Session13 EXWiringMethods

EXInstallationMethods ConduitorCableGlands...

DirectEntryviaEExdgland

IndirectEntryviaEExe gland&enclosure

DirectEntryviaEExd conduit

TypicalWiringMethods

RigidConduit

Unarmored Cable bl

Armored Cable

IECCableTypesandConstruction
UnarmoredCablesimilartoUSTCtypecablesbutwithfullyextrudedfillers.ArmoredCablesimilarin concepttoIEEE45TypePmarineshipboardcableandcontinuouscorrugatedaluminumarmorcable.

TypeSWA SteelWireArmor

TypeSTA Steel lTapeArmor

TypeSWB SteelWireBraid

Cable/ConductorRequirementsinZone applications
ThefollowingmainrequirementsarelistedintheEN60079standardforcablesandconductors: useonlyinsulatedcablesandconductors(testvoltage500VAC), inspecialcasesearththerequiredscreeningonlyonceattheendofthenonexplosiveenvironment, protectintrinsicallysafecircuitsagainstexternalelectricalormagneticfieldsthroughthemaintenanceof adequatedistances,screeningand/orcoretwisting,isolateintrinsicallysafecablesandconductorsfromnon intrinsicallysafecablesandconductorsor,protectagainstmechanicaldamageor,protectthroughmetal housing,orscreeningofthecablesandconductorsdonotcombineconductorsofintrinsicallysafeandnon intrinsically safecircuits preventthefrayingoffinewiredconductorsthroughtheuseofcablesleeves,forexample: keeptominimumdiameterof0.1mm, isolateintrinsicallysafeandnonintrinsicallysafecircuitsincablebundlesorductsviainsulationspaceroran earthedmetalspacer(notrequiredwithscreeningorsheathing) sheathing), identify(i.e.lightblue)thecablesandconductorsofintrinsicallysafecircuits(notrequiredwithshieldingor metalsheathing)

Cable/ConductorRequirementsinZone applications
Whenselectingcablesandconductors,onlyusethosewhichcanwithstandtheexpected mechanical,chemicalandthermalinfluences.Cablesandconductorswiththermoplasticsheath, duroplasticsheath,elastomersheathormineralinsulationwithmetalsheathmaybeusedforfixed routing. i C Cable bl b branch hli linesmustcomply l with i hthe h requirements i f forh hazardous d areas. Thecablesandconductorsmustbeconnectedtotheelectricalequipmentinlinewiththedirectives fortheassociatedtypeofprotection.Unusedopeningsondevicesandequipmentmustbeclosed. Whencablesandconductorsareinstalledthrough g openings p g intononhazardousareas, ,caremustbe takentoprovideanadequatesealattheopenings(e.g.sandfilling,mortar)topreventcarryingover ofthezone.Atparticularly hazardouspoints,cablesandconductorsmustbeprotectedagainstthermal,mechanicalorchemical stressby,forexample,conduits,tubingorcovers.Theflameretardanceofcablesandconductorsfor fixedroutingmustbeproveninaccordancewithIEC603321. 1

IECCableTypesandConstruction
Ingeneral,SWAcablehasbeenthecableofchoiceintheUKfor onshoreinstallations.Itissomewhatflexible,readilyavailable andhasgoodbendingcapabilities. SWBcablehasbecomethechoiceforinstallationsoffshorewith variousarmormaterialsincludingtinnedcopper,bronzeand othermaterials.Veryflexibleyetdurableunderverydemanding conditions.Manydifferentjackettypesavailable. STAismoreofanonshoretypecableandiswidelyusedin onshoreapplicationsincontinentalEurope,especiallyforpower applications.ClientshavestartedtoshyawayfromSTAasitis generally ge e a yregarded ega dedass slightly g ymore o ed difficult cu to oterminate e a ethan a eitherSWAorSWB. Onevariationcommonlyusedfordirectburyapplicationsisa Leadsheathedarmorcable.Leadprovidesaverygood i l ti due insulation d to t corrosive i elements l t and dis i particularly ti l l resistant i t t torodentsandants.Cableglandsforleadsheathedcable typicallyneedanadditionalcomponenttoseattheleadportion ofthecable. DesignationsonglandsistomarkaXZforbraidandtape,witha Wforwirearmorforfieldinstallation.

IECCableTypesandConstruction

BFOU&RFOUinstrumentationcablesaremanufacturedwitheitheroverallorindividualscreens screens,the coresareeitherlaidupaspairsortriples.Idealforsignalandinstrumentationcircuitswherethefire performanceandLowSmokeZeroHalogenpropertiesareincreasinglybeingrequiredwithinpublic buildingsandpowerstations,aswellastraditionalPetro/Chemindustries.Thecableisdesignedto carryonworkingforaperiodof3hourswhenexposedtofire,accordingtoIEC60331testprocedure. BFOUalso l offers ff good dscreeningproperties,reducing d Electro l MagneticInterference f (EMI). ( ) Construction Tinnedstrandedcopper pp conductor, ,MICAtape, p ,EPRinsulation, ,overallscreenofCopper pp backed Polyestertapewithastrandedcopperdrainwire0.75mm,innersheathofHalogenFreeThermoset Elastomer,tinnedcopperwirebraidandanoutersheathofHalogenFreeThermosetElastomer.The individuallyscreenedversionhasaCopperbackedPolyestertapewithastrandedcopperdrainwire 0.75mm aroundeachpairortriple. Corecolors Pairs - Light blue, black Triples - Light blue, black and brown Each pair or triple is identified by a numbered tape.

IECCableTypesandConstruction
CableTypes ThemostcommonsheathmaterialfordatacablinginuseintheUKisPVC.Formanyenvironments, PVCistheidealmaterial,havingsuperiormechanicalcharacteristicsandhighreliability.However,in afire,PVCemitsheavyblacksmokemixedwith hydrochloricacid, acid thusreducingvision vision,immediatelyimpairingbreathing breathing,andadditionallyinitiating corrosionofallequipmentexposedtothefumes.Forimprovedfireperformance,itiscommonfor LSZHLowSmokeZeroHalogen(usuallymeetingIEC61034,IEC607542andIEC603323)cable sheathstobeusedwithinEurope.

FirePerformanceStandards ThemajorStandardsincommonuseare showninthetable.

CablesmeetingIEC603323havebetterfireperformancecharacteristicsthanthosemeeting IEC603321:Theyuseeitherathickercablesheathoramoreexpensivesheathmaterialand thereforethecableismorecostly.

IECCableTestsforFireApplications

TypicalIECCableTests
FireResistantTest IEC6033121Underlongfire exposure,thecablemustmaintainthepower supplyforvitalsafetyequipment(emergency lighting, g g,alarm, ,systems y &firepumps, p p ,etc.) )

SmokeDensityTest IEC610341/2The smokedensitytestevaluatesthesmoke emissionsofthecableandthejacket construction.

Testunderfirecondition IEC603323 Flameretardanttestsimulatingcables installedinbunchonaverticalladder underfireconditions.

IEC6033212Singlewireorcable

A test on a single length of cable 600mm long held between 2 clamps. The flame is applied for a predetermined amount of time based on the weight of the cable. To pass the test there should not be any visible damage or charring within 50mm of the lower edge of the top clamp l (E (Equal l to t 425mm 425 hi h than higher th the flame source) once all combustion has stopped. This test replaces IEC603321, 1 BS4066 pt 1 & BS EN 5026521.

IEC603323Theladdertest

The IEC603323 ranges of tests are conducted on bunches of cables and are much closer to a real life installation. 3.5m Lengths g of cables are bunched onto a cable ladder in a chimney simulating a building riser. The volume of cable on the ladder is determined in litres of combustible material to offer a balanced view of performance across a cable range. A flame is applied 500mm from the base of the ladder for a predetermined time. When the burner has extinguished a one hour afterburn period is allowed then the cables are checked for performance. To pass the T th tests t t the th cables bl should h ld not t be b affected ff t d by b the flame 2.5m above the flame source. BS EN 50266 is the BS standard for the same test procedure

IEC603323categories
Test 60332322CatA Qtyofmaterial 7 0litres 7.0 Flameapplication 40minutes Supersedes IEC603323A BS4066pt3A IEC603323B BS4066pt3B IEC603323C BS4066pt3C

60332323CatB

3.5litres

40minutes

IEC60332324CatC IEC60332325CatD 60332321CatAF/R

1.5litres 0 5litres 0.5

20minutes 20minutes

UsedforlargeO.Dcablesinsteadof322CatA.Thecablesare mountedonthefrontandbackoftheladder

Allthesetestsaretobeconductedoncompletecables. CompoundsalonecannotbetestedtoIEC60332

FireResistantTesting

A cables bl ability b l to continue operating safely f l during d a fire. f Also l referred f d to as circuit integrity. Widely used in commercial/public buildings & MOG applications to control fire alarm/monitoring systems, emergency lighting, fire shutters and emergency evacuation equipment.

EuropeanFireStandards
Standard IEC60331 IEC6033121 IEC6033123 IEC6033125 IEC6033131 VDE0472 DIN4102 DIN4102 Ref. Performancerequirement Cables0.6/1kV. 3hoursat750C(1970edition) Cables0.6/1kV 90minutes@750C(unlessalt.statedinthecablespec) Datacables 90minutes@750C Opticalfibre 90minutes@750C Cables0.6/1kV 120minutes@830Cwithvibration FE180 E30 E90 q toIEC60331(1970 ( edition) ) Thistestisequal Completesystemintegrityfor30minutes Complete p system y integrity g yfor90minutes BS8434wasdevelopedandenhancedfromthisstandard. CurrentlyEN50200isinferiortoBS8434asitdoesnot includethewaterspraytest.

EN50200PH30,PH60,PH120

SmokeEmission&ToxicGas

Obscuration of vision and toxic gas are the main threat to people during a fire leading to disorientation and chocking from fumes. fumes Death is normally caused by . choking rather than flames. flames Reducing smoke & fume emissions is vital to enable safe evacuation. Equipment damage is caused by HCl gases mixing with moisture from the sprinkler systems and creates acid rain leading to long term component failure even if the equipment does not look damaged. damaged Notallmaterialsthatarelowsmokearehalogenfree,examples: LSPVC(LimitedSmokePVCtoUL1685) Fluorocarbons(PTFE (PTFE,FEPetc etc.) ) TypeBCSPtoBS6883(1991)

EuropeanSmokeTesting
IEC 610342: A one meter sample of cable (or a bundle of cables depending on the outer diameter) is placed in a 3m cube and subjected to combustion by an alcohol produced flame for 20 minutes. The light transmission through the cube should not fall below 60% during the test (at peak or total) Measurement method : 100W halogen light source sensed by a photoelectric cell positioned on the opposite side of the smoke cube. IEC610342 is the most popular test used for cable in Europe. IEC610341 covers the apparatus required and test procedure.

ToxicGasEvolutionIEC60754

IEC607541 (BS EN 50267 pt1) measures the amount of hydrochloric acid (HCl) evolved during burning The result is normally expressed as a percentage of the sample weight. burning. weight There is no pass/fail criteria. This method is not suitable for testing cables classed as Zero Halogen and compounds containing less than 5mg/g (5%) IEC607542 (BS EN 50267 pt2) measures the corrosiveness of the evolved gas in terms of acidity (pH) and conductivity. IEC 607542 recommended values are : pH > 4.3. & Conductivity of combustion gases < 10 mS/mm

PanelWiringtoIECrequirements
MostofEuropeabidesbyIEC(InternationalElectrotechnical Commission)wiringcolorcodesforAC branchcircuits.Theoldercolorcodesinthetablereflectthepreviousstylewhichdidnotaccountfor properphaserotation.Theprotectivegroundwire(listedasgreenyellow)isgreenwithyellowstripe. Function ProtectiveEarth Neutral Line,singlePhase Line 3phase Line, Line,3phase Line,3phase Label PE N L L1 L2 L3 CurrentColorIEC GreenYellow Blue Brown Brown Black Grey OldColorIEC GreenYellow Blue Brown orBlack Brown orBlack BrownorBlack BrownorBlack

TheUnitedKingdomnowfollowstheIECACwiringcolorcodes. codes Thetablebelowliststhese alongwiththeobsoletedomesticcolorcodes. Function Protective o ec eEarth a Neutral Line,singlePhase Line,3phase Line,3phase Li 3phase Line, h Label PE N L L1 L2 L3 CurrentColorUK Green G ee Yellow e o Blue Brown Brown Black G Grey OldColorUK Green G ee Yellow e o Black Red Red Yellow Bl Blue

ExampleofoldUKwiringcolors

Theuseofcolorcodedferrulesorsleevesistypicallyleftuptotheclient/userpreference. EitherpracticeisacceptabletorelevantIECstandards.

CableGlandSelectionCriteria
Cableglandsusedinenclosuresintendedforuseina hazardousareamustmeetwiththe samecriteriaastheenclosuretowhichthey yare connected.Forexample,cableglandsusedon anEExeenclosuremustmeettherequirementsforthe enclosuresoftheEExe standardi.e.mustbecapableofwithstandinga7Nm impactandcapableofmaintainingan ingressprotectionofatleastIP54. Ifaplasticornonmetalliccableglandisuseditmustbe capableofpassingthesetestsafter havingundergoneanacceleratedconditioningperiod. Mostreputablecableglandmanufacturershavetheir productsapprovedbyasuitablynotified bodyandwillcarrythecertificationmarkingsonthebody ofthegland.Cableglandsareaveryimportantelementin theprotectionofelectricalequipmentandshouldnotbe underestimated.Thereareavastarrayofdifferentcables inusetodayanditisimportantthatadviceissoughtfrom acable bl gland l dmanufacturer f regarding di selection. l i

TestingProceduresforCable Glands

IP66Testing 100litersofwaterfor3minutesfrom 2.5to3meters

ContinuityTestingofArmor Glandisheatedandcooled overtimeandresistivityshouldnotchangemorethan 10%

TorkTest Multiplespannerstoprescribedtension withnodamageondisassembly

TestingProceduresforCable Glands
LoadTest Unarmoredcableglandwithmandrelto notslipmorethan6mmover6hrs.

ImpactTest Ikgfallingfrom70cmor7joules.No damagetogland

PressureTest Minimumof450psiwithoutleakage forExd,2000psiforUL2225requirements

WiringMethods
WiringconceptsOffshorefollowtheestablished&prevailingMarinestandards, e.g.IEC60092352 Metallic ll parts( (including l d armour) )shall h llb beearthed h deffectively ff l topreventthem h frombecominglive. CableArmour/Braidprovidesameansofgoodearthcontinuityaswellas mechanicalprotection. Normalpracticehasbeentouseexternalgroundingasthemostdirectrouteto earth. Thisiseasilyachievedwithmetalliccableglandsinnonmetallicenclosuresby theuseofanearthtag Shroudshavebeenfoundtobeanineffectivemeansofkeepingwateroutof enclosuresandglandsaretypicallynotusedforNorthSeaapplicationsany more

WiringMethods ShieldingEMI Protection

TwoformsofEMI/RFItoconsider ConductedEmissions(Generated&Susceptibility) RadiatedEmissions(Generated&Susceptibility)

AScreenedCableenteringshieldedenclosure AssistsinprotectionagainstRadiatedEmissions Metallicglandsareanessentialpartofthesystem designinrespectofElectromagnetprotection.

360o Cableshieldingprovidesoptimumperformance forEMCasopposedtopigtailtechniques. Nonmetallicglandscreatetheweaklinkinthe systembetweenshieldedcableandenclosure.

TypicalEExd&earmoredcablegland
ComponentsofTypicalEExe&dcablegland.

DelugeSeal FrontEnd ArmorCone ClampingRing BackEnd OuterSeal

InnerSeal

InstallationofEExedgland
Inner&OuterSeals Locknut

EExd&EExe RequirementforEExdcableglandsforequipment<2litres Screwedentrythreadsmustmaintainflamepath Innersealmustbeexplosionproofandgastight TrendistousedualcertifiedExd&Exe RequirementsforEExecableglands Impactstrength 7NmMinimum MinimumI.P.rating IP54gas/vapour IP64dust Single(outer)sealasaminimum Trendistouseadouble(inner/outer)seal NotunusualtousetheidenticalglandforbothEExdandEExeapplicationsforlessconfusionininstallation inthefield.

InstallationofEExdbarrier gland

FlamePath Sealrequired towithstand apressureof 450PSI(31bar) for2minutes

Exhaust Routes

Pressure essu e Flame HotGases FlamePath EpoxyResin Compound

DirectEntryintoZone1,EExdenclosureover2litersvolume WithArcingSparkingDevices

SampleofCableTypes
WhichtypeissuitableforusewithFlameproofExdequipment usingaglandwithanELASTOMERIC seal?

CableA
IncorrectShape, CablesShould b Round be d

CableB

CableC

CableD

NoInnerSheath, ExtrudedBedding orSuitableFillers

CableE
CorrectCable, e.g.hasan extruded innerbedding

WiringMethods TypicalNorwegian InstallationPractice

IEC6007915CableGlandSelectionChart

Ingeneral,about90%oftheapplicationforhazardouslocationcable glandscanbefulfilledwiththeuseofanonbarriercompoundgland

WiringMethods TypicalNorwegian InstallationPractice

DirectandIndirectEntryEExe&EExd Enclosures

DirectEntry,GlandTypeEEx dBarrierTypeifvolume>2 litres

IgnitionSource

IndirectEntry,GlandTypeEExe orDualCertifiedEExe/EExd gland

DirectEntryEExnREquipment

GlandTypeEExDBarrierType providinggastightBiDirectional seal

GlandTypeEExd/EExeincorporatinginternal sealthatprovidesBiDirectionalGastightseal. DiaphragmSealsorcompressionsealsnot recommended

Duetothis

WiringMethods CableGlandusageUK

UKOffshore HazardousAreas EExe95% EExd5% BraidArmor 98% Brass"Armored" EExd/EExe C bl Gland Cable Gl d 99% Brass"Armored" EExdCompound B i Gl Barrier Gland d 1%

MarketSector Equipment

Cable

Unarmored 2% "Unarmored" PlasticEExe C bl Gland Cable Gl d 1%

Brass"Unarmored" EExd/EExe C bl Gland Cable Gl d 99%

CableGlands

ThreadInformationand Accessories
ThestandardizationofthreadtypeintheIECworldistypicallyaroundthe Metricstraightthread.However,otherthreadtypesdoexistintheIECworld andifnotMetricoravariationof,areaPG,BSPorBSTthreadtype. Accessoriesthatarecommonlyusedare: CableShrouds Becomingincreasinglylessusedastheyhaveatendencyto holdwaterinandcoveruppotentialcorrosionwithglands. EarthTags OtherwiseknownasBanjosorFryingPans.Usedtoprovide ameanstogroundthecableglandtypicallywhenusedinnonmetallic enclosures. L k t Typically Locknuts T i ll used dto t securethe th cable bl gland l dto t the th enclosure. l

ThreadInformationand Accessories(Cont.)
Withthevariousthreadsused,threadadaptorsandreducers areacommonaccessorywidelyused.Onekeypointisthatitis notallowedtoreduceareducer ShakerWashers Typicallyusedbetweenthelocknutand insideofanenclosure,shakerwashersareusedtoprovidea meanstokeepvibrationsfromlooseningthecableglandtothe enclosure. IPwashers Asthenameimplies,IPwashershelpmaintainthe IPratingbetweenthecableglandandtheenclosure Ifyouhave a eacable cab egland g a dinaclearance c ea a cehole, o e,youhave a eametal e a tometal(orplastic)surfacethatprovidesnobetterthanIP54 protection.IPwashersgobetweenthefaceoftheglandand theoutsideoftheenclosure. Drains D i EEx EE edrains d i th that tallow ll condensation d ti t tod drain i f fromth the insideofenclosuresduetomoisturebuildupduringthenormal heatingandcoolingprocessduringthedayandnight.

Cableglandspacingonenclosures
Cableglandsclearanceholesneedtobeconsideredwhendeterminingnumberandsizesofglandsinstalled inenclosures.Alwaysconfirmglandcrosscornerclearancewithmanufacturerandtemplatesizeof enclosuretoconfirmwhetherenoughspaceexistsforglandentries

Cableglandspacingonenclosures
TraditionaluseofcableglandsenteringintoanExeenclosureneedasignificant amountofexcessspacetoallowfortheuseofaspannerorwrenchtotightenthe gland.TheuseofcabinetsealscertifiedtoExecanreducethefootprintofthe enclosurerequiredbyasmuchas50%orallowadoublingofcablestoenterinthe samespaceastraditionalcableglands. glands

ExdSealsandConduitSystems
ConduitSealsarecommonlyusedwithconduitsystemsfor directentryintoEExdenclosures.Themaximumallowed distancefromenclosureis450mm.LiketheUS,installations alsorequiresealfittingsatboundaries. Conduitsystemshaveaslightlydifferentrequirementinthat countriestypicallymandatemax.fill.Inthecaseofmostof thesouthernEuropeancountries,amax.fillof60%is allowed ThisdifferswithUSregulationsoftypically40% allowed. maximumconduitfill.Conduitsystemsareusuallylimited to3000Vorless.Above3000V,cablesystemsarerequired

TypicalWiringPracticeswithConduit
Allswitchingmechanismsshouldbeomnipolarwheretheneutralwireisalwayscut MINIMUMallowedwiresizes: AuxiliaryCircuits(Controls)1.5mm/sq. Power Circuits2.5mm/sq. Cablesshouldbe3000Vmin.andflameretardanttype CablesMUSTprotectedagainstinsulationdamagegenerallydueto: Impactdamage Heatsourcesthatcoulddamagecablesinsulation Chemicalsubstancesthatcouldcauseinsulationcablescorrosion Inordertocomplywithabovementionedrequirements,aproperchoiceofcablesand cableroutingisveryimportant. IfC Cables bl P Pass f farawayf fromanyplace l with ithrisk i kof fcorrosion i oraccidental id t ld damage (i.e.cablesforceilingmountedlightingfixtures)astandardPVCinsulatedcablesin propercabletraysareallowed.Whencablescomedowntoworkingareas,orpass besidetovalvesorotherequipmentthatmightreleaseheatorcorrosivesubstances thatmightdamagecablesinsulation,itisrecommendedtopassrelevantcablesinside agalvanizedsteelpipes.Ifcablesgotovibratingmachines(example:electricalmotors) pipesshouldbeflexiblehoses,forthelast500mmapprox.connectedtospecialcable glandswithfemalethreadedheadwhichallowforflexiblehosesdirectconnectionto theglandnut,withoutleavinganypartofcablesuncovered. ThisisverysimilartoUSinstallationswherebytheuseofconduitactsasameansof mechanicalprotection.

TypicalWiringPracticeswithConduit
FlexibleConduitforvibrationand mechanicalprotection

Conduitformechanical protection

TypicalWiringPracticeswithConduit

IEC61386isthenewEuropeanstandardgoverningtheperformanceofflexible conduit(andrigid)systemsinelectricalinstallations. TensiletestforIEC61386. SupersedingthecurrentEuropeanflexibleconduitsystemsstandards,EN50086,IEC 61386coversperformancerequirementsforuseofsuchproductsinelectrical installationapplications.Theperformancerequirementscoveredincludefatiguelife, bendradius,operatingtemperature,nonflamepropagation,IPratings,impact resistanceandpulloffstrength.FullimplementationofIEC61386isbeingphasedin throughout2006,anditisexpectedthatthestandardwillfullyreplaceEN50086by 2007. 2007 Thosemanufacturersofflexibleconduitandtrunkingwhichcandemonstratefull compliancewiththenewstandard(forexample,intheUKviaBSIandtheKitemark scheme), ),especially p yifconfirmedby yindependent p thirdp party ycertification, ,willbeina goodcompetitivesituationintermsofsales.Thisisbecausesuchmanufacturers' customerswillbeabletoconfidentlyspecifyflexibleconduitsystemscomplyingwith IEC61386forthecompleterangeofsuitableapplications,knowingthattheyhave beenapprovedtothenewscheme.Suchcustomersoftenfacestrictcontrolsontheir workingenvironments, environments andmaytypicallyincludefoodprocessing processing,healthcare healthcare, hazardousarea,MODandotherspecialistmarkets.

TypicalWiringPracticeswithConduit
TeststobecarriedoutunderIEC61386: ThenewIEC61386standardrequiresanumberofteststobecarriedoutonspecimenconduitmaterials. Theseinclude: TheImpactStrengthTest Thisiscarriedoutonconduitsoverarangeofdifferenttemperatures.Thetestis madeoneachspecimenusinganimpactheadwithadefinedprofile.Conventionally,fracturebehavioris studied,butunderthistest,itisthedeformation(buckling)behaviorthatisalsodetermined.Thespecimen passesthetestifnofractureoccursafterimpact,andthereisalsonoexcessivepermanentdeformation. ThePeakLoadTest Undertherequirementsofthistest,carriedoutonconduitspecimensunderstandard ambientconditions(whichisspecifiedas23Cat50%relativehumidity),theconduitisdeformedbyadefined amountbetweentwoplates. TheReverseBendingTest(WithSwingingMovements) Thistestisbasedonacyclicreversedbendingof conduitsundervarioustemperatures.Undertherequirementsforthetest,conduitsaredynamicallyloaded andevaluatedoverthetemperaturelimits.Thenumberofbendingcyclestakentofracturetheconduit determinesitsstrength. TheSelfExtinguishingTest Undertherequirementsforthistest,theconduitisexposedtoaflame(froma standardburner).Thetimetoignition(ifany),theflamepropagation,andthetimetoselfextinguishingafter flameremovalareallparametersmeasured.

TypicalWiringPracticeswithCable
Atypicalmethodofmakingfinalterminationstoenclosuresistoleaveexcesscablein aloopconfigurationtorelieveanypotentialunduestrainonthecablegland,and alloweasiermodificationsifequipmentneedstobereplacedorrepaired..

TypicalWiringPracticeswithCable