THE FIRST AMERICANS

Modern humans first appeared in Africa. They spread all over the world. But how did they reach America? Today North and South America are joined together and separated from Europe y an ocean. But thousands of years ago it wasn!t so. There was a land ridge called Beringia "Bering Strait# that connected America with Asia "see the map$#. %eople could wal& from Asia to America and they did not need oats to travel. %eople in those times were nomads who followed the animals that they hunted. They also needed new land to gather fruit and erries. 'ver hundreds of years they followed the animals and travelled huge distances. At around 11.000 years ago these people came to America. These (ndians settled all over North and South America. There were many different groups of (ndians. The historians put them into ) groups* +. ENVIRONMENTS "where people live# (f the (ndians lived y the sea then they fished. (f they lived in woods or plains then they hunted animals.

). LANGUAGES "how people spea&# There were pro a ly a out ),, different languages. The (ndians did not write down their languages. So our &nowledge comes from what white people saw and wrote. Many of white people did not li&e the (ndians.

THE FIRST AMERICANS- working station No.1

Write tr e !T"# $a%se !&" or t'e ans(er is not gi)en !NG". +. The first modern human comes from Africa. ---). Bering Strait joined North and South America thousands of years ago. ---.. /e can still wal& from Asia to America today. ---0. Nomads are people who move a lot. ---1. Nomads came to America ecause they followed uffalo. ---2. The (ndians3 who lived in woods3 ate only hunted animals. ---4. Each tri e had its own language. ---5. (ndians li&ed to write oo&s. ---6. /e &now mostly what white people told us. ---+,. All white people thought (ndians are great. ----

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUSS MISTA E

(n 1*+, the European e7plorers arrived in America. They found around ) million Native Americans living there. -'risto.'er -o% m/ s made his famous mista&e. 8e called them Indians3 thin&ing they had landed in 9ar East of Asia3 in (ndia. 8e discovered the New /orld3 ut it was Amerigo Ves. 00i who proved3 this New /orld is the 0th continent3 not Asia. After him the America got its name. These :(ndians; elonged to at least 100 di$$erent tri/es "unofficially 0,,,# and spo&e a out ,00 di$$erent %ang ages. The most famous tri es were* t'e Sio 2 !or La3ota" t'e A.a0'e t'e -'eyenne t'e -'ero3ee t'e Big$oot

Each tri e spo&e a different language3 they had different languages3 houses and entertainments. 8owever they all followed a similar life ased on hunting and farming. Those people were all related to people of Northern Asia. Their ancestors crossed a land ridge from Si/eria to A%as3a.

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS- working station No.!

-om.%ete t'e te2t (it' t'e (ords in /o2. T'ere are t(o (ords e2tra# t'at don4t $it in t'e te2t. tri"#s$ In%ians$ in&orr#&t$ A'#rigo$ t()#s$ 1*+!$ Sio,-$ wa($ Co.,'",s$ In%ia$ %i//#r#nt$ A)a&0#

(n 1---------- <hristopher ,---------- :discovered; America y accident. 8e was actually trying to reach 5---------- . 8e called the people that lived there *---------- . This was completely 6---------- . =ater3 America got its name after 1---------- . There were numerous 7---------- of Native Americans or :(ndians;. Even though they spo&e 8---------- languages3 had different +---------- of houses and entertainment3 they lived the very same 10---------- of life.

THE PLAINS IN1IANS

The largest group of (ndians that lived in North America were the 9%ains Indians. The largest tri e of %lains (ndians called themselves the Sio 2 or t'e La3ota Indians . At the start of the +6th century tri es moved from place to place hunting. They were called nomads. Nomad means that the (ndians never stayed in one place ut moved following the uffalo that they hunted. The %lains (ndians were people who travelled around and moved camps at least t'ree times a year. 9or this reason they lived in te.ees3 those were li&e ig tents and were easy to put up and ta&e down. The tepees were transported y horses.

(nside the tepee you would find all the items you need to live. They were decorated with pictures3 stored with weapons and food. The (ndians would also have a fire in the middle of the tepee to coo& the food. The Siou7 used to put uffalo s&ins on the floor to use as carpets and eds.

(n the (ndian camp everyone had a jo to do. The men had to hunt for food and &eep the families safe. The (omen had to coo& the meals3 ma&e the clothes3 loo& after children and whenever they moved they had to ta&e down or put up the tepees. >id you &now that a woman could put down the tepee in just +1 minutes?

THE PLAINS IN1IANS- working station No.2

Ans(er in s'ort t'e : estions /e%o(. +. /hat was the iggest group of (ndians called? -------------------). /ho were Siou7? -------------------.. /hat did nomads do? -------------------0. /hy did they live in tepees? -------------------1. /hat items could e found in a tepee? -------------------2. /here did they sleep? -------------------4. >id all the mem ers of the tri e wor&? -------------------5. /hat was men?s jo ? -------------------6. /hat did women do? -------------------+,. /hat were women on the last picture doing? --------------------

FAMIL3 LIFE
Women wor&ed very hard to ma&e life comforta le. 9irst of all they made tepees. (t was a women?s jo . @ou had to e very hardAwor&ing and had great s&ill for it. Buffalo hides had to e scraped3 softened3 stretched3 cut and sewn together. They needed an average +5A), uffalo hides for one tepee. /omen also collected food li&e wild erries and plants to serve with meat. They had great s&ill in eadwor& and Buills3 too.

The (ndians lived in large family groups including all generationsA young and old. A 0'i%d called aunts and uncles :mother; and :father; as well as parents. They didn?t go to school. they learnt y copying adults. Cirls played with deer s&in dolls and toy tepees and oys played with miniature arrows and ows. By the age +. they learnt all the needed to ecome an active mem er of the tri e. They married young +)A+1 years old. /omen usually had .A0 children. The children were give a name y a respected older woman or man of the tri e.

FAMIL3 LIFE- working station No.*

Mat0' t'e 0o% mn A (it' t'e 0o% mn B. Write ans(ers in t'e /o2. A +. (ndian women were very ). The tepees were .. Beadwor& and Buills reBuired 0. The children 1. Cirls had dolls 2. Boys li&ed to play 4. <hildren started to wor& with adults 5. /ith +) to +0 years 6. A couple had +,. A a y got the name
1. ,. 5. *. 6.

B a. made only y women. . made of deer s&in. c. in the age +.. d. most of them were already married. e. hardwor&ing. f. usually three or four children. g. hunting games with ows. h. learnt y copying the older ones. i. y an old respected person. j. great s&ill and &nowledge.
1. 7. 8. +. 10.

RITUALS AN1 CUSTOMS

-OUN-IL; (ndians didn?t have written laws. They had a <ouncil instead. They selected Buiet and honest men to e councilmen. Those would sit and discuss important things3 from murder to war with another tri e. <ouncilmen were often dressed in ceremonial clothes.

9OL<GAM<; %olygamy means having more than one wife. That was normal for (ndians ecause there were more women than men. 'ne (ndian hunter could &ill enough uffalo to feed a num er of women and children3 so he could have more wives "they called them squaws#. The more wives he had3 the more uffalo s&ins were prepared and he could trade more to get valua le things.

&AMIL<; No other tri e than Siou7 loved their family more. They adored their children and spoil them. They never punished them3 e7cept in e7treme cases3 when they would throw a uc&et of cold water over them. They never eat their children. /hen oys needed discipline they couldn?t go hunting or play war games. 9or the girlsD they couldn?t help their mothers or play with dolls.

Siou7 needed to travel all the time to find food. /hen a person was too old to travel with3 she or he was left ehind to die. 9or them that was perfectly normal.

RITUALS AN1 CUSTOMS- working station No.4

T'ere is one mista3e in ea0' senten0e. -orre0t t'e mista3e. +. (ndians had laws written down.

). <ouncil was made of men who were rich. .. They sat and discuss everyday things3 dressed in ceremonial clothes. 0. (ndians had polygamy ecause there were more men. 1. SBuawes were (ndian tepees. 2. (ndians hated their families. 4. They always eat their children. 5. The worst punishment for children was throwing hot water at them. 6. Cirls? punshment was no hunting with adults. +,. (f they couldn?t run with the tri e anymore3 they left them to die alone.

MARRIA5E AN1 1I6ORCE

MARRIAGE; Many men were &illed in war and hunting3 so there were more women than men. A wealthy man might have more than one wife "polygamy#. The num er of wives was limited with how much food he could hunt. The more successful hunter he was3 the more wives he could have. 9or the wives it meant good ecause they could share their wor&.

(f a man?s rother died3 he would e e7pected to marry the widow and ta&e care for her children. %olygamy seemed li&e a perfect solution. (t meant one wife didn?t have so much wor&3 and everyone could e properly loo&ed after.

=IVOR-E; (ndians honoured their wives very much ecause they did all the wor& e7cept hunting3 fishing and fighting. (f the marriage didn?t wor&3 the divorce was very easy for either partner. To e divorces the man would announce pu licly that he had :thrown away his woman;. Men usually did this y anging a drum. The woman could divorce her hus and simply y moving her elongings ac& to her parent?s tepee.

MARRIA5E AN1 1I6ORCE- working station No.7

-'ose t'e rig't ans(er a# / or 0 to 0om.%ete t'e senten0es.

+. (f a man was a ---------- hunter3 he could have more wives. a. bad b. good c. fast ). The num er of wives was limited y ----------. a. children b. how pretty he was c. hunted food .. The wives had ---------- wor& to do3 if there were more of them a. less b. more c. same 0. The tri e e7pected a man to marry his rother?s ---------- . a. sister b. widow c. youngest daughter 1. (ndian women were treated ---------- . a. with respect b. like men c. badly 2. A divorce was very ---------- for man or woman. a. hard b. complicated c. simple 4. They needed to tell ---------- a out getting a divorce. a. the chieftain b. the whole tribe c. their parents 5. %laying a ---------- could mean a divorce. a. guitar b. flute c. drum 6. A woman ---------- also divorce her hus and. a. could b. couldnt c. never +,. She simply moved all she had ac& to her parent?s ---------- . a. house b. apartment c. tepee

8ARFARE
Bra)ery was e7tremely important to (ndians. Every man wanted an opportunity to prove their ravery. And each tri e e7pected loyalty and ravery from its mem ers.

The greatest ravery during a attle was to touch the enemy with are hands or with a special stic& "called coup stick#. Acts of ravery were more important that actually &illing someone$ A warrior got :few points; for &illing a man from a distance with his ow and arrow3 ut he got even more points for getting close enough to tap him with his 0o . sti03. They mar&ed their winnings with feather or notches on a stic& that were shown to all tri e mem ers.

-AUSES O& WAR * (ndian often li&ed to fight wars ecause gave them a chance to win glory. The most common reason of war was desire for horses. <apturing horses from an enemy was an act of ravery. They also fought for hunting lands or ecause an insult. 9or the war they always prepared and painted the horses and themselves and made rituals3 li&e dances with medicine man3 who gave them spiritual advice. They preferred to surprise the enemy with une7pected attac&. They were very rave and cunning. Average ),A., men attac&ed and few were &illed. /omen rarely too& part in attac&ing. >eath of he enemies often led to s0a%.ing. The s&in and hair from the top of a head were removed. They elieved that without a scalp you could not enter the eternal afterAlife. So they removed scalps to have fewer enemies in the afterAlife. 9or them3 a scalp was a trophy and a cause of cele ration.

medicine man

8ARFARE- working station No.9

9 t t'e (ord $rom t'e /o2 into t'e rig't 0ategory.

'#%i&in# 'an s)irit,a. a%:i&#$ 0,nting t#rritor($ "ra:#r($ .o(a.t($ to,&0ing t0# #n#'( wit0 "ar# 0an%s$ )ainting 0ors#s$ ins,.ts$ &a)t,ring 0ors#s$ s&a.)ing$ ki..ing t0# #n#'( wit0 "ow an% arrow$ ta) t0# #n#'( wit0 &o,) sti&k$ rit,a. %an&# o/ war

good (arrior

a0ts o$ /ra)ery

.re.aration $or (ar

0a ses o$ (ar

T0# "att.# o/ t0# LITTLE BI5HORN$ 1;97

Sio 2 and -'eyenne were very angry with white people. /hite people were travelling into their sacred lands in search for gold. Siou7 gathered to fight for their lands with Sitting Bull. They were led y <raEy 8orse to fight against whites.

Sitting Bull

Crazy Horse

Colonel Custer

The FS army sent <olonel Ceorge <uster and the 4 th cavalry to force (ndians ac& to their reservations. They should wait for reinforcements ut <olonel <uster ignored the orders to wait and decided to attac& only with men he had there. 8e didn?t realiEe how many the (ndians were. But Siou7 (ndians joined with <heyenne (ndians too. There were now 1,.000 Indians together. The FS army3 led y <uster3 had only ,60 men. <uster devided troops into t'ree .arts. 9irst was sent to prevent (ndian escape through the upper valleyD second to ta&e charge of the (ndian village and thrid3 led y <uster3 to fight with (ndian warriors. As the (ndians closed in circle the FS army3 <uster ordered men to shoot their horses and form a wall. The army still thought they could win ecause they had etter weapons. (n a fierce attle in %ess t'an an 'o r3 <uster and all his men were &illed. (t was the worst American military disaster ever. =ittle Bighorn showed the (ndians power. (t was their greatest victory3 ut soon the tri ers union fell apart ecause of white men slaughtering. /ithin a year Siou7 nation was defeated and ro&en. The survived (ndians were forced to live in small reservations3 li&e animals in cages.

LITTLE BI5HORN- working station No.;

Ma3e : estions to t'e nder%ined in$ormation in t'e ans(ers.

+. ---------------------------------------------------------(ndians were angry with white people. ). ---------------------------------------------------------/hites were stealing gold from (ndians? sacred land. .. ---------------------------------------------------------(ndians gathered to fight for their lands. 0. ---------------------------------------------------------The FS army wanted to force (ndians to live in reservations. 1. ---------------------------------------------------------They ignored to wait for the reinforcements. 2. ---------------------------------------------------------They decided to attac& alone the (ndians. 4. ---------------------------------------------------------<heyenne joined the Siou7. 5. ---------------------------------------------------------There were +).,,, (ndians together. 6. ---------------------------------------------------------The attle lasted one hour. +,. --------------------------------------------------------(ndians won the attle in less than an hour.

THE FIRST AMERICANS- working station No.1 answ#rs<

+.T3 ).93 ..93 0.T3 1.NC3 2.NC3 4.NC3 5.93 6.T3 +,.9

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS- working station No.! answ#rs<

+.+06)3 ).<olum us3 ..(ndia3 0.(ndians3 1.incorrect3 2.Amerigo3 4.tri es3 5.different3 6.types3 +,.way3 two words e7tra* Siou73 Apache

THE PLAINS IN1IANS- working station No.2 answ#rs<

+. %lains (ndians. ).The largest tri e of %lains (ndians. .. Moved from place to place hunting Gmoved following the uffalo Gmoved at least . times a year. 0. Because they moved at least . times a year G ecause they were easy to put up and down. 1. %ictures3 weapons3 food3 fire and uffalo s&ins. 2. 'n uffalo s&ins. 4. @es. 5. 8unt for food and &eep the families safe. 6. <oo& meals3 ma&e the clothes3 loo& after children and tepees. +,. /or&ing3 preparing uffalo s&ins.

FAMIL3 LIFE- working station No.* answ#rs<

1. e ,. a 5. > *. ' 6. / 1. g 7. 0 8. d +. $ 10. i

RITUALS AN1 CUSTOMS- working station No.4 answ#rs<

+. had "didn!t have# ). rich "Buiet and honest# .. everyday "important# 0. men "women# 1. tepees "wives# 2. hated "loved# 4. always "never# 5. hot "cold# 6. Cirls " oys# +,. run "travel#

MARRIA5E AN1 1I6ORCE- working station No.7 answ#rs<

+. 3 ).c3 ..a3 0. 3 1.a3 2.c3 4. 3 5.c3 6.a3 +,.c

8ARFARE- working station No.9 answ#rs<

good (arrior
ravery loyalty scalping

a0ts o$ /ra)ery
touching the enemy with are hands &illing the enemy with ow and arrow tap the enemy with coup stic&

.re.aration $or (ar

medicine man spiritual advice painting horses ritual dance of war

0a ses o$ (ar
hunting territory insults capturing horses

LITTLE BI5HORN- working station No.; answ#rs<

+. /ho was angry with white people? "(ndians# ). /hat were whites stealing from (ndians! sacred land? "gold# .. /hy did (ndiand gather? "to fight for their lands# 0. /hat army wanted to force (ndians to live in reservations? "the FS army# 1. /hat did they ignore? "to wait for the reinforcements# 2. /hat did they decide? "to attac& alone the (ndians# 4. /ho joined the Siou7? "<heyenne# 5. 8ow many (ndians were together? "+).,,,# 6. 8ow long did the attle last? "one hour# +,. /ho won the attle in last than an hour? "(ndians# So 0es $or .'otogra.'s and te2t o$ my (or3ing stations;
http*GGwww.schoolhistory.co.u&Gyear5lin&sGnative-wor&sheets.shtml http*GGwww.majesticview+.comGNA(>sG8istory.htm

Ot'er se$ % %in3s;

http*GGwww.thehomeschoolmom.comGschoolroomGindians.php http*GGwww.legendsofamerica.comGnaAgeronimo.html http*GGwww.indigenouspeople.netGipl-final.html

http*GGwww.inBuiry.netGoutdoorGnativeGsignGpictographs.htm "to write a story in pictographs# "we also wrote a story with pictographs and words in a spiral circle# and ( downloaded some nice native m si0 from (sohunt "nice for meditation and tal&ing# http*GGisohunt.comGtorrent-detailsG1,.06)4+GnativeHamerican?ta Isummary

?o( to (or3 (it' (or3ing stations@

( usually ma&e pairs to wor& with3 small groups wor& nicely too. %rint in colours and laminate the wor&ing stations3 to use them many times. Jids read the te7t and write answers in note oo&s. /hen they have finished3 they come to the des& in front3 where ( put all the answers "( cut them on pieces y wor&ing stations#. They ta&e answers and chec& themselves their answers. /hen they are done3 they come and ta&e a new wor&ing station and put the solved one and answers ac& on the des&. Jids really li&e to wor& with wor&ing stations. ( also rewrote 10 Nati)e Ameri0an 0ommandments with nice fonts and pictures3 ut can?t post them on this site "no pdf can e posted here#. There is also included a short nice T0# .#g#n% o/ t0# %r#a' &at&0#r. Jids loved those3 so we made posters out of it for the classroom wall. /e also made our dreamcatchers* http*GGwww.dreamcatcherstore.usGhowtoAma&eAdreamAcatcher.htm http*GGwww.youtu e.comGwatch?vI<KSLLe99ACw Mare tonnes of those sitesM (f someone wants to have that pdf file3 write me a note and will send you.