent a year— and gender inequality. Even in fast-growing
combined with high and worsening inequality East Asia, 25 percent of the people still lack ac-
of income and a relatively low overall rates of cess to an improved water source, and 53 per-
savings. Without improvements in the distri- cent lack access to adequate sanitation facilities.
bution of income, GDP growth will have to Asia is well positioned to achieve many of
more than double for the region to achieve the targets for the Millennium Development
the poverty target in 2015. Goals. It has strong economic fundamentals,
Inequality in the region is a serious obsta- declining population growth rates, an emerg-
cle to poverty reduction and social development. ing middle class, and high savings rates, mak-
Child malnutrition remains serious in the low- ing it an attractive destination for capital
M ACROECONOMIC AND STRUCTURAL and the public sector, structural and market re-
POLICIES orientation, macroeconomic policies, and poli-
cies for growth with equity and for poverty
The last decade has shown that a stable macro- reduction (box 3). While each institution per-
economic environment—reflected in low in- forms this assessment independently, recent
flation, market-determined exchange rates, low analysis reveals a strong and positive correlation
fiscal deficits, and prudent monetary policy— between the two assessments in all clusters and
is required to raise growth rates. Africa, as a in the overall ranking of countries.
whole, has registered notable progress. The av- On African Development Bank ratings,
erage growth rate for the region in 1995–2001 22 African countries,1 classified as group A, had
is estimated at around 4 percent, up from 1 per- high ratings, indicating stronger policies and
cent in the first half of the 1990s. The region’s institutions to support development; 15 coun-
average inflation rate stood at 12.2 percent in tries, classified as group B, had intermediate rat-
2001, down from a high of 41.4 percent in ings; and classified as group C, 15 countries,
1994. And fiscal deficits have come down to most experiencing political and economic in-
–2.5 percent in 2002, down from a high of 6.9 stability, have yet to institute good policies and
percent in 1993. African governments have adequately functioning institutions. As the re-
pursued prudent macroeconomic policies de- sults in table 1 show, the countries in groups
spite the large exogenous shocks facing many A and B with high overall ratings are also out-
of them in recent years, evident in the serious performing the others in economic manage-
terms of trade losses. ment, economic performance, and social
Despite these achievements, the average development.
growth rate for the continent is about half that This finding gains in significance when
required to make significant inroads in reduc- the “oil factor” is taken into account. In coun-
ing poverty. Most studies show that average re- tries with rich oil resources, investors are not
gional growth rates of 6–8 percent are needed likely to be deterred by inadequate policies,
for that. African countries need to maintain and weak institutions, or even conflicts. This oil fac-
deepen the sound macroeconomic policy tor masks the close correlation between sound
frameworks that many have adopted. Indeed, policies and institutions and economic per-
as Mozambique, Senegal, and Uganda show, it formance (table 1).
is possible to raise and sustain growth rates to While group A countries have generally
desirable levels when governments are com- performed better than the other countries, the
mitted to sound policies—and when these nonoil countries in that group stand out as
policies are adequately supported by the in- the strongest performers when compared with
ternational community. their counterparts in the other groups (see
The World Bank and African Develop- table 1). They have the smallest budget deficits,
ment Bank have adopted similar systems for as- the lowest inflation, and the largest saving and
sessing the policy stance and institutional investment ratios. They also have the highest
performance of African countries by evaluat- rates of GDP growth and export growth and
ing performance in four clusters: governance the lowest current account deficit. And they
TABLE 1
Economic reorientation, policy stance, and economic performance (averages, 1995–2001)
Group A 22 –3.1 11.6 9.2 18.1 20.1 3.8 6.0 88.0 4.0 –2.0 18.7
Oil exporters 4 –2.9 9.0 4.6 21.4 22.8 5.0 7.6 25.7 5.3 –1.6 15.4
Nonoil exporters 18 –3.2 12.7 10.2 16.5 18.7 4.1 5.6 62.2 3.5 –2.2 20.1
Group B 15 –1.0 16.9 11.0 20.5 21.1 3.2 4.4 46.7 9.6 0.2 23.8
Oil exporters 2 0.4 19.0 15.3 25.6 23.9 3.3 4.6 31.0 14.6 2.8 27.7
Nonoil exporters 13 –3.6 12.9 10.3 11.2 16.0 3.0 3.9 15.7 2.5 –4.4 17.7
Group C 15 –7.5 14.2 37.9 16.5 23.2 3.6 4.1 14.2 10.3 –6.5 22.8
Oil exporters 6 –7.8 10.9 93.9 21.2 29.3 4.0 4.3 12.3 12.1 –7.5 22.0
Nonoil exporters 9 –7.0 17.2 14.1 6.3 9.9 0.9 2.6 1.9 2.3 –4.4 27.3
a. Weighted average using GDP.
b. Weighted average using relative GDP weight in the group.
c. Percentage change in the geometrical index of the group.
d. Weighted by export value.
e. Direct calculations using group aggregates.
Source: ADB Research and Statistics Divisions.
Group A 22 92.8 86.6 80.2 543.7 43.5 70.3 72.0 67.1 34.9
Oil exporters 4 99.4 85.6 52.5 616.8 58.3 91.6 83.1 88.7 43.4
Nonoil exporters 18 90.2 87.0 88.6 511.7 47.9 63.8 65.8 60.6 32.0
Group B 15 84.1 84.9 90.6 522.7 34.4 69.0 67.8 59.6 20.7
Oil exporters 2 86.6 84.3 75.9 501.5 26.3 73.5 66.4 65.1 18.2
Nonoil exporters 13 81.1 85.5 95.0 549.2 45.5 62.2 69.7 52.0 23.8
Group C 15 59.5 74.2 93.6 276.4 46.0 58.0 70.7 34.4 10.1
Oil exporters 6 65.0 76.7 87.2 122.9 60.0 58.5 77.7 36.9 9.8
Nonoil exporters 9 40.6 65.9 116.1 910.0 23.4 55.0 35.5 21.7 10.7
BOX 4
Examples of progress in Africa
A sampling of African countries shows what a difference better economic and social policies can make for
progressing toward the Millennium Development Goals.
Uganda
• GDP growth averages 6 percent a year in the 1990s
• GDP growth per capita averages 3.3 percent
• Proportion of poor comes down from 56 percent in 1992 to 35 percent in 2000
• Primary enrollment rises from 2.5 million in 1995 to 6.7 million in 2000
• Proportion of nonsalary spending reaching schools more than doubles, from about 40 percent to about
90 percent
• Proportion of children stunted comes down from 51 percent in 1992 to 40 percent in 2000
• Seroprevalance (HIV) rates come down from 30 percent in 1992 to 8.3 percent in 2000
Mozambique
• GDP growth averages nearly 6 percent a year in the 1990s
• Net flows of foreign direct investment shoot up from almost nothing to average about $200 million a
year by the end of the 1990s
Mauritania
• Despite a dispersed populace, primary school enrollments reach 90 percent, and school access 93
percent
• Most social indicators up in the past two years
Burkina Faso
• Performance exceeds targets for vaccinations in 2001
• Tuberculosis vaccination rate of 84 percent of infants, against the target of 80 percent
• Measles and yellow fever vaccinations at 65 percent, against the targets of 60 percent
Chad
• Girls’ gross primary enrollment rate rises to 58 percent in 2001, up from 31 percent seven years before
75
50
25
Actual GDP growth
0 Policy and institution indexc
as % pf desired growthb
Group A
Group B
Group C
a. The average of the nonpoor in each group. The nonpoor are measured as one minus the average head count ratio in each group. The
poverty line used is $1 a day. Data for this indicator are not available for all countries. The average for each group is therefore represented by
the average for the countries with available data in each group.
b. Actual GDP growth as a ratio of the target rate of growth required for achieving the MDG on poverty. The computation was done for each
country, and the results were then averaged for each group of countries. In theory this indicator can exceed 100 percent.
c. ADB and Bank Group CPIAs were averaged over 1999–2001 and transformed into an index by dividing the average CPIA for each country by
the best score, such that the country that has the highest CPIA scores 100 percent and other countries lower than this. This index was then
averaged for each group.
d. The simple average of three indicators: primary school enrollment, literacy rate, and under-five mortality rate. Among the other social
indicators these three were chosen because their data are most complete. For each indicator, data were transformed into indices and averaged
to arrive at a composite indicator, which was then averaged for each group.
with the highest rates of primary completion The experience of better performing coun-
share several characteristics, including: tries suggests that raising key service delivery
• Devoting a higher share of national re- and domestic resource mobilization parameters
sources to public primary education. closer to acceptable benchmarks can improve
• Having reasonable unit costs. internal efficiency, lower unit costs, raise the
• Paying teachers a competitive salary that is quality of education, reduce repetition rates, and
commensurate with their professional qualifi- boost completion rates for primary education.
cations. Although these benchmarks can serve as a com-
• Having higher spending on complementary, mon frame of reference for all countries, a bal-
nonsalary inputs. anced mix of policy actions should take specific
• Having a manageable pupil-teacher ratio. county circumstances into account.
• Having average repetition rates below 10 The structural transformation of African
percent. economies should also be supported by the re-
Accelerating growth and improving health and the goals. So, an additional $54 billion a year
education outcomes will require more—and would be needed to reach the MDGs, or twice
more effective—resources. Private investment the 2000 level of official development assistance.
and lending can help, but they are not enough These estimates assume that the produc-
to meet the needs of the poorest countries. tivity of investment and private capital flows re-
For those countries, development assistance main unchanged. But as countries improve
provided directly by rich countries or through their economic policies and political gover-
multilateral institutions fills a critical need. nance, the productivity of investment and pri-
How much more aid will be needed to vate capital inflows will tend to rise, and capital
reach the Millennium Development Goals flight to fall. Foreign aid can also increase the
(MDGs)? The answer depends on how effec- productivity of investment if it allows domes-
tively it is used. Currently, almost half of all of- tic resources to be used more efficiently. And
ficial development assistance goes to under a good policy environment, aid can be
middle-income countries, which are likely to a catalyst for attracting private capital, which
achieve the goals without additional assistance. in turn can raise the productivity of investment
And aid flows to some of the largest poor coun- through the acquisition of improved technol-
tries are so small in comparison to the size of ogy and managerial know-how. So, to the ex-
their economies that additional aid will make tent that the productivity of investment and
little difference. private capital inflows is increased and capital
A recent study at the World Bank found flight is reduced, the requirements of external
that additional resources are needed in about assistance for attaining the poverty goal will be
65 low-income countries, many of them in lower than estimated.
Sub-Saharan Africa.1 In 1999 they had a total
population of 1 billion, an average income per C OST OF MEETING THE GOALS IN A FRICA
capita of less than $400, and received about $18
billion in aid. Additional aid could raise their Recent work by the African Development Bank
growth rates and increase their spending on provides estimates on the additional resources
health, education, and water and sanitation required by African countries for achieving the
services, accelerating progress in many coun- poverty goal.2 Although the approach differs
tries that would otherwise fall short. Of these from the one used by the World Bank study dis-
65 countries, 43 with adequate policies and in- cussed above, its results point to similar orders
stitutions (as assessed by World Bank staff ) of magnitude.
could use additional aid effectively. For them For the 30 or so countries in need of ad-
the additional aid needed is on the order of $39 ditional external assistance and judged to be in
billion a year. a position to use aid effectively, it is estimated
The remaining 22 countries will need to im- that an increase of $20-25 billion in official de-
prove their policies and reform their institutions velopment assistance would be required. Tak-
to use aid effectively. If they do so, additional ing account of the global estimates presented
aid of $15 billion (beyond the $3 billion they at the Monterrey conference, these estimates
currently receive) would allow them to reach suggest that at least half of the global increment
TABLE A1
Indicators for the Millennium Development Goals I
Ratio female to
GDP Child malnutrition Net male enrollment
per capita weight for age primary school Primary school in primary and
GNP per average annual children under 5 enrollment rate completion rate secondary school
capita Population % growth % % % %
$ millions 1990– 1995– 1990– 1995– 1990– 1995– 1990– 1995– 1990– 1995–
Economy 2000 2000 95 2000 94 2000 94 2000 94 2000 94 2000
Afghanistan .. 26.6 .. .. .. 49 29 .. .. 8 39 43
Bangladesh 370 131.1 2.8 3.4 68 48 64 104 50 70 72 95
Bhutan 590 0.8 3.3 3.9 .. 19 .. 16 23 .. .. 81
India 450 1,015.9 4.5 3.9 53 47 .. .. 75 76 69 75
Maldives 1,960 0.3 5.1 5.4 39 45 .. .. 112 .. 96 97
Ratio female to
GDP Child malnutrition Net male enrollment
per capita weight for age primary school Primary school in primary and
GNP per average annual children under 5 enrollment rate completion rate secondary school
capita Population % growth % % % %
$ millions 1990– 1995– 1990– 1995– 1990– 1995– 1990– 1995– 1990– 1995–
Economy 2000 2000 95 2000 94 2000 94 2000 94 2000 94 2000
Latin America
& Caribbean 3,670 515.7 2.1 1.2 .. 9 91 97 .. .. 98 99
Ratio female to
GDP Child malnutrition Net male enrollment
per capita weight for age primary school Primary school in primary and
GNP per average annual children under 5 enrollment rate completion rate secondary school
capita Population % growth % % % %
$ millions 1990– 1995– 1990– 1995– 1990– 1995– 1990– 1995– 1990– 1995–
Economy 2000 2000 95 2000 94 2000 94 2000 94 2000 94 2000
Iraq .. 23.3 .. .. 12 .. 79 80 63 55 75 75
Jordan 1,720 4.9 3.3 –0.1 6 5 69 64 .. .. 97 96
Lebanon 4,010 4.3 4.7 0.9 .. 3 .. 78 .. 70 .. 100
Libya .. 5.3 .. .. .. 5 96 .. .. .. .. 100
Morocco 1,180 28.7 –1.4 1.5 10 .. 70 79 47 55 71 78
STATISTICAL ANNEX 27
TABLE A1
Indicators for the Millennium Development Goals I (continued)
Ratio female to
GDP Child malnutrition Net male enrollment
per capita weight for age primary school Primary school in primary and
GNP per average annual children under 5 enrollment rate completion rate secondary school
capita Population % growth % % % %
$ millions 1990– 1995– 1990– 1995– 1990– 1995– 1990– 1995– 1990– 1995–
Economy 2000 2000 95 2000 94 2000 94 2000 94 2000 94 2000
South Africa 3,060 42.8 –0.6 0.6 .. 9 103 102 76 98 102 102
Sudan 350 31.1 5.6 4.4 34 .. .. 46 .. 35 80 86
Swaziland 1,370 1.0 –0.3 0.5 .. .. 92 77 71 81 .. 96
Tanzania 270 33.7 –1.4 1.3 29 29 48 48 .. 59 96 97
Togo 290 4.5 –2.5 –1.0 .. 25 78 88 41 63 62 67
.. Not available
* Not included in regional aggregate.
Samoa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 99 .. 99
Solomon Islands 36 27 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 71 .. 34
Thailand 41 33 95 19 18 1.2 2.3 141 71 80 86 96
Tonga 27 23 94 .. .. .. .. .. .. 100 .. ..
Vanuatu 70 40 79 .. .. .. .. .. .. 88 .. 100
Vietnam 50 34 79 45 34 0.3 0.1 189 48 56 73 73
Albania 45 31 .. .. 8 .. .. 29 .. .. .. ..
Armenia 21 17 .. .. 3 .. .. 58 .. .. .. ..
Azerbaijan 43 21 .. .. 17 .. .. 62 .. .. .. ..
Belarus 16 14 .. .. .. 0.4 0.2 80 .. 100 .. ..
Bosnia and Herzegovina 21 18 .. .. .. .. .. 87 .. .. .. ..
Bulgaria 21 16 .. .. .. .. .. 46 .. .. .. ..
Croatia 12 9 .. 1 1 0.0 0.0 61 .. 95 .. 100
Czech Republic 10 7 .. 1 .. 0.1 0.0 19 .. .. .. ..
Estonia 17 11 .. .. .. .. .. 61 .. .. .. ..
Georgia .. 21 .. .. 3 .. .. 72 .. 76 .. 99
STATISTICAL ANNEX 29
TABLE A2
Indicators for the Millennium Development Goals II (continued)
Macedonia, FYR 26 17 93 .. 6 .. .. 50 .. 99 .. 99
Moldova 29 22 .. .. .. 0.3 0.1 130 .. 100 .. ..
Poland 17 11 .. .. .. .. .. 39 .. .. .. ..
Romania 30 23 .. 6 .. 0.0 0.0 130 .. 58 .. 53
Russian Federation 23 19 .. 4 3 0.3 0.1 123 .. 99 .. ..
Latin America
& Caribbean 49 37 .. .. 9 0.7 0.3 75 81 85 72 78
Guyana 90 73 .. 18 12 .. .. .. .. 94 .. 87
Haiti 131 111 20 27 17 4.9 2.9 361 46 46 25 28
Honduras 53 44 47 18 25 1.4 1.7 92 84 90 .. 77
Jamaica 32 24 .. 5 4 0.6 0.4 8 .. 71 .. 84
Mexico 46 36 92 .. 8 0.4 0.1 39 83 86 69 73
Algeria 55 39 77 9 6 .. .. 45 .. 94 .. 73
Bahrain 23 11 98 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Djibouti .. 178 .. .. 18 .. .. .. .. 100 .. 91
Egypt, Arab Rep. 82 52 46 10 4 .. .. 39 94 95 87 94
Iran, Islamic Rep. 72 41 74 .. 11 .. .. 54 86 95 81 81
Oman 30 22 91 24 23 .. .. 10 37 39 84 92
Saudi Arabia 45 23 .. .. .. .. .. 45 .. 95 .. 100
Syrian Arab Republic 59 29 77 12 13 .. .. 85 .. 80 .. 90
Tunisia 52 30 81 .. 4 .. .. 37 80 .. 76 ..
West Bank and Gaza 53 26 .. .. 15 .. .. 28 .. .. .. ..
Yemen, Rep. 130 95 16 39 46 .. .. 108 66 69 39 45
STATISTICAL ANNEX 31
TABLE A2
Indicators for the Millennium Development Goals II (continued)
.. Not available.
* Not included in regional aggregate.