CHAPTER- 1 INTRODUCTION & PROBLEM BACKGROUND

1.1 HISTORY
Embedded Systems and Robotics are two interesting fields where every engineer can display his creative and technical skills. Pleasing aspect of robotics is that anyone can make a robot indigenously. In this competitive world there is need for every enthusiastic, from amateur to professional, to make a simple robot having innovated applications and with robust control. Mobile phones today became an essential entity for all and so, for any mobile-based application there is great reception. In this scenario, making a mobile phone operated land rover is a good idea. Conventionally wireless controlled robots utilize RF circuits, which had limitations as if limited range limited frequency ranges and controls. However, a mobile phone controlled DTMF based DC Fan Controller can hold up these limitations. Although the appearance and capabilities of robots vary vastly, all robots share the features of a mechanical, movable structure under some form of control. This control of robot involves three distinct phases- perception, processing and action.

1.2 GENERAL CONCEPTS

FEATURES OF 8051 ARCHITECTURE Optimized 8 bit CPU for control applications and extensive Boolean processing capabilities. 64KB Program Memory address space. 64KB Data Memory address space. 128 bytes of on chip Data Memory. Thirty-Two Bi-directional and individually addressable I/O lines. Two 16-bit timer/counters. Full Duplex UART. 6-source / 5-vector interrupt structure with priority levels.
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On chip clock oscillator.

Now we may be wondering about the non-mentioning of memory space meant for the program storage, the most important part of any embedded controller. Originally, this 8051 architecture was introduced with on-chip, one time programmable version of Program Memory of size 4K 8. Intel delivered all these microcontrollers (8051) with users program fused inside the device. The memory portion was mapped at the lower end of the Program Memory area. However, after getting devices, customers could not change anything in their program code, which was already made available inside during device fabrication.

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

In this project, the DC Fan is controlled by a mobile phone that makes a call to the mobile phone attached to the device. In the course of a call, if any button is pressed, a tone corresponding to the button pressed is heard at the other end of the call. This tone is called dual-tone multiple-frequency (DTMF) tone. The mobile that makes a call to the mobile phone stacked in the DTMF based DC Fan Controller acts as a remote. The main achievement of this project is to control the DC Fan attached with the DTMF Based DC Fan Controller through the wireless link. The normal wireless link has the limitation of the limited range as well as the high susceptibility of the interfaces. To remove the problem of limited range and the possibility of the interfaces we are going to use the GSM i.e. global system of mobile.

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CHAPTER- 2 DETAILS OF TECHNOLOGY USED

2.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
Embedded system employs a combination of software & hardware to perform a specific function. It is a part of a larger system, which may not be a computer, works in a reactive & time constrained environment.

Figure 2.1: Outline of an Embedded System Any electronic system that uses a CPU chip, but that is not a general-purpose workstation, desktop or laptop computer is known as embedded system. Such systems generally use microprocessors; microcontroller or they may use custom-designed chips or both. They are used in automobiles, planes, trains, space vehicles, machine tools, cameras, consumer and office appliances, cell phones, PDAs and other handhelds as well as robots and toys. The uses are endless, and billions of microprocessors are shipped every year for a myriad of applications. In embedded systems, the software is permanently set into a read-only memory such as a ROM or flash memory chip, in contrast to a general-purpose computer that loads its programs into RAM each time. Sometimes, single board and rack mounted general-purpose computers are called "embedded computers" if used to control. We are living in the Embedded World. You are surrounded with many embedded products and your daily life largely depends on the proper functioning of these gadgets. Television, Radio, CD player of your living room, Washing Machine or Microwave Oven in your kitchen, Card readers, Access Controllers, Palm devices of your work space enable you to do many of your tasks very effectively. Apart from all
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these, many controllers embedded in your car take care of car operations between the bumpers and most of the times you tend to ignore all these controllers. In recent days, you are showered with variety of information about these embedded controllers in many places. All kinds of magazines and journals regularly dish out details about latest technologies, new devices, fast applications which make you believe that your basic survival is controlled by these embedded products. The computer you use to compose your mails, or create a document or analyze the database is known as the standard desktop computer. These desktop computers are manufactured to serve many purposes and applications. You need to install the relevant software to get the required processing facility. Therefore, these desktop computers can do many things. In contrast, embedded controllers carryout a specific work for which they are designed. Most of the time, engineers design these embedded controllers with a specific goal in mind. So these controllers cannot be used in any other place. Theoretically, an embedded controller is a combination of a piece of microprocessor-based hardware and the suitable software to undertake a specific task. These days designers have many choices in microprocessors/microcontrollers. Especially, in 8 bit and 32 bit, the available variety really may overwhelm even an experienced designer. Selecting a right microprocessor may turn out as a most difficult first step and it is getting complicated as new devices continue to pop-up very often.

2.2 EMBEDDED APPLICATIONS

AUTOMOBILES: Fuel Injection control (for fuel efficiency), Air bags and Automatic braking (for safety), and car entertainment systems. MEDICAL ELECTRONICS: Many sophisticated medical instruments (Body Scanners, Heart rate monitors, Pacemaker etc.) Industrial Control: such as CNCmachines are examples of embedded systems. BUSINESS APPLICATIONS: Vending machines, scanners, printers.

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CONSUMER ELECTRONICS: Cameras, Toys, Cellular Phones, Washing Machines AVIONICS: Airplanes, Satellite Stations

Figure 2.2 Embedded Applications

2.3 DUAL-TONE MULTI-FREQUENCY (DTMF)

Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling is used for telecommunication signaling over analog telephone lines in the voice-frequency band between telephone handsets and other communications devices and the switching center. The version of DTMF used for telephone tone dialing is known by the trademarked term Touch-Tone (canceled March 13, 1984), and is standardized by ITU-T Recommendation Q.23. It is also known in the UK as MF4. Other multi-frequency systems are used for signaling internal to the telephone network. As a method of in-band signaling, DTMF tones were also used by cable television broadcasters to indicate the start and stop times of local commercial insertion points during station breaks for the benefit of cable companies. Until better out-of-band signaling equipment was developed in the1990s, fast, unacknowledged, and loud DTMF tone sequences could be heard during the commercial breaks of cable channels in the United States and elsewhere.

2.4 TELEPHONE KEYPAD

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The contemporary keypad is laid out in a 34 grid, although the original DTMF keypad had an additional column for four now-defunct menu selector keys. When used to dial a telephone number, pressing a single key will produce a pitch consisting of two simultaneous pure tone sinusoidal frequencies. The row in which the key appears determines the low frequency, and the column determines the high frequency. For example, pressing the '1' key will result in a sound composed of both a 697 and a 1209-hertz (Hz) tone. The original keypads had levers inside, so each button activated two contacts.

Figure 2.3 DTMF telephone keypad

Figure 2.4 DTMF keypad frequencies (with sound clips)

Figure 2.5 DTMF Event Frequencies TONES #, *, A, B, C, AND D

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The engineers had envisioned phones being used to access computers, and surveyed a number of companies to see what they would need for this role. This led to the addition of the number sign (#, sometimes called' octothorpe' in this context) and asterisk or "star" (*) keys as well as a group of keys for menu selection: A, B, C and D. In the end, the lettered keys were dropped from most phones, and it was many years before these keys became widely used for vertical service codes such as *67 in the United States and Canada to suppress caller ID. The U.S. military also used the letters, relabeled, in their now defunct Autovon phone system. Here they were used before dialing the phone in order to give some calls priority, cutting in over existing calls if need be. The idea was to allow important traffic to get through every time.

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CHAPTER- 3 WORKING
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 3.1: The Block Diagram of The Mobile Operated Land Rover In this project, the DC Fan is controlled by a mobile phone that makes a call to the mobile phone attached to the project. In the course of a call, if any button is pressed, a tone corresponding to the button pressed is heard at the other end of the call. This tone is called dual-tone multiple-frequency (DTMF) tone. The mobile that makes a call to the mobile phone stacked in the project acts as a remote.

3.2 WORKING
The user in order to control the DC Fan should make a call to the cell phone attached in the project, from any phone, which can send DTMF tunes on pressing the numeric buttons. The cell phone in the project will be kept in auto answer mode. So, after a ring the cell phone accepts the call. Now the user may press any button on his mobile. The DTMF tones thus produced are received by the cell phone in the project. These tones are fed to the circuit by head set of the cell phone. MT8870 decodes the received tone and sends equivalent binary number to the micro controller.

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As explained previously, the motor driver L293D can drive a DC motor with an enable and two control inputs. So, inputs at 1A (2), 2A (7) and enable at 1, 2 EN (1) can drive a DC motor connected at 1Y (3) and 2Y (6). The PD0 (14), PD1 (15) and PD7 (21) pins port D of microcontroller are connected to 1A, 2A and 1,2EN pins respectively. Therefore, with 1, 2EN pin enabled and if 1A, 2A pins are provided with 1, 0 as input respectively, the motor rotates in a direction and 0, 1 input makes the motor to run in vice versa. And the input 1, 1 causes electrical brake. The microcontroller is programmed in such a way that when the user presses (for ex.) 2 button, both the drivers will be activated to make their motors to make a forward motion. A detailed table is given below, delineating every step in data transfer when a digit is pressed DTMF assigns a specific frequency (consisting of two separate tones) to each key so that the electronic circuit can easily identify it. The signal generated by the DTMF encoder is a direct algebraic summation, in real time, of the amplitudes of two sine (cosine) waves of different frequencies, i.e., pressing 5 will send a tone made by adding 1336 Hz and 770 Hz to the other end of the line.

3.3 FLOW CHART

Fig 3.2 Flow Chart

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CHAPTER- 4 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Figure 4.1 shows the circuit diagram of the microcontroller-based mobile phone operated land rover. The important components of this rover are a DTMF decoder, microcontroller and motor driver.

Fig 4.1 Circuit Diagram An MT8870 series DTMF decoder is used here. All types of the MT8870 series use digital counting techniques to detect and decode all the 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit code output. The built-in dial tone rejection circuit eliminates the need for pre-filtering. When the input signal given at pin 2 (IN-) in single-ended input configuration is recognized to be effective, the correct 4-bit decode signal of the DTMF tone is transferred to Q1 (pin 11) through Q4 (pin 14) outputs. Table II shows the DTMF data output table of MT8870. Q1 through Q4 outputs of the DTMF decoder (IC1) are connected to port pins PA0 through PA3 of ATmega16 microcontroller (IC2) after inversion by N1 through N4, respectively. We can divide complete circuit into three major blocks 1. DTMF decoder 2. Micro controller 3. DC motor driver

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DTMF decoder circuit: As shown in figure, it is made up form readily available MT8870 chip that is widely used for DTMF based application. It receives DTMF tones and generates 4-bit digital output corresponding to received DTMF signal of digits 0 - 9 and other signals (like *, # etc.) also. It receives input form cell phone to its pin no 2. It amplifies it through internal op-amp amplifier. If it receives valid DTMF tone, it will produce pulse output on StD (pin no 15).

Fig 4.2 Pin Diagram of MT8870

Fig 4.3 MT8870 Circuit

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This is indicated by green LED connected as shown. The 4-bit digital output is latched on pins 11 - 14 and that is given to micro controller. The StD output is also given to interrupt pin of micro controller through transistor that will generate negative pulse every time when DTMF signal is received. This negative pulse will generate an interrupt. Cell phone digit switches 1 to 8 control all the movements of robotic arm. The 4-bit digital output corresponding to these switches form MT8870 are as given here.

Fig 4.4 Output of MT8870 Micro-controller Circuit Part: As shown in figure a 40 pin, 8-bit micro controller 89C51 is used for controlling purpose. It receives 4-bit digital output from DTMF decoder on its port P1 pins P1.0 P1.3. In addition, interrupt signal is given to P3.3 (external interrupt 1) pin. It drives two DC motors through port P2 pins P2.0 - P2.3. A 12 MHz crystal with two 33pf capacitors is connected to crystal pins (18 & 19) to provide basic clock signal to micro controller. One push button switch (RST) in parallel with 100nF capacitor

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forms power on reset circuit to reset the micro controller. it will control the motion of land rover depending upon the code it receives from DTMF decoder as given in table.

Fig 4.5 Microcontroller Circuit Part DC Motor Driver Circuit: -

Fig 4.6 L293D Pin Diagram As shown in figure L293D is quadruple H-Bridge driver chip that is widely used for DC motor and stepper motor driver applications. It receives inputs from micro controller as shown on its input pins 2,7,10 & 15 and rotates two DC motors in either direction as per given table. Therefore, to move the land rover forward or backward left or right one has to send following data on port.

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Fig 4.7 L293D Circuit Part

4.2 COMPONENTS LIST

SR NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 COMPONENTS ATMEL 89S52 (MICROCONTROLLER) LCD 16X21 M8870(DTMF) L293(H-BRIDGE) L7805 (5 VOLT REGULATOR) CRYSTAL 11.0592MHZ CRYSTAL 3.579545MHZ LED RESISTOR PACK BERG STRIP VARIABLE RESISTOR(50K) CERAMIC CAPACITOR (104) QUANTITY 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 2 4

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13 14 15 16

330R RESISTOR 330K, 100K RESISTORS 2 PIN CONNECTORS DC Fans

1 3 3 2

4.3 Description of Components 4.3.1 AT89S52

FEATURES Compatible with MCS-51 Products 8KB of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM Thirty-Two Programmable I/O Lines Three 16-bit Timer/Counters Eight Interrupt Sources Full Duplex UART Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode Watchdog Timer Dual Data Pointer Power-off Flag Fast Programming Time Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode) Green (Pb/Halide-free) Packaging Option

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PIN DIAGRAM

Fig 4.8 Pin Diagram PIN Description of 8051 The AT89S52 is a low power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the Indus-try-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory pro-grammar. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller, which provides a highly flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes.

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VCC - Supply voltage. This pin is required to act as main supply voltage pin. Usually +5V voltage is applied to this pin. This pin is internally connected to the transistors inside the integrated circuit to provide them necessary supply voltage. The IC cannot function properly if proper supply voltage is not provided to this pin. GND Ground. This pin is required for return path for the currents in the circuit. Various transistors in the integrated circuit need ground connections which is necessary for their operation. This pin will act as a common ground for all the transistors in the integrated circuit to provide return path for various currents. Port 0 -Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes dur-ing program verification. Port 1 -Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 -Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 3 -Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. RST -Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the
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Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled. ALE/PROG- Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. PSEN -Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. EA/VPP- External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. XTAL1- Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2- Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

4.3.2 16 2 CHARACTER LCD

FEATURES Intelligent, with built-in Hitachi HD44780 compatible LCD controller and RAM providing simple interfacing 61 x 15.8 mm viewing area 5 x 7 dot matrix format for 2.96 x 5.56 mm characters, plus cursor line Can display 224 different symbols Low power consumption (1 mA typical)
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Powerful command set and user-produced characters TTL and CMOS compatible Connector for standard 0.1-pitch pin headers

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on. A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data.

Fig 4.9 16x2 Character LCD The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.

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Fig 4.10 LCD Pin Diagram

Fig 4.11 Description of Pin Diagram

4.3.3 MT8870 DTMF RECEIVER

FEATURES Low power consumption Adjustable acquisition and release times Central office quality and performance Power-down and inhibit modes (-02 only) Inexpensive 3.58 MHz time base Single 5 volt power supply Dial tone suppression Applications include telephone switch equipment, remote data entry, paging systems, personal computers, credit card systems.

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Manufactured using CMOS process technology, the M-8870 offers low power consumption (35 mW max) and precise data handling. Its filter section uses switched capacitor technology for both the high and low group filters and for dial tone rejection. Its decoder uses digital counting techniques to detect and decode all 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit code. External component count is minimized by provision of an on-chip differential input amplifier, clock generator, and latched tristate interface bus.

Fig 4.12 Pin Diagram of MT8870 PIN Description of MT8870 IN+ (Non-inverting input) - Connections to the front-end differential amplifier. IN-(Inverting input) - Connections to the front-end differential amplifier. GS (Gain select - Gives access to output of front-end amplifier for connection of feedback resistor. VREF (Reference voltage output)- May be used to bias the inputs at mid-rail. INH*- Inhibits detection of tones representing keys A, B, C, and D. PD* -Power down. Logic high powers down the device and inhibits the oscillator. Internal pull down.

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OSC1 (Clock input)- 3.579545 MHz crystal connected between these pins completes the internal oscillator. OSC2 (Clock output)- 3.579545 MHz crystal connected between these pins completes the internal oscillator. VSS -Negative power supply (normally connected to 0 V). TOE- Tri-state-able output enable (input). Logic high enables the outputs Q1 - Q4. Internal pull up. Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 (Pins 11 14) -Tri-statable data outputs. When enabled by OE, provides the code corresponding to the last valid tone pair received StD (Delayed steering output.) - Presents a logic high when a received tone pair has been registered and the output latch is updated. Returns to logic low when the voltage on St/GT falls below VTSt. ESt( Early steering output.) -Presents a logic high immediately when the digital algorithm detects a recognizable tone pair (signal condition). Any momentary loss of signal condition will cause ESt to return to a logic low. St/GT (Steering input/guard time output (bidirectional)-. A voltage greater than VTSt detected at St causes the device to register the detected tone pair and update the output latch. A voltage less than VT St frees the device to accept a new tone pair. The GT output acts to reset the external steering time constant, and its state is a function of ESt and the voltage on St. VDD -Positive power supply. (Normally connected to +5V.)

4.3.4 L293D DUAL HBRIDGE MOTOR DRIVER

Features Separate Input-Logic Supply Internal ESD Protection Thermal Shutdown High-Noise-Immunity Inputs Functionally Similar to SGS L293 and SGS L293D
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Output Current 1A per Channel (600mA for L293D) Peak Output Current 2A per Channel (1.2A for L293D) Output Clamp Diodes for Inductive Transient Suppression (L293D)

Fig 4.13 L293d Dual HBridge Motor Driver L293D contains two inbuilt H-bridge driver circuits. In its common mode of operation, two DC motors can be driven simultaneously, both in forward and reverse direction. The motor operations of two motors can be controlled by input logic at pins 2 & 7 and 10 & 15. Input logic 00 or 11 will stop the corresponding motor. Logic 01 and 10 will rotate it in clockwise and anticlockwise directions, respectively. Pin No Function 1 2 3 4 5 Enable pin for Motor 1; active high Input 1 for Motor 1 Output 1 for Motor 1 Ground (0V) Ground (0V) Name Enable 1,2 Input 1 Output 1 Ground Ground

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6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Output 2 for Motor 1 Input 2 for Motor 1 Supply voltage for Motors; 9-12V (up to 36V) Enable pin for Motor 2; active high Input 1 for Motor 1 Output 1 for Motor 1 Ground (0V) Ground (0V) Output 2 for Motor 1 Input2 for Motor 1 Supply voltage; 5V (up to 36V)

Output 2 Input 2 Vcc 2 Enable 3,4 Input 3 Output 3 Ground Ground Output 4 Input 4 Vcc 1

Table 4.1 Description of L293d Dual HBridge Motor Driver

4.3.5 LM7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

FEATURES Output current up to 1A Fixed output voltage of 3.3V, 4.7V, 5V, 6V, 7V, 8V, 9V, 10V, 12V, 15V, 18V and 24V available. Thermal overload shutdown protection Short circuit current limiting Output transistor SOA protection

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Fig 4.14 LM7805 Voltage Regulator DESCRIPTION The 7805 is a VOLTAGE REGULATOR. It looks like a transistor but it is actually an integrated circuit with 3 legs and it turns the input voltage into a nice, smooth 5 volts DC. You need to feed it at least 8 volts and no more than 30 volts to do this. It can handle around .5 to .75 amps, but it gets hot. Use a heat sink Use it to power circuits than need to use or run off of 5 volts.

4.3.6 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

This application note addresses issues commonly raised during the selection of the reference crystal, typically 14.318 MHz, for Chrontel's product line. A simplified schematic of the oscillator circuit used in Chrontel products is shown in Figure. Note that the typical 2-pin crystal has been replaced by its equivalent circuit model. Co is the pin-to-pin capacitance. Its value is associated with the crystal electrode design and the crystal holder. Rs is the motion resistance. The crystal manufacturer specifies its value. Cs is the motion capacitance and Ls is the motion inductance, which are not specified, and are functions of the crystal frequency. Rbias is a feedback resistor, implemented on-chip in Chrontel products, which provides DC bias to the inverting amplifier.

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C1 and C2 are total capacitance-to-ground at the input and output nodes of the amplifier, respectively. If external capacitance is not added, the values of the internal capacitance C1 and C2, including pin parasitic capacitance, are each approximately 15pF to 20pF.

Fig 4.15 Crystal Oscillator Crystal Specifications The reference frequencies for Chrontel's products are derived from an on-chip Pierce oscillator with an external crystal. The oscillator has been designed to function reliably with crystals that conform to the following specifications:

Fig 4.16 Crystal Specifications

4.3.7 LED (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)

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Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor light sources. The light emitted from LEDs varies from visible to infrared and ultraviolet regions. They operate on low voltage and power. LEDs are one of the most common electronic components and are mostly used as indicators in circuits. They are also used for luminance and optoelectronic applications.

Fig 4.17 LED Based on semiconductor diode, LEDs emit photons when electrons recombine with holes on forward biasing. The two terminals of LEDs are anode (+) and cathode (-) and can be identified by their size. The longer leg is the positive terminal or anode and shorter one is negative terminal. The forward voltage of LED (1.7V-2.2V) is lower than the voltage supplied (5V) to drive it in a circuit. Using an LED as such would burn it because a high current would destroy its p-n gate. Therefore, a current limiting resistor is used in series with LED. Without this resistor, either low input voltage (equal to forward voltage) or PWM (pulse width modulation) is used to drive the LED.

4.3.8 RESISTORS
Many resistors are so small that it would be difficult to print their value and percentage tolerance on their body in digits. To overcome this, a coding system based on bands of distinctive colors was developed to assist in identification. Learning this color code. is not as necessary as it used to be (thanks to accurate, low cost digital
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multi meters!), but its not hard to learn and its quite useful knowledge anyway. The first thing to know is that in each decade of resistance. i.e., from 10 - 100W, 100 1kW, 1k - 10kW, etc. There are only a finite number of different nominal values allowed. Most common resistors have values in the E12 series, which only has 12 allowed values per decade. Normalized these are 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.2, 2.7, 3.3, 3.9, 4.7, 5.6, 6.8 and 8.2. Multiples of these values are simply repeated in each decade. e.g., 10, 12, 15, 18 and so on. Note that the steps between these values are always very close to 20%, because the E12 series dates from the days of resistors with 10% tolerance. To allow greater accuracy in circuit design, modern 1% tolerance resistors are made in a larger range of values: the E24 series, which has 12 additional allowed values per decade as shown in the table. As before, these nominal values are simply repeated in each decade. The table at right shows both the E12 and E24 allowed values for comparison. The next thing to know is that there are two different resistor color-coding systems in use: one using four-color bands, and the other five. The 5-band system is generally used for 2% and closer tolerance resistors, even though the 4-band system is quite capable of handling any resistors with E12 or E24 values. Both systems use the same band colors to represent the various digits; the main difference is that 5-band resistors have an additional third band, which is usually BLACK to represent a third digit of zero. Here how both systems work in practice: 4-band resistors will usually have values in the E12 series, while 5-band resistors can have any value in the E24 series? This is worth remembering, because depending on the resistors body color, some of the band colors may not be easy to distinguish. Blue (6) and grey (8) sometimes look very similar, as do red (2), brown (1) and orange (3). So if you are in doubt, check the apparent coded value against the allowed E12 or E24 values to see if its legal or check with a digital multi meter, just to make sure.

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Fig 4.18 Resistors

4.3.9 CAPACITORS
Virtually all of the capacitors stocked by Jaycar have their electrical values printed directly on their body, in digits and letters. However, there is often still a coding system, which can make it a bit tricky to work out the capacitance, voltage rating, and tolerance and so on until you know how it works. This is explained below. Incidentally, so-called green caps (which can actually be brown, dark red or even blue!) are one type of metalized polyester film capacitor, like the MKT type, which tends to be smaller, and in a more tightly controlled rectangular package. Similarly, the monolithic type is a type of multilayer ceramic capacitor, designed to combine high capacitance with very low self-inductance Ceramic & Monolithic Capacitors

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Most of these types have their nominal value either printed directly on them or use the EIA coding system, which is a bit like resistor color coding, but in digits: the first two digits followed by a multiplier showing the number of zeroes. With this code, the value is generally given in pico-farads (pF), which you will need to divide by either one million or one thousand (respectively) if you want the value in microfarads (mF) or nano farads (nF).

Fig 4.19 Capacitors

4.3.10 DC GEAR MOTOR

Here slow speed dc motor with gearbox to reduce the speed of the platform. This type of gear motor is getting from the second hand machine. Supply voltage of this dc motor is 6 to 9 volt dc. As we vary the voltage speed is also vary. Current consumption of dc motor is 200 mA. It is also possible to use a stepper motor. If we use stepper motor then we require a high current supply. Normal stepper motors require a minimum 1A power supply. Brushless DC motors use a rotating permanent magnet in the rotor, and stationary electrical magnets on the motor housing. A motor controller converts DC to AC. This design is simpler than that of brushed motors because it eliminates the complication of transferring power from outside the motor to the spinning rotor. Advantages of brushless motors include long life span, little or no maintenance, and high efficiency. Disadvantages include high initial cost, and more complicated motor speed controllers.

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Fig 4.20 DC Gear Motor

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CHAPTER- 5 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 SIMULATION DIAGRAM
The simulated diagram of DTMF land rover as shown in figure below.

Fig 5.1 Simulation Diagram Fig. 5.1 shows the block diagram of the microcontroller-based mobile phone operated land rover. The important components of this rover are a DTMF decoder, microcontroller and motor driver. An MT8870 series DTMF decoder is used here. All types of the MT8870 series use digital counting techniques to detect and decode all the 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit code output. The built-in dial tone rejection circuit eliminates the need for pre-filtering. When the input signal given at pin 2 (IN-) in single-ended input configuration is recognized to be effective, the correct4-bit decode signal of the DTMF tone is transferred to Q1 (pin 11) through Q4 (pin 14) outputs.

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Table II shows the DTMF data output table of MT8870. Q1 through Q4 outputs of the DTMF decoder (IC1) are connected to port pins PA0 through PA3 of ATmega16 microcontroller (IC2) after inversion by N1 through N4, respectively. The ATmega16 is a low-power, 8-bit, CMOS microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. It provides the following Features: 16kB of in-system programmable Flash program memory with read-while-write capabilities, 512 bytes of EEPROM, 1kB SRAM, 32 general-purpose input/output (I/O) lines and 32 generalpurpose working registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the arithmetic logic unit, allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code-efficient. Outputs from port pins PD0 through PD3 and PD7 of the microcontroller are fed to inputs IN1 through IN4 and enable pins (EN1 and EN2) of motor driver L293D, respectively, to drive two geared DC motors. Switch S1 is used for manual reset. The microcontroller output is not sufficient to drive the DC motors, so current drivers are required for motor rotation. The L293D is a quad, high current, half-H River designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 600 mA at voltages from 4.5V to36V. It makes it easier to drive the DC motors. The L293D consists of four drivers. Pins IN1 through IN4 and OUT1 through OUT4 are input and output pins, respectively, of driver 1 through driver 4. Drivers 1 and 2, and drivers 3 and 4 are enabled by enable pin 1 (EN1) and pin 9 (EN2), respectively. When enable input EN1 (pin 1) is high, drivers 1 and 2 are enabled and the outputs corresponding to their inputs are active.

5.2 HOW TO USE KEILs VISION SOFTWARE

Fig 5.2: Keil iVision Logo The Keil development tools for the 8051 offer numerous features and advantages that help you quickly and successfully develop embedded applications. They are easy to use and are guaranteed to help you achieve your design goals. Vision2 IDE is Windows-based software development platforms that combines a robust editor, project manager, and make facility. Vision2 supports all of the Keil
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tools for the 8051 including the C compiler, macro assembler, linker/locator, and object-HEX converter. Vision2 helps expedite the development process of your embedded applications by providing the following: Full-featured source code editor, Device database for configuring the development tool setting, Project manager for creating and maintaining your projects, Integrated make facility for assembling, compiling, and linking your embedded applications, Dialogs for all development tool settings, True integrated source-level Debugger with high-speed CPU and peripheral simulator, Advanced GDI interface for software debugging in the target hardware and for connection to Monitor-51, Links to development tools manuals, device datasheets & users guides.

STEPS TO ACCESS VISION: Double Click on the icon present on the desktop. The following window will be popped-up.

Fig 5.3: Keil uVision Opening Window

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Then click on project and select new project

Figure 5.4: Project Tab You can create a new folder of your project name. Then type in the name of the project. Then select New from File menu and save the file as file_name.c i.e. save file with .c extension.

Fig 5.5: Creating a New Project

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Select the desired device for target by clicking on Flash as shown in figure below.

Fig 5.6: Selecting the target Configure Device and select clock 11.0592MHZ by clicking on configure from flash menu, as shown in the figure below,

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Fig 5.7: Altering the frequency Also move to the output tab and click the check box Create HEX. File, this is important.

Fig 5.8: Checking Create Hex File Press right click on the file editor menu and select INSERT #include<REGF51.H>, this will put the required header file for the device that you have selected as target previously. Type the application code and dont forget to include the .c file in the project by right clicking on the source group and select Add new file and then browse for the file and add it to the project. Then after compiling, hex file will be created and all you have to do now is to burn it into controller using a bootloader.

5.3 PROGRAMING
#include <REGX52.H> #define lcd P2 sbit rs = P0^6; sbit e = P0^7;
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sbit sel1 = P1^0; sbit sel2 = P1^1; sbit sel3 = P1^2; sbit sel4 = P1^3; sbit sel5 = P1^4; sbit en1 = P1^5; sbit in1 = P1^6; sbit in2 = P1^7; sbit en2 = P3^0; sbit in3 = P3^1; sbit in4 = P3^2; unsigned char cmd[4]={0x38,0x01,0x06,0x0c}; unsigned char msg1[15]={'S','T','O','P',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' '}; unsigned char msg2[15]={'M','O','V','I','N','G',' ','F','O','R','W','A','R','D',' '}; unsigned char msg3[15]={'M','O','V','I','N','G',' ','B','A','C','K','W','A','R','D'} ; unsigned char msg4[15]={'M','O','V','I','N','G',' ','L','E','F','T',' ',' ',' ',' '}; unsigned char msg5[15]={'M','O','V','I','N','G',' ','R','I','G','H','T',' ',' ',' '} ; unsigned char index; unsigned int a; void main(void) { for(index=0;index<=3;index++) {
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lcd=cmd[index]; rs=0; e=1; for(a=0;a<5000;a++); e=0; } en1=0; en2=0; in1=0; in2=0; in3=0; in4=0; lcd=0x80; rs=0; e=1; for(a=0;a<5000;a++); e=0; for(index=0;index<=14;index++) { lcd=msg1[index]; rs=1; e=1; for(a=0;a<5000;a++); e=0; } while(1) { if(!sel4 && !sel3 && sel2 && !sel1) {
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en1=1; en2=1; in1=1; in2=0; in3=1; in4=0; lcd=0x80; rs=0; e=1; for(a=0;a<5000;a++); e=0; for(index=0;index<=14;index++) { lcd=msg2[index]; rs=1; e=1; for(a=0;a<5000;a++); e=0; } } if(sel4 && !sel3 && !sel2 && !sel1) { en1=1; en2=1; in1=0; in2=1; in3=0; in4=1; lcd=0x80; rs=0; e=1; for(a=0;a<5000;a++);
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e=0; for(index=0;index<=14;index++) { lcd=msg3[index]; rs=1; e=1; for(a=0;a<5000;a++); e=0; } } if(!sel4 && sel3 && sel2 && !sel1) { en1=1; en2=1; in1=1; in2=0; in3=0; in4=1; lcd=0x80; rs=0; e=1; for(a=0;a<5000;a++); e=0; for(index=0;index<=14;index++) { lcd=msg5[index]; rs=1; e=1; for(a=0;a<5000;a++);
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e=0; } } if(!sel4 && sel3 && !sel2 && !sel1) { en1=1; en2=1; in1=0; in2=1; in3=1; in4=0; lcd=0x80; rs=0; e=1; for(a=0;a<5000;a++); e=0; for(index=0;index<=14;index++) { lcd=msg4[index]; rs=1; e=1; for(a=0;a<5000;a++); e=0; } } if(!sel4 && sel3 && !sel2 && sel1) { en1=0; en2=0;
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in1=0; in2=0; in3=0; in4=0; lcd=0x80; rs=0; e=1; for(a=0;a<5000;a++); e=0; for(index=0;index<=14;index++) { lcd=msg1[index]; rs=1; e=1; for(a=0;a<5000;a++); e=0; }//for-loop ends here }//if-statement ends here }//while-loop ends here }//main function ends here

5.4 SOFTWARE DESIGN

SOFTWARE USED: PROTEUS 7.7 ISIS & ARES Core Applications: Fully integrated Shape Based Auto-Router replaces the previous, grid based router. Users of PCB Design at Level 2 and above can drive the router interactively with the ability to route selected nets. All uses can run a pre-configured routing schedule automatically. Per net 'strategies' are replaced by 'net 'classes', and the management of

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these is incorporated into the Design Rule Manager. Improved replacement in ISIS.

for device

Proteus VSM Additions: Added syntax highlighting for EASYHDL scriptable generators. Interactive configuration of the trace diagnostics that is you can enable or disable particular diagnostics whilst the simulation is running.

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CHAPTER 6 PCB CONSTRUCTION

Layout of desired circuit diagram and preparation is first and most important operation in any printed circuit board manufacturing process. First layout of component side is to be made in accordance with available component dimensions. The following points are to be observed while forming the layout of PCB. Between two components, sufficient space should be maintained. High wattage/max. Dissipated components should be mounted at a sufficient distance from semiconductor and electrolytic capacitors. The single sided PCB is used for general-purpose application where the cost is to be low and the layout is simple.

6.1 PCB Layout for the project

Fig 6.1 PCB Layout of the project

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6.2 THE MAKING OF A PCB

A PCB is nothing but an epoxy or phenolic board that contains all connections of a circuit in the form of copper tracks. What an average beginner needs is a simple and low cost way of making and fabricating PCBs. There are two methods of making PCBs: (a) Photographic exposure method (b) Etch resistant applicative method The first method needs many costly apparatus along with a darkroom, equipped with moving platforms and several costly chemicals and is rather cumbersome. The second, on the other hand, is easy to follow and cost-effective and can be used when the requirement are not very large say one to a few pieces at a time. Therefore, we give brief guidelines that will enable you to develop high qualit y PCBs at low cost, using the second method. The few things that are needed in making PCBs are listed below: Enamel Paint: The normal black paint used on you doors and windows. PCB transfers can well be used instead. A set of thin brushes: The type used for water and oil paintings and are available from most pen shops. These are not needed if transfers are used. Petrol or spirit: Used for cleaning and removing paint. Ferric Chloride (Fecl2): This brownish powder is available from most chemists and chemical stores in packing of 500 grams each at cost of about Rs. 30. Tools of cutting, filing and drilling: A hacksaw, a file and a cheap hand drill with a few types of bits. Buy the bits in this order: 1 mm for ICs 3 mm for screws 1.5 mm for diodes and power transistors 8 mm for switches and pots 5 mm for larger screws and heatsinks
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Transferring the pattern Two types of PC board laminates are in common use nowadays. These are: Phenolic board Glass epoxy board

For general use, the phenolic board, which is much cheaper that the glass epoxy board, may be used. The copper side if the PCB should be thoroughly cleaned with the help of alcoholic spirit or petrol, and must be made completely free from dust and other contaminants, commercially available sprays may be used for this purpose. The pattern must be carbon copied onto the laminate with the help of a sharp ballpoint pen and a carbon paper. The position of holes should be marked with care. The complete pattern may now be made etch-resistant with the help of an enamel paint ad thin brush. Ordinary nail enamel may be used for quick jobs. The board should be dried for at least six hours before developing. The entire pattern can be further simplified by using dry pattern transfers. In this case the appropriate patters may simply be scratched onto the PCB and no drying is required. The available varieties are shown in fig () In this step, all excessive is removed from the board, and the printed pattern is left behind. About 100 ml of tap water should be heated to 850C and 30-50 grams of ferric chloride (Fecl2) added to it. The mixture should be thoroughly stirred, and a few drops of hydrochloric acid (HCL) may be added optionally to speed up the process. The board, with its copper side facing upwards, should be placed in a flat-bottomed plastic tray and the aqueous solution of EeCl2 poured in. The etching process would take 25-60 minutes to complete, depending upon the size of the PCB. After etching, the board should be clearly visible. If not, allow it to stand in the solution for some more time. The paint should be removed with the help of alcohol or petrol. The etching solution may be preserved for later use until its color turns green. After the etching is complete, holes of suitable diameter should be drilled using a power or had drill, 1 mm bit should be used for IC holes, 1.25 mm for resistors and
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capacitors, 1.5 mm for diodes, 3 mm or 5 mm for mountings nuts, and 8 mm for potentiometers, switches and neons. Now the PCB should be scrubbed clean until a shiny finish is obtained. The PCB may be tin-plated using an ordinary 35-watt soldering rod along with solder core. The position of the components should be marked on the reverse side of the PCB using any marker. If the copper is not tinned, then it should be given a coat of varnish in order to prevent oxidation. The PCB is now ready.

6.3 SOLDERING
Soldering is the process of joining two metallic conductors, the joint where the two metallic conductors are to be joined or fused is heated with a device called soldering iron and then an alloy of tin and lead called solder is applied which melts and cover the joint. The solder cools and solidifies quickly to ensure a good and durable connection between the joined metals. Covering the joint with solder prevents oxidation. Just as badly tailored clothes can give way at an unexpected moment, in the same way the life and reliability of any and all circuits lies in your hands, which wield this magical rod. Good soldering is a major step towards successful circuit building andThis is an art, which, once mastered, is rarely forgotten. Soldering is more of an art than a technique, often, due to the fear of destroying costly semiconductors or ICs, constructor opts for a costly IC socket, which increases the overall circuit cost tremendously. A dry or shoddy solder joint is often the cause of the failure of a complete system. Keeping the tips given here in mind, even a layman should be able to construct a circuit perfectly, without harming the most delicate semi-conductor devices.

6.3.1 Perfect Soldering

Certain conditions are necessary for perfect soldering. These are Clean Surfaces: The two surfaces to be soldered must be soldered must be free from dust particles, grease, oil, etc. If a PCB is used, it must be cleaned thoroughly with petrol.
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A Clean Bit: The tip of the soldering iron must be shining clean and smooth. An unclean tip may cause loose joints. The tip should be cleaned with a file and tinned occasionally. Operating tip temperature: The soldering of tip operates at the specified temperature or it will lead to dry and unstable joints, whereas temperatures exceeding the specified value can lead to over heating and eventually the destruction of the device. For stabilizing the temperature of the tip of the soldering iron, a power controller may be utilized. Warm Component Leads: If the leads of the components are cold, the solder cannot flow properly, and this may lead to loose and unstable solder joints. Thus, component leads must be warmed sufficiently so that the solder can flow easily. However, extreme care should be taken while warming the leads of the heat-sensitive semiconductors like ICs. A hot air blower or a soldering iron may be used for warming up the component leads. Proper soldering alloy (core): Soldering core is basically an alloy of tin and lead. The two soldering alloys most commonly used contain tin and lead in a ratio if 60/40 and 40/60, respectively. These two soldering alloys have low melting points and are sufficient for most electronic work. The core containing 40 percent tin and 60 percent lead should be used for the soldering of electronic devices that tend to dissipate heat. The soldering core containing 60 percent tin and 40 percent lead should be used for general work such as that of low power transistors or ICs on PCBs. Soldering Procedure: A perfect solder joint can be obtained by following this procedure. Clean the two surfaces to be soldered thoroughly. Remove all dust particles, stains of grease or chemicals etc. Apply small amount of flux on the surfaces to be soldered. Heat up the component/surface to be soldered slightly, and apply the soldering core directly onto the component and not to the tip of the soldering iron. The flux should remain liquid as long as the joint is being made. The joint should give shiny bead-like appearance. If not, apply a little more flux/solder and heat the joint. Now extra lengths of components leads may be cut off. Fig shows the correct way of soldering. The commercial grade soldering cores dot not usually melt at temperatures below1800C. So, while soldering the components whose
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lead soldering temperature as specified by the manufacturer, is below the temperature of the soldering core, the soldering may be reduced correspondingly. Soldering of the ICs should always be carried out insteps of two to four pins at a time. This reduces the chances of the destruction of an IC due to overheating, while soldering. Care for them: Besides lead soldering temperatures, some general precautions should be kept in mind while soldering a device to prevent any kind of damage. While soldering ICs, it is advisable to keep the lead lengths maximum possible (at least 2.5 mm). A small heat sink made of 1 mm aluminium may be fixed temporarily over the IC pins while soldering to help in dissipating excessive heat. The general precautions given below must be observed while soldering various electronic components. Resistors: While soldering resistors, the lead soldering temperatures may go as high as 3000C. The soldering time should be kept less than 15 seconds. However, while soldering light dependent resistors, the temperatures should not exceed 2500C. Soldering core of 60/40 type should be used for soldering low wattage resistors and 40/60 type soldering core should be used for high wattage resistors, or resistors which tend to dissipate heat during operation. Capacitors: While soldering electrolytic capacitors, it is advisable to keep the lead soldering temperature below 2250 C, soldering time being 5 seconds. While soldering low voltage ceramic capacitors, the soldering temperatures should not exceed 2000C and soldering time should be kept even less than 5 seconds. Diodes: While soldering general-purpose silicon/selenium diodes, the lead temperatures should not exceed 3000c, soldering time being 5 seconds. While soldering germanium diodes the lead soldering temperature should be kept below 2200C. While soldering LEDs the soldering temperature should be kept below 2000C. The soldering time being 10 seconds. While soldering a diode on a PCB, length of lead from the PCB surface should be kept at least 2.5 mm in order to prevent damage to the device. Power Transistors: They are sturdy devices, which cannot be easily damaged by the heat generated during soldering. Power transistors in TO-3 package like 2N 3055 and 2N6253 may be soldered at temperatures as high as 2750 C. The 40/60-type core may be used for this purpose. While soldering transistors in TO-1 and T0-39 packages like
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AC188 and SL100 respectively, soldering temperatures should be kept below 2550C. For soldering transistors in TO-200 package, soldering temperatures should be kept around 2500C. A small heat sink may be attached temporarily to the tub of the transistor, in order to prevent overheating. Low Power Transistors: While soldering transistors in plastic package (BC545, BC548 etc), TO-18 package (BC179, BC178 etc.), TO-91 package, the lead soldering temperature should be kept between 150-2000C . The lead length, while soldering on a PCB, should be kept at least 3mm. Heat sink may be attached to the metallic case of the device to prevent overheating. A crocodile clip can also be used for this purpose. The 60/40 type-soldering core may be used. General-Purpose (Linear) ICs: The lead soldering temperatures of most linear ICs as specified by majority of manufacturers is 3300C, the soldering time 10 seconds. But in practice the lead soldering temperatures of such ICs should be limited to about 2400C, the soldering time 10 seconds. While soldering the ICs having SII type pin configuration, small heatsink may be attached to its tab to help in dissipating heat generated during soldering. The 60/40 type of soldering core should be used for soldering of ICs. 54/70 Series TTL ICs: These ICs are very sensitive to heat, so lead soldering temperature should be kept around 1750C, soldering time being 10 seconds. CMOS ICs: The lead soldering temperature of most of the CMOS ICs like 4001, 4027 etc, as specified by most manufacturers is 2650C, the soldering time being 10 seconds. But practically, the lead soldering temperature should be limited to about 220-2400C. Most of CMOS ICs can be damaged easily by electrostatic discharges so, as a precaution all the pins of the IC must be short circuited with the help of a metallic foil, until soldering is complete. The tip of the soldering iron used must be grounded. However, it is not advisable to solder memory ICs like 2716 and 2764, microprocessors and the other LSI chips.

6.4 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED

The various tools and equipment required for construction of a PCB are given below Solder kit consist of:
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Soldering iron. Soldering wire. Flux. Combination pliers. Tweezers Long nose pliers Pen knife Brushes. Screw drivers. Small files. Cutter Clipper Breadboard. Multi-meter (Measuring instrument.)

6.5 PRECAUTIONS FOR PRACTICAL

The quantity of soldering of component on PCB should be good quantity. The component fitted on the PCB should loosely fit. Do not touch the PCB layer with hands and for fitting component use long nose liers only. Use 25 w pencil bit soldering iron only. Use ferric chloride safely. Add ferric chloride to the water, not water to the ferric chloride.

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CHAPTER- 7 RESULT & CONCLUSION

7.1 RESULT
The project DTMF Based DC Fan Controller works as expected. For instance if we call on the mobile attached with the project and dial various keys, we can see the response in the LCD and the DC Fans run accordingly. The result thus obtained was the objective of the project entitled DTMF Based DC Fan Controller.

7.2 CONCLUSION
In this project, the DC Fan is controlled by a mobile phone that makes a call to the mobile phone attached to the project. In the course of a call, if any button is pressed, a tone corresponding to the button pressed is heard at the other end of the call. This tone is called DTMF(dual-tone-multiple-frequency).The STMF Based Fan Controller perceives this DTMF tone with the help of the phone stacked in the robot. The (AT89S52) microcontroller with the help of DTMF decoder MT8870 processes the received tone. The decoder decodes the DTMF tone into its equivalent binary digit and this binary number is sent to the microcontroller. The microcontroller is programmed to take a decision for any given input and outputs its decision to motor drivers in order to drive the motors in forward direction or backward direction or turn. The mobile phone that makes a call to mobile phone stacked in the project act as a remote. Therefore, this robotic project does not require the construction of receiver and transmitter units

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CHAPTER - 8 FUTURE SCOPE & LIMITATIONS

8.1 FUTURE SCOPE
1. Cell Phone Controlled Robot The DTMF Based DC Fan Controller can be turned into a cell phone controller robot, by replacing the fans with motors that can control the movements of a robot. ULN 2003 Current Driver IC can be used to generate enough current for those motors. 2. IR Sensors: IR sensors can be used to automatically detect & avoid obstacles if the robot goes beyond line of sight. This avoids damage to the vehicle if we are maneuvering it from a distant place. 3. Password Protection: Project can be modified in order to password protect the robot so that it can be operated only if correct password is entered. Either cell phone should be password protected or necessary modification should be made in the assembly language code. This introduces conditioned access &increases security to a great extent. 4. Alarm Phone Dialer: By replacing DTMF Decoder IC CM8870 by a 'DTMF Transceiver IC CM8880, DTMF tones can be generated from the robot. So, a project called 'Alarm Phone Dialer' can be built which will generate necessary alarms for something that is desired to be monitored (usually by triggering a relay). For example, a high water alarm, low temperature alarm, opening of back window, garage door, etc. When the system is activated it will call a number of programmed numbers to let the user know the alarm has been activated. This would be great to get alerts of alarm conditions from home when user is at work. 5. Adding a camera

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If the current project is interfaced with a camera (e.g. a Webcam), robot can be driven beyond line-of-sight &range becomes practically unlimited as GSM networks have a very large range.

8.2 LIMITATIONS
Cell phone bill. Mobile batteries drain out early so charging problem. Cost of project if Cell phone cost included. Not flexible with all cell phones as only a particular cell phone whose earpiece is attached can only be used. Jamming of system is also a limitation.

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REFRENCES
Schenker, L (1960), "Pushbutton Calling with a Two- Group Voice -Frequency Code", The Bell system technical journal 39(1): 235255, ISSN 0005-8580. DTMF Tester, Electronics For You Magazine, Edition (June 2003) http://www.alldatasheet.com/ http://www.datasheet4u.com/ http://www.datasheetcatalog.com/ http://www.8051projects.info/ http://www.instructables.com/

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
The 8051 microcontroller by James W. Stewart, Kai X. Miao The 8051 microcontroller and embedded system by Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillespie Mazidi. Embedded Microprocessor Systems by Stuart R. Ball. The 8051 Microcontroller Architecture, Programming, and Applications By Ayala. Electronics for you Magazine.

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APPENDIX A AT89S52 DATASHEET

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APPENDIX B MT8870 DATASHEET

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APPENDIX C L293D DATASHEET

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