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The Significance of Point Source Emission (NO2) by Petrochemical Plants at North East of Peninsular Malaysia
Ibrahim Mohd Habir* 1, Abdullah Ahmad Makmom 2, Adam Nor Mariah 3 and Ismail Mohd Halim Shah 4
1. Kolej Universiti TATI, Jalan Panchor, Teluk Kalong, 24000 Kemaman, Terengganu, MALAYSIA 2. Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43000 UPM Serdang, Selangor, MALAYSIA 3. Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43000 UPM Serdang, Selangor, MALAYSIA 4. Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43000 UPM Serdang, Selangor, MALAYSIA *habir@tatiuc.edu.my
Abstract Petrochemical industry is one of the major pollutant generators around the world. The same scenario is observed occurring at North East of Peninsular Malaysia. The ISCT3 air dispersion of Gaussain Transport Model was used to simulate the average predicted on ground concentration of NO2 emitted by point source from the petrochemicals plants. The simulation covers major input of geographical domain set up, NO2 generators specification and meteorological parameters. The geographical domain set up is at 20 km x 20 km covering area centre of the petrochemicals plants with 0.5 km receptors grid spacing. The NO2 emission rate was estimated through the use of ultimate fuel analysis method. The NO2 generated combined with 5 yearly meteorological data obtained was applied to perform the simulation at the optimum correlation of wind direction. The simulation performed discovered that the predicted monthly and yearly average of on ground NO2 concentration range from 13.97 to 20.43 ug/m3 and 6.91 to 8.49 ug/m3 respectively. The yearly predicted average concentration shows that the value is below the WHO guideline which is at 40 ug/m3. No benchmark could be performed at the monthly average since there is no standard guideline available.
Keywords: Meteorological modeling, correlation, NO2, ISCT3
by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1994 that more than half of the six most important air pollutants (CO, Pb, NOx, VOCx, PM10 and SOx; except CO) are contributed by stationary sources of which mostly from petrochemical plants16. With the increasing trend of the recent petrochemical production volume from 4.3 to 9.2 ton per year from 2001 to 200926, there is an expectation that this industry might well contributed to more generation of air pollution. Environmental concerns have raised public awareness of environmental issues that lead to driving forces for regulations through out the world. The five commonly substances being monitored are CO, NO2, O3, PM10 and SO2, In particular, the permitted level of pollutant substances in Malaysia is controlled under the Environmental Quality Act 1974 that has specifically defined as the guideline standard of Recommended Malaysian Air Quality Guidelines (RMQG)8. The same enforcement is implemented in developed nation such as the United States. However, much evidence has recorded that the petrochemicals operator has released much higher pollution despite the above enforcement made25. Much effort has been made by researchers in order to predict the air pollution. Among those substances, NO2 is considered one of the most popular substances used by researchers as research and indicator either involving acute or chronic cases4,23,24,27,29. One of the reason might be due to the usage of natural gas as the primary feedstock to the industry12. Recently practice also has indicated that petroleum refiner has switched away from heavy high sulfur oil towards the natural gas as to reduce SO230. The emissions of NO2 may also be significant in Malaysian scenario knowing that natural gas is also known as commonly used fuel by the petrochemicals industry7. With the above concerned, it is the objective of this paper to predict the significant level of the average on ground concentration of NO2 emitted by point source of petrochemicals plants within the Kertih Petrochemicals Industrial Area. Method - Meteorological Modeling This analysis applying simulation using air modeling software, the Industrial Source Complex Term
Introduction
Globally, petrochemicals industry has been considered as the second major industrial emission sources of SO2, NOx and CO2 in Asia, after steel and iron industry2. At North East of Peninsular Malaysia, petrochemicals industry is capable of producing 6.9 million tons per year of various chemical products that is equivalent to 55 % of the total Malaysian chemicals product produced22. One of the petrochemicals industry located in this region is known as Kertih Petrochemical Industrial Area (Figure 1) There are 27,000 major and hundreds of thousands of minor sources of air pollution in the United States28. It was noted
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The NO2 emission rates estimated are at the average since the emission concentration (C) and the fuel flow rate (Qf ) are obtained at average value. This analysis assumes that all emission concentration rate and other parameters are constant throughout this study. There are 28 point source emissions included in this analysis. The overview input into the ISCT3 includes the result of emission rate of NO2 calculated using the above method which lead to minimum and maximum input into the ISCT3 (Table III). Meteorological Parameter: Five years of meteorological data (2004 to 2008) from Kuala Terengganu Meteorological Station would be processed into the ISCT3 Software. Kuala Terengganu Meteorological Station located at latitude 05o 23 N and longitude of 103o 06 E, which is approximately 95 km north of the study site (Figure 2). This station is selected since no local meteorology station is available beside of its proximity and has similarity meteorological and geography parameters to the study site. As an example, research site is located approximately 2 km away from coastal line which is approximately the same distance of Kuala Terengganu Meteorology Station to coastal line. Both of these sites are influenced by sea and land breeze circulation that create turbulent diffusion5,20 which would influence the concentration of air pollutant15. The similarity parameters as described would be practical for Kuala Terengganu meteorological data to be used as an input to this study. Malaysian experiences relatively uniform temperature throughout the year with the mean temperature ranging between 26 Co to 20 Co 1,21. Beside that, previous pollutant prediction using air modeling has applied remote meteorological data as far as 500 km off the research site9. The meteorological parameters were converted to hourly surface data file (SCRAM MET 144) and daily am and pm mixing height file (SCRAM). Inputs of the hourly surface data file to ISCT3 would provide an overview of the wind blow direction. The maximum am and pm mixing height was applied according to local standard time. Estimation of mixing height value was obtained following Venkatram method under SBL as follows3: h = 2300U*1.5 Where; h = U* = k = Uref = Zref = Zo = mixing height friction velocity = kUref / In(Zref/Zo) Von Karman constant = 0.4 wind speed at reference height reference height for wind = 14 meter roughness height = 0.15 meter
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Conclusion
Since the maximum average predicted of NO2 is below the benchmark of the WHO standard, this study concludes that there is no significant effect to pose appreciable likelihood of adverse health effects to the local receptor due to point source emissions contributed by petrochemical industry.
References
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Fig.1: Research location Kertih, A major petrochemical industry site at North-East of Peninsular Malaysia located
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Fig. 3: Trend of correlation coefficient (r) with respect to the incremental of 5o wind rotation angles respectively for year 2004 to 2008 show at 0 and at the optimum condition angle.
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Year 2004
Year2005
Year 2006
Year 2007
Year 2008 Fig. 4: Distribution contours of monthly average on ground NO2 concentration at the optimum wind direction indicate the approximate maximum location.
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Fig.5: Distribution of maximum monthly and yearly coverage of on ground NO2 concentration contributed by point sources of the petrochemicals plants. Table I Emissions of the most important six air pollutants showing mobile sources and break down of stationary sources based on U.S. EPA, 1994b, (Masters, 1998) Pollutants Mobile Transport Stationary Fuel Industrial Combustion C0 Pb NOx VOCx PM10 SOx 77% 33% 45% 36% 22% 3% 6% 10% 50% 3% 46% 88% Processes 7% 57% 4% 58% 32% 9% 10% 1% 4% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Total Misc
Table II Different composition of technical data available from petrochemical plants Composition 1 (source sampling) *Emission rate (g/s) Gas flow rate (g/m3) *Release height (m) *Temperature ( K) *Exit velocity (m/s) *Inside diameter (m) Type of fuel Fuel flow rate (kg/hr) = Data available x = Data not available *Parameters required for ISCT3 simulation
o
x x
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Table V Summary of maximum predicted NO2 to receptors against standard at the optimum condition Monthly (ug/m3) WHO Standard Year Predicted 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 n/a 17.36 14.33 16.73 20.43 13.97 16.00,10.00 15.50, 9.50 15.50,10.00 15.50,10.00 15.00,10.00 Annually (ug/m3) 40 8.19 8.49 8.15 7.70 6.91 15.5,12.0 16.0,11.0 17.0,11.0 17.0,11.5 17.0,11.5
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