Guidelines

Preface Certificate from organization Acknowledgement Executive summary Table of content

Chapter 1: Introduction
Overview Profile of the Organization Problems of the organization S

OT

Com!etition "nformation

Chapter 2: Objectives and Methodology

Significance Ob#ectives Sco!e of the study $ethodology

Cha!ter %& Conce!tual discussion Cha!ter '& (ata Analysis Cha!ter )& *indings and +ecommendations ,ibliogra!hy

OBJEC I!E" O# $E"E%$C&

The !ur!ose of research is to discover answers to -uestions through the a!!lication of scientific !rocedures. The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered as yet.

OBJEC I!E" O# $E"E%$C&

/. To gain familiarity with a !henomenon or to achieve new insights into it 0. To !ortray accurately the characteristics of a !articular individual1 situation or a grou! %. To determine the fre-uency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else '. To test a hy!othesis of a causal relationshi! between variables

"igni'icance
2a3 To !rofessionals in research methodology1 research may mean a source of livelihood4 2b3 To !hiloso!hers and thinkers1 research may mean the outlet for new ideas and insights4 2c3 To literary men and women1 research may mean the develo!ment of new styles and creative work4 2d3 To analysts and intellectuals1 research may mean the generalizations of new

"cope
/. (esire to get a research degree along with its conse-uential benefits 0. (esire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved !roblems %. (esire to get intellectual #oy of doing some creative work '. (esire to be of service to society

()E" O# $E"E%$C&
The basic ty!es of research are as follows&

2i3 (escri!tive vs. Analytical& (escri!tive research includes surveys and fact5finding en-uiries of different kinds. The ma#or !ur!ose of descri!tive research is descri!tion of the state of affairs as it exists at !resent. "n analytical research1 on the other hand1 the researcher has to use facts or information already available1 and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.

A!!lied vs. *undamental& +esearch can either be a!!lied 2or action3 research or fundamental 2to basic or !ure3 research. A!!lied research aims at finding a solution for an immediate !roblem facing a society or an industrial6business organization1 whereas fundamental research is mainly concerned with generalizations and with the formulation of a theory.

7uantitative vs. 7ualitative& 7uantitative research is based on the measurement of -uantity or amount. "t is a!!licable to !henomena that can be ex!ressed in terms of -uantity. 7ualitative research1 on the other hand1 is concerned with -ualitative !henomenon1 i.e.1 !henomena relating to or involving -uality or kind. *or instance1 when we are interested in investigating the reasons for human behavior 2i.e.1 why !eo!le think or do certain things3

Conce!tual vs. Em!irical& Conce!tual research is that related to some abstract idea2s3 or theory. "t is generally used by !hiloso!hers and thinkers to develo! new conce!ts or to reinter!ret existing ones. On the other hand1 em!irical research relies on ex!erience or observation alone1 often without due regard for system and theory. "t is data5based research1 coming u! with conclusions which are ca!able of being verified by observation or ex!eriment.

"a*ple
A sam!le is 8a smaller 2but ho!efully

re!resentative3 collection of units from a !o!ulation used to determine truths about that !o!ulation9 2*ield1 0::)3 hy sam!le; +esources 2time1 money3 and workload <ives results with known accuracy that can be calculated mathematically The sam!ling frame is the list from which the !otential res!ondents are drawn +egistrar=s office

CONVENIENCE SAMPLING: non prob. known as grab or opportunity sampling or accidental Sometimes
or haphazard sampling.
A ty!e of non!robability sam!ling which involves the sam!le

being drawn from that !art of the !o!ulation which is close to hand. That is1 readily available and convenient. sho!!ing center early in the morning on a given day1 the !eo!le that he6she could interview would be limited to those given there at that given time1 which would not re!resent the views of other members of society in such an area1 if the survey was to be conducted at different times of day and several times !er week.

*or exam!le1 if the interviewer was to conduct a survey at a

/)

+ata Collection
Mailing !a!er -uestionnaires to res!ondents1

who fill them out and mail them back

>aving interviewers call to res!ondents on the

telephone and ask them the -uestion in a tele!hone interview

Sending the interviewers to the res!ondent=s

home or office to administer the -uestions in face-to-face 2*T*3 interviews

Closed ,uestions -ith ordered response scales

ould you say that in general your health is&

/ 0 % ' )

Excellent ?ery good <ood *air Poor

research *ethodology
we not only talk of the research methods but also consider the logic behind the methods we use in the context of our research study and ex!lain why we are using a !articular method or techni-ue and why we are not using others so that research results are ca!able of being evaluated either by the researcher himself or by others. hy a research study has been undertaken1 how the research !roblem has been defined1 in what way and why the hy!othesis has been formulated1 what data have been collected and what !articular method has been

Collecting the data:

"n dealing with any real life !roblem it is often found that data at hand are inade-uate1 and hence1 it becomes necessary to collect data that are a!!ro!riate. There are several ways of collecting the a!!ro!riate data which differ considerably in context of money costs1 time and other resources at the dis!osal of the researcher. Primary data can be collected either through ex!eriment or through survey. Secondary data& sources like internet1books

+ata collection
,y observation& This method im!lies the collection of information by way of investigator=s own observation1 without interviewing the res!ondents. The information obtained relates to what is currently ha!!ening and is not com!licated by either the !ast behavior or future intentions or attitudes of res!ondents

Through !ersonal interview& The

investigator follows a rigid !rocedure and seeks answers to a set of !re5conceived -uestions through !ersonal interviews.
Through tele!hone interviews& This method

of collecting information involves contacting the res!ondents on tele!hone itself. This is not a very widely used method but it !lays an im!ortant role in industrial surveys in develo!ed regions1 !articularly1 when the survey has to be accom!lished in a very limited time.

 ,y mailing of -uestionnaires& The

researcher and the res!ondents do come in contact with each other if this method of survey is ado!ted. 7uestionnaires are mailed to the res!ondents with a re-uest to return after com!leting the same. "t is the most extensively used method in various economic and business surveys ,efore a!!lying this method1 usually a Pilot Study for testing the -uestionnaire is conduced which reveals the weaknesses1 if any1 of the -uestionnaire. 7uestionnaire to be used must be !re!ared very carefully so

%nalysis o' data:

After the data have been collected1 the researcher turns to the

task of analyzing them. The analysis of data re-uires a number of closely related o!erations such as establishment of categories1 the a!!lication of these categories to raw data through coding1 tabulation and then drawing statistical inferences. The unwieldy data should necessarily be condensed into a few manageable grou!s and tables for further analysis. Thus1 researcher should classify the raw data into some !ur!oseful and usable categories.
Coding o!eration is usually done at this stage through which

the categories of data are transformed into symbols that may be tabulated and counted.
Editing is the !rocedure that im!roves the -uality of the data

for coding.

ith coding the stage is ready for tabulation.

Tabulation is a !art of the technical !rocedure wherein the

classified data are !ut in the form of tables.

The mechanical devices can be made use of at this #uncture. A great deal of data1 s!ecially in large in-uiries1 is tabulated by com!uters. Com!uters not only save time but also make it !ossible to study large number of variables affecting a !roblem simultaneously. Analysis work after tabulation is generally based on the com!utation of various !ercentages1 coefficients1 etc.1 by a!!lying various well defined statistical formulae which are available in excel formulas..

$esearch *ethodology
Area of study Sam!le size Sources of data Primary data6secondary data Sam!ling techni-ue (ata collection techni-ue +esearch ty!e