LIST OF FIGURES Chapter 1 Figure1-1: Process reaction of 1,4-butanediol Figure1-2: PFD of 1,4-butanediol Figure 1-3: Modified PFD of 1,4-butanediol

Figure 1-4: Esterification Figure 1-5: The first hydrogenation step Figure 1-6: The second hydrogenation step Figure 1-7: Reaction scheme for DMM to BDO 6 11 12 14 15 16 16

Chapter 2 Figure 2-1: The demand trend of 1,4-butanediol in Asia Pacific based on $/ton Figure 2-2: The demand of 1,4-butanediol in North America based on cents/lb Figure 2-3: Demand of 1,4-butanediol in Europe in term of price Figure 2-4: The global demand of 1,4-butanediol up till year 2004 Figure 2-5: The global consumption of 1,4-butanediol by application Figure 2-6: 1,4-butanediol capacity and process involve in China Figure 2-7: The end user of 1,4-butanediol Figure 2-8: World consumption of THF 2012 Figure 2-9: Global PBT demand by application Figure 2-10: The breakeven revenue (USD$) vs breakeven production (ton/year) 21 22 22 23 24 26 27 27 28 37

Chapter 3 Figure 3-1: Plant layout of Shanghai Chemical Industrial Park Figure 3-2: Overview Marl Chemical Park in Germany Figure 3-3: Edmonton Energy and Technology Park (EETP) Highway Network 43 46 49

Chapter 4 Figure 4-1: Mass balance on liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) Figure 4-2: Mass balance on distillation column 2 Figure 4-3: Mass balance on distillation column 3 Figure 4-4: Comparison of manual calculation of mass balance and hysys 62 63 64 65

Chapter 5 Figure 5-1: The inlet and outlet stream for heater E-100 Figure 5-2: Inlet and outlet stream for heater E-101 Figure 5-3: Inlet and outlet stream for cooler C-101 Figure 5-4: Inlet and outlet stream for cooler C-100 Figure 5-5: Inlet and outlet stream for heater E-102 Figure 5-6: Inlet and outlet stream for compressor K-100 Figure 5-7: Inlet and outlet stream for compressor K-101 Figure 5-8: Inlet and outlet stream for pump P-100 Figure 5-9: Inlet and outlet stream for pump P-101 Figure 5-10: Inlet and outlet stream for pump P-102 Figure 5-11: Inlet and outlet stream for pump P-103 Figure 5-12: Inlet and outlet stream for pump P-104 Figure 5-13: Inlet and outlet stream for pump P-105 Figure 5-14: Balance on flash separator V100 Figure 5-15: Balance on distillation column T100 Figure 5-16: Balance on distillation column T101 Figure 5-17: Balance on distillation column T102 Figure 5-18: Inlet and outlet stream for liquid-liquid extraction Figure 5-19: Balance on the esterification reactor column R100 Figure 5-20: Balance on the hydrogenation reactor R101 Figure 5-21: Balance on the hydrogenation reactor 2, R102 68 70 73 76 79 82 84 86 89 92 96 99 103 104 108 112 118 123 129 131 135

Chapter 6 Figure 6-1: Chemical hazard symbol Figure 6-2: Hirerachy control Figure 6-3: Structure of Chinese Chemical Legislation Figure 6-4: Boundary of waste source Figure 6-5: The waste water treatment for butanediol plant Figure 6-6: Strategic principle of waste management minimization Figure 6-7: Incineration Figure 6-8: Layout of Shanghai Chemical Industrial Park with the facilities provided 147 152 156 169 172 174 175 176