Electrical Power Engineering (2)

Faculty of
Engineering
Tanta University
Dr. Ahmed Mohamed Azmy
Department of Electrical Power and Machine Engineering
Tanta University - Egypt
Code: EP2207
Lecture: 4 Tutorial: 4 Total: 8
value base
value actual
value unit Per =
base
base
base
V
S
I =
base
2
base
base
base
base
S
V
I
V
Z = =
Impact of Transformers
I
1
V
1
-
+
V
2
-
+
I
2
base 1
1
2
base 2
V
N
N
V

=
base base 2 base 1
S S S = =

base 1
2
1
base 2
I
N
N
I

=
pu 2 pu 1
V V

=
Example
A transformer is rated at 13.8kV/138kV/4.157kV with
rated power of 50MVA/40MVA/10MVA. Terminations
are as followings:
13.8 kV winding: 13.8 kV Source
138 kV winding: 35 MVA load, pf = 0.866 lag.
4.157 kV winding: 5 MVA load, pf = 0.866 leading
Using S
base
= 10 MVA, and voltage ratings as bases,
(a) Solve for the primary current, power, and power
factor (b) Draw the pu equivalent circuit
Example
1
3
2
- -
-
+
+
+
V
1
V
2
V
3
+
-
I
1
I
2
I
3
Solution
. . . . . . u p 30 5 3 s u p 5 3
10
35
s
2 2
Z = = =
. . . . . . u p 30 5 0 s u p 5 0
10
5
s
3 3
Z = = =
. . . . . . .
.
.
u p 0 0 0 1 V V V u p 0 1
8 13
8 13
V
3 2 1 1
Z = = = = =
. . .
*
u p 30 5 3
V
S
I
2
2
2
Z =
(

=
Solution
. . 30 5 . 0
*
3
3
3
u p
V
S
I Z =
(

=
. . . . . u p 4 23 3.775 30 5 0 30 5 3 I I I
3 2 1
Z = Z + Z = + =
. . . .
*
u p 4 23 775 3 I V S
1 1 1
Z = =
( ) lagging 0.9177 pf MVA 75 37 10 775 3 S
1
= = = , . .
A I 2736
0138 . 0
10
775 . 3
1
=
(

=
Solution
1
3
2
-
-
+
+
V
1
V
2
V
3
+
-
I
1
I
2
=
I
3
=
Z 30 5 3.
Z30 5 0.
Z0 0 1.
Steps of converting actual single-phase system to the
per unit quantities:
Choose MVA base MVA
base
for the whole system
Choose a kilo voltage base kV
base
for one section
Calculate the voltage base in other sections in the
network using the transformation ratio of transformers
Calculate the pu value using the general equation
value base
value actual
= value unit Per
Calculate the impedance base and current
base using MVA
base
and kV
base
in each section
base
2
base
base
base
base
S
V
I
V
Z = =
base
base
base
V
S
I =
To convert the actual three-phase system to
the per unit quantities, perform the following
steps:
Choose an apparent power base "VA
3-base
" for the
three phase for all parts in the system
Choose a line-to-line voltage base V
L-base
for one
section in the circuit
Calculate the impedance base and current base in
terms of VA
base
and V
base
in each section of the power
system using the following equations:
base L
base
base
V
S
I

=
3
3
Calculate the voltage base in other sections in the
network using transformation ratio of transformers
considering the method of winding connection
For star connection:
( )
base 3
2
base L
base
S
V
Z

=
For delta connection:
( )
base
base L
base
S
V
Z

=
3
2
3
Calculate the pu value using the general equation
value base
value actual
value unit Per =
A
= Z Z
Y
3
1
Y
Z Z 3 =
A
Changing the base
If the values of the parameters are given for certain
bases and it is required to calculate the values for
other bases, a certain relation can be used
This relation modifies the old value according to the
ration between new and old bases according to the
following relation:
Example:
For the network
shown, the data are:
Draw the impedance diagram for the network
assuming bases of 20 MVA and 11 kV in the G
1
area.
G
1
G
2
G
3
J 10 O
Tr
1
Tr
2
Tr
3
Tr
1
: 20 MVA, 11/110 kV, x=J0.12 p.u.
G
1
: 20 MVA, 11 kV, x=J0.4 p.u.
Tr
2
: 10 MVA, 6/110 kV, x=J0.15 p.u.
G
2
: 10 MVA, 6 kV, x=J0.35 p.u.
Tr
3
: 5 MVA, 3/110 kV, x=J0.1 p.u.
G
3
: 5 MVA, 3 kV, x=J0.3 p.u.
Solution
MVA
b
= 20 MVA
kV
b-1
= 11 kV
kV
b-II
= 110 kV
kV
b-III
= 6 kV
kV
b-IV
= 3 kV
X
L
= 10 * 20 / (110)
2
= j 0.017
X
g1
= 0.4 * 20 / 20 (11/11)
2
= j 0.4
X
g2
= 0.35 * 20 / 10 (6/6)
2
= j 0.7
G
1
G
2
G
3
J 10 O
Tr
1
Tr
2
Tr
3
I
II
IV
III
Solution
B
J 0.017
J 0.3
C
J 0.4
A
J 0.12
J 0.017 J 0.017
J 0.4
J 1.2 J 0.7
X
tr2
= 0.15 * 20 / 10 (110/110)
2
= j 0.3
X
tr3
= 0.1 * 20 / 5 (110/110)
2
= j 0.4
2 . 1 j
3
3
5
20
3 . 0 X
2
3 g
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
12 . 0 j
110
110
20
20
12 . 0 X
2
1 tr
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
Generator G
1
200 MVA, 20 kV, X
d
= 15%
Generator G
2
300 MVA, 18 kV, X
d
= 20%
Generator G
3
300 MVA, 20 kV, X
d
= 20%
Transformer T
1
300 MVA, 220Y/22 kV, X
d
= 10%
Transformer T
2
Three single-phase units each rated 100 MVA,
130 Y / 25 D kV, X = 10%
Transformer T
3
300 MVA, 220/22 kV, X = 10%
Example: The power system shown in the figure has the
following ratings:
G
1
G
2
G
3
J 75 O
T
1
T
2
T
3
Y A Y
J 75 O
Y A
Y
J 50 O
Y Y
Y
The transmission line
reactances are as
indicated in the
figure. Draw the
reactance diagram in
per unit choosing the
generator 3 circuit as
the base.
MVA
base
= 300 MVA
H.V.S. of transformer T
2
is Y connected
Its rated line to line voltage is 3 x 130 = 225 kV
L.V.S. is connected in A Its line voltage is 25 kV
V
b, III
= 20 kV, V
b, IV
= 20 x 220/22= 200 kV
G
1
G
2
G
3
J 75 O
T
1
T
2
T
3
Y A Y
J 75 O
Y A
Y
J 50 O
Y Y
Y
I
II
III
IV
22 220
22 220
225 25
V
b, I
= 200 x 22/220= 20 kV
V
b, II
= 200 x 25/225= 22.22 kV
V
b, I
= 200 x 22/220= 20 kV
V
b, II
= 200 x 25/225= 22.22 kV
Generator G
1
Generator G
2
Generator G
3
Transformer T
1
Transformer T
2
Transformer T
3