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Wajih Abu-Al-Saud
Lecture 21
Narrowband FM and PM
The general form of an FM signal that results when modulating a signals m(t) is
g FM (t ) = A cos c t + k f
. m ( )d
For FM and
k p m (t )
For PM, where
a (t ) =
m ( )d ,
such that a change in the message signal does not results in a lot of change in the instantaneous frequency of the FM signal. Now, we can write the above as
g FM (t ) = A cos [c t + k f a (t ) ] .
Starting with FM, to evaluate the bandwidth of this signal, we need to expand it using a power series expansion. So, we will define a slightly different signal
Lecture 21
FM (t ) = A e j {c t + k f a (t )} = A e j c t e jk f a (t ) . g Remember that
FM (t ) = A e j {c t + k f a (t }) = A cos [c t + k f a (t )] + jA sin [c t + k f a (t )] , g
so
FM (t )} . g FM (t ) = Re { g
j 2 k f2a 2 (t ) j 3k f3a 3 (t ) j 4 k f4a 4 (t ) j c t 1 + jk f a (t ) + + + + K g FM (t ) = A e 2! 3! 4! j t k f2a 2 (t ) j c t jk f3a 3 (t ) j c t k f4a 4 (t ) j c t j c t c = A e + jk f a (t )e + + K e e e 2! 3! 4! Since kf and a(t) are real (a(t) is real because it is the integral of a real function m(t)), and Re{ jejct} = sin(ct), then and since Re{ejct} = cos(ct)
FM (t )} g FM (t ) = Re { g k f2a 2 (t ) k f3a 3 (t ) k f4a 4 (t ) cos(c t ) + sin(c t ) + cos(c t ) + K = A cos(c t ) k f a (t ) sin(c t ) 2! 3! 4!
result in making all the terms with powers of k f a (t ) greater than 1 to be small compared to the first two terms. So, the following is a reasonable approximation for g FM (t )
g FM ( Narrowband ) (t ) A [ cos(c t ) k f a (t ) sin(c t ) ] ,
when k f a (t )
1.
It must be stressed that the above approximation is only valid for narrowband FM signals that satisfy the condition ( k f a (t ) 1 ). The above signal is simply the addition (or actually the subtraction) of a cosine (the carrier) with a DSBSC signal (but using a sine as the carrier). The message signal that modulates the DSBSC signal is not m(t) but its integration a(t). One of the properties of the Fourier transform informs us that the bandwidth of a signal m(t) and its integration a(t) (and its derivative too) are the same (verify this). Therefore, the bandwidth of the narrowband FM signal is
BW FM ( Narrowband ) = BW DSBSC = 2 BW m (t ) = .
EE 370: Dr. Wajih Abu-Al-Saud Chapter V: Angle Modulation Lecture 21 We will see later that when the condition (kf << 1) is not satisfied, the bandwidth of the FM signal becomes higher that twice the bandwidth of the message signal. Similar relationships hold for PM signals. That is
g PM ( Narrowband ) (t ) A cos(c t ) k p m (t ) sin(c t ) ,
when k p m (t )
1,
and
BW PM ( Narrowband ) = BW DSBSC = 2 BW m (t ) = .
()d
Narrowband FM Modulator
Narrowband PM Modulator